R e g e n e r a t i o n i n d e p r i v e d n e i g h b o u r h o o d s :

F o r m u l a s t o w a r d s a m u l t i - s c a l e p e r s p e c t i v e

QUEST > Integrated and scalar action plans to revert multiple-deprivation dynamics

CONTEXT > Europe / North East England

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK > Integral and inclusive approach

CHALLENGE > wider perspective of area-based initiatives

FIELD WORK > New Deal for Communities / Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders

Elswick / Byker / Scotswood

Multi-level formulas

Implications

FINAL REFLECTIONS > Open questions

CRISTINA GALLEGO GAMAZO - PhD Candidate ETS Arquitectura - Politécnica de Madrid / APL Occasional Student - Newcastle University

EXPERTS AND AGENCIES RECOMMENDATIONS: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE AND PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

CONTEXT > EUROPEAN

2007

2010

LEIPZIG CHARTER ON SUSTAINABLE EUROPEAN CITIES

Special attention to deprived neighborhoods within the context of the city as a whole

and more particularly the convenience of aligning one with each other its concrete objectives

in order to reduce social polarization

TOLEDO URBAN DEVELOPMENT DECLARATION

Integrated Urban Regeneration in Europe Report. Instituto de Urbanística - Universidad de Valladolid, Spain.

U.K. lessons from the Single Regeneration Budget , Strategic Partnerships and Multi-Area Agreements

Place and people-based initiatives are complementary and need to be coordinate at all levels

The role of urban regeneration in the future of urban development in Europe. Opinion CoR.

Recognize the negative impact of spatially unbalanced growth on social cohesion and economic growth

CONTEXT > NORTH EAST ENGLAND

REGENERATION SCHEME

70s

80s

90s

Late 90s

90s-10s

2000s

2003

2004

2012

Community Development Projects

Inner City Partnerships

Comprehensive Community Programmes

Urban Development Corporations (first generation)

Single Regeneration Budget - SRB

City Challenge Plan

Urban Task Force Report

Sustainable Communities Strategy

Area based regeneration programs

Regional Development Agencies

Neighbourhood Renewal Funds

Housing Market Renewal Program

New Deal for Communities Program

Urban Regeneration Companies

Statement of Community Involvement

Planning Compulsory Purchase Act

base for the Local Development Framework: LDF

Central government decentralization agenda

Localism Bill

Big Society Pilots

Expectation: LOCALISM APPROACH

power? support ? real options? motives?

URBAN RENAISSANCE

compact and connected urban areas

APPROACH EVOLUTION

BRICKS and MORTAR APPROACH

social-mix / intentional gentrification

PHYSICAL REDEVELOPMENT

massive demolitions / area restructuration

population displacement

LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

community-led small local initiatives

EVIDENCE-BASED and HOLISTIC APPROACH

enable high levels of community implication

MARKET-LED PHYSICAL RENEWAL

encourage basic levels of community implication

AREAS POSITION WITHIN THE CITY

Physical barriers: ISOLATE AREAS

Effect: limit the urban integration

Psychological barriers: ISOLATE COMMUNITIES

Effect: limit the interactions with nearby areas

Higher levels of urban + social integration

IMPLICATIONS:

Community chance to achieve quality

levels of urban life

improve energy efficiency

access to city-wide opportunities

City / Region integrate the recover areas

activities to the city-wide urban life

reduce energy consumption

boost sustainable development

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

MULTI-SCALE CONCEPT: URBAN / SOCIAL INTEGRATION - COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE - CAPACITIES - COORDINATION

AREA - BASED INITIATIVES CHALLENGE > Act strategically considering city-wide urban and social integration

BREAK DOWN PHYSICAL BARRIERS

Normally, areas designed as independent units

Disadvantage of infrastructure and mobility systems

Central position potential to attract external interest

BREAK DOWN PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS

Long-time marginal status that is complex to reverse

Local lack of aspiration, confident and esteem

General desire to move to more popular places

RECOGNISE THE CONTRAST OF DIFFERENT REGENERATION SCALES (territorial scales / levels of government)

INTEGRATION

COORDINATION

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

INTERDEPENDENCE

CHALLENGE > WIDER PERSPECTIVE OF AREA-BASED INITIATIVES

Integration of all local plans within a general strategy

Coordination of interests, capacities and forms of work at different levels

Support diverse forms of public participation at different levels

Local real changes depend on general changes / General context improved by local potentials

FIELD WORK

Identify multi-level formulas and reflect its implication

Comparative analysis of recent regeneration schemes through cases study

NDfC: New Deal for Communities / HMR: Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders

Signs of local involvement

Interesting political or spatial context at different scales

NDfC: Elswick / HMR: Scotswood and Byker

Interests and approach

Results: Level of urban and social integration

Players: Roles of players involved / identification of potential players

Site walkabouts with an active resident

Participation in community activities

Experts consultation

Semi-structured interviews (reps. of public and community sectors)

Cross matrix

OBJECTIVE

SYSTEM

CASES

SELECTION

CRITERIA

DATA

DATA

COLLECTION

ANALYSIS

FIELD WORK > AREAS CONTEXT

In 10% most deprived of English Wards

Between 10% - 20% most deprived areas

Between 20% - 50% most deprived areas

In 50% least deprived of English Wards

Area Committee Boundary

MAP: Index of multiple deprivation. 2001 NNIS Technical Report. Newcastle City Council.

Data: index of the 2000

ELSWICK SCOTSWOOD BYKER

FIELD WORK > AREAS CONTEXT

MAP: Vitality Index 2008. Chief executive’s Office. Newcastle City Council.

Cross domains: crime + education + health + housing + income + unemployment + environment

Insufficient Data

1-29

30-58

59-87

88-116

117-145

Ward Boundaries

ELSWICK

BENWELL

SCOTSWOOD BYKER

REGENERATION SCHEMES APPROACH

2001 / 2004 Going for Growth > social-mix concept

2000 / 2010 NDfC > long term project / holistic approach

2010 Newcastle 2021 > social-mix + use-mix concept

URBAN INTEGRATION

Central location within the city > cross by main roads / river links proposals

No physical restructuration to improve urban integration

Link with the great operation: Newcastle Science City Project

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

West-End area: sum of distinctive micro-neighbourhoods but poor interactions

Community facilities that generate social interaction within each area

City-wide services located in the area but poor local interaction

MULTI-SCALAR VIEW

MICRO-LOCAL > separate projects with different impacts across all areas

LOCAL > local actors pushed to act strategically / artificial response

WIDER > external pressures and interests

FIELD WORK > NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES ELSWICK

REGENERATION SCHEMES

Late 60s Physical redevelopment with residents implication (Ralph Erskine Plan)

Onwards Consecutive investment initiatives focus on:

physical improvements and employment opportunities

URBAN INTEGRATION

Well-connected with the city-wide mobility system (road networks and metro)

Topography limitations (visibility and accessibility)

Different units separate by main roads and paths that link with nearby areas

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

Community of communities: sum of communities of interest and identity

Well-integrated with the rest of East End: services accessibility / amenities hub

MULTI-SCALAR VIEW

Local level > criticized the external agencies forms of work not fit to Byker context

Expectations and suspicious about the motives - first step for privatization?

2011 Creation of the Byker Community Trust

2012 Transfer of the Council stock to the Byker Community Trust

FIELD WORK > HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER + CITY-WIDE INITIATIVES BYKER WALL ESTATE

REREGENRATION SCHEMES

90s City Challenge + Single Regeneration Budget > large scale clearance

2000 / 2004 Going for Growth > large scale clearance / social-mix concept

2003 / 2010 HMR > intensive restructuration / market-led / social-mix concept

2009 Action Plan > intensive restructuration / market-led / social-mix concept

URBAN INTEGRATION

Action Plan concepts:

Enhance the strategic location > attract interests and link to city opportunities

Integration > connect with nearby urban and services organizations

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

Currently: internal social conflicts / use of services of nearby areas

Predictable effects: severe displacement / new residents arrival

MULTI-SCALAR VIEW

MICRO-LOCAL > internal resentments and competiveness

LOCAL > local activists act strategically / natural response

WIDER > large-scale redevelopment attract external interests

FIELD WORK > HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER SCOTSWOOD

NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES

FIELD WORK > NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES vs. HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER

HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER

Overall,

AREA CONTEXT

determined by the unique area factors + multiple external factors

MAIN ACTIONS

decided a priori by local authorities / based on housing market and general economic dynamics

MICRO-LOCAL LEVEL

local community influences small scale activities with very localise impact

private sector reps and experts influence local actions with a wider strategic view

Long term project (8 years)

Physical regeneration

Market-led

Managed by a Strategic Partnership

Motives: low housing demand > housing stock

Enable low levels of public participation

Long term project (10 years)

Holistic approach

Community-led

Managed by a multi-sectorial Partnership

Motives: better use of public investment

Enable high levels of public participation

FIELD WORK > FORMULAS

Design long-standing policies

Decision making: community participatory budgeting

Policy structures to facilitate the processes running

Activism to aware the population towards a more inclusive city

Support to translate policy concepts to the practice

Innovative management: multi-sectorial Partnerships

Connect with potential players operating at different levels

Establish formal communication channels

Coordinate Plans, services, potentials and interests

Logic multi-level scheme

Strategic Projects + complementary initiatives + innovative funding system

Data: update indicators / previous studies

Formalization of strategic relationships

Local support to communities

General support: all sectors / all levels

Learn lessons

Generate collective knowledge

Provide accessible information

Strategic location of economic and social opportunities across all areas

Provision of local services based on agencies networking and information to residents

POLICY

LINKAGE

STRUCTURES

INTEGRATION

INSTRUMENTAL

FRAMEWORK

SUPPORT

SPECIFIC

KNOWLEDGE

CREATE

OPPORTUNITIES

FIELD WORK > IMPLICATIONS

unique socio / cultural / political / economic / physical / environmental conditions

external pressures and interests on the area

political structure / instrumental framework / legal basis / institutional support

funding criteria / general socio-economic situation / urban culture

real concern about local identities / wider territorial balance

real attempt to promote integrative / inclusive / fairness / competitive approach

enable and support high levels of collaboration: collective understanding and priorization

AREA

CONTEXT

GENERAL

CONTEXT

SCALAR

MODEL

APPROACH

The implications at different levels depend on:

The application of a scalar criteria raises questions about:

RESPONSIBILITIES

APPROACH

PRACTICE

COLLABORATION

EXPECTED RESULTS

leadership / powership / ownership / identity

balance / integration / coordination

instrumental / institutional / technical / conceptual support

strategic relations / capacities / collective knowledge / innovation

competitiveness / sustainability

SEARCH OPPORTUNITIES RESPONSE TO THE INEQUALITIES MOTIVES

OPEN QUESTIONS >

FACTORS which are the factors that influence the scalar response?

CONDITIONS which are the optimal conditions that ensure better results?

MECHANISMS what kind of mechanisms are more operative considering these factors?

PLAYERS who are the potential players to foster a wider perspective?

FINAL REFLECTIONS > OPEN QUESTIONS

G E N E R A L S C A L E

L O C A L S C A L E

MICRO-LOCAL SCALE P

LA

NN

IN

G

GO

VE

RN

AN

CE

M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

Q U E S T I O N S

C O N T E X T S ?

M E C H A N I S M S ?

P L A Y E R S ?