Urban Heritage Management in Secondary Towns and Cities in SEA

Urban Heritage Management in Secondary Towns and

Cities in SEA Cambodia, Siem Reap and

Battambang, 25 March 2012

Presentation based on:ForUm - Network for Urban futures inSoutheast Asia

Presentation 9 – 11 January 2009

Heritage as a phenomenon of cultural hiatus in the battleground of

Battambang

A Battleground• The only value of land is the usage to which it can be put. This law of

economics explains why the city is the battleground of social struggles as the diverse actors of the population covet it and fight to appropriate it;

• Rulers over the dominated – political rulers or empowered technocrats who can enforce their choices of land usage by law enforcement

• Rich over the poor – financially powerful who can buy out the poor and impose their choices on the use of the city

• Haves over the have-nots – a concentration of ‘haves’ with evacuation of the ‘have-nots’ to less coveted locations

• Environmental socio-ecological issues versus economies• Conservation versus change or memory versus innovation• Politics versus planning and conservation• Experts who come up with ideas about heritage management

What is Heritage?• Nobody agrees about heritage. This is why it is called

heritage or it would be considered like any other part of humanity’s environment; allowed to live and die, to be maintained or destroyed. Heritage arises with a a cultural hiatus or culture shock. A religion that has fallen out of favour may lead to places of worship being abandoned, a deposed tyrant to his palace falling into disrepute, racism to the creation of ghettos, road vehicles to the replacement of water networks, liberal economies instead of communist ideologies, monarchies to oligarchies, new political ideologies; all these will modify a society’s relationship to its built environment and its desire to conserve, demolish or build.

Concept• The hypothesis is that urban, cultural or built heritage has

an intangible value but no intrinsic material value. Like a human body it has no identity without being inhabited by life. Its value resides in the fact that it is the depositor of social consensus and memory

• It is the depositor of social memory without which human society cannot relate cognitively, morally or symbolically.

• Heritage is the vitality of the city, in the same way as new building, infrastructure and ever changing human activity are the reflection of the rejuvenation of the city

• There is no prosperity without intangible well-being

Battambang from Buddhist to Colonial to the Sangkum

• ARK Research 2002• Research conducted by:

– Helen Grant Ross– Darryl Collins– HokSokol

Map of Battambang and & environs (1901)

Ancient monuments in the vicinity of Battambang – PrasatBanan

PrasatBanan Henri Moulhot 1858-60 (1864) PrasatBanan Photo: Darryl Collins (2001)

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Travels in … Indochina (1858-1860)

•Henri Mouhot, French explorer and naturalist•Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos, during the years 1858, 1859 and 1860 by the late M. Henri Mouhot, London 1864•Posthumously published in London (1864) by his British wife and brother following his death due to fever near Luang Prabang, Laos

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Caravan between Bangkok &Battambangc. 1858-1860

A caravan between Battambang and Bangkok (with Ox Carts)Henri Mouhot 1856-60 (1864)

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Ricefields near Battambang

Ricefields at BattambangPhoto: Darryl Collins (2001)

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Battambang before colonial occupations (pre-1907)

(intemporality, multicultural, Buddhist religion, King)

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Battambang (pre-1907)

Battambang during the time of the Lord Governor, TauchChhuong (1974)

Battambang under Thai occupation (1907)Graphics: ARK Research (2002)

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Kamphaeng, Battambang (c.1834)

View of Battambang, with the KamphaengHenri Mouhot 1858-60 (1864)

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•Constructed c. 1834 by the Siamese•Thick brick walls approximately 900 x 400m (Aymonier, 1901) or 720 x 480m (TauchChhuong)•River view that inclues houses, river-craft and water buffalo.

Gate of the Kamphaeng and Stupa

Stupa Photo Darryl Collins (2001)!"

Photo graph and sketchGate (TauchChhuong)Stupa of WatKamphaeng (TauchChhuong)

Lord Governor’s Residence, Battambang(1905)

!Lord Governor’s Residence (1920s-30s) Courtesy: CCF, Battambang

!"!Lord Governor’s Residence Photo: Darryl Collins (2001)

Cambodian rural dwelling near Battambang (1924)!"

Rural house in the vicinity of Battambang (1924)

Traditional Wooden Housing

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Chinese Temple, Battambang

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•Entrance doorway to Chinese Temple, Battambang

•Centrally located in city on riverfront street facing east

WatDamreiSar

!WatDamreiSar (1924)!"

WatDamreiSar (2002)

WatDamreiSar Interior

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WatDamreiSar South East Library

WatPhiphit

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North-East Library (1924) 2000

WatSangker(1924)

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HM King Sisowath (1840-1927)

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•Photographed in formal attire on his coronation day•23 April 1906

•Reigned 1904 - 1927

Monument: Retrocession of Siem Reap, Sisophon&Battambang at Wat Phnom , Phnom

Penh

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•Comissioned by J.B.P Beau,Govenor General of Indochina•1907 to commemorate the Franco-Siamese Treaty 1907•Inauguration at Wat Phnom 1909•Sculptor, Theodore Riviere•HM King Sisowath (1840-1927)

First French Colonial Plan (1907)(Temporality, military power, commerce)

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Battambang (1907)

Map of Battambang

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French Colonial Plan (1907)

Plan of Battambang after the Retrocession to the French (1907)ARK Research (2002)

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Colonial Road Bridge, Battambang (1916)

Bridge over the Sangker RiverPhoto: Darryl Collins (2002)

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Original road access to the city of BattambangImmediately in front of the ex-Lord Governor’s Residence

Colonial Foot Bridge, Battambang (1916)

Colonial metal footbridge across the Sangker RiverPhoto: Helen Grant Ross (2001)

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Old Chinese Residence, Battambang

An example of the wealthier Chinese Residence (1924)!"

Partially ruined Chinese residence (probably pre-1907)

Typical Chinese Shophouse development

Riverfront shophouse developmentStreet and rear access alley

Colonial Chinese Shophouses

Shophouse facades (2001)

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Riverhouseshophouse facades (2001)

Colonial Street Corners

Corner French Offices Photo: Darryl Collins (2001)

!"Corner Chinese shophousesPhoto: Darryl Collins (2001)

Colonial Villa, Battambang

Khmer influenced villa, riverfront Photo: Darryl Collins (2001)

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Battambang (1918)

Map of Battambang

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Aerial view, Battambang (1920s-30s)

Battambang (1920s-1930s)

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•Riverfront (west to east bank)•Areal view showing: •Chinese shophouses•Colonial footbridge (1916)•Reutilisation of the Kamphaeng (foreground)

Motoring in the environs of Battambang

Luxuriant vegetation and dirt road (1924)

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Second French Colonial Plan (1926)Indochina

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The advent of the railway (1926)

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Battambang Market (1930s)

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•Located in the same area as the original market•Constructed by SocieteIndochinoised’Etude et de Construction (S.I.D.E.C) based in Saigon•This company also built PsahThemi, the ‘New Market’ (1935-37) in Phnom Penh and Cholon Market (1929) in Saigon

Aerial view of the Battambang Market

Aerial view from the east overlooking the market area (1960s)

Aerial view of Battambang

Area view of the city 1960

Battambang after IndependencePost independence 1953 -1970 (SangkumReastrNiyum)

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Battambang (1970)

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ARK Research 2002

BekChan - Battambang Airport

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Inaugurated 29 October 1968

Royal University of Battambang

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•Designed by engineer UngKrapumPhka•Inaugurated 31 October 1968•Original functioned as an Agricultural & Mining Technical University•Now functions as a branch of the National Institute of Mangement•Photo: Helen Grant Ross (2001)


Site PlanGraphics: ARK research 2001

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Front steps, EntrancePhoto: Helen Grant Ross (2001)


Claustra screen west section of universityPhoto: Helen Grant Ross (2001)

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Corridor leading to classrooms

Photo: Helen Grant Ross (2001)

Aerial view of school zone, Battambang

Photo: RUFA Library c1965

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c.1965View of school development zone on the east bank of the Sangker River

EapKhut school, Battambang

Photo: Darryl Collins (2001)

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EapPoyKy School, Battambang, (1960s)

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Neth Yang School, Battambang

Inaugurated June 1965

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RUFA Library (c.1965) Helen Grant Ross (2001)

Monument, Battambang

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•Symbol of city ‘DambaungKraneung’•‘the retrieved sceptre’

•Original 1960s, restored, rebuilt, repainted

Helen Grant Ross (2001)

Sangker Bridge, Battambang

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Darryl Collins (2001)

Railway Station, Battambang(c.1965)

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Darryl Collins(2001)

SRN Museum & Exhibition Hall

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ARK Research (2001)

SangkumReastrNiyum Museum, Battambang

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•Inaugurated 29 October 1968

•Designed by architect Yieng, Public Works Department

Provincial MuseumPhoto: Darryl Collins (2001)

SangkumReastrNiyum Exhibition Hall

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Inaugurated 24 January 1961

Interior view of exhibition space towards front entrance Photo: Helen Grant Ross (2001)

WatSlaket

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HokSokol (2002)

•Constructed 1966 – 1972•Designed in traditional style by Tang Veut

Motel, Battambang

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•Inaugurated c. 1965

•Designed by architect and engineer, UngKrapumPhka

Darryl Collins (2001)

Cerclesportif, Battambang

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•Designed by architects Leroy &Mondet (main sports club buildings)•Swimming pool by architect Lu Ban Hap•Inaugurated May 1965

RUFA Library c.1965

Textile Factory, Battambang

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•Designed by Chinese Architects with Chinese Funding•Inaugurated 3 May 1967

Textile Factory, Battambang


Jute Factory, DaunTeav

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•Designed by architect Vann Molyvann•Inaugurated 30 October 1968

Riverfront, Battambang

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Riverine landscape from the east bank towards the city on the west bank

The Evolution of Battambang

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Thank You

All information on these slides has been provided by ARK Research and Partners

Documents

Urban Heritage Management in Secondary Towns and Cities in SEA