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U.S. Foreign Policy Since WWII. The Cold War 1945-1991. A state of war that does not involve bloodshed. United Nations. United Nations Security Council. United States Great Britain France USSR China Problems ? ? ? ?. Soviet’s Solution. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Cold War1945-1991
A state of war that does not involve bloodshed.
United Nations Security Council• United States• Great Britain• France• USSR• China
• Problems ? ? ? ?
Soviet’s Solution
Powerful nations control areas of strategic interest to them – power – slice up the pie
Yalta Conference - 1945
Topics at Yalta Conference
• Forming the U.N.• Postwar control of Poland• German war reparations• Postwar Germany
Caption: The Meeting Will Now Come To
Order
What do you think the
message is?
Former Soviet Union and Satellites
Satellite Nation – a nation controlled by the USSR
The Iron CurtainChurchill’s analogy of the
split between communist and non-communist nations.
“Trouble” in China
• Clash between two leaders
–Chiang Kai-shek (supported by U.S.)–Mao Zedong (Communist – supported
by Soviet Union **** and the people of China)
Chiang Kai-shek
Mao Zedong
Domino TheoryIf one nation falls – another will
follow
Harry TrumanDid not like Stalin
Did not trust StalinHated Communism
CONTAINMENT!!
Harry S. Truman #33 (D)• “S” is his full middle name!• He was notorious for his explosive temper and
“salty” language• Was religious, walked 2 miles a day, liked to
play poker, played piano• Wife – Bess (she hated Washington DC),
daughter Margaret• Philosophy –
– If you can’t take the heat, get out of the kitchen– The buck stops here
Policy of ContainmentStop the spread of Communism
Truman Doctrine“It must be the policy of the United States to support free
peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures.”
Truman DoctrineWhat does it really mean? The U.S. will do whatever is
necessary to help another nation fight against Communist
takeover.
The Marshall PlanA plan to rebuild Europe
after WWII• Humanitarian aid• Money – build up• Trade
George Marshall
WWII General – Sec of Defense and Sec of
State
Nobel Peace Prize Winner!!!
Hamburg 1945Hamburg 1950
National Security Act• Dept. of Defense
• National Security Council
• Central Intelligence Agency
Germany
• France, England, US – merge occupied zones – – Federal Republic of Germany (New West
Germany)• Stalin angry – blockade around Berlin – no
goods in or out• Truman responds – massive airlift – 24/7 –
almost 11 months for 2 million W.Berliners
Berlin Airlift
Young German girl presenting flowers to an airlift pilot on behalf of West Berlin citizens, 13 August 1948
Blockade Ends
Airlift Wins
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1949
12 nations to start - more will join as time goes by
Military alliance of E. European Soviet Bloc
countries intended to organize against
perceived threat from NATO
1949• 10/1/49 China becomes Communist• USSR has “The Bomb”
– Chiang is out – Mao is in
• U.S. quadruples its defense budget - - - - - -
• Trouble on the horizon
Sino-Soviet Pact
Korean Conflict1950-1953
General Douglas MacArthur
“Old soldiers never die . . . They just fade away.”
General Douglas MacArthur
Election of 1952 –
“I Like Ike!!”
Dwight Eisenhower
#34 – Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)• Famous WWII General (Normandy)• Wife – Mamie – his son married Richard
Nixon’s daughter• Nickname – “Ike” campaign slogan was “I like
Ike”• Sent troops to Little Rock – supported
integration• From Abilene, Kansas – had 6 brothers (they
opposed war)
After Korea - Vietnam• Before WWII – Vietnam/French colony• During WWII – occupied by Japan• Ho Chi Minh – ally of U.S. – fought Japanese (and
French)• After war – France wanted the colony back – Ho
Chi Minh wanted his country• United States supported the French• War between French and Vietminh
Vietnam
• French Indochina vs Ho Chi Minh
• Battle of Dien Bien Phu• 55 days• Result – Geneva
Accords – Divide at 17th parallel
Asserts right of U.S. to use force against any nation or group of nations in Middle East region who requests assistance against armed
aggression from any communist controlled country.
Eisenhower Doctrine
What does that mean??
U.S. will meet aggression with aggression!!
Including Nuclear weapons (if necessary)
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower/DullesMassive retaliation plan –
build up of military and arms
“More bang for your buck”
Israel
Zionism
• Belief that one day God will allow Jews to return to Palestine
• Diaspora – Jews who have been exiled or displaced
• May 1948 – new state of Israel created – U.S. is first to recognize Israel - still tension today
Yasser Arafat
Mahmoud Abbas
NOV 2004
Palestine Liberation
ArielSharon
Prime Ministerof
Israel
Mohammad Mossadegh
Leader of Iran – replaced (with help from the CIA)
Shah of Iran
Abdel Nasser
Leader of Egypt – wanted the Suez Canal back (French controlled) – U.N. negotiated the peace
Mediterranean Sea
Egypt
Gulf of Suez
Suez Canal
Suez Canal
Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser
Guatemala - 1954
U.S. Sends in the CIA to topple a potential Communist takeover
(United Fruit Company owned 42% of the land)
Diplomatic, Economic, and Propaganda campaigns
Guatemala
Fulgencio Batista
Fidel CastroTakes over in 1959
Nikita Khrushchev
leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies in 1953
U-2 Incident
• Soviet Union shoots down a U.S. plane (U-2) – states it is spying
• U.S. denies (outraged) – says it was a weather plane
• Soviet’s reveal they have the plane and the pilot – Gary Powers
• U.S. is caught in a lie - - - it is a spy plane• Tension builds
But . . . What’s been happening on the homefront between 1945 and
1960 . . . ?????