When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities? City: A
conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve
as a center of politics, culture, and economics Urban: The buildup
of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central
city and suburbs) Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to
urban areascan happen very quickly in the modern world
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Urban Population
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Origins of Urbanization Agricultural villages Began about
10,000 years ago Relatively small, egalitarian villages, where most
of the population was involved in agriculture The first urban
revolution: Enabling components 1.An agricultural surplus 2.Social
stratification (leadership class)
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Hearths of Urbanization
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Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE Indus River
Valley, 2200 BCE Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE
Mesoamerica, 200 BCE
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Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro Intricately planned Houses equal in
size No palaces No monuments Indus River Valley
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Huang He and Wei River Valleys Purposefully planned cities
Centered on a north-south axis Inner wall built around center
Temples and palaces for the leadership class Terracotta warriors
guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang
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Mesoamerica Mayan and Aztec cities: Theocratic centers where
rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings
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Diffusion of Urbanization Greek cities (by 500 BCE) Greeks
highly urbanized Network of more than 500 cities and towns on the
mainland and on islands Acropolis (buildings on a height of land)
and an agora (open public space) in each city Roman cities A system
of cities and small towns, linked together by hundreds of miles of
roads and sea routes Sites of Roman cities typically for trade
Forum a combination of the acropolis and agora into one space
Extreme wealth and extreme poverty
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Roman Empire
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Urban Growth after Greece and Rome Europe Middle Ages (5001300)
Little urban growth, even decline Asia Centers along the Silk Road
Urban growth in Korea, Japan West Africa The Americas
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Cities in the Age of Exploration Early Eurasian centers
Crescent-shaped zone from England to Japan Most cities sited in
continental interiors Maritime exploration Change in situation to
favor coastal locations Continued importance under colonialism
Wealth for mercantile cities of Europe European model for cities in
colonies
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The Second Urban Revolution A large-scale movement of people to
cities to work in manufacturing, made possible by 1. Second
agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a
larger surplus 2.Industrialization, which encouraged growth of
cities near industrial resources Favored places Had undergone the
second agricultural revolution Possessed industrial resources
Possessed capital from mercantilism and colonialism
Slide 15
Industrialization in Europe
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Where Are Cities Located, and Why? Site Absolute location
Static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion
Situation Relative location A citys place in the region and the
world around it Trade area: An adjacent region within which a citys
influence is dominant
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Trade Areas
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Rank-Size Rule Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy The
population of the city or town is inversely proportional to its
rank in the hierarchy For example: largest city = 12 million 2 nd
largest = 6 million 3 rd largest = 4 million 4 th largest = 3
million Primate city: The leading city of a country,
disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities
Slide 19
Central Place Theory Developed by Walter Christaller Predicts
how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets,
villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially
distributed Assumes that Surface is flat with no physical barriers
Soil fertility is the same everywhere Population and purchasing
power are evenly distributed Region has uniform transportation
network From any given place, a good or service could be sold in
all directions out to a certain distance
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Hexagonal Hinterlands C = city T = town V = village H =
hamlet
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How Are Cities Organized, and How Do They Function? Urban
morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure
Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions
(zones) for certain functions (purposes)
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Zones of the City Zones Central business district (CBD) Central
City (the CBD + older housing zones) Suburb (outlying, functionally
uniform zone outside of the central city) Modeling the North
American city Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) Sector model
(Homer Hoyt) Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman)
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Classical Models of Urban Structure
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Edge Cities Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway
intersections, including Office complexes Shopping centers Hotels
Restaurants Entertainment facilities Sports complexes
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Urban Realms Model Each realm a separate economic, social, and
political entity that is linked together to form a larger
metropolitan framework
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Cities of the Periphery and Semi- Periphery: Latin America
Griffin-Ford model Blend of Latin American traditions with
globalization Disamenity sectors Not connected to city services May
be controlled by gangs and drug lords Industrial park
Gentrification area
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Cities of the Periphery and Semi- Periphery: Subsaharan Africa
De Blij model Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates
European colonial imprint
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Cities of the Periphery and Semi- Periphery: Southeast Asia
McGee model Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal
point
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How Do People Make Cities? Role of powerful social and cultural
forces Periphery and semi-periphery Sharp contrast between rich and
poor Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws Luanda,
AngolaTokyo, Japan
Slide 30
Making Cities in the Global Core Redlining: Financial
institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods
Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price
to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell
their homes at low prices, to generate white flight
Slide 31
Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses,
raising the housing value in the neighborhood Commercialization:
City government transforming a central city to attract residents
and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central
city Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of
tearing them down to build much larger homes McMansions: Large
homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot Making Cities in
the Global Core
Slide 32
Urban Sprawl Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial
developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little
concern for urban planning
Slide 33
New Urbanism Development, urban revitalization, and suburban
reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of
housing and jobs Concerns Privatization of public spaces Failure to
address conditions that create social ills of cities Countering
urban sprawl
Slide 34
Gated Communities Neighborhoods with controlled gate (access)
for people and vehicles Private security Rapid diffusion to Europe,
Asia, Africa, Latin America Security for wealthy in poor countries
Use for low-income communities in core countries
Slide 35
Ethnic Neighborhoods European cities: Neighborhoods of migrants
Cities of the periphery and semi-periphery
Slide 36
What Role Do Cities Play in Globalization? Function of world
cities beyond state boundaries World cities as nodes in
globalization Primate cities with concentration of development,
interconnectedness Primate cities in former colonies