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Urban vs. Rural Atlanta. An assessment of : PM2.5 composition and trends The Atlanta Urban Heat Island Effect. Outline. Part I: PM2.5 Compositional analysis and trends Background Assessment Composition Spatial and temporal Analysis Monthly Analysis Meteorological Correlations - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Urban vs. Rural Atlanta An assessment of :1) PM2.5 composition and trends2) The Atlanta Urban Heat Island Effect
Outline•Part I: PM2.5 Compositional analysis and
trends▫Background▫Assessment▫Composition▫Spatial and temporal Analysis▫Monthly Analysis▫Meteorological Correlations
•Part II: Urban Heat Island Index and Effect▫Background▫Diurnal UHI in urban vs. rural environment▫Meteorological Correlations
•Part III: Conclusions
Part I: PM2.5: Why are we so concerned?•Aerosols•PM
▫Environmental Issues▫Health Risks
•PM2.5
▫Humans inhale it▫It diffuses
•Primary and secondary origin▫Formation poorly understood
PM2.5 Assessment• Part of Georgia Tech’s ASACA project• 3 sites
▫ Fire Station 8 (FSE) (urban) (Daily)▫ South Dekalb (SD) (urban) (Daily)▫ Yargo (YG) (rural) (1 in 3 days)
• 3 filter types▫ Quartz (EC/OC analysis)▫ Nylon (wsioi and ions)
Na+, NH4+,K+,Ca2+,Cl-,
NO2-, NO3
-, SO42- ,
CH3COO-, HCOO-, C2O42-
▫ Teflon (trace metals)
• PCM, IC, TOT, TEOM, aeth.• Only 2012 data analyzed
Figure 1: Map of the three different sampling sites. A: Fort Yargo State Park, B: Fire Station Eight, C: South Dekalb site
PM2.5 Composition in 2012
PM2.5 Analysis: Spatial and temporal
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
5
10
15
20
25
FSE_PM2.5 SD_PM2.5 YG_PM25.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
2
4
6
8
10
12
FSE_OC SD_OC YG_OC
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
FSE_EC SD_EC YG_EC
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
FSE_SO4 SD_SO4 YG_SO4
PM2.5 Analysis: Spatial and temporal
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
FSE_NH4_Avg SD_NH4_Avg YG_NH4_Avg
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
FSE_NO3 SD_NO3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
FSE_SO4 SD_SO4 YG_SO4
R Square 0.833 Adjusted R
Square 0.826
Standard Error 0.189
Coefficients Standard Error P-value
Intercept 0.408 0.110 0.0011
X Variable 1 2.711 0.242 3.35E-11
PM2.5 Analysis: Monthly
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
2012 Monthly Sulfate Average
FSE
SD
YG
Avera
ge S
ulf
ate
(ug/m
3)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140123456789
2012 Monthly OC Average
SDYGFSE
MonthAvera
ge O
C (
mic
rog/m
3)
PM2.5 Analysis: Meteorological Correlations
11/3/2011 12/23/2011 2/11/2012 4/1/2012 5/21/2012 7/10/2012 8/29/2012 10/18/2012 12/7/2012 1/26/2013-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Avg T (deg C)
40850 40900 40950 41000 41050 41100 41150 41200 41250 413000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Avg Windspeed (km/hr)
FSE_PMSpec
PM2.5: Meteorological Correlations
Avg Temp (deg C) - YG
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
f(x) = 0.395586594352332 x + 14.683149062468R² = 0.0716938847328034
Avg Temp (deg C) - YG
Avg Temp (deg C)
Linear (Avg Temp (deg C))
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1605
10152025303540
f(x) = − 0.85522484224668 x + 12.3216898709307R² = 0.120202732795872
Avg Windspeed (km/hr) - SD
Avg Windspeed SD
Linear (Avg Windspeed SD)
Regression Statistics
R Square 0.0717 Adjusted R
Square 0.0643
Standard Error 4.727
Coefficients Standard Error P-value
Intercept 6.0758 1.148 5.19E-07
X Variable 1 0.181 0.058 0.00225
Regression Statistics
R Square 0.12
Adjusted R Square 0.118
Standard Error 4.785
Coefficients Standard Error P-value
Intercept 12.322 0.489 9.49E-82X Variable 1 -0.855 0.121 8.92E-12
Part II: Urban Heat Island Index and Effect•Urban Area Temperature > Rural Area
Temperature▫Population density, geography, building
structure and material, vegetation▫Urban cities trap radiation near the surface
Large differences in solar radiation and heat and water balances
11/3/2011 12/23/2011 2/11/2012 4/1/2012 5/21/2012 7/10/2012 8/29/2012 10/18/2012 12/7/2012 1/26/2013-5
0
5
10
15
UHII
UHI
Urban Atlanta Albedo
Diurnal UHI in Urban vs Rural Sites
January 16 February 16
May 1 November 7
UHII vs Meteorological Correlations
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
f(x) = − 0.140044318093979 x + 6.03220791713547R² = 0.114556785711402
Rel Windspeed
Rel Wind-speedLinear (Rel Windspeed)
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
f(x) = − 0.087238362886156 x + 3.70686116147751R² = 0.23778415182586
Rel. Humidity
Rel. HumidityLinear (Rel. Humidity)
Regression Statistics
Adjusted R Square 0.236
Standard Error 1.910
Coefficients Standard Error P-value
Intercept 3.707 0.2194 1.15E-47
X Variable 1 -0.0872 0.00819 2.93E-23
Regression Statistics
Adjusted R Square 0.112
Standard Error 2.059
Coefficients Standard Error P-value
Intercept 6.032 0.1133 6.95E-174X Variable 1 -0.14 0.0204 2.92E-11
To sum up…•PM2.5 is of concern in both urban and rural
Atlanta▫Although composition similar,
concentrations need to be monitored▫Meteorological factors play a big role
•Atlanta is a hub for UHI▫More attention needed in diurnal changed
in meteorological patterns
•A lot can change in a small distance!
Special Thanks to
•2012 - 2013 ASACA team▫Jeremiah Redman▫Kyle Digby▫Boris Galvis
References
• Bell, et al. "Spatial and Temporal Variation in PM2.5 Chemical Composition in the United States for Health Effects Studies." Environmental Health Perspectives: n. pag. Print.
• Chow, et al. "PM2.5 chemical composition and spatiotemporal variability during the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS)." Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres: n. pag. Print.
• Clarke, Azadi-Boogar, and Andrews. "Particle size and chemical composition of urban aerosols." Science of the Total Environment: n. pag. Print.
• Kim. "Urban Heat Island." International Journal of Remote Sensing 13.12 (1992): n. pag. Print.
• Myrup. "A Numerical Model of the Urban Heat Island." American Meteorology Society: n. pag. Print.
• Myrup, Leonard. "A Numerical Model of Urban Heat Island." Journal of Applied Meteorology: n. pag. Print.
• The Urban Environment. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. <http://www.coa.gov.in/mag/Archi_Apr09-Lowres-pdf/20-25-Urban%20heat%20island.pdf>.
• Weng, Lu, and Schubring. "Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies." Remote Sensing of Environment 89.4 (2004): n. pag. Print.
Any questions?Thanks for listening!