U.S. as World Power

Ch 22

EQ’s

• How and where did the United States expand its role on the international scene?

• Why did the United States move from neutrality to participation in the Great War?

• What methods and techniques did the federal government used to achieve wartime mobilization?

• How did U.S. entry into the war alter the political landscape, especially with respect to dissent?

• How can we explain Woodrow Wilson’s failure to win the peace?

How did the moralism of the Progressive Era fit with the United State’s new role as an international

power?

Roosevelt’s Big Stick

• He secured a zone in Panama for a canal, completed in 1914

• “Open Door” policy toward China

• TR mediated a settlement of the Russo-Japanese War (Root-Takahira – 1908)

• Great White Fleet

Panama Canal

• U.S.-backed separation of Panama from Colombia

• U.S. acquisition of Panama Canal Zone

• Construction of Panama Canal

Panama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• “Walk softly…”

U.S. Global Investments and Investments in Latin America

Moral Diplomacy

The U.S. should be the

conscience of the world.

Spread democracy.

Promote peace.

Wilson and Moral Diplomacy

• The Philippines

– Jones Act (1916)

• Puerto Rico

– U.S. Citizenship/limited self govt

• One-year cooling off period

Tampico Incident

Pancho Villa and Gen. Pershing

• The War to End All Wars; The Great War • Famous alumni: Ernest Hemmingway, Humphrey Bogart,

Walt Disney, Harry Truman …. And Adolph Hitler • 230 soldiers killed per hour for 4.5 years straight! • 58,000 British troops were killed in ONE DAY at the Battle of

the Somme • First use of guide dogs by blinded soldiers. • First use of chlorine & mustard gas. • First use of the flame thrower. • First tank battle. • First use of mass airplanes.

WWI

What do you remember from World History about the causes of WWI?

June 28, 1914 – August 4, 1914

• “No man’s land”—barren expanse of mud

between opposing trenches

• Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive

• Armies fight to gain only yards of ground in

bloody trench warfare

Trench Warfare

Warm up

1. Describe Roosevelt’s, Taft’s and Wilson’s foreign policy in EXACTLY THREE WORDS?

2. How was WWI different than all wars before it?

3. What were the causes?

American Neutrality

• Mixed sentiments – Sympathy for Allied Powers

– British roots

– Association of Britain with democracy, Germany with tyranny

• Opposition to Allied Powers, and/or U.S. involvement – German, Irish, Russian (anti-czarist) roots

– Antiwar feminists, pacifists, social reformers

Germany responds with blockade of their own.

Neutral?

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Lusitania Crisis (1915) and “strict accountability”

Germany abandons unrestricted submarine warfare

“Preparedness”

Opposition

Election of 1916

Immediate Causes of U.S. Entry

U.S. War Declaration

April 6, 1917

Russian Revolution

Zimmerman Telegram

Unrestricted sub warfare

American Mobilization

• What is involved in mobilizing a nation to participate in a WW? – Raise an army – Finance – Public Support – Industrial

Mobilization

Selective Service Act (1917)

• 2.8M of 4.7M

Impacts on the following groups?

Women Mexicans African Americans

African Americans

African American Migration

Industry and Labor

Economic Intervention

• Areas

– War production (War Industries Board)

– National transportation (Railroad Administration)

– Coal and oil (Fuel Administration)

– Farming and food preparation (Food Administration)

– Labor relations (National War Labor Board)

• Guaranteed profit and suspension of anti-trust

Why the NWLB required to settle labor disputes?

• Wages?

• Working conditions?

Consequences?

Connect Prohibition to war effort at home

• During the war, the temperance movement benefited from:

– anti-German feeling

– conserve grain

– moral fervor

• Eighteenth amendment (1919)

War is expensive

Liberty Bonds

George Creel to head the Committee on Public Information

The Beast of Berlin

Connect suffrage to fading opposition to the war

The Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917)

Recap reasons for U.S. entry in bullet points

Bolshevik Revolution Impact?

Bolshevism

• threat to liberal-capitalist ideals.

• send troops to Siberia and northern Russia.

• widened the gulf between Russia and the West.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points “Peace without victory”

• What was he trying to do?

1. Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements.

2. Freedom of the seas.

3. Free trade.

4. Disarmament.

5. Adjudication of colonial claims with respect for the sovereignty of the colonial peoples.

6. Assistance for Russia.

7. Respect for the integrity of Belgium.

8. Restoration of French territories.

9. Adjustment of the border of Italy based on ethnicity.

10. Autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary.

11. Guarantees for the independence of the various Balkan states.

12. Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and free passage through the Dardanelles.

13. Independence for Poland.

14. The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee independence for all countries, large and small.

AEF – Gen. Pershing • Approximately 112,000 Americans died—half

from disease —and twice that number were wounded.

Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word over there

That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming The drums rum-tumming everywhere.

So prepare, say a prayer, Send the word, send the word to beware -

We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over, over there.

The War

Nov 11, 1918 - Armistice

Fourteen Points

• Wilson’s aim at home?

• Wilson’s aim with regard to Germany?

• Wilson’s aim with regard to the future?

Treaty of Versailles

• Legal restrictions

• Occupation of the Rhineland

• Military restrictions

• Reparations ($442B/2013)

All designed to do what?

Signers would have to join the League of Nations.

Ratification Fight

Ratification

• Who opposed?

• What is needed to pass a treaty?

• Big dem losses in 1918

• Speaking tour: Wilson collapses in 1919

• Formal hostilities did not end against Germany until 1921

Flu Pandemic - 1918

WW1 Home front – social problems

• Red Scare and Palmer Raids

Red Scare

• Methods – Federal raids on officers of

labor and radical organizations; Palmer Raids

– Arrests – Deportations – Secret Files

• Outcomes – Devastation of labor and

radical organizations – Broad outrage over abuse of

civil liberties

Nativism, racism, and eugenics

• Progressive-era conceptualization

– Racial diversity as threat to American civilization

• Progressive solutions

– “Americanization”

– Eugenics

Ch. 19, Image 17

Ch. 19, Image 18

Ch. 19, Image 19

What problems might arise from demobilization?

Labor Market Problems

• Seattle general strike

• Boston police strike

• Coal strike

• Steel Strike

Why?

Effects?

The Great Migration

Consequences?

Racial Tension

• Riots in East St. Louis, Chicago and Tulsa.

• Militancy

“Return to normalcy”