URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (NkORLD BANK ASSISTED)

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

E522Volume 1

AKWA IBOM STATE COMMUNITY BASEDURBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(Nk"ORLD BANK ASSISTED)

FINAXL ENV IRONNMENTA~L ENIPACT ASSESSN'1ENTREPORT I

(eU5AIM CONSULTANTS LTDARCHITECTS. ENGINEERS & PROJECT MANAGERS.

' ~~~~~~~~~PLANNERS &5 QUANIII SURVEYORS_ _ LAGOS. ABUJA. NIGERIA. MACON.ATLANTA.USA. _ V

NG 2015 DECEMBER, 2001

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AKWA IBOM STATE WORLD BANK COMMUNITY-BASED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

TABLE OF CONTENT

Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction I

1.1 Background 11.2 The Proponent and Proposal 11.3 Project Justification 2

1.3.1 Need for the Project 21.3.2 Envisaged Sustainability of the Projects 3

1.4 Administrative and Legal Framework 41.5 EIA Report Format and Content 71.6 Objectives of EIA Study 71.7 Terms of Reference of the EIA Study 81.8 Scope of work for the EIA Study 8

2.0 Description of the Project 10

2.1 Urban Developments Requiring Rehabilitation & Upgrading 10

2.1.1 Roads and Drains 102.1.2 Trunk Ouffall/Drainage to Uyo Ravine 102.1.3 Water Supply 11

2.2 Siting of Headworks 12

3.0 Description of the Environment 13

3.1 Existing Physical Environment 13

3.1.1 Introduction 133.1.2 Terrain and Landform (Physiography) 133.1.3 Climate and Meteorology 133.1.4 Vegetation 143.1.5 Built Environment 143.1.6 Environmental Problems 14

3.2 Existing Socio-Economic Environment 21

3.2.1 House and Household Characteristics 213.2.2 Employment, Credit and Remittances 233.2.3 Health 263.2.4 Transport 283.2.5 Water Supply 293.2.6 Solid Waste Disposal 34

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental impact Assessment

3.2.7 Drainage 353.2.8 Sanitation 373.2.9 Community Based Organisations 383.2.10 Upgrading/Interventions 44

4.0 Consultations with Regulatory Agencies and State ProjectImplementation Unit Members 49

4.1 State Project Implementation Unit Members (PIU) 494.2 State Ministry of Environment 504.3 Second Meeting with PIU Members 51

5.0 Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts of theProposed CBUDP Projects 52

5.1 Introduction . 525.2 Checklist of Selected Indicators 52

5.2.1 Components of the Environment 525.2.2 Project Activities 53

5.3 Interaction Matrix 535.4 Key Environmental Issues that are associated with the

Community Based Urban Development Project 54

5.4.1 Pre-construction Activities 545.4.2 Construction Phase 545.4.3 Post Construction/Operation and Maintenance Phase 555.4.4 Abandonment/Decommissioning of a Subproject 58

5.5 Significant Impacts 58

5.5.1 Beneficial Impact of Water Supply 585.5.2 Negative/Adverse Impact 585.5.3 Beneficial Impacts of Road Upgrading 595.5.4 Adverse Impacts 595.5.5 Beneficial Impacts of Drainage Provision 595.5.6 Adverse Impacts of Drainage Provision 60

6.0 Consideration of alternatives and Mitigation Measures 61

6.1 Introduction 616.2 Analysis of Altematives 61

6.2.1 No Project Option 61

6.3 Required Actions/Measures 61

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment , ii

7.0 Environmental Management Plan, EMP 63

7.1 Introduction 637.2 Mitigation Measures 637.3 Institutional Arrangement 63

7.3.1 Responsibilities 637.3.2 Capacity of Address Potential Environmental Issues 65

7.4 Compliance Monitoring of Mitigation Measure 67

7.4.1 Water Supply 677.4.2 Roads and Drainages 677.4.3 Project Implementation Unit 677.4.4 Ministry and the Agency 68

7.5 Technical Assistance, Training needs and Capacity Building 68

7.5.1 Introduction 687.5.2 Training Needs 687.5.3 Support Facilities 697.5.4 Technical and Financial Assistance 69

8.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 70

8.1 Project and Its Location 708.2 Environmental Baseline Conditions 718.3 Priority Areas for Interventions 718.4 Significant Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts 718.5 Alternatives Considered and Mitigation Measures 728.6 Environmental Management Plan, EMP 738.7 Conclusion and Recommendation 73

Reference 74

Appendix

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment jii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, ES

ES1.0 The Proposed Project

The proposal is a community-based urban development project consisting of(a) Water Supply Scheme and (b) Upgrading of some selected roads anddrainages in Oku Community in Uyo Local Government Area and in theneighbouring Okullbiakulltam communities in ltu Local Govemment Area,both in Akwa Ibom State. The project will be financed by both the FederalGovernment of Nigeria and the World Bank.

ES2.0 The Proponents

The proponents of the project are the Federal Government of Nigeria and theAkwa Ibom State Government.

ES3.0 Project Justification

The roads were mostly earth roads (i.e. unsurfaced) in very poor conditionswithout side drains. Some roads that previously had bituminous surfacinghave seriously deteriorated. They are normally impassable in the rainyseason due to flooding/pounding. Drains that are present are blocked by silt,debris and garbage. In Oku/lbiaku/ltam communities there is no public anddomestic water supply at all, as such, water is obtained from private vendorsand nearby streams. In Oku Community, the existing water systeminfrastructure is not only more than 20 years old, it has broken down and hasweak distribution mains. The water supply deficit is 6560mrn3 day for OkuCommunity and 33120m3/day for Oku/lbiakulltam communities.

In Oku Community 82.4% of households and 65.6% in Oku/lbiaku/ Itamcommunity are dissatisfied with the source of water. The communities arevilling to pay user charges for the operation and maintenance of thesubprojects when implemented. On completion, the communities, Uyo andItu LGAs, Akwa Ibom State Water Corporation and NEPA will have respectiveresponsibilities for their operation and maintenance in order to sustain the lifespan of the project.

ES.4.0 Administrative and Legal Framework

(a) The institutions that will be concerned with the project include

i. The Federal Ministry of Finance.ii. World Bankiii. Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Finance and Economic

Developmentiv. Akwa Ibom State Water Corporation at Uyov. Uyo and ltu Local Govemment Councils' Department of Works

and Services and Medical & health.vi. The two local govemments - Environmental Protection

Committees

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment . , iv

vii. The Federal Ministry of Environment, FMEnvviii. Akwa Ibom Environmental Protection and Wasteix. Management Agency, AKEPWMAx. Uyo Capital City Development Authorityxi. Development Control Departments of Itu and Uyo LGCs

(b) The relevant environmental and other laws and guidelines related tothe projects include those of:

i. The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law (1991) fromSections 28 to 83 in respect of upgrading of roads and otherurban developments.

ii. Decree 68 of 1992 by the Federal Military Government ofNigeria on Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA.

iii. World Bank Operational Manual OP.4.01 Annex B, January1999 on content of an Environmental Assessment Report for aCategory A Project and Annex C, also January 1999 onEnvironmental Management Plan.

iv. The National Guidelines and Standards for EnvironmentalPollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991.a).

v. National Environmental Protection Pollution Abatement inIndustries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations S. 1.9.

vi. National Environmental Protection (National Effluent Limitations)Regulations s.1.8 relating to water quality (FEPA, 1991.b)

vii. Waste Management and Hazards Wastes Regulations S.1.15(FEPA, 1991.c).

viii. FEPA's Sectoral Guidelines on the following projects.

Domestic Water Supply and SanitationTransport (roads and highways)Urban Development

ix. Akwa Ibom Environmental Protection and Waste ManagementAgencies edicts

ES.5.0 EIA Report Format and Content

The EIA report has been prepared in accordance with World BankOperational Manual OP.4.01 - Annex B and Annex C, January 1999(ES-4.b.iii), EIA Decree 68 of 1992 and the Sectoral Guidelines of the FederalMinistry of Environment.

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment ( v

ES.6.0 Projection Description

(a) Roads

i. Type 1: 5m wide, asphaltic concrete pavement

The required upgrading will be concreting pavement/surfacing ofexisting earth roads totaling 5.62Km length for Oku Communityand 9.316 Km length for Oku/lbiakulltam Communities.

ii. Type 2: One way 3m wide pavement with asphaltic concrete

The total length is 4.933 Km for Oku Community and 7.684' Kmfor Oku/lbiaku/ltam Community.

(b) Drains

i. Drain Type (rectangular) Steel reinforced concrete of 106 Kmfor Oku Community and 13.7 Km for Okullbiakulltam

(c) Culvert

Average diameter 900mm, 0.134 Km in Oku and 0.146 Km inOku/lbiaku Itam.

(d) Water Supply

Installation of 2 headworks comprising 4 boreholes each with 10standpipes at Oku community and 3 headworks with 6 boreholes eachwith 15 standpipes at Oku/lbiakulltam Communities. The headworkswill have straiters, riser pipes, surface places, generator sets, 5 Nos.100 Kva and 5 Nos. 100 Kva transformers, 5 Pressed steel elevatedwater tanks, headwork, generators and services buildings and watertreatment facilities headworks will be centrally located not more than0.5 Km away from any household.

ES.7.0 Description of the Environment

7.1 Existing Biophysical Environment

Uyo is flat with gently rolling landscape and shallow valleys and depressionsof which the Uyo Ravine is the most prominent. Uyo has a gradient of 3 - 8.The soil type is ferrasol generally referred to as acid sands, loamy sand tosandy loam topsoil over clay loam to sand loam subsoil fragile andsusceptible to erosion. The soil has low to moderate water holding capacitydue to coarse texture. Uyo is generally humid (mean values 75% to 95%R.H.) with tropical rain climate receiving abundant rainfall (mean annual2500mm to 3200mm) and high temperatures (mean annual values 260 -280c).

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment <3 vi

Evaporation is generally high (mean values 1500 - 1800mm) insolation isquiet high throughout the year with values between 800 and 900 landleys.Much of the rainfall comes with thunderstorms and strong squalls withtorrential downpours, soil erosion and destruction of buildings, crops andtrees. Uyo is in the rainforest zone, but 75% of its forest has been deforestedby decades of farming, lumbering, fuel, wood collection, road expansion andurbanization. Uyo is in the plam-belt area of the state dominated by oil palmtrees and farmlands interspersed with some fallow bush. There are extensiveplantations of Gmelian, rubber and oil palm trees. The major environmentalproblems are gully erosion and flooding. The Uyo Ravine is the oldesterosion site in the state. Uyo has little or no natural drainage.

7.2 Existing Socio-Economic Environment

7.2.1 Rural Nature of the Oku and Oku/lbiakulltam Communities

Although Uyo is an urban settlement, Oku and Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communitieshave rural-cum-urban characteristics; abundance of bush and farmlands, lowdensity of residential and commercial houses most of which are constructedwith poor rural materials. They lack physical and social facilities andinfrastructure. Flooding is very high, because the land is flat with smalldepressions where rainwater collects freely. The gutters do not haveadequate slope for water to flow freely, hence, they silted up. Urbandevelopment in Uyo has been characterized by haphazard location of housesand fences contributing to serious flooding problems.

7.2.2 Economic Condition of the Communities

There is a high incidence of poverty in the two communities. Although 95.2%of the households in Oku community live in permanent buildings about half(49.6) of the households live in 1 or 2 room apartments and cannot afford 3 ormore room apartments. Only 34.4% lived in owner-occupied buildings. Only1.9% has telephone, 5.6% own motor vehicles, 9.6% owned motor cycle and84.8% neither owned motor vehicle or cycle. The majority (77.6%) ofhouseholds have radio and 38.4% own television.

In Oku/lbiaku/ltam communities the situation is similar. While 93.5% live inpermanent buildings 66/4% live in 1 or 2 room apartment, 42.6% of thehouseholds own their own buildings. Only 12.3% owned motor vehicles and22.1 % motorcycle; 79.5% own a radio and 50% a television.

Akwa Ibom State WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment , vii

Employment, Credit and Remittances

In Oku Community 76.8% of household heads have no savings, 65.7%borrow money from friends and relatives while 31.3% only remitted money tofriends and relatives in 1999.

In Oku/lbiakulltam communities, 56.6% household head had no savings,38.1 % borrowed money and 61.5% were able to remit money to friends andrelatives in 1999

Health

The most problematic disease of the communities is malaria (91.2% and90.2% in Oku and Oku/lbiaku/ltam communities respectively) with itsassociated fever and convulsion.

Transportation

The majority of the community members use public means of transportationbeing 99.2% in Oku community and 96.7% Okullbiakulltam community.

Water Supply

The main source of drinking water is private tap for which households payN200 - N600 per month. Long time (1 to 2 hours) is spent fetching waterdaily. For personal water connection, 74.4% in Oku Community and 87.7% inOku/lbiakulltam Communities were willing to pay. For contribution tocommunity water supply 84.9% in Oku community and 86.9115 inOku/lbiaku/ltam community were willing. The amount they were willing to payranged from N500 to N1000.00.

Solid Waste Disposal

In Oku community 16.8% of the household dumped their gabbage in guttersand gully and 2.4% anywhere. In Oku/lbiaku/ltam communities 20.5 dumpedgabbage in gutters and gully and 32.8% anywhere.

Drainage

There was flooding around houses and streets as reported by 98.4% ofhouseholds in Oku community and 94.3% of households in Oku/lbiaku/ltamcommunities. For the maintenance of drainage 95.2% in Oku community and91.8% in the other communities were willing to contribute and were willing topay monthly N40 - N50 and above for this purpose. Households (89.6% inOku and 89.4% in Okullbiaku/ltam communities) were willing to organizethemselves to clear drainages.

Akwa Ibom State WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment (g3,viii

Priorities for Communities for Intervention

For Oku Community the most important services which require interventionswere drainage (53.3%), roads (14.5%) and education 9.8%. ForOku/Ibiaku/Itam communities the priorities were water (51.7%) drainage(15.7%) and roads.

Community Organisations

There are some 7 community-based organizations in Oku community and 10in Oku/lbiaku/ltam communities. The proportion of heads of households inOku Community willing to pay for or contribute labour towards communityinitiatives in drainage, water and light (electricity) were 76.8%, 72.8% and69.9% respectively. The responses of Oku/lbiaku/ltam communities were88.9%, 77.1%, 69.3% for water, drainage, light (electricity) and roadsrespectively.

ES 8.0 Management Structure Consultations and Participatory Process

8.1 Management Structure for the Project

To ensure effective planning, co-ordination and execution of the CBUDP aState Programme Steering Committee and a Project Implementation Unit,PIU, were constituted. The Committee, consisting of members, co-ordinates the activities of the PIU, decides and enforces planning andimplementation process and considers the reports of the PIU forpresentation to the State Executive Council. The Project ImplementationUnit consists of 7 members from the State and Local Governments andrepresentatives of Oku and Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communities.

8.2 Meetings of PIU and the Communities

a) The PIU met with Oku Community several times and at the lastmeeting on 13th May 2000, the community selected roads, drainage,water supply and electric power supply as their priority projects.

b) The PIU similarly met with Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communities severaltimes and on 21r March 2000, also selected roads, drainage, watersupply and electricity supply and rehabilitation of clinics/schools astheir priority projects.

8.3 Meetings of AIM Consultants and the PIU

AIM Consultants and the PIU met on several occasions particularly on08/01/2001 and 09/01/2001 and discussed various aspects of the project.

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment KL, ix

8.4 Meetings of AIM Consultants and the Ministry of Environment, AkwaIbom

Akwa Ibom Environmental Protection and Waste Management Agency andAIM Consultants representatives discussed the environmental issues edictand regulations related to the Community-Based Urban DevelopmentProjects on 09/01/2001.

ES 9.0 Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts of the ProposedCBUDP Projects

9.1 Checklist of Selected Indicators

A checklist of selected Environmental Indicators was made and the activities ofthe project at site preparation, construction, operation and maintenance andabandonmentldecommissioning after the life span of project were ascertained.By means of a Bivariate analysis in a table pairing project activities against thelist of environmental components in a modified Leopold matrix no impact, verylow/low, minor, moderate short term, moderate long term, beneficial andadverse impacts were ascertained using a score of 0 to 5.

9.2 Roads

a) The Beneficial Impacts include:

(i) Employment and income generation(ii) Transformation of the entire communities into modern urban

environment(iii) Rapid communication and transportation to other parts of the

capital city(iv) Increase in housing and population

b) Adverse Impacts

(i) Noise and dust generation during construction phase(ii) Spoils disposal may adversely impact aesthetic and landscape(iii) Borrows will become breeding ground for mosquitoes(iv) Increase in crime rate and insecurity as good roads make

escape easier(v) Increase in population attracts some social deviants and

criminals and(vi) Water supply will become inadequate vith increased population

9.3 Drains Provision

a) The beneficial impacts include:

(i) Employment and income generation at pre-construction andconstruction phases

Akwa Ibom State WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment x

(ii) Elimination of flooding and breeding sites for mosquitoesresulting in less incidence of malaria

(iii) Reduction in soil erosion(iv) Increase in aesthetic quality of the environment(v) Land that previously could have been flooded now becomes

available for other land uses

b) The adverse impacts

(i) Spoils disposal after digging blight landscape and aestheticvalue of environment

(ii) Disruption of vehicular traffic at pre-construction.. andconstruction phases

(iii) Open drainages attract indiscriminate dumping of garbage

9.4 Water Supply

a) The significant beneficial impacts are:

(i) Employment and income generation(ii) Supply of good quality and quantity of water reduce health risks

associated with water borne diseases(iii) Water will be available for domestic uses(iv) Increase in population hence also housing(v) Time is saved not going out to fetch water as water is now

available nearby(vi) Agony and frustration of lack of water are eliminated(vii) When water is easily available, the task of house hold chores

becomes less burdensome particularly on women and children.As a result, children have more time to go to school and do theirhome works.

b) The adverse impact include:

(i) Temporary effect of noise during construction(ii) Possible creation of pools of water at stand pipes area that

become habitat for mosquitoes(iii) Possible quarrels and conflicts by those collecting water at

stand pipes(iv) Possible blight of the landscape and aesthetic value of

environment at decommissioning

ES 10.0 Consideration of Alternatives

The only alternative considered and rejected was the no project option.

Akwa Ibom State WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment <g, xi

ES 11.0 Mitigation Measures

For each identified adverse impact there was a mitigation action/measure thatshall be adopted. These are presented in Table 6.1.

ES 12.0 Environmental Management Plan, EMP

12.1 Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures required to reduce the significant adverse impacts ofupgrading of roads and the provision of drains and water supply are shown inTable 6.1.

12.2 Institutional Arrangements

The institutions that shall manage the environmental aspects of the projectsinclude the State PIU, State Ministry of Environment, AKEPWMA, Akwa IbomState Water Corporation, NEP, Uyo and Itu Local Govemments, Uyo CapitalCity Development Authority and Uyo and ltu Local GovernmentEnvironmental Protection Committees.

12.3 Capacity of Institutions to Cope/Address Environmental Issues relatedto the Projects

a) The PIU has 8 specialized members one each from the otherinstitutions and representative of the Communities.

b) AKEPWMA has 90 employees has 13 departments.

c) Itu and Uyo LGCs have 19 and 32 employees respectively in Worksand Services departments; 32 and 82 employees respectively in theirHealth Departments; each has a supervisory council.

d) The Ministry of Environment with 31 employees

e) The UCCDA has 70 employees with 13 departments.

f) The Akwa Ibom State Water Corporation has 477 employees state-wise.

g) The Oku and Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communities members shall be trainedin repairs, operations and maintenance of the installed facilities andshall be supervised by the appropriate Federal and State parastatals.

Akwa Ibom State WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment < xii

12.4 Compliance Monitoring of Mitigation Measures

There shall be daily monitoring of clearing of drains, clearing of streets andthe conditions at the standpipes by the local community maintenance andrepair committee, and by the Uyolltu Local Governments supervisoryactivities at least twice monthly. The PIU and communities shall auditaccounts monthly.

12.5 Training Needs

Capacity building shall be given to members of the PIU (3), LocalGovernment Area (4), Communities (8) and 2 AKEPWMA officials through aspecific training programme in workshop, seminars and short courses intraining school/educational institutions. Specific training programmes arelisted in Table 7.3, to cover tuition fees, transport, accommodation, feeding,books, personal effects.

12.6 Support Facilities

Support facilities essential in the maintenance of the CBUDP include avehicle for the PIU, basic office equipment, photocopying machine, stationery,desktop computer, telephone and Internet connections, and provision formaintenance of equipment/vehicle.

Akwa ibom State WB Communtty-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment ',<~xfij

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of a major development,project or activity that is likely to have associated and potentiallyadverse/negative or positive/beneficial environmental impact(s) on the natural,physical, biological and human socio-economic environment is mandatory inNigeria. Throughout all stages of such a project or group of projects from itsconception and planning to implementation anddecommissioning/abandonment the proponent of the project must take intoaccount particularly all identified adverse impacts and make adequateadjustments in project siting, routing, design, construction and operation toremove or reduce or minimize them and put in place an environmentalmanagement plan (EMP) for the project.

An Environmental Impact Assessment, (EIA) study is mandatory fordevelopment projects such as:

(a) Domestic water supply and sanitation(b) Electrification(c) Transportation (roads and highways)(d) Urban development

The proposed community based urban development project (CBUDP) in Uyoand ltu Local Govemment Areas (LGAs) in Akwa Ibom State falls into themandatory study categoriesisectors listed above. This EIA report is one ofthe studies required by the Akwa Ibom State Government, FederalGovemment of Nigeria and the World Bank.

1.2 The Proponent and Proposal

The Government of Nigeria vwith support from the World Bank through theFederal Ministry of Finance is undertaking a community based urbandevelopment project to be executed in three communities in Uyo, and ItuAkwa Ibom State capital. The State Government has selected the followingcommunities for a pilot poverty alleviation programme through upgradingsome social services and infrastructure:

(a) Oku in Uyo Local Govemment Area (LGA), population 101,760(b) Oku/lbiaku/ltam in Uyo/ltu Local Government Areas, (LGAs) population

200,040 located partly in Uyo LGA and ltu LGA

The proposed CBUDP projects are:

(a) Roads and drainages(b) Water Supply

Akwa Ibom state WB Commun)ty-Based Development Project - Environmental impact Assessment I

1.3 Project Justification

1.3.1 Need For the Project

The major justification for the CBUDP project is that, whencompletedAimplemented, it will greatly improve the living conditions of thethree communities, promote their socio-economic development and alleviatepoverty.

Roads and Drainages

The roads requiring upgrading are in very poor conditions. The majority areearth roads without side trains. The few existing side drains have been siltedup by debris transported and deposited by stormwater and refuse deliberatlydumped into them by the inhabitants. Some roads that previously hadbituminous surfacing have seriously deteriorated due to lack of maintenance.Some drains do not flow because their construction was terminatedprematurely due to abandonment of the project by succeeding Governmentsas a result of lack of funds. Many roads get ponded or flooded in the wetseason e.g. Akpan Udosen Street, the junction at Michael Abraham andAkpan Udosen Streets, Uko Eshiet Street, ltu/Urua Ekpa Road and IkotEkpene Road. Others rendered impassible include: Akpan Udosen Street,Effiong Eno Street and Faith Road.

Water Supply

The main source of water is borehole through tap within residence (15 -18%),free public tap (14 - 15%) and private tap requiring payment (67 - 71%).Whereas Oku Community is linked to the main distribution networkOku/lbiaku,ltam Community is not. The existing water system infrastructureis more than 20 years and it has weak distribution mains. Oku Communityrequires 6560m3/day while Oku/lbiaku/ltam Community requires33120m3/day. The deficit in water supply is 1650m3/day at Oku Communityand 3300m3/day at Okqllbiaku Itam Community, lue .to inadequatedistribution system, insufficient number of boreholes and ieakages in thedistribution system. Water lost through leakages and unaccounted for waterare about 25%. In Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communities there is no public watersupply at all, as such, water is obtained from private vendors and nearbystreams.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment 2

1.3.2 Envisaged Sustainability of the Projects

The CBUDP is to be financed by the Federal Govemment of Nigeria withsupport from the World Bank and a ten (10) percent contribution from thecommunities. A Socio-Economic Survey of the selected communities byMayfred (Nig.) Consultants showed that they were willing to pay user chargesin order to maintain the CBUDP services on completion as follows:

i. WWillingness to pay for personal water connection

Number of %S/No Response Households

CommunityA B A B

1 Yes 1808 4045 74.42 No 622 567 25.6 12.

J TOTAL 2430 4612 100.0 100.

ii. Willingness to pay for community water supply

Number ofS/No Response Households

CommunityA B A B

1 Yes 528 489 84.9 86.2 No 94 78 15.1 13.

TOTAL 622 567 100.0 100.0

b. Roads and Drainage

Willingness to pay for or contribute labour towards community initiatives

Number ofS/No Response Households

Community 1l __ A B A BiRoads Yes 1497 3138 61.6 68.0

_______ No 894 1021 36.8 22.1Water Yes 1796 4100 72.8 88.9l_______ No 661 399 27.2 8.7Drainage Yes 1866 3554 76.8 77.1

l______ No 168 1021 6.9 22.1

Akwa Ibom state We Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment < , 3

"Don't know' data are excluded.

On completion of the various CBUDP social facilities the communities vill betrained to take over, control, operate and maintain them. The LocalGovernment will own the roads and drainages. The water supply will beowned by the communities and LGA and communities have responsibility formaintenance.

1.4 Administrative and Legal Framework

1 The proposal, when implemented, is likely to have significantassociated and potential environmental impacts on thenatural/biophysical and socio-economic environment. The activitytherefore requires an environmental impact assessment (EIA) studyand is so specified in the Environmental Impact Assessment Decree86, December 1992. The Decree among other things sets out theprocedures and methods for carrying out an EIA to enable the priorconsideration of environmental impact assessment on certain public(Federal, State or Local Government) and private projects.

2. An EIA study by the borrower is a World Bank prerequisite for CategoryA projects (World Bank Operational Manual OP.4.01 - Annex B,January 1999).

3. The Federal Ministry of Environment, FMEnv, as the Govemment apexbody in environmental issues has responsibility for protection of theenvironment. It has taken up all the duties and mandates performed bythe former Federal Environmental Protection Agency, FEPA, such aspolicy formulation, standard setting, establishment of guidelines andregulations, monitoring and enforcement of the standards, guidelinesand regulations through a consultative, participatory and collaborativeapproach as well as enlightenment and compliance promotion. In linewith the federal structure, the ministry delegates some of its statutorypowers to the States and Local Govemments. The States and LocalGovernment have the statutory functions of municipal wastemanagement, environmental sanitation and urban and regionalplanning. In order to harmonize execution of the Ministry's mandateacross the States and Local Governments, States are guided andassisted to establish States Environmental Protection Agencies(SEPAs) and develop relevant Environmental Action Plans (SEAPs).

The instruments developed by the Ministry to halt environmentaldegradation include:

The National Policy on the Environment (FGN, 1989). Thedocument describes guidelines and strategies for achieving thePolicy Goal of Sustainable Development

ii. The National Guidelines and Standards for EnvironmentalPollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991.a)

Akwa Ibom state WB CommunRy-eased Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment <, 4

iii. National Environmental Protection (National Effluent Limitations)Regulations S.1.8 (FEPA, 1991.1B)

iv. National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement inIndustries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations S.1.9(FEPA 1991.C-)

v. Waste Management and Hazardous Wastes. RegulationsS.1.1 5 (FEPA, 1991.c.)

vi. Sectoral Guidelines for EIA. These prescribe a detailedguideline for conducting EIA for projects listed on sectoral basrs.The CBUDP upgrading services in Uyo fall under the followingsectors:

a. Domestic Water Supply and Sanitationb. Electrificationc. Transportation Development Project (Roads and

Highways)d. Urban Development

4. Akwa Ibom Environmental Protection and Waste Management Agency(AKIEPWMA)

Established by Law in December 2000 the Akwa Ibom EnvironmentalProtection and Waste Management Agency is the state's body underthe Ministry of Environment with powers to deal with all matters relatedto the environment particularly.

a. identifying and proffering solutions to environmental protectionproblems

b. planning, controlling, monitoring and implementingenvironmental protection programme

c. undertaking continuous and effective measures for the generalcleanliness of highways, roAds and lanes

d. directing the dumping and disposal of refuse or any otherdomestic waste

e. prescribing and employing effective modes of refuse disposalf. ensuring opening and clearing of public drains and effective

drainage of liquid wastes and free flow of waterThe agency has the power to

g. ensure that all environmental Contractors and Consultants haveoffices in the State and are duly registered and accredited by theAgency for any kind of environmental services in the State.Under Section 38 of the Law establishing the Agency 'Anyperson who- (1) throws or deposit in an open drain anythingcapable of obstructing such a drain is guilty of an offence and onconviction is liable to two week imprisonment or a fine not

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment , 5

exceeding five hundred Naira if he is a first offender or both theimprisonment and fine if he is a second offender".

ii. Keeps any waste capable of obstructing traffic or free flow ofwater in any street, highway, or lane is guilty of an offence andshall on conviction be liable to imprisonment of one month or afine not exceeding one thousand Naira or both fine andimprisonment.

5. Local Government Council Mandate

Local Govemment Councils have a statutory mandate for municipalwaste management and environmental sanitation.

6. The Nigerian Urban and Regional Law

Decree 88 of 1992 established a Development Control Department(DCD) charged with the responsibility for matters relating todevelopment control and implementation of physical developmentplans at the Federal, State and Local Government level within theirrespective jurisdiction.

V In Section 28 (1) of the Decree, a developer shall submit adevelopment plan for the approval of the DCD before development

V In Section 30(1), a developer whether private or government shallapply for a development permit, including plans, design drawingsand any other information as may be prescribed by regulation.

- In 30(2), no development shall be commenced by any Govemmentor its agencies without obtaining an approval from the relevantDCD.

- In 30(3), a plan required to be made shall be prepared by aregistered Architect or Town Planner or Engineer in accordancewith the provisions of the Decree.

In Part V and Sections 79 - 82, the DCD by order published in theGazette shall declare any part of the area for which a local planhas been made to be an improvement for the purpose ofrehabilitating, renovating and upgrading the physical environment,social facilities and infrastructure of the area. The DCD shall informresidents of the proposed development area, hold regular meetingswith the LGA and consultative committee of the residents and DCD,assist in drawing up an implementing plans for the improvement ofthe neighbourhood and prepare an improvement area plansshowing what ways and over what period of time, the area is to beimproved.

Akwa Ibom state WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment 6

1.5 EIA Report Format and Content

The EIA report format and content are written and prepared in accordancewith the Sectoral guidelines of the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMEnv,and those of the World Bank Operational Manual OP.4.01-Annex B andAnnex C of January, 1999.

1.6 Objectives of EIA Study

* An EIA is a formal study process to predict the environmentalconsequences of a proposed major development project.

* It concentrates on problems, conflicts or natural resources constraints ffiatcould affect viability of a project.

* It examines how the project might cause harm to people, their homeland,safety, livelihoods, health and culture, nearby developments and thenatural environment (atmosphere, surface and ground water, soils, plantforms, animals and wildlife, landscape, etc).

* After predicting potential problems the EIA identifies measures, considersalternatives or options to minimize the problems and outlines ways toimprove the project's suitability for its proposed environment.

* The aim of the EIA is to ensure that potential problems are foreseen andaddressed at an early stage in the project's planning and design (Odiete,1993). To achieve this aim, the assessment's findings are communicatedto the project developers, their investors, regulatory agencies, non-governmental agencies (NGOs), planners, host communities, politiciansand the general public - all stakeholders.

* Having read the conclusions and recommendations of the EIA report,project planners and engineers shape the project so that its benefits canbe achieved and sustained without casing inadvertent problems.

* Like economic analysis and engineering feasibility studies, the EIA is amanagement tool for officials and managers who must make importantdecisions about development projects.

A project that conserves the natural resources it relies upon will continue to besustained by the environment for years to come. A project that yields benefitswithout causing serious problems is more likely to bring credit and recognitionto its proponents.

An EIA process (Fig. 1) is interactive, the Consultant interacting with thepublic/communities, stakeholders, regulatory agencies and the proponent ofthe project or development so that any identified unacceptable/adverseenvironmental consequences/effects of the project are mitigated throughfeedback into design and planning.

Akwa Ibom state WB Communfty-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment <g , 7

Project ConTpt and Design

Environmental Sc4eening and Scoping

Project ,escription

Description of Existing Environment4'

Impacts IdentificationConsultation 4 Considerationand Public Impacts Assessment of Mitigations"

PArtir.inftinn 4 qndqMitigations/Altematives

4EEnvironmental Mar,agement Plan (EMP)

Environmental lmract Statement (EIS)

EIS Review,

Decision Making4'

Implementation

Monitoring Project Impacts

1.7 Terms of Reference of the EIA study

The terms of reference of the environmental impact assessment study are to:

(a) assess the current laws, policies, institutional arrangements andprocedures relating to the environmental aspect of municipal-levelinfrastructure investments

(b) assess the capacity of the local governments to address the potentialenvironmental issues related to the investments supported by theproject

(c) propose a simple set of procedures that can be included in the projectto screen the proposed investments for their potential environmentalimpacts and ensure that they are designed and implemented withappropriate mitigation measures and

(d) propose the technical assistance and training needed to implement theprocedures under the project

1.8 SCOPE OF WORK FOR THE EIA STUDY

(a) The project document and its detailed component description will bereviewed


(b) Nigeria's current laws, ratified intemational conventions relating toenvironmental review of municipal - level infrastructure investmentswill be assessed

(c) Compliance with World Bank Group's (WBG) environmental and socialsafeguard policies will be part of the screening and review process

(d) The generic capacity of the communities which will participate in theproject to address the potential environmental and social impacts of theinvestments to be funded will be assessed

(e) The capacity of the Akwa Ibom State Environmental Protection andWaste Management Authority (AKEPWMA) to provide technicalsupport that will sustain the project will be assessed

(f) A simple set of procedures to screen the proposed investments fortheir potential environmental and social (relative to the WBG's socialsafeguard policies) impacts will be proposed

(g) Appropriate mitigation measures and reasonable alternatives will beproposed for implementation

(h) The technical assistance and training needs required to implement theprocedure in the project with estimated cost will be proposed

(i) The monitoring of actual impacts of all sub-projects based on a smallset of selected indicators and an environmental management plan,EMP will be recommended

0) A draft report of review by the relevant national and local authoritiesand the World Bank will be prepared

(k) Comments on the draft report will be incorporated into a final reportinclude State and Federal Govemment offices, AKEPWMA and theCommunity offices for easy public access.

Akwa bom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment 9

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Urban Developments Requiring Rehabilitation and Upgrading

2.1.1 Roads and Drains

The interventions will involve concrete pavement/surfacing of 21 existingroads and drainage system in the selected communities as shown in Table2.1.

Table 2.1. Summary of Proposed Interventions for Roads and Drains

S/No Description Community Quantity (km)1 Road Type 1: Five (5m) wide

asphaltic concrete pavement. Oku 5.6202 Ditto Okullbiaku-ltam 9.316

Sub-total Road Type 1 14.9333 Road Type 2: One way three

(3m) wide asphaltic concrete Oku 4.933pavement.

4. Ditto Oku/lbiaku-Itam 7.684Sub-total Road Type 2 12.617

5 Drain Steel reinforced concrete 10.60(Avg. 850mm x 650mm) Oku

6. Ditto Oku/lbiaku-ltam 13.70Sub-total for Drains 24.30

7. Culverts (avg. diameter 900mm)with appurtenances Oku 0.134

8 Ditto Oku/lbiaku-ltam 0.146Sub-total for Culverts 0.280

2.1.2 Trunk Ouffall/Drainage to Uyo Ravine

Drains will be collected by the proposed ouffall channel being constructed bythe State.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment <Fa5. 10

2.1.3 Water Supply

Table 2.2 gives details of installations to be made in respect of Water Supplyto the Communities.

Oku Community Oku/lbiakulltam CommunityComponent Technical Component Technical

Specification Specification2 headworks (a) 4 nos. 200mm 3 headworks (a) 8 nos. 200 mmcomprising 2 diameter comprising 2 diameterboreholes with borehole boreholes boreholes10 nos. (b) 4 nos. 45HP with 15 (b) 8 nos. 45 HPstandpipes submersible standpipes submersibleeach pumps each pumps

(c) Straiters, starter, (c) Straiters,change over changeoverswitches and switches,other electrical electrical worksworks for 2 for 3 Headworksheadworks (d) Riser pipes etc for

(d) Riser pipes, 45 nos.surface plates, standpipesHeadwork piping, (e) 3 nos. 100 KVAand 4 borehole generating setscollector piping (f) 3 nos. 100 kVAfor 4 boreholes Transformers.including 20 nos. (g) 3 nos. Pressedstandpipes Steel EWT on

(e) 2 nos. 100 KVA 1Om stage heightgenerating sets (h) 6 headworks

(f) 2 nos. 100OVA buildingstransformers (i) Generator building

(g) 2 nos. Pressed () Water TreatmentSteel EWT on facilities: 3 sites1Dm stage height (k) Spare site

(h) 4 HeadworksBuildings

(i) Generatorbuilding

() Water Treatmentfacilities: 2 sites

(k) Spares sites .-

To be owned and maintained by communities and LGC.


The necessary input activities and outputs to achieve the proposed water supplyscheme are as follows;

* Clearing of site by communal efforts.* Drilling and construction of boreholes and installation of riser pipes and

submersible pumps.* Supply and installation of borehole surface plates, and borehole connector

piping Construction of services building and Gen-Set House and BoreholeHeadwork building.

* Supply and installation of transformers and generators.* Supply and erection of Pressed Steel Elevated Water Tanks (EWT).* Supply and installation of miscellaneous electrical fittings .

2.2 Siting of Headworks

In Oku Community, two Headworks sites (pumping stations) with boreholesand 10 standpipes each are to be strategically located at no more than half akilometer from any household.

In Oku/lbiakulltam communities there will be three headworks; with 6boreholes and 15 standpipes each located at not more than 0.5km from anyhousehold in order to eliminate long queuing at the Headworks.

Akwa lbom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment , 12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Existing Physical Environment

Introduction

Uyo, the state capital, had an area of 285km a population of 234615inhabitants and a population density of 824 per square kilometer as at 1991 (Peters et al 1994). Ten percent (10% ) of the inhabitants of Akwa Ibom statelive in Uyo.

3.1.2 Terrain and Landform (Physiogrpahy)

Uyo is flat and in the rolling sandy plains belt Izone of the state, a gentlyrolling landscape. There are shallow valleys and depressions, such as theUyo Ravine in the Oku-lbiaku-ltam area, which holds water during the rainyseason but is dry during the dry season. The zone comprises the youngercoastal plains of the Benin Formation estimated to occupy well over 75% ofthe state (Uyanga, 1994). Uyo has a gradient of 3 - 8o, drainage, low tomoderate available water holding capacity due to coarse texture, soil depth upto 200m, free stoniness and loamy sand to sandy loam soil over day loam tosandy clay subsoil. The soil type is ferrasol/tertiary coastal plain sands,generally referred to as acid sands, are fragile and susceptible to erosion(Udo, 1994). It is&low in cation-exchange capacity and base saturation. It isstrongly weathered and the main clay type is kaolinite.

3.1.3 Climate and Meteorology

Uyo and most of the state is generally humid. The climate is of the tropicalrainy type. It receives abundant rainfall with very high temperatures. Meanannual temperatures are between 260C and 280C while the mean annualrainfall ranges from 2500 mm to 3200 mm. The relative humidity is quite highall the year round with mean values ranging between 75% and 95%.Maximum humidity and rainfall as well as minimum temperatures arerecorded in July and minimal (except temperature) in January. Thick cloudcovers of the cumulonimbus type are common especially from March toNovember. Evaporation is generally high with annual values ranging between1500mm and 1800mm.

In relation to water budget all locations within the state have a positive waterbudget since yearly rainfall totals greatly exceed annual evaporation totals.Insolation is quite high throughout the year with values lying between 800 and900 Lanleys per day, with the maximum sunshine duration varying from 11 -12 hours daily.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment gnm. 13

The State is affected by the hot humid maritime air mass as a result of itsproximity to the Guinea Coast. Consequenty rainfall is expected during everymonth of the year although a well-marked longer dry season occurs from mid-December to late February. The longer wet season starts from lateFebruary/early March to July or early August followed by a short dry season ofabout 2 - 4 weeks. During the rainy season, Southwesterly winds bringmoisture to all parts of the state. Much of the rainfall comes as conventionalthunderstorms often accompanied by atmospheric disturbances such assquall lines-characterized by strong squally winds with torrential downpours ofvery high intensity, resulting in severe flooding, soil erosion and destruction ofbuildings, crops and trees in parts of Uyo. The dominant wind in the longerdry season is the Northwest trade winds from the Sahara desert.

3.1.4 Vegetation

Uyo lies in the rainforest belt. However, the original rainforest which used tooccupy over 75% of the total land surface has largely been removed throughdecades of intensive human activities, such as farming, lumbering, firewoodexploitation, road expansion and urbanization among other factors. Uyoalong with Eket/Onna/Etinan/Oron and Abak areas constitute the popularpalm-belt of the state with predominant oil palm tree Elaeis quineensis. Thisarea is mainly covered by farmland/oil palm forest, interspersed with somefallow bush/oil palm units. Extensive plantations of Gmelina arborea, rubber(Havea brasiliensis) and oil palm trees are found in the belt.

3.1.5 Built Environment

Uyo is an urban settlement characterized by planned streets and roads (sometarred), existence of modern facilities such as electricity, pipe bome water,communications system, residential houses, commercial houses, industries,recreation grounds, hotels, hospitals, schools, government offices, etc.However, the Oku, Oku/lbiakulltam communities have rural cum urbancharacteristics. The rural aspects is the abundance of bush and farmlands,low density of residential and commercial houses, most of which areconstructed with rural materials and a lack of physical and socialinfrastructure and facilities.

3.1.6 Environmental Problems

In general, natural environmental degradation in Akwa Ibom State is amongthe severest in Nigeria: complete loss of the original vegetation cover, highlydepauperate wildlife, pervasive gully erosion and sheet wash withconcomitant silting of streams, relentless beach erosion, pollution by oilindustry, and massively virulent crop diseases amidst chronic soil infertility,are the physical environmental problems that have combined with a stronglydepressive socio-economic environment such as high population density andgrowth rates and a weak private sector and industrial base (Peters, 1994).Erosion is a very serious menace in the state. Heavy rain, undulatingtopography, loose highly porous, permeable and unstable soils that are easily


washed away, deforestation, over-cultivation and haphazard construction ofroads without proper maintenance are among the causes of gully erosion inthe state.

Uyo Ravine is the oldest erosion site in the state, and is located right withinthe state capital in the Oku/lbiaku/ltam communities. Over 1000 hectares ofurban land has been destroyed at this prime and strategic location right nextto the former govemor's house, the University of Uyo and the ComeliaConnelly College.

Flooding in Uyo is intense because the land is flat and with small naturaldepressions where rain water collects freely. Uyo has little or no naturaldrainage. What flows into the ravine is from that section of the city. Also, thegutters that were constructed had no adequate slope to flow allow free ofwater and are all silted up. Above all, urban development in Uyo,characterized by haphazard location of houses and fences, has completelyblocked drainages.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment =EL. 15

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4... 'p- = -

9~~~~~~~~~~~~~9w

; 1 ., ' 4:; C : - f l

PONDING~ ALN UKO EKNGSTEE

SCHOOL ROAD BY UDO ETTE STREET

AkRwe lbom state WB Communltyased De0velopentW Project - Enwionmwatl Impact Assessment a m

IMOH LANE BY IMOH STREET (OVERGROWNWVITH WEED, EXISTENCE OF POTHOLES

PONDING AT ITV ROAD (APPROACHINGCALABAR-ITU EXPRESSWAY(EVIDENCE OF POOR DRAINAGE)

Akwa Ibom sate WB Community-Based Development Projed - Ertvironmeral Impact Assessment _ 17

A I.-'

UKO ESHIET STREET APPROACHINGIKOT EKPENE ROAD

:' ' '"h1

vv

NELSO MANDELA ROAD BY UDO EKOH STREET

Akwa lbom state WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment 1

NEPA PYLON ON EFAN ENO ROAD

FAITH CLOSE BY AKPAN UDOSEN STREETOVERGROWN BY WEEDS

Akwa Ibom state Ws Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment L 19

ABSENCE OF AIN ON EFIAT STPEET

EARTH DRAIN WITHOUT OUTLET

(MICHAE-L ABRAHIM STREET)

AkwaibOm satMeWB Community-Basded lvelopmen Protect- Envwronmntragilmpat Aassese*vn 2If

3.2 Existing Socio-Economic Environment

Data are based on the results of baseline socio-economic survey of theselected communities in Uyo carried out by Mayfred Nig. Consultants in May2000. Community A is Oku Community and Community B Oku/lbiaku/ltamCommunities.

3.2.1 House and Household Characteristics

a. Community A: Population 101760

Of the 2569 heads of households given questionnaires 2430responded. Of three types of buildings occupied by households 95.2%,3.2% and 1.6% lived in permanent, semi permanent and temporaryshelter respectively. A significant proportion (60.8%) lived in normalrented 1 or 2 room apartment, 34.4% in owner-occupied buildings and4.8% had other tenure. Some households (32.8%) undertook farmingactivity within the settlement for home consumption and somehouseholds (12.8%) owned livesto6k. A large majority of thehouseholds (67 - 87%) was not engaged in any of these activities.Kerosene (70.4%) and fuel wood (29.6%) were the only principalcooking fuel. Tables 3.1 to 3.6 contain all the data. Table 3.7 showthat 77.6% owned a radio, 56.8% owned an electric iron, 24.8% - blackand white TA, 24.0% a flat iron, 14.4 a colour TA and 1.9% atelephone. The statistical data are presented in Pie Chart in Figures3.1, 3.3, 3.5 and 3.7.

b. Community B: Population 200040

Of 5001 households selected for the administration of thequestionnaire 4612 responded. Of the three types of buildingsoccupied by households 93.5% and 6.5% were permanent and semi-permanent dwellers respectively as shown in Tables 3.1. There wereno temporary shelter dwellers. The statistical data are presented in thePie Chart in Figures 3.2, 3.4, 3.6 and 3.8.

Table 3.1 - Type of houses used by householdsTypes of Number of Households | %

SINo. Construction Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Permanent Building 2313 4310 95.2 93.52 Semi Permanent

Building 78 302 3.2 6.53. Temporary Shelter 39 - 1.6

TOTAL 2430 4612 100.0 100.0

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental impact Assessment , 21

Table 3.2 - Number of rooms occupied by households

S/No Type of Rooms Number of Household _

Building Occupied Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1. Permanent 1 175 832 7.2 18.0Building 2 953 1966 39.2 42.7

3 564 643 23.2 14.04 350 454 14.4 9.8

5 & above 271 415 11.2 9.0Subtotal 2313 4310 95.2 93.5

2. 1 39 151 1.6 3.32 19 113 0.8 2.43 20 38 0.8 0.84

5 & above - - - -

l___ _________ Subtotal 78 302 3.2 6.53. Temporary 1 20 - 0.8 -

Shelter 2 - -

34 19 0.8

5 & above - - -Subtotal 39 4612 100.0 100.0

GRAND TOTAL 2430 4612 100.0 100.0

About 66.4% of the households live in I or 2 room apartments and 50% of thehouseholds could not pay for 3 or more room apartment. With regard to thetype of tenure 55.8% occupied normal rented apartments, 42.6% lived in theirown buildings and 1.6% in subsidized rented houses. Some households(39.4%) undertook farming activity within their settlements for homeconsumption and 23.8% kept livestock. Kerosene (63.9%) and firewood(27.9%) were the principal fuel used for cooking (Table 3.6).

Ownership of a radio was 79.5%, electric iron 63.9%, refrigerator 29.5%,motorcycle 22.1%, flat iron 20.5%, black and white TV 30.3%, colour TV19.7%, motor car 12.3% and telephone 6.6%.

The results indicate the poverty condition of the people in both communities.


Number of Households %S/No. Items Community Community Community Community

_ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~A B A B1 Motorcar 136 567 6.6 12.32 Motorcycle 233 1021 9.6 22.13 Bicycle 213 567 8.8 12.34 TV-Colour 350 907 14.4 19.75 TV-Black & 603 1399 24.8 30.36 White 1886 3667 77.6 79.57 Radio 486 1361 20.0 29.58 Refrigerator 50 302 2.1 6.69 Electric 45 302 1.9 6.610 stove 1380 2949 56.8 63.911 Telephone 583 945 24.0 20.5

Electric Ironl Flat Iron

3.3.2.2 Employment, Credit and Remittances

a. Community A

Information on age and sex of members of households as well as theireconomic activities is shown in Tables 3.8 to 3.15. Males formed 67.2percent of households heads and females 32.8 percent. People aged12 years and above were 59.6% of the 101,760 people enumerated,and children under 12 years were 40.4%. Male and female populationabove 12 years constituted 30.2% and 29.4%, respectively. (Table3.9).

Among those who contributed income to households, 46.2 percentwere male and 53.8 percent were female. The main income earningactivities were trading and administration (Table 3.11). Heads who hadno savings were 76.8%. Those who saved money used mainlyCommercial Banks (Table 3.13). Household heads vvho borrowedmoney from friends and relatives were 65.7% while 31.3 percentremitted money to friends and relatives in the last one year. (Tables3.14 and 3.15, respectively).

b. Community B

Of the 4612 households studied, 79.5 percent of household headswere male and 20.5 percent were female. People twelve years andabove were 64.1 percent of the 200,040 persons enumerated in theCommunity, and those aged under 12 years, 35.9 percent. Amongthose who contributed income to households 53.3 percent were maleand 46.7 percent were female. The main income earning activitieswere trading and administration. Household heads who had nosavings were 56.6%. Commercial Bank was patronized by most ofthose who saved money. Households who borrowed money from


friends of relatives were 38.1% while 61.5 percent remitted money tofriends and relatives in the last one year.

Table 3.8 - Sex of the heads of households

Number of Households _

S/No. Sex Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Male 1633 3667 67.2 79.52 Female 797 945 32.8 20.5

Total 2430 4612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.9 - Number of household members by sex and age group

Number of %SINo. Range Sex Households

(Years) Community CommunityA B A B

1 Under 12 Male 20954 34,707 20.6 17.4Female 20111 36,967 19.8 18.5

2 12 and Male 30729 68,274 30.2 34.1above Female 29966 60,092 29.4 30.0Total 101,760 200,040 100.00 100.0

Table 3.10 - Number of people contributing income to household bysex


S/No. Sex Community Community Community Community__ ___ ~~A B A B

I Male 2,994 7,712 46.2 53.32 Female 3,480 6,767 53.8 46.7

Total 6,474 14,479 100.0 100.0

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment g3 24

Table 3.11 - Main Income Earning Activities of Households


Items Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Agriculture 116 643 4.8 13.92 Mining/Quarrying 19 113 0.8 2.53 Manufacturing/Processing 50 151 2.1 3.34 Construction 175 151 7.2 3.35 Transport 370 340 15.2 7.46 Trade/Selling 1464 3117 60.2 . 67.57 Services 461 1079 19.0 23.48 Education/Health 291 227 12.0 4.99 Administration 603 1323 24.8 28.7

Table 3.12 - Savings of money by households

Number of Households %_RS/No. Response Community Community Community Community

____ A B A B1 Yes 389 1,777 16.0 38.52 No 1866 2,608 76.8 56.63 Don't 175 227 7.2 4.9

know_ Total 2430 4612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.13 - Savings facilities for households

Number of Households %S/No. Facility Community Community Community Community

A B A B1 Commercial 210 1256 54.0 70.7

Bank2 Commercial

Savings Group 83 403 21.3 22.73 NGO 46 52 11.8 2.94 Private Lender 30 42 7.7 2.45 Friends/Relatives 20 24 5.2 1.3

Total 389 1777 100.0 100.0


Table 3.14 - Sources of borrowing by households

Number of HouseholdsS/No. Facility Community Community Community Community

__ ______ ~~~A B A B1 Commercial - - -

Bank2 Commercial

Savings Group 19 454 2.6 28.83 NGO 78 227 10.6 14.34 Private Lender 156 302 21.1 19.05 Friends/Relatives 486 605 65.7 38.1

Total 739 1588 100.0 100.0

Table 3.15- Remittance of money to friends/relatives at home in the lastone year

Number of Households IS/No. Response Community Community Community Community__ A B A B1 Yes 170 1628 31.3 61.52 No 374 1018 68.7 38.5

_ Total 544 2646 100.0 100.0

3.2.3 Health

a. Community A

Health information is shown in Tables 3.16 to 3.18. Table 3.16 displaysnumber of households whose members suffered from each of the fourteendiseases shown. Malaria and fever/convulsions were the most frequentlysuffered sickness affecting 91.2 per cent and 52.0 per cent of the people,respectively. The two diseases were also the most problematic ones amongthe fourteen diseases.

On the average most households lost less than ten days in each case as aresult of sickness. Table 3.17 classifies households by range of money spenton treatment in the last one year Majority of households spent less thanN12,000.00 on treatment in that period. Table 3.18 classifies households bytheir opinions on condition of health services in the Community. Thepercentage of the households who were dissatisfied with health services inthe Community was 56.0%.


b. Community B

Among the diseases suffered by members of households, malaria andfever/convulsions were the dominant ones affecting 90.2 per cent and 44.3per cent of the people, respectively. Majority of households lost on theaverage less than ten school days and less than ten-work days as a result ofsickness. The average expenditure on treatment was below N12,000.00 inthe last one year. The proportion of the people who were dissatisfied withmedical services was 55.7%.

Table 3.16 Households classified by sickness sufferedNumber of Households %

S/N Sickness Community Community Community Community_________ A B A B

1 Diarrhea 292 1058 12.0 23.0

2 Fever/Convulsion 1264 2041 52.0 44.33 Pneumonia 175 643 7.2 13.94 Meningitis 78 76 3.2 1.65 Severe Cough 544 1399 22.4 30.36 Pregnancy Related 136 227 5.6 4.97 Accident 136 378 5.6 23.08 Dental 136 378 5.6 8.29 Skin Condition 467 907 19.2 19.710 Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat 505 1210 20.8 26.211 High Blood Pressure 194 718 8.0 15.612 Aids 151 - 3.313 Malaria 2216 4158 91.2 90.214 Others 233 680 10.4 14.8

Table 3.17 Households classified b expenses on treatment in the last one yearRange of Number of Households %

S/N Expenses (N) Community Community Community Community_ ________ A B A B

1 Nil 454 - 9.8

2 Less than 12,000 2,352 3,176 96.8 68.93 12,000 - 24,000 58 680 2.4 14.84 24,000- 36,000 302 - 6.55 36,000 & Above 20 - 0.8 -

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0


Table 3.18 Households classified by opinion on health services in thecommunity

Number of Households %S/N pinion Community ommunity ommunity Community

1 Satisfied 778 1588 2.0 94.42 Dissatisfied 1,361 ,571 56.0 5.73 ndifferent 291 53 12.0 9.9

rOTAL 2,430 4612 100.0 100.0

3.2.4 Transport

a. Community A

Tables 3.19 to 3.21 display information on public transportation. Numbersand percentages of households that used public transport facilities are shownin Table 3.19. The proportion of the people that used these facilities was99.2%, mainly for income generating activities.

Households are classified by monthly expenditure on transportation in Table3.20 61.6 percent of them spent more than One Thousand Naira monthly ontransportation. The time taken to reach public transportation point varied fromless than ten minutes to more than twenty minutes. The proportion of thepeople who were dissatisfied with transport facilities was 78.4%.

b. Community B

In community B, 96.7 per cent of households used public transport facilitiesmostly for income earning activities. Most households spent on the averagenot more than Three Thousand Naira a month on transportation. The timetaken to reach transportation points varied from less than ten minutes to morethan twenty minutes. The proportion of the households who were dissatisfiedwith transport facilities was 80.3%.

Table 3.19 Use of public transportation by members of households_umber of Households

SIN Response Community Community Community Community

1 Y,es 411 4461 9.2 72 No 19161 0.83.

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 00.0 00.0

Akwa ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment 28

Table 3.20 Households classified by monthly expenditure on transportationRange of Number of Households %

S/N Expenses (N) Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Less than 1,000 1497 454 61.6 9.8

2 1,000-2,000 447 1,210 18.4 26.2

3 2,000 - 3,000 369 756 15.2 16.44 3,000 - 4,000 19 756 0.8 16.4

5 4,000 & Above 98 1436 4.0 31.2TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.21 Satisfaction with transport serviceNumber of Hou eholds %

CommuS/N Opinion Community nity Community Community

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~A B A B1 Satisfied 233 189 9.6 4.1

2 Dissatisfied 1,905 3,705 78.4 80.3

3 Indifferent 292 718 12.0 15.6

rTOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

3.2.5 Water Supply

a. Community A

Tables 3.22 to 3.28 provide information on the main sources of drinking waterof households, monthly expenditure, time spent fetching water daily,unsatisfactory state of sources of water, willingness to have personal waterconnection, pay for community water supply and pay monthly for clean watersupply. Table 3.22 shows that households obtained water from three majorsources and reveals that 1626 of them or 66.9% paid for water from privatetap while Table 3.2 shows that more households spent between N200.00 andN400.00 monthly to obtain water from this source. Hence, they were notsatisfied with the present source of drinking water as shown in Table 3.25.Tables 3.26 to 3.28 show that majority of households were therefore willing topay for personal water connection as well as for community water supplywhere 1808 or 74.4% and 528 or 84.9%, respectively, showed the interest.Table 3.24 show that more households spent several hours in fetching waterdaily. The statistical data are presented in the pie charts in Figures 3.13, 3.15and 3.17.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment m , 29

b. Community B

Table 3.22 shows that 3289 households or 71.3% obtained water from privatetap while a majority of households (3062 or 66.4%) were dissatisfied with thequality of water as well as the regularity, cost and distance of water source.Hence, Tables 3.26 and 3.27 give detailed information on how majorityhouseholds were willing to pay for personal water connection where 4045 or74.4% of them were ready to do so and 86.2% of them were also willing tocontrbute towards community water supply. Table 3.28 show that 4499 or97.5% of the households were willing to pay monthly for clean water. Thestatistical data are presented in the pie chart in Figures 3.14, 3.16 and 3.18.

Table 3.22 Main sources of drnking waterNumber of Households %

S/N Source Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Tap Within Residence 435 680 17.9 14.82 Public Tap (Free) 369 1,210 15.2 13.93 Private Tap (Payment) 1626 756 66.6 71.34 community Stand Pipe 5water Vendor (Public) - - - -

6Water Vendor (Private) - - - -7 Rain water 8Sprng/well (Protected) - - - -

9Spring/well (Unprotected) - - - -

Canhl - - - -

I11OthersT__ OTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.23 Monthly expenditre on WaterNumber of Households .

/N opinion Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Less than 200 778 681 32.0 14.82 200 - 400 836 907 34.4 19.73 400 - 600 311 189 12.8 4.14 600 & Above 505 2835 20.8 61.4

T_ OTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0Table 3.24 Time spent in fetching water daily

Number of Households %S/N Opinion Community Community Community Community

A B A B1 No Time 369 - 15.2 -

2 Less than 1 hr 855 2,382 35.2 51.63 1 - 2 hr 681 1172 28.0 25.44 hrs & Above 525 1058 21.6 23.0

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Akwa Ibom state WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment 30

Table 3.25 Satisfaction with source of waterNumber of Households °h

SIN Source Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Yes 428 1588 17.6 34.42 No 2,002 3,024 82.4 65.6

=FTOTAL' 2,430 4,612 | 100.0 100.0

Table 3.26 Willingness to p y for personal water connection

Number of Households %S/N Source Community Community Community Community

__ _______ A B A B1 Yes 1808 4045 74.4 87.72 No 622 567 25.6 12.3

=_ OTAL 2,430 4,612 | 100.0 100.0

Table 3.27 Willingness to pay for community water supplyNumber of Households %

StN Opinion Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Less than 500 290 283 46.6 49.9

2 500- 1000 259 254 41.6 44.8

3 1000 - 1500 21 30 3.4 5.34 1500 - 2000 52 - 8.4 -

5 000 & Above - - - -

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0Table 3.28 Willingness k pay monthly for reliable clean water

Number of Households %S/N pinion Community Community Community Community

A B A B1 es 2430 4499 100.0 97.52 o - 113 - 2.5

T_ OTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment < 31

COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY A

TAP Wn1N RESIDENCE TAP W1T RESIDENCE

17.9% UBLIC TAP 4. PUBLIC TAPFREE) 13.9% (FREE)

PRIVATE TAP (PAYMENT) PRIVATE TAP (PAYMENT)Fig.3.13 Fig.3.14Number of Households by Main Sources of Dtinng Wat Number of HousebDIds by Main Sources of Duinldna Wter

100 100

o 0

o 50 50 ~41050 oU5o ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~61.4%.

o ~~~~~~~~0

320%

0 2C0( 4C00 600 800 =N= 0 200 40 0 600) 800 =b4=Expenditure Expenditure

Fig. 3.15 Monthly Expenditure on Water Fig. 3.16 Manthly Expenditure on Water

YES YES

15.1%13%

Fig.3.17 NOFig.3. 18 W_lines bs to Ctibiute Tcwards Cw==mty Water SUl Wfl1iness to Ccntibute Towards Cci=mriiV Water Su

Akwa lbom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment c2,, 32

COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY A

SATISFIED SATISFEED

45%dwe-\D t Io1.7 INEUFERENT

DISSATISFEED DISSATISFIEDFig.3.19 Fig.3.20Satisfacticn with Solid Waste Collection Services Saisaction with Solid Waste Collection Services

4 -~9.4 YES 94 3% YS

NO NFig.3.21 Fig.3.22Willinness to Contibute Towvards Conmunity WaterSupply Willirnuses to Contibuse Towards Community WatecSuyely

DISSATISFIED SATISFIED

4.1% INDIFERENT

INDIFERENTFig.3.23 Fig.3.24 DISSATISFIEDSatisfiicon with Curreit Drainaie Situakon Satisfacti on with Currmt Dranaoe Situalion

Akwa bom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment o L, 33

3.2.6 Solid Waste Disposal

a. Community A

Tables 3.29 and 3.30 show disposal of solid waste and expenditure ongarbage collection, respectively. Of the 2430 households interviewed 38.4%bumed garbage outside their homes, 32% conveyed garbage to collectionsites while 19.2% dumped the refuse in gully or in unauthorized sites. Theamount spent per household per month on refuse collection ranged from TenNaira to Fifty Naira and 57.6% of households spent nothing on garbagecollection. Tables 3.31 and 3.32 indicate willingness to pay for solid wastecollection and the amounts households were willing to pay, 68% ofhouseholds were willing to pay amounts ranging from Ten Naira to Fifty Nairaper household per month. There was general dissatisfaction with solid wastecollection service. The statistical data are presented in the pie chart in Figure3.19.

b. Community B

Of the 4612 households interviewed in Community B, 53.3% dumped thegarbage either in gully or in unauthorized sites; 36.9% bumed the garbageoutside their houses. The percentage of households that did not spendmoney on garbage collection was 88.5% although 68.0% were willing to payamounts ranging from Ten Naira to Fifty Naira per household per month forthe service. Only 11.4% were satisfied with solid waste collection service.The statistical data are presented in the pie chart in Fig. 3.20

Table 3.29 Disposal of solid waste by householdsNumber of Households %

SIN Opinion Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Public Truck - -

2 Private Truck 77 3.23 Individual (Paid) 156 - 6.4 -

4 Household member 778 454 32.0 9.05 Bumed by Household 933 1701 38.4 36.96 Dumped in gully 408 945 16.8 20.57 Disposed by community 20 - 0.8 -

8 Other (Dumped in 58 1512 2.4 32.8Unauthorsed site)TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0


Table 3.30 Monthly expenditure on garbage collection

Number of Households %S/N Opinion (N) Community Community Community Community

_ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~A B A B

1 None 1399 4083 57.6 88.5

2 10 - 20 797 - 32.8 -

3 0- 30 78 3.2

4 0 - 40 117 4.8 -

5 0 & Above 39 529 1.6 11.5TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.31 Willingne s to pay for solid waste collectionNumber of Households %

SIN Opinion Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Yes 1866 3138 76.8 68.02 No 564 1,474 . 23.2 32.0

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.32 Amount willing to pay monthly for solid waste collectionNumber of Households %

SIN Opinion Community Community Community Community_ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~A B A B

1 Nil 564 1474 23.2 32.0

2 Lessthan IO 292 416 12.0 9.0

3 10 - 20 233 302 9.6 6.6

4 20 - 30 330 454 13.6 9.85 30 - 40 117 227 4.8 4.9

6 40 & Above 408 1739 36.8 37.7TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

3.2.7 Drainage

a. Community A

Tables 3.33 to 3.36 provide information on flooding, maintenance of drainageand payment for drainage. There was flooding around houses and streets inthe community as reported by 98.4% of the households (Table 3.33).Fortunately, 95.2% of the households were willing to contribute towardsmaintenance of drainage and 52.5% were willing to pay monthly amount ofForty Naira and above for maintenance of drainage (Tables 3.34 and 3.35).The percentage of households who "ere willing to organize themselves toclear drainage and households who were not satisfied with the currentdrainage situation were 89.6% and 96.0%, respectively (Tables 3.3 and 3.36).The statistical data are presented in the pie charts in Figures 3.21 and 3.23.


b. Community B

In community B, 94.3% of the households had flooding around houses andstreets in the last one year. Households willing to contribute towardsmaintenance of drainage were 91.8% and households who were willing to paymonthly amount of Forty Naira and above numbered 3137 or 68.0%. 4121households or 89.4% admitted that their community would be willing toorganize itself to clear drainage. However 95.1% of the households weredissatisfied with the drainage situation. The statistical data are presented inthe pie charts in Figures 3.22 and 3.24.

Table 3.33 Fl oding in the last year around house/streetNumber of Households %

S/N Opinion Community Community Community Community_ _ _ _ ~~~~A B A B

1 Yes 2391 4347 98.4 94.32 No 1 39 265 1.6 5.7

_TOTAL _ 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.34 Willingness to pay monthly for maintenance of draina eNumber of Households %

S/N Opinion Community Community Communi CommunityA B A B

1 Yes 2313 4234 95.2 91.82 No 117 378 4.8 8.2

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.35 Willingne ss to pay monthly for maintenance of drainageNumber of Households %

S/N Opinion Community Community ommuni CommunityA B A B

1 Nil 117 378 4.8 8.22 Less than 10 277 113 11.4 2.53 10 - 20 315 265 13.0 5.74 20 - 30 148 454 8.1 9.95 30-40 296 265 12.2 5.76 40 & Above 1277 3137 52.5 68.0

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.36 Willingness of community to organise itself to clear drainageNumber of Households %

S/N Opinion community Community ommunity Community________________________________A B A B

1 Yes 2177 4121 89.6 89.42 No 153 491 10.4 10.6

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0


Table 3.37 Satisfaction with current drainage situationNumber of Households %

S/N Opinion Community Community Community Community

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~A B A B

I Satisfied 38 - 0.82 Dissafisfied 2,332 4,385 96.0 95.13 Indifferent 98 189 4.0 4.1..__TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

3.2.8 Sanitation

a. Community A

Tables 3.38 to 3.40 show data on toilet facilities and the willingness ofhousehold to pay monthly for private/own toilet and willingness to contributetowards maintenance of community latrine. Most of the households (87.2%)use pit latrines, only 12.8% use flush toilet. Table 3.39 shows amountshouseholds were willing to pay monthly for their own toilets.

Amount they were willing to pay per household for their own toilets rangedfrom N50.00 to N400.00. Households were willing to pay for routinemaintenance but 64.0% were unwilling to contribute towards joint latrineprojects. Most people 73.6%, were unwilling to contribute towardsmaintenance of Community latrines.

b. Community B

A high percentage of households, 73.8%, used pit latrine. Only 26.2% usedflush toilets. Those who desired to have private toilets numbered 3629 or78.7%. Most people were also willing to pay monthly for their own toilet androutine maintenance.

The idea of contributing towards a joint latrine project was not popular, as80.8% of households disliked it. Similarly they showed unwillingness tocontribute towards maintenance of Community latrine. The statistical data arepresented in the pie chart in Fig. 3.26.


Table 3.38 Toilet facilitiesNumber of Households e

S/N pinion Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Nater Closet (Exclusive) 214 907 8.8 19.62 Nater Closet (Shared) 97 303 4.0 6.63 Nater Bome Toilet4 Pit Latrne (Covered) 1672 2117 68.8 45.95 5it Latrine (Uncovered) 447 1285 18.4 27.96 IP 7 ush Hole/No Toilet8 ucket 9 thers ___ ___ __

8 TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.39 No. of Household willing to pay monthly for own toiletNumber of Households %

I/N Opinion Community Community Community CommunityA B A B

1 Nil 467 983 19.2 21.32 Less than 100 117 1,134 4.8 24.63 100 - 200 993 681 40.9 14.84 200 - 300 58 491 2.4 10.65 300 - 400 795 189 32.7 4.16 400 and above __1134 - 24.6

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

Table 3.40 Willingness to contribute towards maintenance of community latrineNumber of Households | % l

S/N Opinion Community Tmmunity Community Community__ ~~~~~~A *1.__ A B

1 Yes 642 1474 26.4 32.02 rNo 1,788 3,138 73.6 68.0

TOTAL 2,430 4,612 100.0 100.0

3.2.9 Community Based Organisations

1. Names of some community-Based Organisations

The following are the community based and informal organisations in the twocommunities.

Community A

a. Nka Ima Social organisationb. Mboho Ndito Itamc. Klub 25 of Nigeriad. Iboko Community Organisatione. lyah Development Clubf. Mboho Nkaiso Ndito Iboko

Akwa lbom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment 33

g. Pillars Club

Community B

a. Ikot Udo Udoro Oku Youth Associationb. Thrift and Loan Cooperative Societyc. Essien Itiaba Youth Cultural Associationd. Women Development Associatione. Mboho Nung Andemf. Nka Uforo Ibang. Oku Youth Associationh. Atuak Oworo Cultural Associationi. Akpanyio Dance Groupj. Akwa Club of Uyo

2. Generic Capacity of Communities To sustain the CBUDP andCommunity Initiatives

Community A

Tables 3.43 and 3.44 show which community initiatives were under way andpossible areas in which the community could organise itself to help solveproblems, respectively. Table 3.45 presents opinion of heads of householdson their willingness to contribute (money, labour, and or material) towardscommunity initiatives.

Responses to the question on whether community initiatives were underwayin the various areas as presented in Table 3.43 reveal that the percentage ofheads of household interviewed which affirm the presence of communityinitiatives in 12 of the 13 areas fell between 0.8% and 29.6% whereas 56.0%of them affirmed that there was community initiative in the area of CrimePrevention/Security. There were no community initiatives underway in anyarea except in crime prevention/security.

In Table 3.44 1788 or 73.6% of heads of households interviewed claimed thatthe community had ability of organizing itself in Crime Prevention/Security.The heads of household that claimed that the community had ability oforganizing itself in other areas fell below 50% (2,3% to 43.2%).

In Table 3-44 significant proportion of the heads of household interviewed,76.8%, 74.4%, 72.8%, 69.6%, 63.7% and 61.6% indicated the willingness topay for or contribute labour towards community initiatives in Drainage,Education, Water, Crime Prevention/Security, Street Light, Latrine/Sanitationand Roads, respectively.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment zg 39

Community B

In table 3.43 more than 50% of the heads of households interviewed claimedlack of availability of community initiatives in all the areas highlighted. Theproportion of those who claimed that there were community initiativesunderway ranged from 1.6% to 38.5%.

A significant proportion (73.8%) of heads of household said that thecommunity had the ability of organizing itself to solve problem in crimeprevention/securty; whereas less than 50% of them held this assertion inother areas.

Table 3.44 shows that the majority, 84.4%, 77.1%, 69.3%, 68.0%, and 67.2%indicated the willingness to pay for or contribute labour towards communityinitiatives in Crime Prevention/Securty, Drainage, Street Lighting, Roads andWater, respectively

Table 3.43 Community Initiatives Underway

rea Response Number of Households |Initiatives Community A Community B Community A Community B

Yes 524 869 21.6 18.8Education No 1808 2797 74.4 60.7

I_________ _Don't know 98 946 4 20.5Yes 292 1210 12 26.2

Health No 2100 2533 86.4 54.9Don't know 38 869 1.6 18.9

Yes 1050 1134 43.2 24.6Roads No 1302 2533 53.6 54.9

____________ Don't know 78 945 3.2 20.5Yes 58 491 2.4 10.6

Pub. Transport No 2313 2760 95.2 59.8_________ Don't know 59 1361 2.4 29.5

Yes 758 1248 31.2 27.1Water No 1458 2571 60.0 55.7

__________ Don't know 214 793 _8.8 17.2

Yes 836 907 34.4 19.7

Garb. Collection No 1575 2344 64.8 50.8Don't know 19 1361 0.8 29.5

Yes 389 1134 15.1 24.6Latrine San. No 1905 2268 78.3 49.2

Don't know 136 1210 5.6 26.2Yes 972 1777 40.0 38.5

Drainage No 1166 2079 48.0 45.1Don't know 292 756 12.0 16.4


Community Initiatives Underway Cont'd

krea Response Number of Households |_%_lnitiatives Community A Community B Community A Community B

Yes 117 529 4.8 11.5Street Ught No 2255 2911 92.8 63.1

Don't know 58 1172 2.4 25.4Yes 292 756 12.0 16.4

Orphans Etc. No 2002 2571 82.4 55.7Don't know 138 1285 5.6 27.9

Yes 603 189 24.8 4.1Parks, Etc. No 1711 2344 70.4 50.8

Don't know 116 2079 4.8 45.1Yes 1788 3402 73.6 73.8

Crime Prev.1 No 622 529 25.6 11.5Securty Don't know 20 680 0.8 14.7

Yes 389 869 16.0 18.9Income Gen. No 1944 2571 80.0 55.7Projects Don't know 97 1172 4.0 25.4

Table 3.44 Ability of co munities in organising themselves t solve problemsArea Response Number of Households %Initiatives Community A Community B Community A Community B

Yes 1808 2117 74.4 45.9Education No 603 2155 24.8 46.7

Don't know 19 340 0.8 7.4Yes 1205 2268 49.6 49.2

Health No 1205 2004 49.6 43.4_ ________ Don't know 20 340 0.8 7.4

Yes 1497 3138 61.6 68Roads No 894 1021 36.8 22.1

Don't know 39 454 1.6 9.9Yes 894 643 36.8 13.9

Pub. Transport No 1477 3100 60.8 67.2Don't know . 59 869 2.4 18.9

Yes 1796 4100 72.8 88.9Water No 661 399 27.2 8.7

Don't know - 113 2.4

Yes 1264 1285 52 27.9Garb. Collection No 983 2722 40.5 59.0

Don't know 183 605 7.5 13.1Yes 1874 1172 76 25.4

Latrine San. No 583 2571 24 55.8Don't know - 869 - 18.8

Yes 1866 3554 76.8 77.1Drainage No 168 1021 6.9 22.1

Don't know 396 38 16.3 0.8Yes 1655 3197 68.1 69.3


Street Ught No 639 924 26.3 20Don't know 136 491 5.6 10.7

Yes 1186 1701 48.8 36.9Orphans Etc. No 1244 2344 51.2 50.8

Don't know - 567 - 12.3Yes 661 189 27.2 4.1

Parks, Etc. No 1652 3289 68.0 71.3Don't know 117 1134 4.8 24.4

Yes 1691 3894 69.6 84.4Crime Prev./ No 428 529 17.6 11.5Security Don't know 311 189 12.6 4.1



Table 3.45 Willingness to pay for or contribute labour towards communities

ea Response Number of Households _

nitiatives Community A Community B Community A Community B

Yes 489 718 20.5 15.6ducation No 1738 2949 71.5 63.9

Don't know 194 945 8.0 20.5Yes 215 1134 8.8 24.6

Health No 1982 2457 81.6 53.3Don't know 233 1021 9.6 22.1

Yes 525 1021 21.6 22.1Roads No 1730 2495 71.2 54.1

Don't know 175 1096 7.2 23.8Yes 78 76 3.2 1.6

Pub. Transport No 2235 3175 92.0 68.9Don't know 117 1361 4.8 29.5

Yes 583 907 24.0 19.7Water No 1711 2646 70.4 57.4

Don't know 136 1058 . 5.6 22.9Yes 214 302 8.8 6.5

Garb.Collection No 1730 3024 71.2 65.5

Don't know 486 1285 20.0 27.9Yes 212 227 8.7 4.9

Latrine San. No 2121 3062 87.3 66.4Don't know 97 1323 4.0 28.7

Yes 719 1399 29.6 30.3Drainage No 1594 2495 65.6 54.1I_________ Don't know 117 718 4.8 16.6

Yes 58 265 2.4 5.7Street Light No 2293 3062 94.4 66.4

Don't know 79 1285 3.2 27.9Yes 78 302 3.2 6.5

Orphans Etc. No 2274 2684 93.6 58.2_ Don't know 78 1626 3.2 35.3

Yes 19 - 0.8Parks, Etc. No 2293 2873 94.4 62.3

Don't know 118 1739 4.8 37.7Yes 1360 1777 56.0 38.5

Crime Prev./ No 991 1966 40.8 42.6Security Don't know 79 869 33.2 18.9



3.2.10 Upgradinglinterventions

a. Community A

This section presents priority areas selected by theHouseholds and the Communities as shown in Tables 3.41 and3.42 respectively. The majority of the households (63.2%) inthe community indicated Education as their priority area (Table3.41).

This was followed by Road/Drainage, Health, Crime Preventionand Security, and Water as supported by 20.0%, 4.8%, and0.8% of the heads of households respectively.

However, Road/Drainage topped the priority list for theCommunity with an overwhelming rate of 68.1%. This wasfollowed by Education, Crime Prevention and Security, Health,Water and Attention to Orphans and Disable People with 9.8%,9.3%, 5.6%, 4.8% and 2.4% of the community preferring theseareas, respectively (Table 3.42). The statistical data arepresented in pie chart in Fig. 3.27.

b. Community B

Education was also the most important area for households incommunity B 65.6% of which preferred it. This was followed byRoads/Drainage, Water, Health and Crime Prevention andSecurity with 13.0%, 9.0%, 7.4% and 5.0% of the householdsmaking this claim, respectively (Table 3.41).

However, water supply was the most important area for thecommunity, 51.7% of which preferred it. This was followed byRoads/Drainage with 27.2%. Education (6.5%), Health (6.5%),Crime Prevention and Security (6.5%) occupy the thirdposition, each supported by 6.5% of the community. Latrineand sanitation and Attention to Orphans and Disabled Peopleoccupy the last position on the scale of importance and wereeach supported by 0.8% of the community. The statistical dataare presented in the pie chart in Figure 3.28.


Table 3.41 Household Priority Areas Requested for Upgrading/Interventions

S/No Area Number ofHouseholds

Comm. Comm. Comm. Comm.__ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~A B A B

1. Education 1536 3025 63.2 65.6

2. Health 272 340 11.2 7.4

3. Roads 97 320 4.0 6.5

4. Public Transportation - - - -

5. Water Supply 19 416 0.8 9.0

6. Garbage Collection - - -

7. Latrine and Sanitation _ - - -

8. Drainage 389 302 16.0 6.5

9. Street Lighting - - - -

10 Attention to Orphans andDisabled People _ - -

11. Green area and parks - - - -

12. Crime Prevention and 117 227 4.8 5.0SecurityTotal 2430 4612 100.0 100.0

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment o , 45

Table 3.42 Community Priority Areas Requested for Upgrading/interventions

S/No Area Number ofHouseholds

Comm. Comm. Comm. Comm.A B A B

1. Education 238 302 9.8 6.5

2. Health 136 302 5.6 6.5

3. Roads 352 529 14.5 11.5

4. Public Transportation - - - -

5. Water Supply 116 2382 4.8 51.7

6. Garbage Collection - - - -

7. Latrine and Sanitation - 38 - 0.8

8. Drainage 1302 719 53.6 15.7

9. Street Lighting - - -

10 Attention to Orphans and DisabledPeople 58 38 2.4 0.8

11. Green area and parks - - - -

12. Crime Prevention and Security 228 302 9.3 6.5

|__|_ Total 2430 4612 100.0 100.0

Akwa lbom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment q2v,, 46

COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B

100100

cj~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c

688% L~~~~~~~~- ~45.9%n g 850 ^U0 n

19.6% 66 79

WVE WS. PC PU "s P

WE WS PC PU WE WS PC PUToilet Facilities Toilet Facilities

Fig. 3.25 Fig. 3.26Toilet Facilities Used Toilet Facilities Used

WE - Water Closet (Exclusive) PC - Pit Latrine (Covered)WS - Water Closet (Shared) PU - Pit Latrine (Uncovered)


COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B100 Priority Areas for the Communitv 100 Prioitv Areas for the Comunih

1- Education 5 - Latrine and Sanitation2 - Health 6 - Drainage

oi 3 - Roads 7 - Attention to Orphans and Disabled Peopl4 - Water 8 - Crime Prevention and Security

50 53.60 / 50 53.6%

0 Ii ~~~~~~~0

9.% 614.8% 9.3% 6.%.0(11.5% 6.5%E n= [ r-n4800%11 0% 4% l° E O Lfflo6/ol2/° l 0.8% l1 °.8% =1°

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig. 3.27 Fig. 3.28

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Developmert Project - Environmental Impact Assessrent =d 48

4.0 CONSULTATIONS WITH REGULATORY AGENCIES AND STATEPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT MEMBERS

4.1 State Project Implementation Unit Members (PIU)

(a) Date: Monday 08101/2000(b) Venue: Office of the Permanent Secretary,

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development(c) Present:

i. The Permanent Secretary,Mr. Bassey Eyo, also the State Chairman, PIU

ii. Engr. Ephraim Udo, Leader, PIUiii. Engr. E. U. Usoro, Member, PIUiv. Mr. E. S. lkpe, Member, PIUv. Mr. Inyang A. Udo, Member, PIUvi. A lady representing the Govemor's officevii. Engr. M. R. Tarafdar, AIM Consultants Ltd.viii. Prof W. 0. Odiete, Environmeritalist, AIM Consultants Ltd.ix. Engr. J. Akanmu, 0 & M, AIM Consultants Ltd.

d. Discussion

i. Expansion of areas of intervention to include refuse collection,health clinics, public toilets, electricity and schools upgrading.The PIU stuck to the state's 3 areas for intervention: watersupply, roads and drainage.

ii. Some clarification in the contract terms of agreement with AIMConsultants Ltd.

iii. The team demanded the results of the state's socio-economicsurvey for the selected communities.

iv. Officials to be met at the former Akwa Ibom State ProtectionAgency, AKSEPA.

v. Possible overlap in the water supply scheme of the ADP WaterScheme for the state and that of the World Bank AssistedCommunity-Based Urban Development Project.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental impact Assessment ( , 49

4.2 State Ministry of Environment

(a) Date: Tuesday 09/01/2001(b) Venue: Office of the Permanent Secretary(c) Present:

i. Sir Patrick J. Umoh, Permanent Secretary,Ministry of Environment

ii. Engr. A. H. Mbride, Environmentalist Ministry of Environmentiii. Mr. Columbus A. Ekong, Head,

Environmental Education and Public Awareness Division,Ministry of Environment

iv. Pro. W. 0. Odiete, Environmentalist, AIM Consultants Ltd.v. Engr. J. Akanmu, 0 & M, AIM Consultants Ltd.

d. Discussion

i. State edicts on environmental sanitation: Where to obtainthem?

ii. Non-participation and no representative of the Ministry ofEnvironment in the World Bank-Assisted Community-BasedUrban Development Project (CBUDP).

iii. Protests by Engr. A. H. Mbride (See Annexure 1) and Mr. C. A.Ekong that they were completely set aside after they hadinitiated the programme and contributed immensely to the stategovernment's submission on the CBUDP.

iv. Training needs and technical assistance required for the operation andmaintenance of the completed projects.

4.3 Akwa Ibom State Environmental Protection and Waste ManagementAgency, AKSEPWMA

(a) Date: 09/01/2001(b) Venue: Office of the Managing Director,

AKSEPWMA 20 Edem Essien Street,Uyo

(c) Present:

i. Mr. E. Esara, Managing Director, Akwa Ibom State Protection andWaste Management Agencyii. Prof. W. 0. Odiete, Environmentalist, AIM Consultants Ltd.iii. Engr. J. Akanmu, 0 & M, AIM Consultants Ltd.

(d) Discussion


i. The state edict on environmental sanitation

ii Bill establishing the newuy formed Environmental Protection andWaste Management Agency to replace AKSEPA

iii. Functions and capabilities of the new agency

iv. Its role in environmental management of the community-basedurban development projects

v. Non involvement of the agency and the Ministry of Environmentin the Project Implementation Unit, PIU

vi. Training needs and the technical assistance needed for theoperation and maintenance of the completed CBUDP.

4.3 Second Meeting With PIU Members

(a) Date: Tuesday, 09/01/2001

(b) Venue: Office of the Permanent Secretary,Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

(c) Present as in 4.1

(d) Discussion.

Summary of AIM Consultants Ltd. team field activities since previousday (Monday).


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSOF THE PROPOSED CBUDP PROJECTS

5.1 Introduction

The two sub-projects will require site preparation, construction, assemblage ofheave equipment, civil and mechanical works and operation andmaintenance.

These activities may impact air, soil/land, surface and groundwater andhuman socio-economy (commerce and business, employment) and health.

At completion of each sub-project and its operation and maintenance theremay also be similar impacts on the existing biophysical and socio-economicenvironment.

The sources, type and nature of the sub-projects impacts or interactions withenvironmental components have been ascertained.

5.2 Checklist of Selected Indicators

5.2.1 Components of the Environment

The identified major components of the environment that may be impacted are:

(a) Biophysical (Natural and Physical)

a. The climate and meteorology of Uyob. Air quality including odourc. Noise leveld. Surface watere. Underground waterf. Aesthetic value9. Soil/soil erosionh. Physiographyi. Animalsj. Vegetations

(b) Socio-economic and Health Risks

(i) Education(ii) Housing(iii) Land uses(iv) Recreation(v) Commerce and business(vi) Employment(vii) Income


(viii) Sewage disposal(ix) Transportation/traffic hazards(x) Soil waste disposal(xi) Crime and security of life(xii) Environmental Health Risks: incidences/prevalence of Cholera,

typhoid, diarrhea, malaria, epidemics

5.2.2 Project Activities

Details of the activities involved in site preparation, construction andoperation maintenance and decommissioning/abandonment of each sub-project type include, among many others:

a. Contract tenders/awardsb. SurveyingC. Land take/clearance/preparationd. Mobilization/equipment movement installatione. Digging/earthworkf. Pipe laying/cables laying9. Bulldozing, burrowing and gradingh. Surface dressing of roadsi. Concrete blockwork for drainsj. Headworks constructionk. Roads usageI. Drilling boreholes for waterM. Stand-pipes provisionn. Water pumping/supply3. Repairs and maintenancep. Materials supplyq. Revenue collection/Accountingr. Removal of surface structures at abandonments. Adequate number of roads sweepers and drains cleanerst. Training and skill acquisition

5.3 Interaction Matrix

Bivariate analysis or a modified Leopold Matrix (Leopold et al., 1971) havebeen used to establish cause-effect relationship between specific projectactivities/actions and environmental components/indicators.

The criterion used in the screening of the various impacts includes:

Type Positive/beneficial or negative/adverseSeverity Minor/very low/insignificant, moderate, highimajor/very

significantPrevalence Likely extent of the impactDuration Long term (>12 months), short term (<12 months or intermittent)Importance Economic, social and cultural values attached to the undisturbed

project environment

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment C 53

5.4 Key Environmental Issues That Are Associated With TheCommunity Based Urban Development Project

The consequences of the urban development project may arise during pre-construction, construction and post constructionloperational and maintenancephases and after decommissioning. These impacts may be positive/beneficialand/or negativeladverse on the existing physical and socio-economicenvironment.

5.4.1 Pre-construction Activities

For both sub-projects the activities will include:

(i) Contract tenderlaward. This has a positive and beneficial impact onthe socio-economic environment in terms of income generation andemployment

(ii) Surveying, with employment and income generating beneficial impact(iii) Land clearing, with similar beneficial(iv) Mobilization: assemblage of heavy equipment and machines such as

bulldozer, grader, drilling rig, rollers crane, etc, temporarily adverselyimpact noise and traffic disruption

5.4.2 Construction Phase

a. Water Supply

Activities will include:

(i) Drilling rig and generators installation(ii) Drilling of boreholes(iii) Disposal of drill spoil(iv) Headworks construction(v) Pipe laying for stand-pipes/digging of ground

Beneficial Consequences

The beneficial effects include employment of and income generation forcommunity members.

Negative Impacts

Loud noise from generations and drilling of the activity cause discomfort toinhabitants of the immediate environment. Digging in ground may disrupttraffic flow if pipe route is by or across a road.

These impacts are temporary, localized and minor.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment c 54

b. Roads and Drains

Activities during this phase include

(i) Location of an operation camp(ii) Bulldozing, filling with laterite/subsoil, grading, compacting and

stabilizing the subgrade(iii) Spreading a mixture of gravel and bituminous binder (tar or asphalt)

into a thin layer as surface dressing on one side of the roads only(iv) Earthworkldigging of ground for drain on one side of the roads only(v) Concrete blockwork for drains(vi) Surface dressing of walkway and provisions of kerbs

Beneficial Impact

Employment and income generation for the community members

Adverse Impacts

1 Dust and particulate matters are usually generated during constructionof roads. Asthma patients are extremely sensitive to dust. Dust andparticle matters cause allergy in some people. The symptoms aresneezing, catarrh, difficulty in breathing, cough and skin rashes.Severe cough was the third most important problematic sickness inOku Community and fourth for Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communities out of alist of 14 diseases. This may become aggravated

2. Temporary obstruction of traffic, and loud noise

3. Disposal of earth spoil from bulldozing/digging excavation

The impacts are localized, temporary and minor to moderate.

5.4.3 Post Construction/Operation and Maintenance Phase

(a) Water Supply

Activities include

(i) Materials supply(ii) Repairs and maintenance(iii) Revenue Collection/Accounting(iv) Training and Skill Acquisition(v) Electricity Supply(vi) Water Pumping(vii) Stand-pipes provision


Beneficial Impacts:

(i) Provision of relatively clean and safe drinking water. Chlorination andUltraviolet (UV) light devices are the most practical systems availableto disinfect water supplies for entire households. Chlorination killsmost disease-causing organisms. UV devices destroy most pathogenswhile leaving virtually on by-products, taste or odour. Prefiltrationsystems containing filters with a pore size of no more than 1 cu.mdiameter remove protozoa such as Giardia which are not effected bychlorination and UV devices.

(ii) Economic savings in time and cost of procuring water from vendors. .

(iii) Qualitative increase in clean water supply.

(iv) Reduction in water borne diseases, improved health and sanitation forthe communities.

(v) The time and strength required by women and children to fetch water sreduced. These can be channelled to other ventures e.g. educationand other economic activities.

These impacts are very important, major and long term.

Adverse/Negative Impacts

(i) Creation of disease vector habitat from puddles around standpipes(ii) Influx of people from nearby communities to the standpipes may result

to quarrels and fights.(iii) Influx of people from neighbouring communities to the three

communities in order to secure place of abode/housing may lead tohigher rent demand by landlords

(iv) Speed breakers/pump(v) Possible depletion of the ground water resulting to hydrological drought

particularly in the dry season.

These are moderate and short-term impacts.

b. Roads, Side-walks and Side Drains

Roads and Side Walks

(i) Materials supply(ii) Repairs(iii) Sweeping and keeping roads clean(iv) Community collection of monthly dues for operation and maintenance(v) Accounting for community's collection(vi) Roads usage(vii) Training and skills acquisition

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment c 56

By their nature as corridors of travel roads have a strong impact on thenatural, physical and socio-economic environments. The widening/upgradingof an urban arterial road can completely change for better or vrrse thecharacter of the neighbourhoods it traverses.

Beneficial Impacts

(i) Transforming the communities from slum-like appearance to a modemcity environment

(ii) Facilitating quicker and easier vehicular and pedestrian movement intoand out of the three communities

(vi) Saving in man-hour losses and frustration caused by badlinaccessibleroads.

(vii) Increased movement of people and goods to and from the areas,increased economic activities.

These impacts are very significant, major, long term and affects entirecommunity.

2. Drains

Activities include

(i) Keeping drains free of debris/garbage(ii) Payment of dues for operation and maintenance(iii) Repairs(iv) Training and skills acquisitioning

Beneficial Impact

(i) The road side drains will, to a large extent, reduce (1) flooding, (2) soilerosion and (3) disease carrying vector habitats. The impact is majorand effects entire community on long term.

(ii) The life span of the road is prolonged.

Adverse Impacts

(i) The volume and speed of vehicles using the upgraded roads willincrease with a high probability of accidents - both minor and majorones. This impact is significant and long term

(ii) Crimes, particularly car thefts and home robberies are likely to increaseas it will be much easier for robbers to get away

(iii) The construction of drains only on side of the roads may not beadequate in reducing flooding. If they are not cleared regularly toremove debris and reuse, the drain will become eyesore and habitatsfor disease carrying vectors

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment ( , 57

5.4.4 AbandonmentlDecommissioning of a Subproject

The two subprojects will not be abandoned or decommissioned; there may bepoor operation and maintenance/neglect in 0 & M. However, waterdecommissioning involves removal of surface/aerial structures and facilities.This can impact adversely on the aesthetic value of the environment. Theabandoned area of facilities may be bright the surrounding on long termeffect.

5.5 Significant Impacts

Figures 5.1 and 5.2 show the weighting of bivariate analysis of project, -environment interactions. Based on a maximum score of 5 or 100% scores of2 or 40% and more are significant.

5.5.1 Beneficial Impact of Water Supply

The major impacts are:

a. good quality and quantity water supply to the communities at operationand maintenance period

b. employment and income generation (including commerce/business) atall stages of the projects.

c. the availability of good water supply will attract more people who wantto live in the Oku, Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communities.

d. Reduction in water borne diseases improved health and sanitation forthe communities.

e. The time and strength required by women and children to fetch water isreduced. These can be channelled to other ventures e.g. educationand other economic activities.

5.5.2 Negative/Adverse Impacts

The major adverse impacts are

a. temporary effect of noise at construction phaseb. possible creation of pools of water at standpipes area that become

habitat for mosquitoesc. possible quarrelstfights by youths collecting water at the standpipesd. possible blight of the environment at improper decommissioning of the

projecte. possible depletion of ground water especially in the dry season


5.5.3 Beneficial Impacts of Road Upgrading

a) Employment and income generation including commerce and businessduring preconstruction and construction phases.

b) Transformation of entire community into an urban environment

c) Rapid communication and transportation to other parts of the capitalcity

d) Increase in housing and population.

5.5.4 Adverse Impacts

These include

a) Noise and dust generation during construction phase

b) Spoils disposal blight landscape and aesthetic values

c) Borrows become breeding ground for mosquitoes

d) Increase in crime and insecurity as good roads make escape easier

e) Increase in population attracts some social deviants and criminals

f) Water supply and other services will become inadequate withincreased population.

5.5.5 Beneficial Impacts of drainage Provision

a) Elimination of flooding

b) Reduction of soil erosion

c) Increase in aesthetic quality of the environment

d) Elimination of breeding sites for mosquitoes, resulting in less incidenceof malaria

e) Land which previously would be flooded is made available for other uses

f) Transformation of community into a better place to live in.

g) Increase in the life span of the roads.


5.5.6 Adverse Impacts of Drainage Provision

These include:

a) Spoils disposal after digging blight landscape and aesthetic value ofenvironment

b) Distribution of vehicular traffic at pre-construction and constructionphases

c) Open drainage attract indiscriminate dumping of garbage.


CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 Introduction

The significant potential positive/beneficial and negative/adverseenvironmental impacts associated with each community based urbandevelopment subproject have been identified and described/assessed in thelast chapter. These anticipated impacts may occur in pre-construction,construction, operation and maintenance and decommissioning phases of theCBUDPs. The beneficial impacts are desired. What can be done about theadverse impacts? In this chapter, the options/altematives andactions/measures to be taken by the proponent (and his Contractors) toeliminate, prevent, reduce, remedy or compensate for each of the adverseimpacts to acceptable levels are described. These options and measuresshall be part of the project design and the environmental management planfrom pre-construction to operations and maintenance and abaridonmentphases.

6.2 Analysis of Altematives

6.2.1 No Project Option

A no project option means that the anticipated adverse environmental impactsfar outweigh the beneficial ones in magnitude, duration and aerial extent andthat the recommended mitigations will not reduce the impacts to acceptablelevels. From the facts presented in Project Justification (Section 1.3) theCBUDP shall alleviate poverty in the selected communities and bring aboutmany positive/beneficial changes. The identified significant adverse impacts(Section 5.5) show there are no adverse impacts that are so severe that theycould not be mitigated. Many of the impacts are temporary, minor andlocalized. The benefits far outweigh the adverse impacts all of which can bemitigated. A no project option is therefore not recommended.

6.3 Required ActionslMeasures

Table 6.1 gives a list of identified significant adverse impacts and therecommended action to be taken by decision makers and be used in theproject design. The other actions to be incorporated into project design arethe alternatives and the environmental management plan, EMP.

Akwa Ibom state WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment , 61

Table 6.1 - Identification and summary of all the significant adverseenvironmental impacts that are anticipated and the mitigation measures to beput in place in planning design.

Representa Intervention/ Adverse Impact Mitigationtives for Upgrading Timingmonitoring ReauiredofImitigations

a orrmestic i. Louse noise from generators Generators shall be coupled to noise-Local Govt ater and drilling activity. reducing/silencing devices. Noise from drilling Shor& upply cannot be avoided. Impact is temporary andCommunity localized.

ii. Creation of disease carrying Good quality ftting for taps and junctions shall bevector habitat from stand-pipes used. FaultyAoose ones shall be checked Seasonaltand burst pipes regularly and repaired. There shall be attendants

at the standpipes and water given in orderly wayon first come, first serve basisSmall drains to remove storm water

iii. Influx of people from impact is injevitableneighbouring communities forhousing

. ~~~~~~~~~Longb Roads and 1. Dust and particulate The roads to be upgraded shall be wented wlth

Local Govt drains generation during construction. water continuouslylas necessary. Short&Community ii. Disposal of spoils from Adequate arrangement shall be made to take

bulldozing/digging/excavation. spoils.

iii. Noise pollution during 0 & Adequate sign posts shall be provided to caution ShortM. motor vehicle road users.

iv. Erosion from unprotected Drainage shall be provided to allow stormwater Shortburrow/excavation site. flow out of the area.

v. Increased volume and speed Construction of bumps across the roads atof vehicles which could result in selected intervals to reduce vehicular speed. Longaccidents.

l___________ vi. Increase in crime. Househoids shall provide own security. Long

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment <,, 62

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN, EMP

7.1 Introduction

A project's environmental management plan, EMP, consists of the set ofmitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken duringimplementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and socialimpacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan alsoincludes the actions needed to implement these measures. To support timelyand effective implementation of the mitigation measures, the EMP providesspecific institutional arrangements/responsibilities for carrying out themitigatory and monitoring measures (e.g. for operation, supervision,enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing,reporting and staff training). To strengthen environmental managementcapability, the EIA preparers will recommend technical assistanceprogrammes, procurement of equipment and supplies and organizationalchanges. The EMP will be integrated into the projects overall planning,design, budget and implementation. Such integration will be achieved byestablishing the EMP within the project so that the plan will receive fundingand supervision along with other components.

7.2 Mitigation Measures

The set of mitigation measures required to reduce or eliminate significantadverse impacts are shown in Table 6.1.

7.3 Institutional Arrangements

7.3.1 Responsibilities

The institutions in the State, Uyo, Itu and the Communities which shall beresponsible for carrying out the mitigatory measures, supervision, operationand maintenance, enforcement, compliance monitoring, financing, reportingare shown in Table 7.1.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment <,, 63

Table 7.1. Institutions concemed with environmental issues related to the twosubprojects: Water Supply, Roads and Drainage and their responsibilities.

Institution Responsibility1. State Project Implementation 1. Implementation of the DBUDP in the

Unit, PIU selected communities in Uyo.

2. Mobilizing community participation andconcluding agreements vithcommunity development organizationswith respect to project implementationof the CBUDP.

3. Concluding agreements vith theConsultants on planning andEngineering designs.

4. Holding meetings with representativesof the community.

5. Project accounting.

6. Purchasing and procurement

7. Compliance monitoring of the mitigationmeasures for the adverse environmentalimpacts.

2. Akwa Ibom Environmental Responsibility for protection of theProtection and Waste environment in particular:Management Agency

a. Water supplyb. Waste management e.g. regular

clearing of refuse from dustbins,c. Clearing of public drains and effective

cleanliness of roadsd. Ensuring cleanliness of roadse. Ensuring good sanitation conditions

3. State Ministry of Environment a. Apex environmental body in the stateb. Environmental awareness campaign in

the communities and LGAsc. General formulation, control and

decision of environmental policy inAkwa Ibom State

d. The Akwa Ibom EnvironmentalProtection and Waste ManagementAgency is a parastatal of the Ministry


4. Uyo Capital City a. Prepare and implement the CapitalDevelopment Authority City Master PlanUCCDA b. Provide for the city appropriate

infrastructurec. Plan and control development

5. a. Uyo Local Government a. Works & services and Healthb. Itu Local Government Departments have responsibility for

municipal waste management andenvironmental sanitation in theirrespective LGAs such as:maintenance of all govemment roads,bridges; clearing of drainages andcleaning of roads, enforcement ofenvironmental sanitation

b. have own Local EnvironmentalProtection Committees (LEPCs) toImplement environmental protection

6. Akwa Ibom State Water Peripherally concerned with theCorporation environment.

a. Operation and maintenance of allheadworks; major repairs.

7. Nigerian Electric Power Maintenance of transformers.Authority, NEPA

8. Oku, Oku/lbiaku and Itam a. Collection of direct user charges formCommunities households for water supply

b. Accounting for revenues andexpenditure related to the CBUDP

c. Maintenance of standpipes, cleaning ofroads and clearing of drainages

7.3.2 Capacity to Address Potential Environmental Issues

The capacity of each of the institutions listed in Table 7.1 to cope with theassigned responsibilities are shown in Table 7.2.


Table 7.2. Capacity of Institutions to cope with responsibility.

Institution Capacity1. State Project Implementation 8 in number, specialists in different fields:

Unit, PIU project accountants from the office of theaccountant general; a Civil Engineer, aprocurement engineer, water engineer,senior technical officer from the UCCDA,a statistician and an economist. Anenvironmentalist shall be included.

2. Akwa Ibom Environmental Together with former AKSEPA andProtection and Waste Environmental Sanitation and ProtectionManagement Agency Task Force there are 90 employees with

13 departments including EnvironmentalPollution Monitoring Control and Planning,Waste Management, Environmental Lawsand Enforcement & Public Health

3. Ministry of Environment 31 employees

4. Uyo Capital City 70 employees, with 13 divisions includingDevelopment Authority, Planning, Development Control andUCCDA Survey

5. a. ltu LGC 6 departments; 19 employees in Works &Services, 91 in Medical & Health ServicesDept

b. Uyo LGC 6 departments, 32 in Works & Services 82in Health Dept.

Each with a Supervisory Councillor.

6. Akwa Ibom State Water 477 employeesCorporation

Akwa Ibom state WB community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment . 66

7. Oku Community a. Both communities have adequateOku/lbiaku/ltam Community population, skilled and unskilled

manpower totaling 101,760 for OkuCommunity and 200,040 forOku/Ibiaku/ltam

b. Both are willing to pay user chargersfor the operation and maintenance ofthe upgraded projectslinterventions

c. With technical support from andsupervision by the PIU, LGCs, Works &Services and Health Departments, AKSWater Corporation, NEPA, AKSEnvironmental Protection and WasteManagement Agency and training ofthe members of the selectedcommunities adequate capacity andcapability would have been establishedfor sustaining the projects.

7.4 Compliance Monitoring of Mitigation Measures

7.4.1 Water Supply

a. Each community shall establish a local community maintenance andrepair committee for water supply. The committee shall daily monitorthe 0 & M of facilities.

b. Members of the community shall be:

i. trained in the repair and maintenance of faulty standpipes andso prevent creation of pod of water from continuously leakingpipes

ii. educated in personal hygiene and knowledge of water bornediseases and their vectors.

7.4.2 Roads and Drainages

a Each community shall establish a community maintenance and repaircommittee that shall also monitor cleaning of roads and clearing ofdrains, daily.

7.4.3 Project Implementation Unit

Overall compliance monitoring shall be made by the PIU. A member of thePIU shall be nominated as a member of each of the two community-basedcommittees referred to in 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 above, and report on the states of


the upgraded facilities/interventions to a full meeting of the PIU on bi-monthlybasis.

7.4.4 Ministry and The Agency

There shall be periodic meetings and visits to LGAs and communities byMinistry and AKS Environmental Protection and Waste Management AgencyOfficials for the purpose of monitoring compliance.

7.5 Technical Assistance, Training needs and Capacity Building

7.5.1 Introduction

One of the basic requirements in the achievement of an environmentalmanagement planning objective is the quality, diversity and quantity ofenvironment-related personnel. Implementation as well as maintenance andoperation of environmental policies and planning require the contributions ofquite a wide range of skills and expertise available within the institutionsresponsible for implementation of the EMP.

7.5.2 Training Needs

The principal goal of a training programme will be to cultivate a group anddevelop in them an awareness of, and be concerned about the environmentand its associated problems; to acquaint them with the knowledge, skills,attitudes, motivations and commitments to work individually and collectivelytowards solutions of current problems and prevention of new ones. Trainingincludes in-service and technical training and capacity building for members ofthe PIU and Communities, the two LGAs and AKS Environmental Protectionand Waste Management Agency. In workshops, seminars and formal trainingsessions through short courses offered by educational/training schools.

Table 7.3 - Essential Training Programmes

Institution Capacity Needs1. Project Implementation Unit, a. Project monitoring and co-ordination

PIU Members b. Accounting Procedure in World Bank Projectc.Participatory and community-based development

and mobilizationd. Computer skillse. Procurement of goods & equipment in line with

World Bank guidelinesf. Operations and maintenance of

infrastructure facilities

2. LGA and Community a. Project monitoringRepresentatives b. Accounting

c. Operations and maintenance of infrastructurefacilitiesd. Water supply and sanitation

Akwa lbom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment < 68

3. AKS Environmental a. Environmental monitoringProtection and Waste b. Ecological indicators and indices ofManagement Agency environmental stress

c. Public information and involvementd. Operation of pollution control and

waste management facilities

7.5.3 Support Facilities

The support facilities essential in maintenance of the CBUDP include:

a desktop computersb. photocopying machinesc. basic office equipmentd. vehicle for PIU members

7.5.4 Technical and Financial Assistance

a. PIU Members

i. Provision of personal computersii. Provision of a vehicle - Peugeot 504 Salooniii. Maintenance and fueling of vehiclesiv. Telephone connection and internet servicesv. Provision of office equipmentvi. Erection of project signboardvii. Organisation of training workshops

b. Training of Community Members - 4 persons

Short courses: 3 - 4 months duration for operation and maintenance offacilities at appropriate training schools; with funding to cover current costs of:

* Tuition fees* Transport* Accommodation* Feeding* Books* Personal effects* Others

For eight (8) persons per community; 2 each for maintenance of water supplyand 2 each for maintenance of roads and drainages.

Akwa Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessrnent , 69

CHAPTER EIGHT

8.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8.1 Project and its Location

* The project is a community-based urban development project CBUDPconsisting of upgrading of basic municipal infrastructure, namely, watersupply, roads and drainages.

* The CBUDP Will be executed in Oku Community in Uyo Local GovernmentArea, LGA, and in Oku/lbiaku/ltam Communities in Uyo and Itu LGAs.inAkwa Ibom State.

* The CBUDP is based on the findings of a socio-economic survey of theneed assessments of the communities participating in the project.

* It provides for or rehabilitates certain basic municipal infrastructure andservices necessary to improve the health and environmental conditions ofthe people in the selected urban settlements.

* The water supply scheme shall consist of installation/provision of 2headworks comprising 4 boreholes each with 10 standpipes at OkuCommunity and 3 headworks with 6 boreholes each with 15 standpipes atOku/lbiaku/ltam communities. Each headvwork will have necessaryaccessories and a water treatment facility.

* Certain existing roads will be rehabilitated and drainages provided. Therewill be two types of each.

* Type 1 roads will be 5m wide, asphaltic concrete pavement, and totalling5.620 Km length in Oku Community and 9.316 Km in Oku/Ibiaku/ltamCommunities.

*+ Type 2 roads vwIl be 3m wide asphaltic concrete 'pavement totalling 4.933Km in Oku Community and 7.684 Km in the other communities.

* The drains will have reinforced concrete, of 2.40 Km length in OkuCommunity and 13.7 Km length in Okullbiaku/ltam Community.

* Culverts of average 900mm diameter, 0.134 Km in Oku and 0.146 Km inOku/Ibiaku Itam.


8.2 Environmental Baseline Conditions

* The existing biophysical environment considered included terrain andlandform, climate and meteorology, vegetation, the built environment andenvironmental problems in Uyo and the selected communities. Uyo andthe communities are flat with gentle rolling hills and valleys.

* The topsoil is loamy sand to sandy loam overlying clay loam to sandy loamsubsoil, prone to erosion.

* The area is generally humid, receiving abundant rainfall which comes..inform of torrential downpour with thunderstorms and high squall causingvery serious erosion and destruction of buildings, crops and trees.

* Uyo and the communities are in the palm-belt zone of Akwa Ibom Statedominated by oil palm trees, with farmlands fallow bush interspersed.

* There are no little or no natural drains; the major environmental problemsbeing flooding and soil erosion. The Uyo ravine is an extensive olderosion site.

* The communities have rural-cum-urban characteristics and are lacking inbasic municipal infrastructure namely good roads, drainages, reliablewater supply, inadequate electric power supply, refuse disposal anddisposal of domestic liquid waste, health care, transport and telephones.

* Sanitation is poor and there is breakdown in existing infrastructure andpoverty is very high. They are low-income neighbourhood communities.Hence the need for the interventions.

8.3 Priority Areas for Interventions

* For Oku community the priorities were drainages, roads, and education.

+ For Oku/lbiaku/ltam are water, drainages and roads.

+ The communities have the organisational capacity and willingness tocontribute or pay user charges for the selected community-based projects.

8.4 Significant Associated and Potential Environmental lmpacts

* The significant environmental impacts were ascertained from a checklist ofselected environmental indicators and a project activities - environmentbivahate analysis and a Leopold type interaction matrix.


a. In all interventions, the major impact is the transformation of thecommunities into cleaner, healthier and modem urban suburbs withprovision of reliable potable water, good motorable roads and flowing sideroads.

* Employment and generation of income.

* Rapid communication and transportation.

* Elimination of flooding and breeding sites for mosquitoes.

* Reduction in incidences of soil erosion and water borne diseases.

* Elimination of agony and frustration associated with lack of theinfrastructure.

+ Increase in housing due to influx of people into the transformedcommunities.

b. Among the expected adverse impacts will be:

* Noise and dust generation at construction phases.

+ Temporary traffic disturbance at construction phases.

+ Disposal of spoils from digging may blight the landscape.

* Borrows may become breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

* Increase in population may attract criminals.

+ Good roads may increase crime rate.

* Open drainages attract indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes.

+ Possible conflicts at standpipes.

8.5 Alternatives Considered and Mitigation measures

A "no project option" is rejected. Measures to reduce or eliminate the adverseimpacts were recommended.

Akwa Ibom stateWB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment c 72

8.6 Environmental Management Plan, EMP

For the life span of the CBUDPs mitigations for identified significant adverseimpacts were recommended. The institutions that will be responsible for theEMP and their responsibilities were stated. The PIU/Local Governmentsupervisory councilors in Health and Works and Services departments, theLocal Environmental Protection Committees, Urban Water Corporation, NEPAand the operations, repairs and maintenance committees of the communitieswill monitor the projects. The capacities of these institutions to cope with theEMP, the training needs and technical/support facilities to sustain the projectswere assessed and/or recommended.

8.7 Conclusion and Recommendation

* The interventions will bring some measure of poverty alleviation in theselected low-income/urban poor areas of Uyo and ltu LGAs.

* The adverse environmental impacts associated with the CBUDPs areminor and easily mitigated.

* There are no legal, institutional, natural/biophysical, and socio-economicenvironmental reasons which will delay or prevent implementation of theprojects as proposed.

a Hence immediate embarking of the CBUDP is recommended.

Alka Ibom state WB Community-Based Development Project - Environmental Impact Assessment c,, 73

REFERENCES

Ekpoh, I.J. 1994 - 4.1. Physiography, Climate and Vegetation - Akwa Ibom State:The Land of Promise. A Compenium Gabuno Publising Co. Ltd, Yaba, Lagos.

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). 1991.a. Guidelines and standardsfor Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. Federal Republic Nigeria, Lagos.

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) 1991.c - National EnvironmentalProtection. National Effluent Limitations Regulations S.1.8. Federal Republic ofNigeria, Lagos.

Federal Envrironmental Protection Agency (FEPA) 1991.d. Waste Management andhazardous wastes Regulations S.1.15. Federal Republic of Nigeria, Lagos.

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) 1992. Environmental ImpactAssessment Decree No. 86 Federal Military Government of Nigeria, Lagos.

Federal Govemment of Nigeria (FGN), 1985. The Endangered Species Decree II(Control of International Trade and Traffic), Federal Government of Nigeria, Lagos.

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), 1998 - Akwa Ibom StateEnvironmental Action Plan prepared by Pollutech Nig. Ltd, 164 pp.

Leopold, L.B., Clarke, F.E., Henshaw, B.B. and Balsley, Jr. 1971 - A procedure forevaluating environmental impacts. Geological Survey Circular 645, Govt. PrintingOffice, Washington, DC.

Peters, W.S., Iwok, E.R. and Uya, O.E. 1994 (eds). Akwa Ibom State: The Land ofPromise. A compedum. Gabuno Publishing Co. Ltd, Yaba.

Udo, E.J. 1994. Soils and Crops Production In Akwa Ibom A Land of Promise. ACompendium. Peters I wok.E.R and Uya, O.E. (eds). Gabuno Publishing Co. Ltd,Yaba, Lagos.

Uyanga, J. 1994. Land use and Land Management. In: Akwa Ibom: A land ofPromise. A Compedium. Peters, S., Iwok, E.R. and Uya, O.E. (eds). GabunoPublishing Co. Ltd, Yaba, Lagos.

World Bank, 1999 a. Operational Directive, 4.01. Annex B: Content of anEvironmental Assessment Report for a Category A Project.

World Bank, 1999.b. Operational Directive. 4.01 - annex C: Environmentalmanagement Plan.


APPENDIX,

LOCATION DRAWING

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