URBANIZATION

“Cities have always been the fireplaces of

civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into

the dark, cold world.”

- Theodore Parker

Suburbanization

Infrastructure

Edge city

Planned communities

Central-place theory

World cities

Primate city

Bid-rent theory

CBD (central business district)

Zoning

Commuter zone

Ghetto

Gentrification

Postindustrial city

High-tech corridors

MEGACITIES

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

TransportationAccess to water routes more

important prior to railroads

NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco

Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATIONSITE – the physical

characteristics of a specific areaOriginally located for

commerce and defensepeninsulas and

islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris)

hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome)

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

Access to fresh waterdomestic

consumptionlevel of

industrialization, standard of living, and population growth

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

Geological character

- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock

- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

SITUATION – relative location of a place

Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fieldsBirmingham, England – near coal deposits Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally

located around diamond minesHouston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of

MexicoChicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to

Corn Belt

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

SITUATION – relative location of a place

Situation can change over time –

+ discovery of new resource

+ construction of new recreational lake

- change in transportation patterns

- agricultural areas effected by drought

FUNCTIONS OF A CITYJobs and Services

Residential

Trade and Commerce

Manufacturing

Public Administration

Personal Services

IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION

Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800

Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor

England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)

In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!

METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT

Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward

EuropeBoston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small

domestic hinterlands

Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)Crude national railroad networkRailroads converged with internal waterwaysChicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop

METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT

Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)Rapid development of iron and steel industriesRapid industrial growth within Northeast and

Midwest

Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)Complex highway and air transportationImproved amenities and speed led to increase

suburban developmentSunbelt migration

Bid Rent Theory

Related to the “gravity model” and “distance decay.”

Edge Cities

• Central Place Theory • Spatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle

Walter Christaller

Node

PRIMATE CITY STATUSA country’s leading city is always is proportionately

large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson

PRIMATE CITY STATUS

Not all countries have a primate city

• India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore

• China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro

RANK-SIZE RULE

• The second and subsequent smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. The second city would be ½ the size of the largest city; the third largest city would be 1/3 of the size, etc.

- George Zipf

RANK-SIZE RULE

• Paris (2.2 million) v. Marseilles (800,000)

• London (6.9 million) v. Birmingham (1 million)

• Mexico City (9.8 million) v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)

MEGALOPOLIS

• Jean Gottman (1950s)

• 300 mile stretch of BosWash

• Greek for “very large city”

• Inter-linked relationships between a variety of culturally and political urban areas

MEGALOPOLIS• Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and

grew into villages, then cities, and now urban areas

• As time progressed, the need for tight communication between Boston and Washington increased dramatically

• Currently contains 17% of the country’s total population in only 1.5% of the total area of the country

MEGALOPOLIS• Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and communications linkages are most important

• Government center, banking center, media center, academic center, immigration center, clothing manufacturing, cultural center

• 40% of all commercial international air-passenger departures have Megalopolitan origins

• 30% of American export trade passes through the ports of Megalopolis

PRIMATE CITY of the World

• New York, New York• The City That Never Sleeps!

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”

World Systems theory

economic core

economic periphery

HDI

Globalization

international division of labor

transnational corporation

NAFTA

economic activities

commodity chains

Outsourcing

maquiladoras

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

industrial location

Bid Rent theory

time-space compression

GROWTH AND DIFFUSIONIndustrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h

GROWTH AND DIFFUSION

LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES• Location theory

helps explain the spatial positioning of industries and their successes or failures

• Transportation, labor, energy, infrastructure costs are all a part in the location of heavy industries

LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES

• Weber’s least-cost theory

• Growth or decline of industries are influenced by political and environmental fluctuations

GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries

that industrialized• Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries

GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• North American

manufacturing complex is the largest in the world today

• Asian Pacific Rim is the fastest growing industrial region in the world today

LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• Enormous gaps

between rich and poor, both globally and regionally

• Underlying economic disparities is a core-periphery relationship among different regions of the world

LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• 21st century opened

with some countries stuck in the primary sector whereas some were pushing the quaternary sector

• Rapid development is usually associated with democracy, but some are growing under authoritarian regimes as well

CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS

• Spatial organization of world economy

ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING

• Declining cost of transportation and communication led to enormous changes in tertiary sector in 20th century

• Technology is accelerating the pace of life

ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING• Deindustrialization

in core has led to growth of labor intensive manufacturing in the periphery

• International labor has increased globalization leading to both positive and negative impacts

QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE & SUSTAINABILITY

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT

CRITIQUES OF MODELS

• Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems TheoryCore Semi-peripheryPeriphery

CRITIQUES OF MODELS• Alfred Weber – Least Cost

Theory• #1 cost in industrial

location… transportation of raw materials to factory as well as finished product to market

• Cost-minimizing and Profit-maximizing theories have their impact as well

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

Agribusiness

Factory farming

Genetically modified plants

Norman Borlaug

Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

Plant domestication

Agricultural regions

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Second Agricultural Revolution

Plantation agriculture

Crop rotation

Johann Heinrich von Thunen

DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION• NEOLITHIC

REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS

• Upper SE Asian Mainland

• Lower SE Asian Mainland

• Eastern India• SWA• East African Highlands

• Meso-America• North-Central China• Mediterranean Basin• Western Sudan• Andean Highlands• Eastern South America

AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES• Nigerian women

spread seeds• Slash and burn in Peru

• Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Hunting & Gathering

• Shifting Cultivation(slash-and-burn)

• Pastoral Nomadism

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Subsistence Ag

• Commercial Ag

• Mixed Crop & Livestock

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Dairy Farming

• Grain Farming

• Livestock Ranching

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION• Mediterranean Ag

• Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming

• Plantation Farming

AGRICULTURAL FLOWS

• Columbian Exchange• NAFTA

von THUNEN MODEL

• Originator of spatial models

• Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

von THUNEN MODEL

• “Isolated state” – no trade connections

• Possessed only one market

• Located centrally in the state

• Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain

• All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it

• Farmers sought maximum profits

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

MODERN AG REVOLUTION• The complex of seed and

management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland

• 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

MODERN AG REVOLUTION

• 1965-1983 average yields• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;

MODERN AG REVOLUTION

• Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

• PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies

MODERN AG REVOLUTION

• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS• New variations of seeds/plants

• Irrigation• Mechanization

• Fertilization• Use of pesticides• More food

MODERN AG REVOLUTION• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of

land

• Ground water depletion• Conflict between agricultural societies

and urban sprawl

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN AG REVOLUTION

• Increased mechanization

• Development of

biotechnology

HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE

• Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?