The U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Mark PasterU.S. Department of Energy

Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Program

January, 2005

A Bold New Approach is Required

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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Petr

oleu

m (M

MB

/Day

Oil

Equi

vale

nt) Actual Projection

U.S. Oil Production

EIA 2003 Base Case Extended

Oil Consumption With Average Fuel Efficiency

Automobile & Light Truck Oil Use

U.S. Transportation Oil Consumption

U.S. Refinery Capacity

World Oil Reserves are Consolidating in OPEC Nations

0 20 40 60 80 100

Rest of World

OPEC

US

Percentage of Total

Consumption

Production

Reserves2%

12%26%

7%41%

77%

67%

47%21%

Source: DOE/EIA, International Petroleum Statistics Reports, April 1999; DOE/EIA 0520, International Energy Annual 1997, DOE/EIA0219(97), February 1999.

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CO NOx VOC SOx PM10 PM2.5 CO2

ElectricityBuildingsIndustryTransport

U.S. 1998 Energy-Linked Emissions as Percentage of Total Emissions

Hybrids are a Bridge

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2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Petro

leum

Use

(MM

BPD

)

DOE Base Case (Gasoline ICE)

NRC HEV Case

DOE FCV Case NRC HEV+FCV Case

Potential scenarios – not predictions

Hybrid vehicles are a bridge technology that can reduce pollution and our dependence on foreign oil until long-term technologies like hydrogen fuel cells are market-ready.

Why Hydrogen? It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse

domestic resources.

.

Distributed Generation

TransportationBiomass

WaterHydroWindSolar

Geothermal

Coal

Nuclear

NaturalGas

With

Car

bon

Sequ

estr

atio

n

HIGH EFFICIENCY& RELIABILITY

ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS

Tremendous Progress Made Since President Bush’s State of the Union Address

President George W. Bush2003 State of the Union AddressJanuary 28, 2003

“Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles.”

• Program Management of Departmental Hydrogen Activities Integrated

- OSTP-Led Interagency Coordination

• Public/Private Partnerships Established

• NRC Evaluation of DOE Plans Aiding in Hydrogen Production Strategies

• Major Systems Integration/ Analysis Capability Being Implemented

• Significant Technology Progress

FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership Established

New Energy Company/DOETechnical Teams• Production• Delivery• Fuel Pathway Integration

New Joint Auto/Energy/DOETechnical Teams• Codes and Standards• Storage

International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy

Japan

USA IcelandCanadaRussianFederation

South Korea

IPHE Partners’ Economy:• Over $35 Trillion in GDP, 85% of world GDP• Nearly 3.5 billion people• Over 75% of electricity used worldwide • > 2/3 of CO2 emissions & energy consumption

United Kingdom

FranceAn IPHE Vision:

“… consumers will have the practical option of purchasing a competitively priced hydrogen power vehicle, and be able to refuel it near their homes and places of work, by 2020.”

- Secretary Abraham, April 2003

ChinaGermany

IndiaItaly

EuropeanCommissionAustralia Brazil Norway

DOE Intra-Agency CollaborationDOE Posture Plan

– EERE – Fossil Energy– Nuclear Energy– Office of Science

EERE– Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, Infrastructure Program– Vehicle Technologies Program– Solar Program– Wind Program– Biomass Program

Timeline for Hydrogen Economy

Positive commercialization decision in 2015 leads to beginningof mass-produced hydrogen fuel cell cars by 2020

Summary of U.S. Planning and Implementation

Jan‘02 Nov‘02 Jan‘03 Feb‘03 Nov‘03May‘03

President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative

Feb‘04

International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy

Program ElementsHydrogen ProductionHydrogen DeliveryOn-Board Vehicle StorageFuel CellsSafety, Codes & StandardsSystems AnalysisEducation

Barriers to a Hydrogen Economy

Critical Path Technology Barriers:Hydrogen Storage (>300 mile

range)Hydrogen Production Cost

($1.50-2.00 per gge)Fuel Cell Cost (< $50 per kW)

Economic/Institutional Barriers:Codes and Standards (Safety, and

Global Competitiveness)Hydrogen Delivery (Investment for

new Distribution Infrastructure) Education

http://www.er.doe.gov/production/bes/hydrogen.pdf

http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenanfuelcells/mypp/

No current H2 storage technology meets the targets

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$16

$6

$16

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$2

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5000 psi gas

10000 psi gas

Liq. H2

Complexhydride

Chemicalhydride

2010 target

2015 target

$ per kWh

2.1

1.9

2.0

1.6

2.0

3.0

0.8

1.3

1.6

1.4

1.5

2.7

0.80.6

0 1 2 3 4

5000 psi gas

10000 psigas

Liq. H2

Complexhydride

Chemicalhydride

2010 target

2015 target

kWh/lkWh/kg

Volumetric & Gravimetric Energy Density Cost per kWh, $/kWh

Cost of a fuel cell prototype remains high (~$3,000/kW), but the high volume1 production cost of today’s technology has been reduced to $225/kW

Through 1990, PEM cost was dominated by platinum loading

(~20g/kW)

Today’s high volume estimate is $225/kW and is attributed to platinum

and membrane cost

Cost improved throughPlatinum reduction to

0.8 g/kW

Further platinum reduction to goal of 0.2g/kW, and

reduced membrane cost

Cost goal of $30/kW approximates the cost of conventional engine

technology

Cost of a fuel cell prototype remains high (~$3,000/kW), but the high volume1 production cost of today’s technology has been reduced to $225/kW

PEM Fuel Cell Cost: A 7X gap between today’s high volume cost and the target

3000

Cos

t in

$/kW

50kW

sys

tem

200

30

201520101990 2000Year

200519951. High volume production defined as 500,000 units per year2. Cost estimated by TIAX with enhanced hydrogen storage..

Hydrogen Production Technologies

Distributed natural gas reformingDistributed bio-derived liquids reformingElectrolysisReforming biomass producer gas from gasification/pyrolysisBiological hydrogen productionPhotoelectrochemical hydrogen productionCoal gasification with sequestration(FE)Nuclear driven HT thermochemical cycles (NE)Solar driven HT thermochemical cycles

Analysis is Crucial to Success

NRC Report: Strongly recommends an increased emphasis on analysis including systems integration analysis and all energy systems analysisThe envisioned Hydrogen/Electric Economy and the Transition is complex, highly interactive, and has many dimensions– Technologies– Markets: transportation, power, all hydrogen markets, all energy

markets, and interacts with chemicals, food and feed, etc. through feedstock use

– Time frames: short term (2010-2030), mid term (2030-2050) and long term

– Geography: local, regional, national, global– Costs and Benefits– Policy

Types of Analyses

Resource AnalysisExisting InfrastructureTechnology Characterization (TEA & Enviro)Macro-System ModelsIntegrated Baseline AnalysisMarket AnalysisInfrastructure Transition AnalysisBenefits Analysis

DOE Hydrogen Budget(EWD & Interior Appropriations in thousands of dollars)

$150,525$149,525$93,791Hydrogen Technology Total

$29,200$29,200$0SC – (EWD)

$17,000$16,000$4,900FE Hydrogen Subtotal – (Interior)

$9,000$9,000$6,400NE Hydrogen Subtotal – (EWD)

$95,325**

(Net: $58,635)$95,325$81,991*

(Net: $41,991)EERE Hydrogen Technology

Subtotal– (EWD)

$7,000$5,712Education and Cross-cutting Analysis (EE)

$15,000$18,379Infrastructure Validation (EE)

$18,000$5,904Safety, Codes & Standards, and Utilization (EE)

$30,000$29,432Storage R&D (EE)

$25,325$22,564Production & Delivery R&D (EE)

Omnibus Appropriations

FY 05 RequestFY 04 Appropriations

MAJOR LINE ITEMS

* Includes $40M of Earmarked projects** Includes $36.7M of earmarked projects. Eliminates education.

DOE Hydrogen Budget(EWD & Interior Appropriations in thousands of dollars)

$95,325$95,325EERE Hydrogen Technology Subtotal– (EWD)

$36,700Earmarks

$3,525$7,000Cross-cutting Analysis (EE)

$9,800$15,000Infrastructure Validation (EE)

$5,900$18,000Safety, Codes & Standards, and Utilization (EE)

$24,800$30,000Storage R&D (EE)

$14,600($11,900)($2,700)

$25,325($21,325)($4,000)

Production & Delivery R&D (EE)Production

Delivery

FY05 Plan*FY 05 RequestMAJOR LINE ITEMS

* Tentative Plan

Delivery Budget FY04 Actual $320k

Delivery Analysis $170k

Delivery Pipeline R&D

$150k

FY05 (at Budget Request: $4.0M)Plan: $2.7M plus CTC Earmarks (FY04:$2.9M, FY05:~$2M)

Delivery

Analysis

$1,150k

Delivery

Pipeline R&D

$1,110k

Storage

$270k

Carriers

$600k

Liquefaction

$900k

Back-Up Slides

HT Thermochemical CyclesManganese Sulfate Cycle Example

MnSO4 -> MnO + SO2(g) +.5O2(g) 1150 C

MnO + SO2 + H2O -> MnSO4 + H2(g) 120 C

HT Thermochemical CyclesVolatile Metal Cycle Example

ZnO -> Zn +.5O2 ~2100 KZn + H2O -> ZnO + H2 500 K

HT Thermochemical CyclesSulfuric Acid Based Cycles– Hybrid Sulfur2H2SO4(g) -> 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + O2(g) 950 CSO2(g) + 2H2O(g) -> H2SO4(l) + H2(g) (elec) 77 C

– Sulfur Iodide 2H2SO4(g) -> 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + O2(g) 850 C2HI -> I2(g) + H2(g) 300 CI2 + SO2(a) + 2H2O -> 2HI(a) + H2SO4(a) 100 C