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http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 143 [email protected]
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 11, Issue 6, June 2020, pp. 143-155, Article ID: IJARET_11_06_013
Available online athttp://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=11&IType=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
DOI: 10.34218/IJARET.11.6.2020.013
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON LAND
SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGES USING
LANDSAT IMAGE IN DAKHLA CITY,
MOROCCO
S. Hafoud*
Laboratory of the Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology,
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal - Morocco
K. Boutoial
Laboratory of the Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology,
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal - Morocco
A. Oussama
Spectro-Chemometrics and Environment laboratory; Faculty of Science and Technology.
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal - Morocco.
FZ. Mahjoubi
Laboratory of the Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology,
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal - Morocco
F. Kzaiber
Laboratory of the Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology,
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal - Morocco
*Correspondence Author Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This work is part of a national strategy for sustainable urban development to offer
more rational information for urban planning and help regional planners in
appropriate land use planning and sustainable development policies.
This paper investigates the effects of urbanization on land surface temperature
LST variation of Dakhla city (Morocco), using two sensors (Thematic Mapper (TM)
and Operational Land Imager (OLI)). Images are also used to analyse the urban
landscape and their impact on the thermal environment using the processing of
Landsat satellite images over the 1984–2018 periods.
The results show that the urban landscape grew by almost 85.79% which may be
explained by the increase of urban population and economic development respectably.
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Image in
Dakhla City, Morocco
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 144 [email protected]
Moreover, these results indicate that the higher land surface temperature (LST) is
observed in the urban areas, whereas the lowest in vegetal areas in this period of
study. This study reveals a positive correlation between the urban land expansion and
LST, which affirms that LST is affected positively by the urban land expansion.
Key words: Urban lands cover, Dakhla city, LST
Cite this Article: S. Hafoud, K. Boutoial, A. Oussama, FZ. Mahjoubi, F. Kzaiber,
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat
Image in Dakhla City, Morocco, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 11(6), 2020, pp. 143-155.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=11&IType=6
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, more than 65% of the Moroccan population live in urban areas, the growth of
urbanization has a significant impact on land use by replacing areas of vegetation with
residential and commercial areas and their related infrastructure led to changes in LST ([1]
;[2]).
Several studies have examined the effect of land use/land cover and urbanization index on
LST. These studies have highlighted, a significant relationship patterns between the
urbanization index and the LST variation increases ([1]; [3]; [4]; [5];[6]) and a positive
correlation between urban density and a noteworthy increase in LST in urban areas ([7]; [8]).
The LST can change due to reduction of vegetative cover according to Khandelwal et al.,
2010 [9], which clearly indicates that urbanization leads to a reduction of vegetative cover and
consequent increase in LST. Other researches indicated that land surface temperature (LST)
can be used as an indicator of the environment changes and represent an important factor to
study the terrestrial ecosystems and their relationship with the physical, chemical, and
biological earth's surface.
Although numerous methods have been proposed to collect land use data, remote satellite
technologies have approved their ability to offer accurate and appropriate information on land
use distribution. Supported by Geographic Information Systems (GIS), satellite images allow
for the estimation and analysis of changes and trends.
LST has been calculated from different satellite data such as Landsat Thematic Mapper
(TM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and
Thermal Infrared (TIR). While Faqe et al., 2017 [1] and Vorovencii et al., 2013 [10] propose
the use of Landsat TM thermal images to estimate LST on smaller surfaces.
It is evident today that the urban development of tomorrow cannot be through the
continuation of the practices of the past. It can no longer rely on the single principle of
economic growth and territorial expansion, without taking into account the effects on the
quality of life, social development, or the balance between ecosystems. For these reasons and
to help planners and regional urban to integrate a sustainable urbanization policies, this study
seeks to investigates the effects of urbanization on land surface temperature variation in
Dakhla city (Morocco), using two sensors (Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land
Imager (OLI)). Images were also used to analyse the urban landscape and their impact on the
thermal environment using the processing of Landsat satellite images over the 1984–2018
period.
S. Hafoud, K. Boutoial, A. Oussama, FZ. Mahjoubi, F. Kzaiber
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 145 [email protected]
2. MATERIALS AND DATA
2.1. Study Area
Dakhla city is located in the extreme south of Morocco slightly north of the tropic of Cancer
(23 ° 43 North latitude and 15 ° 56 West longitude), 530 as the crow flies (637.5 km by road
or 9 hours) south of Laâyoune, 1500 Km from the capital Rabat. The city grows on a narrow
peninsula, the Rio de Oro peninsula, which extends for about 40 km and wide parallel to the
Atlantic coast, direction north-east south-west. This exceptional site delimits a bay of about
400Km2 (Figure1) [11].
The climate in study area is characterized by an arid temperate climate under the effects of
the cold sea current of the Canary Islands and by high thermal amplitudes between day and
night. The temperatures in this band are generally average and stable during the year are
moderate with a maximum temperature of 40° C in summer and an average temperature of
20° C. The Dakhla peninsula is an exception, the average annual temperature is 25°C.
Precipitation is low with an annual average of 30 mm, however the rains are irregular and
there may be peaks at 100 mm annual, is marked essentially by high humidity giving rise to a
dew at night [12].
Figure 1 Geographical location of the region of Dakhla Oued Eddahab
2.2. Data
In the present study, the data sets were timely collected using two sensors (Thematic Mapper
(TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI)), received from Landsat satellite images taken on
July 25, 2018. According to their availabilities and the dates adequate to the objectives of the
work (between October and January of the years 1984, 1995, 2006, 2010 and 2018): the
atmosphere is relatively clear which makes pre-processing and processing of satellite images
easy as well as the comparison of the land surface for different months makes no sense (the
coldest months will mark ground temperatures less than those of the warm months). The
processing of downloaded satellite images was based on the image correction technique. The
latter has been used for many years in remote sensing to effectively display the colors of the
land surface temperatures. It also provides a tool for estimating the urban area. Table 1,
summarizes some characteristics of the satellite images used in this work.
The software used to conduct image processing included Environment for Visualizing
Images (ENVI), ArcGIS version 10.3.
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Image in
Dakhla City, Morocco
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 146 [email protected]
Table 1 Information about Landsat images used in this study.
Characteristics
Dates of the
images
Sensor Band Date
Spatial
Resolution
(m)
Radiometric
performance
UTM
zoned
1984
1995
2006
2010
Landsat
4-5 TM
7
1984-06-20
1995-01-08
2006-11-22
2010-01-17
30 8 bits 28
2018 Landsat
8 OLI
9 2018-01-18
30
(Band 8 : 15m) 16 bits 28
3. METHODS
3.1. Urban Land Classification
Fonseka et al., 2019 [8], have used a supervised classification of urban land cover, we
developed land cover maps with Figures which permitted us to appreciate the evolution of the
different classes in our study area.
The supervised classification process begins with the selection the radial basis function for
mapping the data onto a binary separable hyperplane and cross-validating the settings of two
key parameters: Gramma in the RBF, and the penalty (C); then, using the one-against-the-rest
strategy to identify one land cover class. Afterward, the images were classified into: urban,
vegetation, water and Bare Land.
3.2. Land Surface Temperature Calculation
Fonseka et al., 2019 [8] and Zhang et al., 2017 [13], used the radiative transfer equation to
calculate land surface temperature from the Landsat data. This method consists of three steps.
Step 1: The pixels of the images were converted into spectral radiation at the sensor (Lλ)
using Eq:
[( )
( )] ( ) (1)
Where: Lλis the Top-of-Atmosphere (TAO ) radiance image of the thermal band, Lmax and
Lmin are the radiometric calibration parameters, Qcal is the pixel digital number for thermal
band.
Lλ=MLQcal+AL (2)
Where: ML is the band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor,ALis the band-specific
additive rescaling factor. Lλ and Qcal in (2) are the same as those in (1).
Step 2: Is to convert TOA radiance of the thermal band. The surface-leaving radiance LT is
calculated as follows:
LT = (Lλ− Lμ− τ (1 − ε)Ld)/τε (3)
Where:
Lμ: the upwelling radiance,τ : atmospheric transmission , Ld:downwelling radiance, ε is
the emissivity of the surface related to the target type. Therefore, ε is the emissivity map of
the surface with 30 m resolution.
Step 3: The radiance is converted to LST using the Landsat-specific estimate of the Planck
curve as follows.
S. Hafoud, K. Boutoial, A. Oussama, FZ. Mahjoubi, F. Kzaiber
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 147 [email protected]
(
)
(4)
Where K1 and K2 are calibration constants
3.3. The Effect of Urban Land Expansion on LST
To investigate the relationship between annual LST and urban area, a correlation analysis was
used to study this relationship. The analyses are deduced from the linear regression relation.
The correlation coefficient is also calculated to verify the nature and magnitudes of the trends
and significance.
4. RESULTS
4.1. Cartography of Urbanization in Dakhla City
4.1.1. The Urban Land Cover changes in Dakhla
The satellite images disclose an urban expansion in Dakhla in the last 34 years (Figure 2), the
areas of different land covers, and their changes were calculated, and are shown in Figure 3.
The results show an increase in urban areas on the period of study and a decrease in Bare
Lands areas, while the vegetation cover remains reduced, which explains the fact that bare
lands have been replaced by other surfaces urban.
Figure 2 The urban land cover classification results in Dakhla city from 1984 to 2018
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Image in
Dakhla City, Morocco
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 148 [email protected]
Figure 3 Urban land cover change in Dakhla city from 1984 to 2018
(Source: Calculate from satellite images)
4.1.2. Demographics and Urbanization Evolution
The urban area and demographic evolution are summarized in Figure 4, a significant increase
in the urban areas and demographic evolution since 1982 to 2018. It has shown an important
population growth, which increased 12 times between in the same period of study ([12];[14] )
.
Figure 4 Presentation of the urban area in relation to the demographic evolution in Dakhla city [2].
4.1.3. Cartography of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Dakhla City
The analysis of Landsat images of the land surface temperature (LST) of the Dakhla city are
presented in Figure 5. It shows a clear increase in LST from 1984 to 2018, the annual
temperature values of LST for each class is calculated and detailed in Figure 6.
The study reveals that the higher temperature has been marked in the urban areas, whereas
the lowest temperature values were observed in vegetal areas. This is consistent with the
results of ([7]; [8]; [15]; [16]; [17]). The LST of the vegetal, Bare Land and urban area were
increased from 23.60 to 35.90 °C, 26.97°C to 40.50°C and 27.40°C to 44.06°C respectively
from 1984 to 2018.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1984 1995 2006 2010 2018
Are
a (
km2)
Urban
Vegetation and algue
Bare lands
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
De
mo
graph
ic evo
lutio
n (in
hab
itant)
urb
aniz
ed
are
a (k
m2
)
Years
urbanized area
Demographic evolution
Groissance of the
populatipon 12 times more
1982/2018
Low population density
(<1 inhabitant/ Km²)
( Source monographie
Highest rate of
demographic change at the
national level (10.5%)
( Source monographie
Highest urbanization rate
at the national level of
around 85,79%
S. Hafoud, K. Boutoial, A. Oussama, FZ. Mahjoubi, F. Kzaiber
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 149 [email protected]
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Image in
Dakhla City, Morocco
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 150 [email protected]
S. Hafoud, K. Boutoial, A. Oussama, FZ. Mahjoubi, F. Kzaiber
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 151 [email protected]
Figure 5 Maps of annual Land Surface Temperature in Dakhla city from 1984 to 2018
Figure 6 Annual variation of Land Surface Temperature in different classes in Dakhla city from 1984
to 2018, calculated from satellite images
5. DISCUSSION
5.1. Urban Evolution in Dakhla City
The urban evolution from 1984 to 2018 detected by satellite images indicated that the urban
landscape grew by almost 85.79%, which may be explained by the conversion of large areas
of bare land to an urban area, due to the increase in urban population and economic
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1984 1995 2006 2010 2018
LS
T (◦C
)
Year
vegetal area
Bare Land area
urban area
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Image in
Dakhla City, Morocco
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 152 [email protected]
development. According to the Moroccan Census of Population and Housing (RGPH), the
population of Dakhla city has grown from 17 309 in 1982 to 129 375 inhabitants in 2018,
with an annual rate of 6% between 1982 and 2018. The urbanized areas have increased from
the 13.73 to 42.9 km2 in the same period. Indeed, the value of the urbanization rate of the last
year studied (85.79%) is higher compared with the national urbanization rate of 60.3% ([2];
[12]).
In this context, to reply to these changes in population and urbanization in the city of
Dakhla, the State and its associates have launched several emergency programs to fill the
housing deficit and create a shelter for the city.
The analysis achieved in Figure 3 revealed the poverty of Dakhla city in vegetation land
cover. Despite the efforts made by planners and elected officials who make a notable effort,
but the indicators of green space per capita are still low. According to Ajbilou, 2005 [18] the
vegetation land cover in the urban desert environment has a particular meaning due to the
difficult conditions of the desert environment, while Dakhla city suffers from water stress,
high evaporation, high salinity levels (1-10 g/l), and arid climate, ([12])
5.2. LST in Land Cover changes of Dakhla City
The study of the effect of urbanization on land-surface temperature (LST) in Dakhla city in
the last 34 years, showed a variation value of 16.66°C in the urban areas from 1984 to 2018,
12.30°C in the vegetal area and 13.53 °C in the bare land area in the same period of study.
These results indicate that the temperature of urban areas is higher than the LST in the vegetal
area ones. These obtained results are confirmed by other studies in different cities of the
world ([1] ;[8] ; [10] ; [15]; [19] ). Although these differences in LST can be explained by the
fact that the vegetation has the capability of evaporating, this helps to accelerate the
progression of heat transfer between land surface and atmosphere. Furthermore, this is
explained by the fact that construction materials absorb and hold heat and evaporate less,
which causes an increase in LST in urban areas ([4] ; [9] ;[10] ;[13] ; [15] ;[20] ).
5.3. The Effect of Urban Land Expansion on LST of Dakhla City
The results obtained in Figure 7, indicate that the expansion of urban land cover is directly
proportional to the LST increase. The results are consistent with a previous study [5]. The
correlation is applied to explain the relationship between the land surface temperature and the
urbanization of Dakhla from 1984 to 2018.
The linear regression analysis for annual LST and urban land cover change could be
addressed as y = 0.495x + 18.862 (R2 = 0.831), where y is LST and x is the urbanization area
in km2.
The analysis of the linear regression result indicates that there is a significant linear
heating, with 5.7°C heating of LST produced by an increase in the urban evolution by 10 km2.
The correlation coefficient calculated is 91%, which indicates that the LST is or has been
affected positively by the urban land expansion. The results are consistent with a previous
study ([1] ; [3] ; [4] ; [5] ; [6] ;[9] ; [13];[21]).
S. Hafoud, K. Boutoial, A. Oussama, FZ. Mahjoubi, F. Kzaiber
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 153 [email protected]
Figure 7 The cover of land and Annual LST in Dakhla city from 1984 to 2018
Figure 8 The relationship between annual LST and the urban area in Dakhla city from 1984 to 2018
6. CONCLUSION
According to the obtained results, the following conclusions can be deduced from this study:
First, Dakhla city has experienced rapid urbanization in the 34 last years. The satellite
images indicated that the urban landscape grew by almost 85.79% which may be explained by
the increase in both urban population and economic development. Moreover, the city suffers
from poverty in vegetation land cover.
Second, this study demonstrates that the variation value of LST in Dakhla city from 1984
to 2018, of the urban area, reached 16.66 °C while in the vegetal area this value reached
12.30°C.
Third, the results obtained show that LST is affected positively by the urban land
expansion and the correlation coefficient calculated is 91%. The outcome is a significant
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
LS
T U
rbain
(◦C)
urb
an a
rea
(km
2)
Years
urban area (km2) LST Urbain (◦C)
y = 0.495x + 18.862
R² = 0.8315
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
LS
T U
rbai
n (
◦C)
Urban Area en Km2
LST Urbain (◦C) Linear (LST Urbain (◦C))
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Image in
Dakhla City, Morocco
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 154 [email protected]
linear warming, with 5.7°C heating of LST produced by an increase in the urban evolution by
10 km2.
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