Urban Patterns 2015 - 2016 · Culture and Urban Form • Chicago School(s) of Architecture – 1st: walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers – 2nd: glass and iron skyscraper, form

Urban Patterns

How are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas?

– Social area analysis (Rubenstein)• Models can be used to show where different social

groups live in the cities• use census tracts (< size of zip codes)

– Functional zonation (de Blij)– Criticism of the models

• Models may be too simplistic• Some models may be outdated

Central Business Districts (CBD)• Highly accessible

Central Business District (CBD)• Highly accessible• CBD Retail services

• Retailers with a high threshold/range– Department stores

» 1960s/1970s stores shift to malls– Infrequent patrons

» also shift to malls– Now attract tourist shoppers (Michigan Ave.)

• Retailers serving downtown workers– small specialty shops– business services in the CBD

» Proximity to other professionals, government offices– accessible to all types of workers (secretary and the CEO)– expanding

CBD of Charlotte,

NC

Competition for land in the CBD• High land costs

• Ex.: most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo– Intensive land use

• Underground areas– Subways, loading docks, utility lines, pedways

• Skyscrapers– Chicago (Home Insurance Building) 1880s

» Iron frame and elevators» Give cities distinctive character

– “Vertical geography” nature of use changes as you go up» Retailers →professionals→residential

Competition for land in the CBD– Activities excluded from the CBD

• Lack of industry in the CBD– Once located near water access and piers

» Waterfronts now used for recreation, tourism, retail• Lack of residents in the CBD

– 1800s = population centers (mansions, tenements)– 20th century = Bid-rent, suburbanization, invasion/succession

result in less people living in urban centers – Now: population returning (lofts, empty-nesters, proximity to

nightlife culture, don’t care about schools, etc.)

– CBDs outside North America• Less dominated by commercial considerations.

– More public use and higher population– restrictions to maintain character and attract tourists– Older buildings renovated not demolished

Defining Urban Areas• “the city”

– municipality = political entity– common govt, services, laws– annexation

• Adding areas to a political entity

• “urban areas”– Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)– city plus suburbs

• Chicago pop. = 2.7 million– 3.6 million (1950)

• “Chicagoland” = 9.9 million– 5.5 million (1950)

– LDCs differentiation unclear

Density Gradient

Density Gradient

Culture and Urban Form• Chicago School(s) of Architecture

– 1st : walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers– 2nd : glass and iron skyscraper, form follows function

– aka “the International School”

Chicago School(s) of Architecture

Culture and Urban Form

• Chicago School(s) of Architecture– 1st : walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers– 2nd : glass and iron skyscraper, form follows function


• City Beautiful movement– Parks, monuments, orderly street plan (Daniel Burnham)– Nice to look but also creates civic pride and moral virtues

Culture and Urban Form

• Chicago School(s) of Architecture– 1st : walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers– 2nd : glass and iron skyscraper, form follows function


• City Beautiful movement– Parks, monuments, orderly street plan (Daniel Burnham)– Nice to look but also creates civic pride and moral virtues

• Postmodern architecture– Wide range of styles, challenges what’s “accepted”– Diverse aesthetics, anything goes, unique forms– More people-friendly = “cloud gate” aka “the bean”

Postmodern Architecture

Urban Patterns – Social Issues

Intraregional migration in the United States• Migration from “city” to suburban areas =

“suburbanization”– accelerates post-WWII = spend, spend, spend =

consumerism = huge economic boom• encouraged by government = mortgage deduction

– benefits mostly whites….minorities excluded (redlining)• returning veterans = housing shortage = govt. programs

» FHA = lower down payment, longer mortgages» GI Bill = low interest loans, education costs covered

• American falls in love with the automobile– becomes a ‘necessity’, government builds highways

• Demographic explosion– Baby Boom = space needed to raise children

Intraregional Migration in the United States

Suburbanization (continued)Push Factors

• urban decay– crowded– poverty, crime– “bad” schools– 1960s urban riots– political machines/corruption

• the “other” (racism)– new immigrants

• Mexicans, Asians, Puerto Ricans, Appalachians

– African-Americans• blockbusting• school desegregation

– busing

Push Factors

Inner City Challenges

• Social issues– The underclass

• an unending cycle of social and economic issues• homelessness• culture (or cycle) of poverty

– ghettoized “often isolated from positive influences”– behavior which reinforces or continues poverty– gangs, out-of-wedlock children, absentee fathers, violence,

drugs

Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges

– Most significant = deteriorating housing• Filtering = subdividing mansions into small apts.

– Successive waves of immigrants, absentee landlords • Redlining = banks refuse to loan money in certain areas

– now illegal but difficult to enforce• Eroding tax base

– White flight (middle class takes their $ to the suburbs)» Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes

– Impact of the recession» Housing market collapse» Foreclosure (bank seizes home for non payment of mortgage)» ”under water” (mortgage higher than home value = walk away)» Abandoned buildings →Eroding tax base

Facing Housing Challenges?– Urban renewal (government intervention)

• Govt. removes blight → gives to developers/public agencies


• Govt. removes blight → gives to developers/public agencies– Public housing (1950s/1960s = Cabrini-Green, Robt. Taylor Homes)



» results in concentrated poverty» segregation» fall into disrepair, become crime-ridden, disrepair» Mostly demolished since 1990s



» results in concentrated poverty» segregation» fall into disrepair, become crime-ridden, disrepair» Mostly demolished since 1990s

» TODAY: 125,000 people on waiting list for CHA» See the system in action! What will happen with Lathrop Homes?

Lathrop Homes

Lathrop Homes

Facing Housing Challenges?– Gentrification (market intervention)

• Middle-class renovate inner city housing– Vintage housing, proximity/access to CBD = work/cultural activities

» singles or couples w/out children = don’t care about schools– Crime ↘,property values ↗,what could possibly be the problem?

• Poor are displaced, ethnic patterns altered

Suburbanization (continued)Push Factors

• urban decay– crowded– poverty, crime– “bad” schools– 1960s urban riots– political machines/corruption

• the “other” (racism)– new immigrants

• Mexicans, Asians, Puerto Ricans, Appalachians

– African-Americans• blockbusting• school desegregation

– busing

Pull factors

• see previous slide• suburban lifestyle

– space (yards, parks, green)– good schools– low taxes– low crime– “American dream”

• or is it “homogeneity”?

Pull Factors

Pull Factors

Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?• Dependence on the automobile

– Lack of public transit• Advantages of public transit (makes city living attractive)

– Cheaper, less polluting, and more energy efficient than an automobile– Reduces congestion

» Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area

• Urban Sprawl– Development competes for prime agricultural land– Enormous carbon footprint

Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl






• Placelessness (uniform landscape)

Urban Sprawl(Greenbelts designed to limit in the UK)

Suburban “placelessness”






• Placelessness (uniform landscape)• Growing poverty

– Industry brings industrial problems to suburbs– Great inversion???

• Read this: ttp://www.forbes.com/sites/petesaunders1/2016/04/04/15/#407c2eb351b5

• Outskirts/Suburbs = industrial poor, Central city = wealthy

A Possible Solution?“New Urbanism”

• Suburban areas that reflect urban walkability• Higher density housing, anti-auto, walkable• More varied, connected and “enjoyable” communities• Reduces urban sprawl and carbon footprint of suburbia

– Mass transit links CBD with denser suburban living

New Urbanism

New Urbanism

Urban Models

Where Are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas?

• Models of urban structure– Are used to explain where people/services are

distributed within metropolitan areas– In each, CBD has varying level of importance– Three original models, all developed in one city– Chicago

• Concentric zone model• Sector model• Multiple nuclei model

Concentric Zone Model

Burgess’ Concentric Zone

Model (1923)

• CBD (low residential density but ↗)• Zone of transition (varying density)

– Industry, poor quality housing, subdivided larger homes

– Immigrants• Invasion/Succession migration

– Gentrification (increasing density)• Zone of working class homes

– dense– multi-dwelling (apts., two-flats, etc.)– gentrification (decreasing density)

• Zone of middle class homes– single family homes, yards, garages– today’s bungalow belt, inner suburbs– increasing poverty

• Commuter zone– wealthy/upper middle-class– today’s outer suburbs (low density)

Bid-rent Theory

Zone of Transition: Tenements

Zone of Transition: Filtering

Zone of Transition: Industry

Zone of Transition: Gentrification

Zone of Transition: Gentrification

Zone of Working Class Homes

Zone of Working Class Homes

Zone of Middle Class Homes (Bungalow Belt)

Zone of Middle Class Homes (Bungalow Belt)

Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone



Sector Model

Figure 13-5

Hoyt’s Sector Model (1939)• Sectors not rings develop

– Still focused on CBD– Certain sectors are more or less

attractive to certain groups and activities

• pattern builds on itself– Therefore sectors radiating from

center to edge of city are created

– Industry follows transportation routes

– Lower class housing gravitates towards industry

– Upper class residential gravitates towards desirable “amenities”

Industry follows transportation

Working class housing follows industry



Upper-class housing follows amenities

Upper-class housing follows amenities

Multiple Nuclei Model

Harris/Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model (1945)• more than one center around

which activities develop• Certain land use activities are

compatible or incompatible together.– Transportation ↔ industry– Industry ↔ lower income housing– Airports ↔ warehouses– Heavy Industry ≠ high class housing– high class housing → amenities

• similar ideas w/Sector model but:• decentralized, CBD ↓influence

O’Hare is a nuclei of economic activity separate from the CBD

Rosemont

University of Chicago – Hyde Park

Southeast Side/Lake CalumetHeavy Industry (Steel)

Peripheral/Galactic Model

• Harris adds ring highway to multiple nuclei model– newer idea, car dependent, urban sprawl – decentralization of the CBD– Industrial shift out of city – development along ring highway (the “periphery”)

• Edge cities surrounding the central city – more jobs than bedrooms, clustering of services, retail that

rivals/competes with CBD.

Edge Cities

Edge Cities

Urban Realms Model• Growth of suburbs

– Autos and ring highways– New transportation

corridors– Suburbs now more

independent of CBD• Suburban downtowns

develop• Edge cities

– More jobs than bedrooms• Los Angeles, Atlanta

Urban Realms of Los Angeles



Applying the models outside North America• European cities

– In past, social segregation was vertical• Poor in basements/attics

– Wealthy • live in inner city (different than US)• follow sector radiating from center (like Hoyt model)

– Poor• clustered on outskirts (high-rise apts. = “projects”)

– they don’t “scare” tourists• avoids urban sprawl

• Islamic cities– walled, minarets, mosques, courtyards, lightly

colored to reflect heat, recapture/recycle water

Income Distribution in the Paris Region

European Cities

Griffin-Ford Latin American Cities

• wealthy push from center in an elite residential sector– “spine” develops to service needs

of wealthy – Often along boulevard

• Zone of maturity– Middle-class, well-kept

• Zone of in situ accretion– Lower working class– Moving up or down

• Squatter settlements– Outside highway ring

• perifico– Ciudades perdades, favelas

Squatter settlements

Other non-Western urban models• SE Asian Model

– McGee (1967)• Port is focus

– Semi-periphery serving core

• CBD split into sep. clusters– Govt. zone– Western commercial zone– Alien commercial zone

• dominated by Chinese

• Larger middle-class on outskirts

Other non-Western urban models• Africa

– Fastest growing cities– Difficult to model

• 3 CBDs– Old colonial

• Vertical development– informal/periodic

• Open air– Transitional

• Curbside single story

• Encircled by ethnic or mixed neighborhoods• Mining and manufacturing sector• Squatter settlements

Borchert’s Model

• Links American urbanization to the dominant transportation mode of the era (epoch)– Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830) trade dominated by ocean vessels

with sails, inland trade is slow with wagon trains. Coastal cities become important (NY, Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah)

– Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks, trade and population moves inland along rivers and canals (Cincinnati, Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, New Orleans, St. Louis)

– Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network (Chicago)

– Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine, growth disconnected from waterways. Movement toward warmer climates. Flexibility of auto (and air) travel. (suburbs, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles)

– Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?), also called the High-Technology Epoch. International connections dominate (Miami, San Francisco, Houston, Washington DC, NYC, LA)

• Cities that emerged in earlier stages may stay relevant or fade if they don’t adjust to new situation (NYC vs. Detroit…….Chicago????)

• Gateway cities: cities that serve as an entry point to a different civilization, new world or frontier (examples include: St. Louis, San Francisco, New York, Istanbul)

Gateway Cities

Documents

Urban Patterns 2015 - 2016 · Culture and Urban Form • Chicago School(s) of Architecture – 1st: walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers – 2nd: glass and iron skyscraper, form