Upload
morgan-reynolds
View
221
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Outline
• US strategies of containment– original formulation– SEATO– Indochina and the Philippines
• ASEAN– Post-Cold War changes
• U.S. and ASEAN– Economy and security
Containment 1950s-1980s
• US foreign policy treated Southeast Asia as an arena for competition with the Soviet Union
• Former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger: ``Our objective was to purge our foreign policy of all sentimentality”
Appeal of Communism
• It seemed to be the wave of the future– dramatic economic and technological
advances of the Soviet Union– anti-colonialism– ``importance by association” psychology– opportunity for greater personal power– public disappointment and resentment at the
poverty and violence after independence
Architect of Containment
• George Kennan’s original formulation called for the coordinated use of political, economic, and military influence to prevent the expansion of Soviet control in vital regions
Original Formulation
• Traditional Russian sense of insecurity
• Stalin’s need for a hostile world
• S.U. was not primarily a military threat
• A long-term containment of Russian expansive tendencies will lead to– "either the break-up or the gradual mellowing
of Soviet power."
``Truman Doctrine” (1947)
• ``It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures”
• Implies that substantial US support could be counted on anywhere, not just in those vital regions
Economic Strategies
• In late 1940s, economic assistance was the central pillar of anti-communist policy– Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe– The ``arsenal of democracy”
• technological and economic resources
Early Aid to Southeast Asia
• US pressured the Netherlands to give independence to Dutch East Indies colony
• US-Indonesia economic and technical assistance agreement in 1950
• US aid programs to Thailand and Burma in 1950
Militarization in Policy
• US strategic shift of containment toward reliance on military strength in 1950s
• Obligated US to ``bear any cost” against communist incursions anywhere in the world
SEATO (1954 - 1977)
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
• Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty
• Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States
• oppose further Communist gains in Southeast Asia
SEATO (1954 - 1977)
• Headquarters in Bangkok, Thailand
• SEATO's principal role was to sanction the U.S. presence in Vietnam, although France and Pakistan withheld support
• Unable to intervene in Laos or Vietnam in ‘60s and ‘70s due to its rule of unanimity
• SEATO was ultimately disbanded in 1977
``Falling Domino" Principle
• President Eisenhower (1954-04-07):– ``beginning of a disintegration that would have
the most profound influences”– ``the possible sequence of events, the loss of
Indochina, of Burma, of Thailand, of the Peninsula, and Indonesia”
– ``the possible consequences of the loss are just incalculable to the free world”
``Falling Domino" Principle
• Simplistic perception of a monolithic Communist bloc
• Simplistic assumption that societies and politics in the vast, diverse Asia-Pacific region were essentially all alike
A Source of Misperception
• The communist-hunt of 1947-1953 in US– Federal Employee Loyalty Program– House Un-American Activities Committee– Internal Security Act– Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed
communists had infiltrated S.D. and US Army
• purged the Administration of its best senior Asia expertise
US in the Philippines
• Philippines became a cornerstone of US ``containment” in Southeast Asia
• US shored up the Philippine government with advisors and assistance
• US upgraded its two bases in the Philippines– Clark Air Force Base and the Subic Naval
Base
Subic Naval Base
• The air and naval bases became the most consistent, visible, and emotional of the issues that troubled US-Philippine post-war relations
• Natural disaster and the end of Cold War made these bases less desirable to US
Subic Bay
• Closed in 1992
• Philippine government converted it into a special economic zone to attract investment– Subic Bay Freeport Zone– Commerce and tourism
• 1996 APEC Summit
ASEAN: overview
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• 10 member states– Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, & Vietnam
• home to over 600 million people
• combined GDP of US$2.4 trillion
ASEAN: founding (1967)
• 5 founding members:– Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia,
Philippines
• Bangkok Declaration of 1967:– accelerate economic growth– promote regional peace and stability– contain the spread of communism
End of Cold War
• ASEAN Free Trade Area– initiated at ASEAN summit in 1992– comprehensive program of regional tariff
reduction– program later broadened and accelerated– reaffirmed during Asian Financial Crisis of
1997-1998
• ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 2015
ASEAN: external links
• A joint forum with Japan was established in 1977
• A cooperation agreement with the European Community was signed in 1980
• ``ASEAN + 3”: regular series of meetings at the cabinet and head-of-government levels with Japan, China, and South Korea since 1997
U.S. and ASEAN
• U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement is America’s first FTA in Asia (2007)
• U.S. was the first non-ASEAN country to name an ambassador to ASEAN (2008)
• U.S. signed ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) in 2009.
• U.S. was the first country to establish a permanent mission to ASEAN (2010)
U.S. and ASEAN
• The US-ASEAN Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was signed in 2006.
• Four ASEAN countries: Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam, are participants in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement negotiations with the United States.
U.S.-ASEAN Trade
• ASEAN ranks 4th after Canada, Mexico, and China as a goods export market for the United States – $76 billion in goods and more than $22 billion
in services to ASEAN in 2012– 78% increase since 2001
• The US is the 3rd largest trading partner for ASEAN ($234 billion in 2012)– 71% increase since 2001