Urban Water

Urban Water

Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

Peter Krebs Dresden, 2010

1 Global water aspects

2 Introduction to urban water management

3 Basics for systems description

4 Water transport

5 Matter transport

6 Introduction to water supply

7 Water extraction

8 Water purification

9 Water distribution

10 Introduction to wastewater disposal

11 Urban drainage

12 Wastewater treatment

13 Sludge treatment

Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 2


1.1 The urban water system

1.2 Costs

1.3 History of water supply

1.4 History of sanitation


Peter Krebs

Urban Water




1.2 Costs




Peter Krebs

Urban Water


Hygiene


Flood protection


Rio de Janeiro

Urban Lake: Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas

Eutrophic state due to discharge of untreated wastewater

(NZZ, 9.3.2000)

Water protection


500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

4.000

0Africa Asia Europe North AmericaLatin America Oceania

0

1 2

Population 1990

Population 2000

Fraction with access to safe drinking water

Fraction with access to safe sanitation

Po

pu

lati

on

in m

io ;

Fra

cti

on

Continent

Access to water supply and sanitation


Urb

an r

egio

n

Rain-runoff processSewage

retention tank

Wat

er

dist

ribut

ion

Reservoir

Sew

er s

yste

m

Combined sewer

Retention tank CSO structure

Wat

er

puri

ficat

ion

WW

TP

Treatment

Rec

eivi

ng

wat

er

Gro

und

wat

er

Infiltration Overflow

Retention

Sedimentation

Sludge disposal

In-/Exfiltration

Clean water inflow

Urban water system


Groundwater

Agriculture

Nat. land use

Wastewater

Drinking water

Atmosphere / Climate

Inst

ituti

onal Fr

am

ew

ork

Stagnant waters

Implementation

Running waters

Szenarios and systems analysis

Capaci

ty D

evelo

pm

ent

Integrated water resources management IWRM




1.2 Costs




Peter Krebs

Urban Water


Urban water systems in total 500 bill. EUR

Water supply / wastewater disposal 1 / 1

Average life time expectancy 50 a

Annual investment need to maintain stable value: 10 bill. EUR/a

Replacement costs for German urban water systems


Drinking water prices for centralised systems

2,18

1,761,65 1,63

1,261,16

1,000,94

0,81 0,76 0,750,68 0,67

0,52

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

Denmark

Ger

man

y

Gre

at Brit

ain

Belgiu

m

Franc

e

Nether

land

s

Austra

liaIta

ly

Finlan

d

Spain

South

Afri

ca

Sweden

Canada

USA

Dri

nki

ng

wat

er p

rice

EU

R/(

per

son

day

)


Drinking water prices in Germany

1,81

1,27

2,29

1,51

1,98

1,52

1,93

1,55

1,19

1,59 1,55

1,81,93

1,57

1,3

2,04

1,6

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

Baden

-Wür

ttem

berg

Bayer

n

Berlin

Brand

enbu

rg

Brem

en

Hambu

rg

Hesse

n

Mec

klenb

urg-

Vorpo

mm

ern

Nieder

sach

sen

Nordr

hein-

Wes

tfalen

Rheinl

and-

Pfalz

Saarla

nd

Sachs

en

Sachs

en-A

nhalt

Schles

wig-Hols

tein

Thürin

gen

Deutsc

hland

Dri

nki

ng

wat

er p

rice

EU

R/m

3


Drinking water consumption

116

133

112

98

127133

123

100

128135

118 116

8590

133

90

122

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Baden

-Wür

ttem

berg

Bayer

n

Berlin

Brand

enbu

rg

Brem

en

Hambu

rg

Hesse

n

Mec

klenb

urg-

Vorpo

mm

ern

Nieder

sach

sen

Nordr

hein-

Wes

tfalen

Rheinl

and-

Pfalz

Saarla

nd

Sachs

en

Sachs

en-A

nhalt

Schles

wig-Hols

tein

Thürin

gen

Deutsc

hland

Wat

er c

on

sum

pti

on

l/(

Per

son

day

)


Drinking water costs per year

77

62

94

54

92

74

87

57 56

78

67

76

60

52

6367

71

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Baden

-Wür

ttem

berg

Bayer

n

Berlin

Brand

enbu

rg

Brem

en

Hambu

rg

Hesse

n

Mec

klenb

urg-

Vorpo

mm

ern

Nieder

sach

sen

Nordr

hein-

Wes

tfalen

Rheinl

and-

Pfalz

Saarla

nd

Sachs

en

Sachs

en-A

nhalt

Schles

wig-Hols

tein

Thürin

gen

Deutsc

hland

Dri

nki

ng

wat

er c

ost

s E

UR

/(P

erso

n y

ear)


(DREWAG – Stadtwerke Dresden GmbH)

Water price in Dresden appr. 2.- EUR/m³

Sonst. betriebl. Aufwendungen 0,03 €

Loans 0.19 €

Umlage Verwaltung/Verrechnung 0,26 €

Taxes 0.05 €

Innerbetr. Verrechnung 0,08 €

Depreciation 0.41 €

Personnel 0,32 €

Wastewater charge 0.02 €

Chemicals 0.01 €

Wassernutzungsentgelt 0,02 €

Energy 0.02 €

Raw water 0.11 €

Outsourcing 0.16 €

Working materials 0.08 €

Gewinnanteil/Steuergutschrift 0,19 €

Composition of drinking water price


2927

25

9 9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

England

Italy

France

Germ

any

%

Denm

ark

Water Losses


Wastewater price

2,14

1,7

2,55

3,31

2,88

2,58 2,512,69

2,22,39

1,9

2,752,55

3,18

2,152,27 2,29

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

Baden

-Wür

ttem

berg

Bayer

n

Berlin

Brand

enbu

rg

Brem

en

Hambu

rg

Hesse

n

Mec

klenb

urg-

Vorpo

mm

ern

Nieder

sach

sen

Nordr

hein-

Wes

tfalen

Rheinl

and-

Pfalz

Saarla

nd

Sachs

en

Sachs

en-A

nhalt

Schles

wig-Hols

tein

Thürin

gen

Deutsc

hland

Was

tew

ater

pri

ce E

UR

/m3

+ stormwater costs per m2 impervious area connected to sewer system

1,6 EUR/(m2connected year) in Dresden


Fixed costs

Overhead and running costs

•Depreciation

•Payment of interest

•Personnel

•Energy

•Operation

•Renovation, repair, spares

•Disposal of sludges

•Administration

Fixed costs are dominant both in water supply and wastewater disposal

Annual costs




1.2 Costs




Peter Krebs

Urban Water


Free surface flow conduits, Rome (reconstruction)


Drinking water aqueduct, Segovia, Spain


Pergamon, Greece, pressurised pipe


Led Clay

Roman drinking water pipes


Wooden pipes, middle-ages


Iron water conduits, Versailles, 17th century


Sand stone pipes in Dresden (from 1841)


Steam engine driven pumping station, Berlin


Slow sand filtration, Berlin


Pressure filtration Ultrafiltration

Modern filtration plants




1.2 Costs




Peter Krebs

Urban Water


Mesopotamia, 3000 bC

Illi (1992)


Illi (1992)

Babylon, 600 bC


Sand stone Bottom sand stone brick walls

cement roof

Cloaca Maxima, Rome


Cloaca Maxima, Rome


Rome, public latrine


Rome

Rome, gully


Boccacio, Decamerone, mid 14. century (Illi, 1992)

Middle ages


France, barrel system, 19th century


John Snow (1855), On the mood of Communication of Cholera

Cholera in London (1853/1854)

Documents

Urban Water