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Urban Water Quality Urban Water Quality IssuesIssues
July 17th, 2008
Greensboro, North Carolina
NACAA Annual Meeting & Professional Improvement Conference
Development PatternsDevelopment Patterns
Ultra Urban EnvironmentUltra Urban Environment Increasing:Increasing:
impervious areasimpervious areas land valueland value
DecreasingDecreasing land availabilityland availability
Increasing Need for:Increasing Need for:Space Efficient Space Efficient
Best Management PracticesBest Management Practices
Typical Urban Non-Point Source Typical Urban Non-Point Source Pollutant LoadingPollutant Loading
Typical Urban Non-Point Source Typical Urban Non-Point Source Pollutant LoadingPollutant Loading
Algae bloom; York River, 9/9/05Courtesy Bill Portlock, Chesapeake Bay Foundation
Why is it that this particular design does not have to follow the
fundamental unit processes of water quality?
Physics of Settling – Stokes Physics of Settling – Stokes LawLaw
Henry Darcy
1803 - 1858
fff
ff
tdhK
dWQvA
Media Filtration – Darcy’s Media Filtration – Darcy’s LawLaw
BMP EvaluationBMP Evaluation
In the Lab; or in the Field?
Lesson 1: Clearly Defined Project Lesson 1: Clearly Defined Project GoalsGoals
Quality Assurance Project PlanQuality Assurance Project Plan
1.1. Conditions and DefinitionsConditions and Definitionsi.i. Treatment ObjectiveTreatment Objective
ii.ii. Performance GoalsPerformance Goals
2.2. Project DescriptionProject Description
3.3. Quality Assurance PlanQuality Assurance Plan
Treatment ObjectivesTreatment Objectives and Performance and Performance GoalsGoals
Particle SizeParticle Size
Treatment ObjectivesTreatment Objectives and Performance and Performance GoalsGoals
Treatment Objectives and Treatment Objectives and Performance Performance GoalsGoals
Treatment Objectives and Performance Treatment Objectives and Performance GoalsGoals
Treatment Objectives and Performance Treatment Objectives and Performance GoalsGoals
Treatment Objectives and Performance Treatment Objectives and Performance GoalsGoals
Lesson 2: Sample CollectionLesson 2: Sample Collection
Grab samples Flow-paced auto samples
One Grab = One SnapshotMultiple Grabs =Multiple Snapshots
Lesson 3: Site Selection - LocationLesson 3: Site Selection - Location
Currituck Gas HouseBarco, NC
Trench Drain from up-hill side of pumps
Trench Drain on
down-hill side of
Oil-Water separator
Canopy drain
StormFilter Vault
Bypass/Diversionmanhole
Outlet junctionmanhole
Lesson 3: Site Selection - SimplicityLesson 3: Site Selection - Simplicity
1 pipe in and 1 pipe out!1 pipe in and 1 pipe out!
Simple is better!Simple is better!
Eliminate Variables and External Eliminate Variables and External Influences (MEP)Influences (MEP)
Lesson:Lesson:All fuel islands should have an Oil/Water SeparatorAll fuel islands should have an Oil/Water Separator
Lesson 4: Learn the 1Lesson 4: Learn the 1stst Law of Law of Monitoring:Monitoring:
What Can Go Wrong, Will Go Wrong!What Can Go Wrong, Will Go Wrong!
Once upon a time, there was this Once upon a time, there was this site . . .site . . .
10/0210/02 System MaintenanceSystem Maintenance 10/0210/02 Remote automated sampling Remote automated sampling
equipment Installedequipment Installed 11/02 11/02 Remote automated sampling Remote automated sampling
equipment disabled by insect equipment disabled by insect infestationinfestation
Corrective Action TakenCorrective Action Taken
As Luck Would Have It (or not):As Luck Would Have It (or not): 1-2/031-2/03 Storm CaptureStorm Capture 5/035/03 Phone Line Disabled by LightningPhone Line Disabled by Lightning 6/036/03 Automated Sampling Equipment Automated Sampling Equipment
Fried by LightningFried by Lightning
But then . . .But then . . .
9/039/03 New Automated Sampling New Automated Sampling Equipment Installed Equipment Installed
9/039/03 System Outfall Area Impacted by System Outfall Area Impacted by Adjacent Construction Activities Adjacent Construction Activities and Heavy Stormsand Heavy Storms
Hurricane Isabel
Before
After 2/042/04 Outfall Area RestoredOutfall Area Restored
The Saga Continues:The Saga Continues: 3/043/04 Storm CaptureStorm Capture 8-9/048-9/04 Phone lines and Automated Phone lines and Automated
Sampling Equipment Disabled Sampling Equipment Disabled by by Lightning (again); ANDLightning (again); AND
Alex, Bonnie, & Earl – 8-9/04Alex, Bonnie, & Earl – 8-9/04
We Are Committed!We Are Committed!
6/056/05 Resume MonitoringResume Monitoring
No Matter What . . .No Matter What . . .
9/059/05 RodentsRodents
Corrective Action TakenCorrective Action Taken
AND THEN:
We Survived Hurricane Season ‘05We Survived Hurricane Season ‘05
Happily Ever AfterHappily Ever After
8/068/06 Project Completed!Project Completed!
Lesson 5: Predict the Weather and Lesson 5: Predict the Weather and Act FastAct Fast
We Got Better!We Got Better!
Days with measurable precipitationDays with measurable precipitation 6868
Qualified Storm Events - Qualified Storm Events - (meet DQO of >0.1 in. (meet DQO of >0.1 in. and >72 hr. antecedent conditions); hindsightand >72 hr. antecedent conditions); hindsight 3535
Attempts to capture storm samplesAttempts to capture storm samples 2323
Successful Captures (10) vs. Opportunities (35)Successful Captures (10) vs. Opportunities (35) 29%29%
Successful Captures (10) vs. Attempts (23)Successful Captures (10) vs. Attempts (23) 43%43%
Early 2000’s success rate – Captures vs. Atts.Early 2000’s success rate – Captures vs. Atts. 10%10%
Key Elements to a Successful Field Key Elements to a Successful Field Monitoring ProjectMonitoring Project
Clearly defined Clearly defined Project GoalsProject Goals Data Quality ObjectivesData Quality Objectives MethodsMethods
Appropriate Site SelectionAppropriate Site Selection
Dedicated Project TeamDedicated Project Team
Adaptive management in actionAdaptive management in action
From: Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers
Ralph and Poole, 2003
As Conceived in Consensus Building Process
As Designed in Consensus Building Process
As generally implemented
Adaptive management in piecesAdaptive management in pieces
Experimentation in the Urban Experimentation in the Urban EnvironmentEnvironment
We’re running out of experimental We’re running out of experimental opportunities!opportunities!