US Becomes a World US Becomes a World PowerPower

RUSHRUSH

Standard 11.4Standard 11.4

11.4 Students trace the rise of the United States to 11.4 Students trace the rise of the United States to its role as a world power in the its role as a world power in the Twentieth century.Twentieth century.

List the purpose and the effects of the List the purpose and the effects of the Open Door policyOpen Door policy. . Describe the Describe the Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War and U.S. expansion and U.S. expansion

in the South Pacific. in the South Pacific. Discuss America's role in the Discuss America's role in the Panama RevolutionPanama Revolution and the and the

building of the Panama Canal. building of the Panama Canal. Explain Theodore Explain Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacyRoosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy, ,

William Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow William Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson's Wilson's Moral DiplomacyMoral Diplomacy, drawing on relevant speeches. , drawing on relevant speeches.

Analyze the political, economic, and social ramifications of Analyze the political, economic, and social ramifications of World War I on the home front. World War I on the home front.

Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of the United States in world affairs after World War II. role of the United States in world affairs after World War II.

Chapter 10 America Claims Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire 190-1919an Empire 190-1919

Section 1 Imperialism and Section 1 Imperialism and America (pages 342-46)America (pages 342-46)

Section 2 The Spanish-American Section 2 The Spanish-American War (pages 346-52)War (pages 346-52)

Section 3 Acquiring New Lands Section 3 Acquiring New Lands (pages 352-59)(pages 352-59)

Section 4 America as a World Section 4 America as a World Power (pages 359-361)Power (pages 359-361)

What do we need to What do we need to know?know?

Why did American business and Why did American business and political leaders want colonies?political leaders want colonies?

What locations did the United States What locations did the United States government control?government control?

How did the United States gain How did the United States gain control of these locations?control of these locations?

How were racism and Social How were racism and Social Darwinism justifications for Darwinism justifications for imperialism?imperialism?

Essay QuestionEssay Question

Essay Question:Essay Question: Imagine you are living in1898.Imagine you are living in1898. Write an editorial explaining your opinion Write an editorial explaining your opinion

regarding the Spanish American War and regarding the Spanish American War and America’s imperialist policy toward America’s imperialist policy toward countries that are not industrialized.countries that are not industrialized.

Do you agree with the taking and Do you agree with the taking and controlling of other locations by the United controlling of other locations by the United States Government or business interests?States Government or business interests?

Key TermsKey Terms Desire for New LandDesire for New Land ImperialismImperialism Acquiring new land Acquiring new land Thirst for new marketsThirst for new markets Desire for military strength Desire for military strength Alfred T. MahonAlfred T. Mahon Great White FleetGreat White Fleet Global CompetitionGlobal Competition AlaskaAlaska Business and HawaiiBusiness and Hawaii 1893 Queen Liliuokalani 1893 Queen Liliuokalani ““The White Man’s Burden”The White Man’s Burden” Sanford DoleSanford Dole Asia and the PacificAsia and the Pacific Global competitionGlobal competition John HayJohn Hay Sphere of Influence Sphere of Influence China TradeChina Trade Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy Hawaii, Samoa, AlaskaHawaii, Samoa, Alaska Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion Spanish American WarSpanish American War William McKinley William McKinley Jose MartiJose Marti American interests in Cuba American interests in Cuba Cubans rebel against SpainCubans rebel against Spain

U.S.S. Maine explodes U.S.S. Maine explodes Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Yellow Journalism Yellow Journalism William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst Joe PulitzerJoe Pulitzer Rough ridersRough riders Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment San Juan HillSan Juan Hill War in the Philippines War in the Philippines Philippines, Midway Island, GuamPhilippines, Midway Island, Guam AguinaldoAguinaldoCentral America and CaribbeanCentral America and Caribbean Panama RevolutionPanama Revolution Panama CanalPanama Canal Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy William Howard Taft William Howard Taft Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson Moral DiplomacyWoodrow Wilson Moral Diplomacy Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Jane

AddamsAddams Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution Pancho VillaPancho Villa Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata John J. PershingJohn J. Pershing

Who said this?Who said this?

““We must have no scruples about We must have no scruples about exterminating this other race exterminating this other race standing in the way of progress and standing in the way of progress and enlightenment.”enlightenment.”

Quiz: 2-07Quiz: 2-07

1.1. Why does the United States want to Why does the United States want to be an imperial power beginning be an imperial power beginning before 1898?before 1898?

2.2. How does the US gain Hawaii?How does the US gain Hawaii?3.3. Who was Alfred T. Mahan, and what Who was Alfred T. Mahan, and what

was his message… and why? was his message… and why? 4.4. Jose MartiJose Marti5.5. USS Maine-USS Maine-6.6. Rough RidersRough Riders

American Pattern of American Pattern of ImperialismImperialism

The US will The US will intervene in intervene in weaker nations weaker nations when an when an economic/business/ economic/business/ or or

Political/security Political/security interest is present interest is present and in danger.and in danger.

HawaiiHawaii CubaCuba PhilippinesPhilippines ChinaChina Columbia/PanamaColumbia/Panama NicaraguaNicaragua Mexico…Mexico…

China and United States China and United States RelationsRelations

Why does the United States support Why does the United States support an “Open Door” policy regarding an “Open Door” policy regarding China?China?

Pro-Imperialism DocumentPro-Imperialism Document Secretary of State William Day reflects view- 1898Secretary of State William Day reflects view- 1898

““The output of the United States’ The output of the United States’ manufacturers, developed by the manufacturers, developed by the remarkable inventive genius and industrial remarkable inventive genius and industrial skill of our people…skill of our people…

Has reached the point of large excess above the Has reached the point of large excess above the

demand of home consumption. Under these demand of home consumption. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that greater circumstances it is not surprising that greater interest should be exhibited among our interest should be exhibited among our manufacturers and economists in the enlargement manufacturers and economists in the enlargement of foreign markets for American goods.”of foreign markets for American goods.”

Factors to ConsiderFactors to Consider

American culture has spread throughout American culture has spread throughout the continent of the USthe continent of the US

US is industrializedUS is industrialized US needs markets to sell goodsUS needs markets to sell goods

““Produce exceeded consumption”Produce exceeded consumption” Business interests desire expansion- Steel Business interests desire expansion- Steel

industry will support (Navy)industry will support (Navy) Global Competition over land is presentGlobal Competition over land is present France, England, Germany, Japan, Italy…France, England, Germany, Japan, Italy… Industrial world vs. Non-industrial worldIndustrial world vs. Non-industrial world

American ImperialismAmerican ImperialismIs the desire on the part of politicians Is the desire on the part of politicians

and industrialists to acquire colonies and industrialists to acquire colonies in order to support trade and in order to support trade and American power.American power.

Two reasons for obtaining colonies Two reasons for obtaining colonies include: include: Natural ResourcesNatural ResourcesMarkets to sell American goodsMarkets to sell American goods

Imperialism is driven by business Imperialism is driven by business interestsinterests

Racism in the form of Social Racism in the form of Social Darwinism shape attitudesDarwinism shape attitudes

Darwin justificationDarwin justification

““Nations like species struggle Nations like species struggle constantly for existence… only the constantly for existence… only the fittest survive.”fittest survive.”

Pacific IslandsPacific IslandsChina China

What does a country need in What does a country need in order to have an obtain order to have an obtain

colonies?colonies? A strong navy to protect A strong navy to protect

American investment and American investment and control the landcontrol the land

Alfred T. MahanAlfred T. Mahan advocated advocated strengthening of the strengthening of the American Navy.American Navy.

Pro-imperialism- US needsPro-imperialism- US needs Coaling stopsCoaling stops Repair facilitiesRepair facilities Permanent BasesPermanent Bases

Alfred T. MahanAlfred T. MahanIn 1890 published a book, In 1890 published a book, The The

Influence of Sea Power upon HistoryInfluence of Sea Power upon History 1660-17831660-1783

Very popular in America, Roosevelt Very popular in America, Roosevelt ordered a copy for every shipordered a copy for every ship

By 1900 US is # 3 Navy in the worldBy 1900 US is # 3 Navy in the world

MissionariesMissionaries

US protestant missionaries US protestant missionaries support support imperialismimperialism

Convert the “heathen”Convert the “heathen”Racist attitudesRacist attitudes

Alaska, Hawaii, and SamoaAlaska, Hawaii, and Samoa

In 1867 President Johnson’s In 1867 President Johnson’s secretary of state William secretary of state William Seward purchased Seward purchased AlaskaAlaska from from the Russians for $7.2 millionthe Russians for $7.2 million

SamoaSamoaIn 1878 the Samoans granted the In 1878 the Samoans granted the

United States the rights to the naval United States the rights to the naval base at Pago Pago base at Pago Pago

How does the US Acquire How does the US Acquire Hawaii?Hawaii?

Hawaii had American planters and Hawaii had American planters and missionaries missionaries

These planters wanted to maintain These planters wanted to maintain their power and wealth and felt that their power and wealth and felt that they would benefit from being part of they would benefit from being part of the USthe US

The US government was interested: The US government was interested: Obtaining colonies Obtaining colonies Increasing trade (Hawaii is a good point to Increasing trade (Hawaii is a good point to

support the navy and strategic for trade)support the navy and strategic for trade)The whites on the islands revolted and The whites on the islands revolted and

in 1893 they seized powerin 1893 they seized power

In In 18911891 Liliukalani ascended to the throne and Liliukalani ascended to the throne and tried to regain power from the Americanstried to regain power from the Americans

American marines were sent to the islands to American marines were sent to the islands to support the coupsupport the coup

A new government was formed in Washington A new government was formed in Washington and so did a treaty of annexationand so did a treaty of annexation

Democratic senators blocked ratificationDemocratic senators blocked ratification President Cleveland sent a special team to the President Cleveland sent a special team to the

islands to investigate the eventsislands to investigate the events They found that the coup had been organized They found that the coup had been organized

by American plantersby American planters Hawaii was annexed in Hawaii was annexed in 18981898

Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani

One American who supported One American who supported Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii

Sanford DoleSanford Dole Was an advisor to the Was an advisor to the

king then king then Then the governor Then the governor

during the Coup de etat during the Coup de etat His brother started the His brother started the

Dole Pineapple businessDole Pineapple business

How does the United States get How does the United States get involved in a War with Spain?involved in a War with Spain?

McKinleyMcKinley Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer- Joseph Pulitzer- WorldWorld William Randolph Hearst- William Randolph Hearst- New York JournalNew York Journal The USS MaineThe USS Maine De Lome De Lome LetterLetter Cuba Cuba Rough Riders- San Juan HillRough Riders- San Juan Hill PhilippinesPhilippines AguinaldoAguinaldo

SpainSpain

Spain was weakSpain was weakLost most of its former colonies in Lost most of its former colonies in

the early part of 1800sthe early part of 1800sHeld Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Held Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines,

Guam, and various other colonies in Guam, and various other colonies in AfricaAfrica

Americans begin their contact in Americans begin their contact in Cuba first in the Sugarcane business.Cuba first in the Sugarcane business.

Cubans wanted independence Cubans wanted independence from Spainfrom Spain

Fought in 1860’s Fought in 1860’s And again in 1895And again in 1895Spanish repress Cuban rebels harshly Spanish repress Cuban rebels harshly Causes Americans to sympathize Causes Americans to sympathize

with the Cuban Rebels with the Cuban Rebels

Jose MartiJose Marti

Cuban poet and Nationalist Cuban poet and Nationalist wanted Cuban independence wanted Cuban independence and begins a and begins a guerrillaguerrilla war war against Spain 1895against Spain 1895

““Man loves liberty, even if he Man loves liberty, even if he does not know that he loves does not know that he loves it. He is driven by it and flees it. He is driven by it and flees from where it does not exist.” from where it does not exist.”

Marti was afraid of American Marti was afraid of American involvement involvement

Later dies in the war.Later dies in the war.

President William McKinley President William McKinley

President 1896-1901President 1896-1901Hesitated to go to war with Spain-Hesitated to go to war with Spain-Bowes to public pressure- due to Bowes to public pressure- due to

Yellow Yellow JournalismJournalism MaineMaine Explosion ExplosionDe LomeDe Lome Letter Letter

Assassinated by an Anarchist-1901Assassinated by an Anarchist-1901Theodore Roosevelt takes over Theodore Roosevelt takes over

after…after…

Yellow JournalismYellow JournalismThe Spanish-American War is often The Spanish-American War is often

referred to as the first "media war." referred to as the first "media war." During the 1890s, journalism that During the 1890s, journalism that

sensationalized—andsensationalized—and sometimes even sometimes even manufactured—dramatic eventsmanufactured—dramatic events was a was a powerful force that helped propel the powerful force that helped propel the United States into war with Spain. United States into war with Spain.

Newspaper publishers used Newspaper publishers used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole melodrama, romance, and hyperbole (exaggeration) to sell millions of (exaggeration) to sell millions of newspapers-newspapers-

How do these pictures reflect the How do these pictures reflect the idea of Yellow Journalism?idea of Yellow Journalism?

Pulitzer and HurstPulitzer and HurstTwo of the greatest Yellow Two of the greatest Yellow

Journalists..Journalists.. Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of

the New York the New York WorldWorld

William Randolph Hearst- William Randolph Hearst- publisher of publisher of New York New York JournalJournal

““You Furnish the pictures You Furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”and I’ll furnish the war.”

De Lome LetterDe Lome Letter

Spanish diplomat De Lome, wrote a Spanish diplomat De Lome, wrote a letter insulting President McKinleyletter insulting President McKinley

This letter was “Leaked” to the press This letter was “Leaked” to the press and caused outrage among and caused outrage among Americans.Americans.

Americans became more open to the Americans became more open to the idea of War with Spain.idea of War with Spain.

Maine Explodes 1898Maine Explodes 1898 Causes Causes

Americans to Americans to Blame SpainBlame Spain

Gives Gives imperialists imperialists and excuse and excuse to take to take Spanish Spanish possessionspossessions

““Yellow” Yellow” HeadlineHeadliness

““Yellow” Yellow” HeadlinesHeadlines

US calls for troops and invades US calls for troops and invades Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Cuba, Puerto Rico and the PhilippinesPhilippines

Roosevelt, Rough Riders, San Roosevelt, Rough Riders, San Juan HillJuan Hill

Theodore Roosevelt, former governor Theodore Roosevelt, former governor of New York, Former Secretary of the of New York, Former Secretary of the Navy, Navy,

PhilippinesPhilippinesPre-planned Pre-planned

attack- in attack- in event of War event of War Dewey was to Dewey was to attack attack

Americans Americans under Dewey under Dewey destroy the destroy the Spanish Fleet Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay in Manila Bay

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Ends the Spanish American WarEnds the Spanish American WarCuba gets freedom from Spain (US Cuba gets freedom from Spain (US

will control Cuba for some time)will control Cuba for some time)US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and Buys US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and Buys

Philippines for $20 millionPhilippines for $20 million

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

Why is Puerto Why is Puerto Rico Rico important to important to the US even the US even today?today?

Does not Does not become a become a statestate

Is part of the Is part of the USUS

Cuba Cuba Was independentWas independent Teller Amendment-Teller Amendment- stated US had no stated US had no

intention of holding Cuba (Before the War)intention of holding Cuba (Before the War) However- the US forced the Cubans to However- the US forced the Cubans to

adopt the adopt the Platt Amendment-Platt Amendment- Cuba could not make treaties with foreign Cuba could not make treaties with foreign

countries to use its territorycountries to use its territory US was allowed to intervene in Cuban affairsUS was allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs Cuba could not go into debtCuba could not go into debt US could lease land on the island for Navy baseUS could lease land on the island for Navy base Cuba was a US ProtectorateCuba was a US Protectorate

““There is of course little or no There is of course little or no independence left to Cuba.” Wood, independence left to Cuba.” Wood, American American Commander in CubaCommander in Cuba

Yankee Imperialism in CubaYankee Imperialism in Cuba

Once in “control” of CubaOnce in “control” of CubaAmerican business begins to assert American business begins to assert

powerpowerTobaccoTobaccoSugarcaneSugarcaneFruitFruit

The Philippines and AguinaldoThe Philippines and Aguinaldo

The Filipinos wanted independence tooThe Filipinos wanted independence tooTheir Leader was Emilliano AguinaldoTheir Leader was Emilliano AguinaldoThey will fight American control for They will fight American control for

three yearsthree years

• Aguinaldo will eventually be captured and give up the fight.

US Occupies PhilippinesUS Occupies Philippines 70,000 -70,000 -

120,000 120,000 troops sent troops sent to pacify to pacify PhilippinesPhilippines

4000 4000 Americans Americans and 20,000 and 20,000 – 50,000 – 50,000 Filipinos dieFilipinos die

Lasts 3 Lasts 3 yearsyears

Bloody and Bloody and RepressiveRepressive

Brutal Counter-Insurgency Brutal Counter-Insurgency WarWar

Mass killingsMass killingsConcentrations campsConcentrations camps““We must have no scruples about We must have no scruples about

exterminating this other race exterminating this other race standing in the way of progress and standing in the way of progress and enlightenment.”enlightenment.”

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

The first The first American American Governor of the Governor of the Philippines.Philippines.

Americans claim Americans claim and control the and control the Philippines until Philippines until 19481948

McKinley and Philippines McKinley and Philippines

McKinley thoughtMcKinley thoughtReturning Philippines to Spain would Returning Philippines to Spain would

be cowardlybe cowardlyUS would not turn over islands to US would not turn over islands to

another Imperial countryanother Imperial countryFilipinos were not ready for Filipinos were not ready for

independenceindependenceUS needed to educate the Filipinos US needed to educate the Filipinos

Anti-Imperialism LeagueAnti-Imperialism League Northeast-UrbanNortheast-Urban Some womenSome women Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Mark TwainMark Twain Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan

(will later advocate (will later advocate supporting Treaty of Paris- supporting Treaty of Paris- to bring debate to the to bring debate to the presidential election)presidential election)

Undemocratic to hold Undemocratic to hold coloniescolonies

Empire founded upon forceEmpire founded upon force Make worse racial Make worse racial

problems in USproblems in US ““Bringing large numbers of Bringing large numbers of

aliens into the United aliens into the United States would threaten the States would threaten the welfare of the nation”welfare of the nation”

Morally wrongMorally wrong ““No man was ever created No man was ever created

good enough to won good enough to won another. No nation was another. No nation was ever created good enough ever created good enough to own another.”to own another.”

Assassination Assassination of McKinleyof McKinley

Senator Albert J. Beveridge on Expansion January 9, 1900 Senator Albert J. Beveridge on Expansion January 9, 1900

Mr. President, the times call for Mr. President, the times call for candor. The Philippines are ours candor. The Philippines are ours forever, "territory belonging to forever, "territory belonging to the United States," as the the United States," as the Constitution calls them. Constitution calls them.

And just beyond the Philippines And just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. are China's illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, part in the mission of our race, trustee, under God, of the trustee, under God, of the civilization of the world. civilization of the world.

And we will move forward to our And we will move forward to our work, not howling out regrets work, not howling out regrets like slaves whipped to their like slaves whipped to their burdens, but with gratitude for burdens, but with gratitude for a task worthy of our strength, a task worthy of our strength, and thanksgiving to Almighty and thanksgiving to Almighty God that He has marked us as God that He has marked us as His chosen people, henceforth His chosen people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of to lead in the regeneration of the world.the world.

Mr. President, this question is deeper than Mr. President, this question is deeper than any question of party politics: deeper than any question of party politics: deeper than any question of the isolated policy of our any question of the isolated policy of our country even; deeper even than any country even; deeper even than any question of constitutional power. It is question of constitutional power. It is elemental. It is racial. God has not been elemental. It is racial. God has not been preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic peoples for a thousand years for nothing hut peoples for a thousand years for nothing hut vain and idle self-contemplation and self-vain and idle self-contemplation and self-admiration. No! He has made us the master admiration. No! He has made us the master organizers of the world to establish system organizers of the world to establish system where chaos reigns. He has given its the where chaos reigns. He has given its the spirit of progress to overwhelm the forces of spirit of progress to overwhelm the forces of reaction throughout the earth. He has made reaction throughout the earth. He has made us adepts in government that we may us adepts in government that we may administer government among savage and administer government among savage and senile peoples. Were it not for such a force senile peoples. Were it not for such a force as this the world would relapse into as this the world would relapse into barbarism and night. And of all our race He barbarism and night. And of all our race He has marked the American people as His has marked the American people as His chosen nation to finally lead in the chosen nation to finally lead in the regeneration of the world. This is the divine regeneration of the world. This is the divine mission of America, and it holds for us all mission of America, and it holds for us all the profit, all the glory, all the happiness the profit, all the glory, all the happiness possible to man. We are trustees of the possible to man. We are trustees of the world's progress, guardians of its righteous world's progress, guardians of its righteous peace. The judgment of the Master is upon peace. The judgment of the Master is upon us: "Ye have been faithful over a few things; us: "Ye have been faithful over a few things; I will make you ruler over many thing." I will make you ruler over many thing."

From From Congressional RecordCongressional Record(56th Cong., 1st Session) Vol XXXIII,(56th Cong., 1st Session) Vol XXXIII,

ChinaChina

Trade with China was very important Trade with China was very important to US in the late 1800’sto US in the late 1800’s

China “The Sick Man of Asia”China “The Sick Man of Asia”

Chinese Chinese government was government was weakweak

FranceFrance GermanyGermany BritainBritain JapanJapan RussiaRussia

All had settlements All had settlements along the coastalong the coast

““Spheres of Spheres of Influence”Influence”

Europeans had Europeans had control of territorycontrol of territory

The “Chinese Cake”The “Chinese Cake”

US wants to protect trade with US wants to protect trade with ChinaChina

1899 John Hay- Secretary of State1899 John Hay- Secretary of StateWrote of series of notes called the Wrote of series of notes called the ““Open Door” notes- Open Door” notes- All nations allowed to trade with ChinaAll nations allowed to trade with ChinaThe US would “Safeguard for the world The US would “Safeguard for the world

the principles of equal impartial trade the principles of equal impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” with all parts of the Chinese Empire”

Boxer Rebellion 1900Boxer Rebellion 1900

Chinese nationalists resent the foreign Chinese nationalists resent the foreign control of their country and try to push out control of their country and try to push out Europeans and AmericansEuropeans and Americans

Siege foreign embassy Siege foreign embassy Americans and Europeans fight the BoxersAmericans and Europeans fight the Boxers

The Boxer rebellion came to an end when The Boxer rebellion came to an end when a multinational armed force rescued a multinational armed force rescued foreign diplomats in Peking.foreign diplomats in Peking.

China and United States China and United States RelationsRelations

Were the “Boxers” justified in their Were the “Boxers” justified in their attack on European powers?attack on European powers?

Roosevelt Become President Roosevelt Become President 19011901

Was VP for McKinley- assassinated Was VP for McKinley- assassinated 19011901

Roosevelt and the “Big Stick”Roosevelt and the “Big Stick” Roosevelt ardent imperialistRoosevelt ardent imperialist Believed in using American powerBelieved in using American power ““Speak softly but carry a big stick.”Speak softly but carry a big stick.” Held racist views of civilizationHeld racist views of civilization Civilized= WASP, industrializedCivilized= WASP, industrialized Uncivilized=Non-white, Latin, Slavic, non-Uncivilized=Non-white, Latin, Slavic, non-

industrialindustrial Common view of imperial powersCommon view of imperial powers ““It is the right and duty of civilized nations It is the right and duty of civilized nations

to intervene in the affairs of uncivilized to intervene in the affairs of uncivilized nations for the common good.” nations for the common good.” Good Web SiteGood Web Site

Roosevelt Roosevelt

Peace maker Russo-Japanese WarPeace maker Russo-Japanese WarHelped negotiate peace- Treaty of Helped negotiate peace- Treaty of

Portsmouth 1905Portsmouth 1905Wins Nobel Peace PrizeWins Nobel Peace Prize

Roosevelt Corollary to Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

James Monroe President in the 1820’s James Monroe President in the 1820’s Stated to European PowersStated to European PowersNo European intervention in Latin No European intervention in Latin

America will be allowed by the United America will be allowed by the United StatesStates

Idea to prevent newly independent Idea to prevent newly independent Latin American countries from being Latin American countries from being colonized by European powers (Britain, colonized by European powers (Britain, France)France)

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt asserts American Imperialism in Roosevelt asserts American Imperialism in Latin AmericaLatin America

““In Western Hemisphere adherence of the In Western Hemisphere adherence of the United States to the Monroe DoctrineUnited States to the Monroe Doctrine

May force the US to exercise police power.”May force the US to exercise police power.”

Means- the US will intervene in Latin AmericaMeans- the US will intervene in Latin America Example: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Example: Dominican Republic, Haiti,

Nicaragua…Nicaragua… Common reasons will include Financial Common reasons will include Financial

Difficulties (Loans from European Powers)Difficulties (Loans from European Powers)

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Great White FleetGreat White Fleet

Roosevelt sent the US Fleet of Roosevelt sent the US Fleet of Battleships to express American Battleships to express American PowerPower

Panama CanalPanama Canal

US Needed a Canal- to reduce travel US Needed a Canal- to reduce travel timetime

Hay-Panceforte Treaty- 1901 US Hay-Panceforte Treaty- 1901 US gained the exclusive rights to a canal gained the exclusive rights to a canal in Central Americain Central America

Location was PanamaLocation was PanamaPart of Columbia Part of Columbia French company had started, US French company had started, US

baught the rights for $40 millionbaught the rights for $40 million

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Columbia resisted US intentions to build Columbia resisted US intentions to build the Canalthe Canal

Roosevelt backs a rebellion of Panamanian Roosevelt backs a rebellion of Panamanian wealthy against Columbiawealthy against Columbia

Nov. 1903 Panama declares independenceNov. 1903 Panama declares independence With 12 American Warships to helpWith 12 American Warships to help

US and Panama agree on terms for a US and Panama agree on terms for a CanalCanal

Canal built 1903-1914 43,000 workers Canal built 1903-1914 43,000 workers were usedwere used

Map of Panama CanalMap of Panama Canal

Taft and Wilson follow Taft and Wilson follow Roosevelt’s lead regarding Roosevelt’s lead regarding

ImperialismImperialism

InterventionInterventionSupport of American interests abroadSupport of American interests abroadSome differencesSome differences

Taft and Dollar DiplomacyTaft and Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft takes over for RooseveltPresident Taft takes over for RooseveltBelieve in using American Believe in using American moneymoney and and

loansloans from American Banks to from American Banks to influence Latin American countriesinfluence Latin American countries

Idea is to use money to develop Latin Idea is to use money to develop Latin American CountriesAmerican Countries

Use $ to control Latin American Use $ to control Latin American CountriesCountries

Woodrow Wilson 1912-1919Woodrow Wilson 1912-1919

Democrat (Progressive)Democrat (Progressive) PHD-Professor then President of Princeton- PHD-Professor then President of Princeton-

Political SciencePolitical Science Governor of New JerseyGovernor of New Jersey Want foreign policy to shapeWant foreign policy to shape

moralitymorality in the World. in the World. Very religious Very religious Committed to Peace in the world.Committed to Peace in the world.

Moral or Missionary Moral or Missionary DiplomacyDiplomacy

Wilson, “It would be the irony of fate if my Wilson, “It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs.”foreign affairs.”

Hoped to change relations with Latin Hoped to change relations with Latin America- didn’t like the “Big Stick” America- didn’t like the “Big Stick” diplomacy- diplomacy-

Wanted to restore Latin American Wanted to restore Latin American Confidence in the USConfidence in the US

American Economic Expansion with American Economic Expansion with American Democracy, and Christianity, to American Democracy, and Christianity, to civilize the world.civilize the world.

Secretary of State Secretary of State William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan (Christian, Pacifist- reflected the (Christian, Pacifist- reflected the Moral/Missionary vision)Moral/Missionary vision)

““Missionary” DiplomacyMissionary” Diplomacy

Wilson saw American influence in the Wilson saw American influence in the world as a moral crusade-world as a moral crusade-

Wanted to help create a “New World Wanted to help create a “New World Order” guided by fair play and cooperationOrder” guided by fair play and cooperation

Wanted to spread democracy and hope to Wanted to spread democracy and hope to less fortunate landsless fortunate lands

Pledged, Pledged, “The United States would “The United States would never again seek one additional foot never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest.”of territory by conquest.”

Wilson and MoralityWilson and Morality

““Americans are meant to carry Americans are meant to carry liberty and justice and the principles liberty and justice and the principles of humanity wherever… convert of humanity wherever… convert them to principles of America.”them to principles of America.”

““America must use it’s enormous America must use it’s enormous moral and material power to create a moral and material power to create a new order.”new order.”

Missionary DiplomacyMissionary Diplomacy

Wilson later, introduced the Jones Act Wilson later, introduced the Jones Act to Congress asking for self to Congress asking for self governance for the Philippines (their governance for the Philippines (their own government)own government)

Wilson continues intervention in Wilson continues intervention in Latin AmericaLatin America

Purchase of Virgin Islands from Purchase of Virgin Islands from DenmarkDenmark

Dominican Republic interventionDominican Republic interventionHaiti-Haiti-NicaraguaNicaraguaExample of MexicoExample of Mexico

Poor MexicoPoor Mexico

““Poor Mexico So far from God, so close Poor Mexico So far from God, so close to the United States”to the United States” Porfirio Diaz Dictator of MexicoPorfirio Diaz Dictator of Mexico

When Wilson takes office US business When Wilson takes office US business has $1 billion invested in Mexico has $1 billion invested in Mexico

Oil, mines, RR, RanchesOil, mines, RR, Ranches(more than all other foreign investment (more than all other foreign investment

combined)- US has a huge interest in combined)- US has a huge interest in Mex.Mex.

Mexican Revolution 1910Mexican Revolution 1910

Porfirio Diaz 1884-1911Porfirio Diaz 1884-1911Dictator of MexicoDictator of MexicoPro-AmericanPro-American

Different Revolutionary Different Revolutionary LeadersLeaders

1911 Diaz deposed by Francisco 1911 Diaz deposed by Francisco MaderaMadera

1913 Madera deposed by Victoriano 1913 Madera deposed by Victoriano Huerta (Madera was murdered)Huerta (Madera was murdered)

Wilson was angry with Huerta and Wilson was angry with Huerta and refused to recognize his government-refused to recognize his government-

Wilson supported Venustiano Wilson supported Venustiano Carranza who fought against Huerta Carranza who fought against Huerta

Wilson orders Occupation of Wilson orders Occupation of VeracruzVeracruz

An incident - An incident - American sailors are American sailors are arrested in Veracruzarrested in Veracruz

Wilson uses as an excuse to attackWilson uses as an excuse to attackFight and occupy VeracruzFight and occupy VeracruzCarranza was able to then force Carranza was able to then force

Huerta to Flee and takes over Huerta to Flee and takes over governmentgovernment

Meanwhile- Pancho Villa Meanwhile- Pancho Villa

Francisco “Pancho” VillaFrancisco “Pancho” Villa was a supporter of was a supporter of Carranza- then the two splitCarranza- then the two split

Wilson was supporting Villa for a short time Wilson was supporting Villa for a short time but changes to only Carranza.but changes to only Carranza.

Villa kills Americans and also even attacks Villa kills Americans and also even attacks New Mexico 1916New Mexico 1916

Wilson responds by sending General Wilson responds by sending General Pershing and 10,000 American troops to Pershing and 10,000 American troops to find Villafind Villa

Mexican InterventionMexican Intervention

““Black Jack” PershingBlack Jack” Pershing

““Black Jack” Black Jack” Because he commanded Because he commanded

black troops in Spanish black troops in Spanish American WarAmerican War

Chased Pancho Villa for Chased Pancho Villa for 1 year1 year

Later will lead American Later will lead American Expeditionary Force in Expeditionary Force in World War IWorld War I

Rudyard Rudyard Kipling- Kipling-

Pro ImperialismPro Imperialism The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden

Take up the White Man's burden--Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen Your new-caught, sullen peoples,peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineFill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestAnd when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,The end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyWatch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to noughtBring all your hopes to nought..

This famous poem, This famous poem, written by Britain's written by Britain's imperial poet, was imperial poet, was a response to the a response to the American take over American take over of the Philippines of the Philippines after the Spanish-after the Spanish-American War.American War.

Racism and ExpansionRacism and Expansion

Josiah Strong-Josiah Strong- book book Our CountryOur Country Racist justification of imperialismRacist justification of imperialism Asserted Anglo-Saxon’s had a genius for Asserted Anglo-Saxon’s had a genius for

colonizationcolonization ““God with infinite wisdom and skill is God with infinite wisdom and skill is

training the Anglo-Saxon race for the final training the Anglo-Saxon race for the final competition of races.”competition of races.”

Implication:-weaker, Implication:-weaker, “black, brown and “black, brown and yellow people were inferior to the Anglo-yellow people were inferior to the Anglo-saxon…”saxon…”

ProtectorateProtectorate

TreatyTreaty- strong state agrees to - strong state agrees to protect vulnerable territories against protect vulnerable territories against 33rdrd party (other nation) assault party (other nation) assault

In exchange for assistance In exchange for assistance

Blaine Secretary of StateBlaine Secretary of State

Republican under Garfield and Republican under Garfield and HarrisonHarrison

Advocated expansion in Latin Advocated expansion in Latin America and PacificAmerica and Pacific

American Military ReformsAmerican Military Reforms

After Spanish American WarAfter Spanish American WarUS modernizes militaryUS modernizes militaryIncreases #’s of standing Army- 100,000Increases #’s of standing Army- 100,000TrainingTrainingOfficer schoolsOfficer schoolsNational Guard reorganizationNational Guard reorganization