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The Ural Mountains
Highest point
Peak Mount Narodnaya
Elevation 1895 m (6217 ft)
Dimensions
Length 2500 km (1600 mi)
Width 150 km (93 mi)
Geography
Countries Russia and Kazakhstan
Geology
Period Carboniferous
Ural MountainsFrom Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
The Ural Mountains (Russian ampampampampampampampampampampmicromicromicromicromicro tr Uralskiye gory IPA [micro ral sk microjmicro
gorgt] Bashkir gtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgt) or simplythe Urals are a mountain range that runsapproximately from north to south throughwestern Russia from the coast of the ArcticOcean to the Ural River and northwestern
Kazakhstan[1] Their eastern side is usuallyconsidered the natural boundary betweenEurope and Asia Vaygach Island and theislands of Novaya Zemlya form a furthercontinuation of the chain to the north into theArctic
The mountains lie within the Uralgeographical region and significantlyoverlap with the Ural Federal District andUral economic region They are rich invarious deposits including metal ores coalprecious and semi-precious stones Sincethe 18th century the mountains have been amajor mineral base of Russia
Contents
1 Etymology2 History3 Geography and topography4 Geology5 Rivers and lakes6 Climate7 Flora8 Fauna9 Ecology10 Cultural significance11 See also12 References13 External links
Etymology
As attested by Sigismund von Herberstein in the 16th century Russians called the range by avariety of names derived from the Russian words for rock (stone) and belt The modern Russianname for the Urals (raquoraquoraquoraquo Ural) first appearing in the 16thndash17th century when the Russian conquestof Siberia was in its heroic phase was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency asthe name of the entire range during the 18th century It might be a borrowing from either Turkic
Coordinates 60deg00aeligN 60deg00aeligE
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a fragment of von Herbersteins
map
(Bashkir where the same name is used for the range) or Ob-Ugric[2] From the 13th century inBashkortostan there has been a legend about a hero named Ural He sacrificed his life for the sakeof his people and they poured a stone pile over his grave which later turned into the Ural
Mountains[3][4][5]
History
As Middle-eastern merchants traded with the Bashkirs and otherpeople living on the western slopes of the Urals as far North as GreatPerm since at least the 10th century medieval mideasterngeographers had been aware of the existence of the mountain rangein its entirety stretching as far as to the Arctic Ocean in the north Thefirst Russian mention of the mountains to the east of the EastEuropean Plain is provided by the Primary Chronicle when itdescribes the Novgorodian expedition to the upper reaches of thePechora in 1096 During the next few centuries Novgorodiansengaged in fur trading with the local population and collected tributefrom Yugra and Great Perm slowly expanding southwards The riversChusovaya and Belaya were first mentioned in the chronicles of 1396and 1468 respectively In 1430 the town of Solikamsk (Kama Salt) wasfounded on the Kama at the foothills of the Urals where salt wasproduced in open pans Ivan III of Moscow captured Perm Pechoraand Yugra from the declining Novgorod Republic in 1472 With theexcursions of 1483 and 1499ndash1500 across the Urals Moscow managedto subjugate Yugra completely
Nevertheless around that time early 16th century Polish geographerMaciej of Miechoacutew in his influential Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis(1517) argued that there were no mountains in Eastern Europe at allchallenging the point of view of some authors of Classical antiquitypopular during the Renaissance Only after Sigismund vonHerberstein in his Notes on Muscovite Affairs (1549) had reportedfollowing Russian sources that there are mountains behind thePechora and identified them with the Ripheans andHyperboreans of ancient authors did the existence of theUrals or at least of its northern part become firmly establishedin the Western geography The Middle and Southern Uralswere still largely unavailable and unknown to the Russian orWestern European geographers
In the 1550s after the Tsardom of Russia had defeated theKhanate of Kazan and proceeded to gradually annex the landsof the Bashkirs the Russians finally reached the southern partof the mountain chain In 1574 they founded Ufa The upperreaches of the Kama and Chusovaya in the Middle Urals stillunexplored as well as parts of Transuralia still held by the hostile Siberian Khanate were grantedto the Stroganovs by several decrees of the tsar in 1558ndash1574 The Stroganovs land provided thestaging ground for Yermaks incursion into Siberia Yermak crossed the Urals from the Chusovayato the Tagil around 1581 In 1597 Babinovs road was built across the Urals from Solikamsk to thevalley of the Tura where the town of Verkhoturye (Upper Tura) was founded in 1598 Customs wasestablished in Verkhoturye shortly thereafter and the road was made the only legal connectionbetween European Russia and Siberia for a long time In 1648 the town of Kungur was founded atthe western foothills of the Middle Urals During the 17th century the first deposits of iron and
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Verkhoturye in 1910
copper ores mica gemstones and other minerals werediscovered in the Urals
Iron and copper smelting works emerged They multipliedparticularly quickly during the reign of Peter I of Russia In1720ndash1722 he commissioned Vasily Tatishchev to oversee anddevelop the mining and smelting works in the Urals Tatishchevproposed a new copper smelting factory in Yegoshikha whichwould eventually become the core of the city of Perm and anew iron smelting factory on the Iset which would become thelargest in the world at the time of construction and give birth tothe city of Yekaterinburg Both factories were actually foundedby Tatishchevs successor Georg Wilhelm de Gennin in 1723Tatishchev returned to the Urals on the order of Empress Annato succeed de Gennin in 1734ndash1737 Transportation of the output of the smelting works to themarkets of European Russia necessitated the construction of the Siberian Route fromYekaterinburg across the Urals to Kungur and Yegoshikha (Perm) and further to Moscow whichwas completed in 1763 and rendered Babinovs road obsolete In 1745 gold was discovered in theUrals at Beryozovskoye and later at other deposits It has been mined since 1747
The first railway across the Urals had been built by 1878 and linked Perm to Yekaterinburg viaChusovoy Kushva and Nizhny Tagil In 1890 a railway linked Ufa and Chelyabinsk via Zlatoust In1896 this section became a part of the Trans-Siberian Railway In 1909 yet another railwayconnecting Perm and Yekaterinburg passed through Kungur by the way of the Siberian Route Ithas eventually replaced the Ufa ndash Chelyabinsk section as the main trunk of the Trans-Siberianrailway
The highest peak of the Urals Mount Narodnaya was discovered in 1927
During the Soviet industrialization in the 1930s the city of Magnitogorsk was founded in thesoutheastern Urals as a center of iron smelting and steelmaking During the German invasion of theSoviet Union in 1941ndash1942 the mountains became a key element in Nazi planning for the territorieswhich they expected to conquer in the USSR Faced with the threat of having a significant part ofthe Soviet territories occupied by the enemy the government evacuated many of the industrialenterprises of European Russia and Ukraine to the eastern foothills of the Urals considered a safeplace out of reach of the German bombers and troops Three giant tank factories were establishedat the Uralmash in Sverdlovsk (as Yekaterinburg used to be known) Uralvagonzavod in NizhnyTagil and Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk After the war in 1947ndash1948 Chum ndashLabytnangi railway built with the forced labor of Gulag inmates crossed the Polar Urals
The first ample geographic survey of the Ural Mountains was completed in the early 18th centuryby the Russian historian and geographer Vasily Tatishchev under the orders of Peter I Earlier inthe 17th century rich ore deposits were discovered in the mountains and their systematicextraction began in the early 18th century eventually turning the region into the largest mineral
base of Russia[1][3]
One of the first scientific descriptions of the mountains was published in 1770ndash71 Over the nextcentury the region was studied by scientists from a number of countries including Russia(geologist Alexander Karpinsky botanist Porfiry Krylov and zoologist Leonid Sabaneyev) England(geologist Sir Roderick Murchison) France (paleontologist Edouard de Verneuil) and Germany
(naturalist Alexander von Humboldt geologist Alexander Keyserling)[1][6] In 1845 Murchison who
had according to Encyclopaeligdia Britannica compiled the first geologic map of the Urals in 1841[1]
published The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains with de Verneuil and
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Keyserling[6][7]
Mayak 150 km southeast of Yekaterinburg was a center of the Soviet nuclear industry[1][8][9][10]
and site of the Kyshtym disaster[9][11]
Geography and topography
The Ural Mountains extend about 2500 km (1600 mi) from the Kara Sea to the Kazakh Steppealong the northern border of Kazakhstan Vaygach Island and the island of Novaya Zemlya form afurther continuation of the chain on the north Geographically this range marks the northern part ofthe border between the continents of Europe and Asia Its highest peak is Mount Narodnayaapproximately 1895 m (6217 ft) in elevation[1]
By topography and other natural features Ural is divided from north to south into the Polar (orArctic) Nether-Polar (or Sub-Arctic) Northern Central and Southern parts The Polar Ural extendsfor about 385 kilometers (239 mi) from the Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga
River in the south it has an area of about 25000 km2 (60 cu mi) and a strongly dissected reliefThe maximum height is 1499 m (4918 ft) at the Payer Mountain and the average height is 1000 to1100 m (3300 to 3600 ft) The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges
though flattened or rounded tops are also found[1][3]
The Nether-Polar Ural is wider up to 150 km (93 mi) and higher than the Polar Ural It includes thehighest peaks of the range Mount Narodnaya (1895 m (6217 ft)) Mount Karpinsky (1878 m(6161 ft)) and Manaraga (1662 m (5453 ft)) It extends for more than 225 km (140 mi) south to theShchugor River Its many ridges have sawtooth shape and are dissected by river valleys BothPolar and Nether-Polar Urals are typically Alpine they bear traces of Pleistocene glaciation along
with permafrost and extensive modern glaciation that includes 143 extant glaciers[1][3]
The Northern Ural consists of a series of parallel ridges with the height up to 1000ndash1200 m(3300ndash3900 ft) and longitudinal depressions They are elongated from north to south and stretchfor about 560 km (350 mi) from the Usa River Most of the tops are flattened but those of thehighest mountains such as Telposiz 1617 m (5305 ft) and Konzhakovsky Stone 1569 m (5148 ft)have dissected topography Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stones on the
mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas[1][3]
The Central Ural is the lowest part of Urals with the highest mountain at 994 m (3261 ft) (Basegi)and smooth mountain tops it extends south from the Ufa River[3]
The relief of Southern Ural is more complex with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directedsouth-west and meridionally Its maximum height is the 1640 m (5380 ft) (Mount Yamantau) andthe widths reaches 250 km (160 mi) Other notable peaks lie along the Iremel mountain ridge(Bolshoy Iremel and Maly Iremel) The Southern Ural extends some 550 km (340 mi) up to the
sharp westward bend of the Ural River and terminates in the wide Mughalzhar Hills[1]
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A mine in the Ural Mountains
1910
Mountain formation nearSaranpaul Nether-Polar
Urals
Rocks in a riverNether-Polar Urals
Mountain Big IremelEntry to
South Urals
Geology
Main article Uralian orogeny
The Urals are among the worlds oldest extant mountainranges For its age of 250 to 300 million years the elevation ofthe mountains is unusually high They were formed during theUralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of thesupercontinent Laurussia with the young and rheologicallyweak continent of Kazakhstania which now underlies much ofKazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh and interveningisland arcs The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the
late Carboniferous ndash early Triassic[12][13][14][15] Unlike theother major orogens of the Paleozoic (AppalachiansCaledonides Variscides) the Urals have not undergonepost-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well
preserved for their age being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root[16][17] East and south of the
Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments[12] Theadjacent Pay-Khoy to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later
Many deformed and metamorphosed rocks mostly of Paleozoic period surface within the UralsThe sedimentary and volcanic layers are folded and broken and form meridional bands Thesediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed by limestone dolomite and sandstone leftfrom ancient shallow seas The eastern side is dominated by basalts similar to the rocks of the
bottom of the modern oceans[3]
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly karst topography especially in thebasin of the Sylva River which is a tributary of the Chusovaya River It is composed of severelyeroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old Thereare many caves karst sinks and underground streams The karst topography is much lessdeveloped on the eastern slopes They are relatively flat with some hills and rocky outcrops and
contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic period[3] Mosthigh mountains consist of weather-resistant rocks such as quartzite schist and gabbro that are
between 570 and 395 million years old The river valleys are laid with limestone[1]
Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable ores and minerals Easternregions are rich in chalcopyrite nickel oxide gold platinum chromite and magnetite ores as wellas in coal (Chelyabinsk Oblast) bauxite talc fireclay and abrasives Western Ural containsdeposits of coal oil natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and potassium salts Bothslopes are rich in bituminous coal and lignite and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the
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Chusovaya River
north (Pechora field) The specialty of Urals is precious and semi-precious stones such asemerald amethyst aquamarine jasper rhodonite malachite and diamond Some of the depositssuch as the magnetite ores at Magnitogorsk are already nearly depleted[1][3]
Minerals from the Ural Mountains
Andradite Beryl Platinum Quartz
Rivers and lakes
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains The Western slopesouth of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Kraiand Eastern slope south of approximately 54deg30N drain intothe Caspian Sea via the Kama and Ural river basins Thetributaries of the Kama include the Vishera Chusovaya andBelaya and originate both in the eastern and western slopesThe rest of the Urals drains into the Arctic Ocean mainly via thePechora basin in the west which includes the Ilych Shchugorand Usa and via the Ob basin in the east which includes theTobol Tavda Iset Tura and Severnaya Sosva The riversfreeze for more than half a year Generally the western rivershave higher flow volume than the eastern ones especially inthe Northern and Nether-Polar regions Rivers are slower inthe Southern Ural This is because of low precipitation and relatively warm climate resulting in lesssnow and more evaporation[1][3]
The mountains are home to a number of deep lakes[18] The eastern slope of the Southern andCentral Urals which hosts among its largest lakes the Uvildy Itkul Turgoyak and Tavatuy is home
to most of these[3] Less numerous the lakes found on the western slope are also smaller LakeBolshoye Shchuchye the deepest lake in the Polar Urals is 136 meters (446 ft) deep Other lakestoo are found in this region in its glacial valleys Spas and sanatoriums have been built to takeadvantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the lakes in the mountains[1][3]
Climate
The climate of Urals is continental The mountain ridges elongated from north to south effectivelyabsorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature The areas west to the Ural Mountains are1ndash2 degC (2ndash4 degF change) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmedby the Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by the Siberian air masses Theaverage January temperatures increase in the western areas from -lsaquo20 degC (-lsaquo4 degF) in the Polar to-X15 degC (5 degF) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 degC (50 degF)
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Cloudberry
and 20 degC (68 degF) The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by150ndash300 mm (59ndash12 in) per year This is because the mountains trap the clouds brought from theAtlantic Ocean The highest precipitation approximately 1000 mm (39 in) is in the Northern Uralswith up to 1000 cm (390 in) snow The eastern areas receive from 500ndash600 mm (20ndash24 in) in thenorth to 300ndash400 mm (12ndash16 in) in the south Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer and thewinter is dry because of the Siberian High[1][3]
Flora
The landscapes of Urals change both in the latitudinal andvertical directions and are dominated by forests and steppesThe southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesertSteppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals Meadow steppes have developed in the lowerparts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag andmountain clovers Serratula gmelinii dropwort meadow-grassand Bromus inermis reaching the height of 60ndash80 cm Manylands are cultivated Moving to the south the meadow steppesbecome more sparse dry and low The steep gravelly slopesof mountains and hills of eastern slopes of the Southern Uralare mostly covered with rocky steppes Valleys of the riverscontain willow poplar and caragana shrubs[3]
Forest landscapes of Urals are diverse especially the southern part The western areas aredominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests on thesouth The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests The Northern Ural isdominated by conifers namely Siberian fir Siberian pine Scots pine Siberian spruce Norwayspruce and Siberian larch as well as by Silver and downy birches Forests are much more sparsein Polar Ural Whereas in other Ural Mountains areas they grow up to the heights of 1 km the treeline is at 250ndash400 m in the Polar Urals The polar forests are low and are mixed with swampslichens bogs and shrubs Abundant are dwarf birch mosses and berries (blueberry cloudberryblack crowberry etc) Southern Ural is most diverse in the forest composition here together withconiferous forests also abundant are brodleaf tree species such as English oak Norway maple
and elm[3] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site
Fauna
Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia such as elk brown bear fox wolfwolverine lynx squirrel and sable (north only) Because of the easy accessibility of the mountainsthere are no specifically mountainous species In the Middle Ural one can meet a rare mixture ofsable and pine marten named kidus In the Southern Ural frequent are badger and black polecatReptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by thecommon viper lizards and grass snakes Bird species are represented by capercaillie blackgrouse hazel grouse Spotted Nutcracker and cuckoos In summers South and Middle Urals are
visited by songbirds such as nightingale and redstart[1][3]
Steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers susliks andjerboa There are many birds of prey such as Lesser Kestrel and buzzards The animals of thePolar Ural are few and are characteristic of the tundra and include Arctic Fox tundra partridgelemming and reindeer The birds of those areas include rough-legged buzzard Snowy Owl and
Rock Ptarmigan[1][3]
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Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
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a fragment of von Herbersteins
map
(Bashkir where the same name is used for the range) or Ob-Ugric[2] From the 13th century inBashkortostan there has been a legend about a hero named Ural He sacrificed his life for the sakeof his people and they poured a stone pile over his grave which later turned into the Ural
Mountains[3][4][5]
History
As Middle-eastern merchants traded with the Bashkirs and otherpeople living on the western slopes of the Urals as far North as GreatPerm since at least the 10th century medieval mideasterngeographers had been aware of the existence of the mountain rangein its entirety stretching as far as to the Arctic Ocean in the north Thefirst Russian mention of the mountains to the east of the EastEuropean Plain is provided by the Primary Chronicle when itdescribes the Novgorodian expedition to the upper reaches of thePechora in 1096 During the next few centuries Novgorodiansengaged in fur trading with the local population and collected tributefrom Yugra and Great Perm slowly expanding southwards The riversChusovaya and Belaya were first mentioned in the chronicles of 1396and 1468 respectively In 1430 the town of Solikamsk (Kama Salt) wasfounded on the Kama at the foothills of the Urals where salt wasproduced in open pans Ivan III of Moscow captured Perm Pechoraand Yugra from the declining Novgorod Republic in 1472 With theexcursions of 1483 and 1499ndash1500 across the Urals Moscow managedto subjugate Yugra completely
Nevertheless around that time early 16th century Polish geographerMaciej of Miechoacutew in his influential Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis(1517) argued that there were no mountains in Eastern Europe at allchallenging the point of view of some authors of Classical antiquitypopular during the Renaissance Only after Sigismund vonHerberstein in his Notes on Muscovite Affairs (1549) had reportedfollowing Russian sources that there are mountains behind thePechora and identified them with the Ripheans andHyperboreans of ancient authors did the existence of theUrals or at least of its northern part become firmly establishedin the Western geography The Middle and Southern Uralswere still largely unavailable and unknown to the Russian orWestern European geographers
In the 1550s after the Tsardom of Russia had defeated theKhanate of Kazan and proceeded to gradually annex the landsof the Bashkirs the Russians finally reached the southern partof the mountain chain In 1574 they founded Ufa The upperreaches of the Kama and Chusovaya in the Middle Urals stillunexplored as well as parts of Transuralia still held by the hostile Siberian Khanate were grantedto the Stroganovs by several decrees of the tsar in 1558ndash1574 The Stroganovs land provided thestaging ground for Yermaks incursion into Siberia Yermak crossed the Urals from the Chusovayato the Tagil around 1581 In 1597 Babinovs road was built across the Urals from Solikamsk to thevalley of the Tura where the town of Verkhoturye (Upper Tura) was founded in 1598 Customs wasestablished in Verkhoturye shortly thereafter and the road was made the only legal connectionbetween European Russia and Siberia for a long time In 1648 the town of Kungur was founded atthe western foothills of the Middle Urals During the 17th century the first deposits of iron and
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Verkhoturye in 1910
copper ores mica gemstones and other minerals werediscovered in the Urals
Iron and copper smelting works emerged They multipliedparticularly quickly during the reign of Peter I of Russia In1720ndash1722 he commissioned Vasily Tatishchev to oversee anddevelop the mining and smelting works in the Urals Tatishchevproposed a new copper smelting factory in Yegoshikha whichwould eventually become the core of the city of Perm and anew iron smelting factory on the Iset which would become thelargest in the world at the time of construction and give birth tothe city of Yekaterinburg Both factories were actually foundedby Tatishchevs successor Georg Wilhelm de Gennin in 1723Tatishchev returned to the Urals on the order of Empress Annato succeed de Gennin in 1734ndash1737 Transportation of the output of the smelting works to themarkets of European Russia necessitated the construction of the Siberian Route fromYekaterinburg across the Urals to Kungur and Yegoshikha (Perm) and further to Moscow whichwas completed in 1763 and rendered Babinovs road obsolete In 1745 gold was discovered in theUrals at Beryozovskoye and later at other deposits It has been mined since 1747
The first railway across the Urals had been built by 1878 and linked Perm to Yekaterinburg viaChusovoy Kushva and Nizhny Tagil In 1890 a railway linked Ufa and Chelyabinsk via Zlatoust In1896 this section became a part of the Trans-Siberian Railway In 1909 yet another railwayconnecting Perm and Yekaterinburg passed through Kungur by the way of the Siberian Route Ithas eventually replaced the Ufa ndash Chelyabinsk section as the main trunk of the Trans-Siberianrailway
The highest peak of the Urals Mount Narodnaya was discovered in 1927
During the Soviet industrialization in the 1930s the city of Magnitogorsk was founded in thesoutheastern Urals as a center of iron smelting and steelmaking During the German invasion of theSoviet Union in 1941ndash1942 the mountains became a key element in Nazi planning for the territorieswhich they expected to conquer in the USSR Faced with the threat of having a significant part ofthe Soviet territories occupied by the enemy the government evacuated many of the industrialenterprises of European Russia and Ukraine to the eastern foothills of the Urals considered a safeplace out of reach of the German bombers and troops Three giant tank factories were establishedat the Uralmash in Sverdlovsk (as Yekaterinburg used to be known) Uralvagonzavod in NizhnyTagil and Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk After the war in 1947ndash1948 Chum ndashLabytnangi railway built with the forced labor of Gulag inmates crossed the Polar Urals
The first ample geographic survey of the Ural Mountains was completed in the early 18th centuryby the Russian historian and geographer Vasily Tatishchev under the orders of Peter I Earlier inthe 17th century rich ore deposits were discovered in the mountains and their systematicextraction began in the early 18th century eventually turning the region into the largest mineral
base of Russia[1][3]
One of the first scientific descriptions of the mountains was published in 1770ndash71 Over the nextcentury the region was studied by scientists from a number of countries including Russia(geologist Alexander Karpinsky botanist Porfiry Krylov and zoologist Leonid Sabaneyev) England(geologist Sir Roderick Murchison) France (paleontologist Edouard de Verneuil) and Germany
(naturalist Alexander von Humboldt geologist Alexander Keyserling)[1][6] In 1845 Murchison who
had according to Encyclopaeligdia Britannica compiled the first geologic map of the Urals in 1841[1]
published The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains with de Verneuil and
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Keyserling[6][7]
Mayak 150 km southeast of Yekaterinburg was a center of the Soviet nuclear industry[1][8][9][10]
and site of the Kyshtym disaster[9][11]
Geography and topography
The Ural Mountains extend about 2500 km (1600 mi) from the Kara Sea to the Kazakh Steppealong the northern border of Kazakhstan Vaygach Island and the island of Novaya Zemlya form afurther continuation of the chain on the north Geographically this range marks the northern part ofthe border between the continents of Europe and Asia Its highest peak is Mount Narodnayaapproximately 1895 m (6217 ft) in elevation[1]
By topography and other natural features Ural is divided from north to south into the Polar (orArctic) Nether-Polar (or Sub-Arctic) Northern Central and Southern parts The Polar Ural extendsfor about 385 kilometers (239 mi) from the Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga
River in the south it has an area of about 25000 km2 (60 cu mi) and a strongly dissected reliefThe maximum height is 1499 m (4918 ft) at the Payer Mountain and the average height is 1000 to1100 m (3300 to 3600 ft) The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges
though flattened or rounded tops are also found[1][3]
The Nether-Polar Ural is wider up to 150 km (93 mi) and higher than the Polar Ural It includes thehighest peaks of the range Mount Narodnaya (1895 m (6217 ft)) Mount Karpinsky (1878 m(6161 ft)) and Manaraga (1662 m (5453 ft)) It extends for more than 225 km (140 mi) south to theShchugor River Its many ridges have sawtooth shape and are dissected by river valleys BothPolar and Nether-Polar Urals are typically Alpine they bear traces of Pleistocene glaciation along
with permafrost and extensive modern glaciation that includes 143 extant glaciers[1][3]
The Northern Ural consists of a series of parallel ridges with the height up to 1000ndash1200 m(3300ndash3900 ft) and longitudinal depressions They are elongated from north to south and stretchfor about 560 km (350 mi) from the Usa River Most of the tops are flattened but those of thehighest mountains such as Telposiz 1617 m (5305 ft) and Konzhakovsky Stone 1569 m (5148 ft)have dissected topography Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stones on the
mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas[1][3]
The Central Ural is the lowest part of Urals with the highest mountain at 994 m (3261 ft) (Basegi)and smooth mountain tops it extends south from the Ufa River[3]
The relief of Southern Ural is more complex with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directedsouth-west and meridionally Its maximum height is the 1640 m (5380 ft) (Mount Yamantau) andthe widths reaches 250 km (160 mi) Other notable peaks lie along the Iremel mountain ridge(Bolshoy Iremel and Maly Iremel) The Southern Ural extends some 550 km (340 mi) up to the
sharp westward bend of the Ural River and terminates in the wide Mughalzhar Hills[1]
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A mine in the Ural Mountains
1910
Mountain formation nearSaranpaul Nether-Polar
Urals
Rocks in a riverNether-Polar Urals
Mountain Big IremelEntry to
South Urals
Geology
Main article Uralian orogeny
The Urals are among the worlds oldest extant mountainranges For its age of 250 to 300 million years the elevation ofthe mountains is unusually high They were formed during theUralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of thesupercontinent Laurussia with the young and rheologicallyweak continent of Kazakhstania which now underlies much ofKazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh and interveningisland arcs The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the
late Carboniferous ndash early Triassic[12][13][14][15] Unlike theother major orogens of the Paleozoic (AppalachiansCaledonides Variscides) the Urals have not undergonepost-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well
preserved for their age being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root[16][17] East and south of the
Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments[12] Theadjacent Pay-Khoy to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later
Many deformed and metamorphosed rocks mostly of Paleozoic period surface within the UralsThe sedimentary and volcanic layers are folded and broken and form meridional bands Thesediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed by limestone dolomite and sandstone leftfrom ancient shallow seas The eastern side is dominated by basalts similar to the rocks of the
bottom of the modern oceans[3]
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly karst topography especially in thebasin of the Sylva River which is a tributary of the Chusovaya River It is composed of severelyeroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old Thereare many caves karst sinks and underground streams The karst topography is much lessdeveloped on the eastern slopes They are relatively flat with some hills and rocky outcrops and
contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic period[3] Mosthigh mountains consist of weather-resistant rocks such as quartzite schist and gabbro that are
between 570 and 395 million years old The river valleys are laid with limestone[1]
Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable ores and minerals Easternregions are rich in chalcopyrite nickel oxide gold platinum chromite and magnetite ores as wellas in coal (Chelyabinsk Oblast) bauxite talc fireclay and abrasives Western Ural containsdeposits of coal oil natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and potassium salts Bothslopes are rich in bituminous coal and lignite and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the
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Chusovaya River
north (Pechora field) The specialty of Urals is precious and semi-precious stones such asemerald amethyst aquamarine jasper rhodonite malachite and diamond Some of the depositssuch as the magnetite ores at Magnitogorsk are already nearly depleted[1][3]
Minerals from the Ural Mountains
Andradite Beryl Platinum Quartz
Rivers and lakes
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains The Western slopesouth of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Kraiand Eastern slope south of approximately 54deg30N drain intothe Caspian Sea via the Kama and Ural river basins Thetributaries of the Kama include the Vishera Chusovaya andBelaya and originate both in the eastern and western slopesThe rest of the Urals drains into the Arctic Ocean mainly via thePechora basin in the west which includes the Ilych Shchugorand Usa and via the Ob basin in the east which includes theTobol Tavda Iset Tura and Severnaya Sosva The riversfreeze for more than half a year Generally the western rivershave higher flow volume than the eastern ones especially inthe Northern and Nether-Polar regions Rivers are slower inthe Southern Ural This is because of low precipitation and relatively warm climate resulting in lesssnow and more evaporation[1][3]
The mountains are home to a number of deep lakes[18] The eastern slope of the Southern andCentral Urals which hosts among its largest lakes the Uvildy Itkul Turgoyak and Tavatuy is home
to most of these[3] Less numerous the lakes found on the western slope are also smaller LakeBolshoye Shchuchye the deepest lake in the Polar Urals is 136 meters (446 ft) deep Other lakestoo are found in this region in its glacial valleys Spas and sanatoriums have been built to takeadvantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the lakes in the mountains[1][3]
Climate
The climate of Urals is continental The mountain ridges elongated from north to south effectivelyabsorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature The areas west to the Ural Mountains are1ndash2 degC (2ndash4 degF change) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmedby the Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by the Siberian air masses Theaverage January temperatures increase in the western areas from -lsaquo20 degC (-lsaquo4 degF) in the Polar to-X15 degC (5 degF) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 degC (50 degF)
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Cloudberry
and 20 degC (68 degF) The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by150ndash300 mm (59ndash12 in) per year This is because the mountains trap the clouds brought from theAtlantic Ocean The highest precipitation approximately 1000 mm (39 in) is in the Northern Uralswith up to 1000 cm (390 in) snow The eastern areas receive from 500ndash600 mm (20ndash24 in) in thenorth to 300ndash400 mm (12ndash16 in) in the south Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer and thewinter is dry because of the Siberian High[1][3]
Flora
The landscapes of Urals change both in the latitudinal andvertical directions and are dominated by forests and steppesThe southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesertSteppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals Meadow steppes have developed in the lowerparts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag andmountain clovers Serratula gmelinii dropwort meadow-grassand Bromus inermis reaching the height of 60ndash80 cm Manylands are cultivated Moving to the south the meadow steppesbecome more sparse dry and low The steep gravelly slopesof mountains and hills of eastern slopes of the Southern Uralare mostly covered with rocky steppes Valleys of the riverscontain willow poplar and caragana shrubs[3]
Forest landscapes of Urals are diverse especially the southern part The western areas aredominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests on thesouth The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests The Northern Ural isdominated by conifers namely Siberian fir Siberian pine Scots pine Siberian spruce Norwayspruce and Siberian larch as well as by Silver and downy birches Forests are much more sparsein Polar Ural Whereas in other Ural Mountains areas they grow up to the heights of 1 km the treeline is at 250ndash400 m in the Polar Urals The polar forests are low and are mixed with swampslichens bogs and shrubs Abundant are dwarf birch mosses and berries (blueberry cloudberryblack crowberry etc) Southern Ural is most diverse in the forest composition here together withconiferous forests also abundant are brodleaf tree species such as English oak Norway maple
and elm[3] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site
Fauna
Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia such as elk brown bear fox wolfwolverine lynx squirrel and sable (north only) Because of the easy accessibility of the mountainsthere are no specifically mountainous species In the Middle Ural one can meet a rare mixture ofsable and pine marten named kidus In the Southern Ural frequent are badger and black polecatReptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by thecommon viper lizards and grass snakes Bird species are represented by capercaillie blackgrouse hazel grouse Spotted Nutcracker and cuckoos In summers South and Middle Urals are
visited by songbirds such as nightingale and redstart[1][3]
Steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers susliks andjerboa There are many birds of prey such as Lesser Kestrel and buzzards The animals of thePolar Ural are few and are characteristic of the tundra and include Arctic Fox tundra partridgelemming and reindeer The birds of those areas include rough-legged buzzard Snowy Owl and
Rock Ptarmigan[1][3]
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Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
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8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
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Verkhoturye in 1910
copper ores mica gemstones and other minerals werediscovered in the Urals
Iron and copper smelting works emerged They multipliedparticularly quickly during the reign of Peter I of Russia In1720ndash1722 he commissioned Vasily Tatishchev to oversee anddevelop the mining and smelting works in the Urals Tatishchevproposed a new copper smelting factory in Yegoshikha whichwould eventually become the core of the city of Perm and anew iron smelting factory on the Iset which would become thelargest in the world at the time of construction and give birth tothe city of Yekaterinburg Both factories were actually foundedby Tatishchevs successor Georg Wilhelm de Gennin in 1723Tatishchev returned to the Urals on the order of Empress Annato succeed de Gennin in 1734ndash1737 Transportation of the output of the smelting works to themarkets of European Russia necessitated the construction of the Siberian Route fromYekaterinburg across the Urals to Kungur and Yegoshikha (Perm) and further to Moscow whichwas completed in 1763 and rendered Babinovs road obsolete In 1745 gold was discovered in theUrals at Beryozovskoye and later at other deposits It has been mined since 1747
The first railway across the Urals had been built by 1878 and linked Perm to Yekaterinburg viaChusovoy Kushva and Nizhny Tagil In 1890 a railway linked Ufa and Chelyabinsk via Zlatoust In1896 this section became a part of the Trans-Siberian Railway In 1909 yet another railwayconnecting Perm and Yekaterinburg passed through Kungur by the way of the Siberian Route Ithas eventually replaced the Ufa ndash Chelyabinsk section as the main trunk of the Trans-Siberianrailway
The highest peak of the Urals Mount Narodnaya was discovered in 1927
During the Soviet industrialization in the 1930s the city of Magnitogorsk was founded in thesoutheastern Urals as a center of iron smelting and steelmaking During the German invasion of theSoviet Union in 1941ndash1942 the mountains became a key element in Nazi planning for the territorieswhich they expected to conquer in the USSR Faced with the threat of having a significant part ofthe Soviet territories occupied by the enemy the government evacuated many of the industrialenterprises of European Russia and Ukraine to the eastern foothills of the Urals considered a safeplace out of reach of the German bombers and troops Three giant tank factories were establishedat the Uralmash in Sverdlovsk (as Yekaterinburg used to be known) Uralvagonzavod in NizhnyTagil and Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk After the war in 1947ndash1948 Chum ndashLabytnangi railway built with the forced labor of Gulag inmates crossed the Polar Urals
The first ample geographic survey of the Ural Mountains was completed in the early 18th centuryby the Russian historian and geographer Vasily Tatishchev under the orders of Peter I Earlier inthe 17th century rich ore deposits were discovered in the mountains and their systematicextraction began in the early 18th century eventually turning the region into the largest mineral
base of Russia[1][3]
One of the first scientific descriptions of the mountains was published in 1770ndash71 Over the nextcentury the region was studied by scientists from a number of countries including Russia(geologist Alexander Karpinsky botanist Porfiry Krylov and zoologist Leonid Sabaneyev) England(geologist Sir Roderick Murchison) France (paleontologist Edouard de Verneuil) and Germany
(naturalist Alexander von Humboldt geologist Alexander Keyserling)[1][6] In 1845 Murchison who
had according to Encyclopaeligdia Britannica compiled the first geologic map of the Urals in 1841[1]
published The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains with de Verneuil and
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
3 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Keyserling[6][7]
Mayak 150 km southeast of Yekaterinburg was a center of the Soviet nuclear industry[1][8][9][10]
and site of the Kyshtym disaster[9][11]
Geography and topography
The Ural Mountains extend about 2500 km (1600 mi) from the Kara Sea to the Kazakh Steppealong the northern border of Kazakhstan Vaygach Island and the island of Novaya Zemlya form afurther continuation of the chain on the north Geographically this range marks the northern part ofthe border between the continents of Europe and Asia Its highest peak is Mount Narodnayaapproximately 1895 m (6217 ft) in elevation[1]
By topography and other natural features Ural is divided from north to south into the Polar (orArctic) Nether-Polar (or Sub-Arctic) Northern Central and Southern parts The Polar Ural extendsfor about 385 kilometers (239 mi) from the Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga
River in the south it has an area of about 25000 km2 (60 cu mi) and a strongly dissected reliefThe maximum height is 1499 m (4918 ft) at the Payer Mountain and the average height is 1000 to1100 m (3300 to 3600 ft) The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges
though flattened or rounded tops are also found[1][3]
The Nether-Polar Ural is wider up to 150 km (93 mi) and higher than the Polar Ural It includes thehighest peaks of the range Mount Narodnaya (1895 m (6217 ft)) Mount Karpinsky (1878 m(6161 ft)) and Manaraga (1662 m (5453 ft)) It extends for more than 225 km (140 mi) south to theShchugor River Its many ridges have sawtooth shape and are dissected by river valleys BothPolar and Nether-Polar Urals are typically Alpine they bear traces of Pleistocene glaciation along
with permafrost and extensive modern glaciation that includes 143 extant glaciers[1][3]
The Northern Ural consists of a series of parallel ridges with the height up to 1000ndash1200 m(3300ndash3900 ft) and longitudinal depressions They are elongated from north to south and stretchfor about 560 km (350 mi) from the Usa River Most of the tops are flattened but those of thehighest mountains such as Telposiz 1617 m (5305 ft) and Konzhakovsky Stone 1569 m (5148 ft)have dissected topography Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stones on the
mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas[1][3]
The Central Ural is the lowest part of Urals with the highest mountain at 994 m (3261 ft) (Basegi)and smooth mountain tops it extends south from the Ufa River[3]
The relief of Southern Ural is more complex with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directedsouth-west and meridionally Its maximum height is the 1640 m (5380 ft) (Mount Yamantau) andthe widths reaches 250 km (160 mi) Other notable peaks lie along the Iremel mountain ridge(Bolshoy Iremel and Maly Iremel) The Southern Ural extends some 550 km (340 mi) up to the
sharp westward bend of the Ural River and terminates in the wide Mughalzhar Hills[1]
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
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A mine in the Ural Mountains
1910
Mountain formation nearSaranpaul Nether-Polar
Urals
Rocks in a riverNether-Polar Urals
Mountain Big IremelEntry to
South Urals
Geology
Main article Uralian orogeny
The Urals are among the worlds oldest extant mountainranges For its age of 250 to 300 million years the elevation ofthe mountains is unusually high They were formed during theUralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of thesupercontinent Laurussia with the young and rheologicallyweak continent of Kazakhstania which now underlies much ofKazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh and interveningisland arcs The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the
late Carboniferous ndash early Triassic[12][13][14][15] Unlike theother major orogens of the Paleozoic (AppalachiansCaledonides Variscides) the Urals have not undergonepost-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well
preserved for their age being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root[16][17] East and south of the
Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments[12] Theadjacent Pay-Khoy to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later
Many deformed and metamorphosed rocks mostly of Paleozoic period surface within the UralsThe sedimentary and volcanic layers are folded and broken and form meridional bands Thesediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed by limestone dolomite and sandstone leftfrom ancient shallow seas The eastern side is dominated by basalts similar to the rocks of the
bottom of the modern oceans[3]
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly karst topography especially in thebasin of the Sylva River which is a tributary of the Chusovaya River It is composed of severelyeroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old Thereare many caves karst sinks and underground streams The karst topography is much lessdeveloped on the eastern slopes They are relatively flat with some hills and rocky outcrops and
contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic period[3] Mosthigh mountains consist of weather-resistant rocks such as quartzite schist and gabbro that are
between 570 and 395 million years old The river valleys are laid with limestone[1]
Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable ores and minerals Easternregions are rich in chalcopyrite nickel oxide gold platinum chromite and magnetite ores as wellas in coal (Chelyabinsk Oblast) bauxite talc fireclay and abrasives Western Ural containsdeposits of coal oil natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and potassium salts Bothslopes are rich in bituminous coal and lignite and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the
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5 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Chusovaya River
north (Pechora field) The specialty of Urals is precious and semi-precious stones such asemerald amethyst aquamarine jasper rhodonite malachite and diamond Some of the depositssuch as the magnetite ores at Magnitogorsk are already nearly depleted[1][3]
Minerals from the Ural Mountains
Andradite Beryl Platinum Quartz
Rivers and lakes
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains The Western slopesouth of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Kraiand Eastern slope south of approximately 54deg30N drain intothe Caspian Sea via the Kama and Ural river basins Thetributaries of the Kama include the Vishera Chusovaya andBelaya and originate both in the eastern and western slopesThe rest of the Urals drains into the Arctic Ocean mainly via thePechora basin in the west which includes the Ilych Shchugorand Usa and via the Ob basin in the east which includes theTobol Tavda Iset Tura and Severnaya Sosva The riversfreeze for more than half a year Generally the western rivershave higher flow volume than the eastern ones especially inthe Northern and Nether-Polar regions Rivers are slower inthe Southern Ural This is because of low precipitation and relatively warm climate resulting in lesssnow and more evaporation[1][3]
The mountains are home to a number of deep lakes[18] The eastern slope of the Southern andCentral Urals which hosts among its largest lakes the Uvildy Itkul Turgoyak and Tavatuy is home
to most of these[3] Less numerous the lakes found on the western slope are also smaller LakeBolshoye Shchuchye the deepest lake in the Polar Urals is 136 meters (446 ft) deep Other lakestoo are found in this region in its glacial valleys Spas and sanatoriums have been built to takeadvantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the lakes in the mountains[1][3]
Climate
The climate of Urals is continental The mountain ridges elongated from north to south effectivelyabsorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature The areas west to the Ural Mountains are1ndash2 degC (2ndash4 degF change) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmedby the Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by the Siberian air masses Theaverage January temperatures increase in the western areas from -lsaquo20 degC (-lsaquo4 degF) in the Polar to-X15 degC (5 degF) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 degC (50 degF)
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Cloudberry
and 20 degC (68 degF) The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by150ndash300 mm (59ndash12 in) per year This is because the mountains trap the clouds brought from theAtlantic Ocean The highest precipitation approximately 1000 mm (39 in) is in the Northern Uralswith up to 1000 cm (390 in) snow The eastern areas receive from 500ndash600 mm (20ndash24 in) in thenorth to 300ndash400 mm (12ndash16 in) in the south Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer and thewinter is dry because of the Siberian High[1][3]
Flora
The landscapes of Urals change both in the latitudinal andvertical directions and are dominated by forests and steppesThe southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesertSteppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals Meadow steppes have developed in the lowerparts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag andmountain clovers Serratula gmelinii dropwort meadow-grassand Bromus inermis reaching the height of 60ndash80 cm Manylands are cultivated Moving to the south the meadow steppesbecome more sparse dry and low The steep gravelly slopesof mountains and hills of eastern slopes of the Southern Uralare mostly covered with rocky steppes Valleys of the riverscontain willow poplar and caragana shrubs[3]
Forest landscapes of Urals are diverse especially the southern part The western areas aredominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests on thesouth The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests The Northern Ural isdominated by conifers namely Siberian fir Siberian pine Scots pine Siberian spruce Norwayspruce and Siberian larch as well as by Silver and downy birches Forests are much more sparsein Polar Ural Whereas in other Ural Mountains areas they grow up to the heights of 1 km the treeline is at 250ndash400 m in the Polar Urals The polar forests are low and are mixed with swampslichens bogs and shrubs Abundant are dwarf birch mosses and berries (blueberry cloudberryblack crowberry etc) Southern Ural is most diverse in the forest composition here together withconiferous forests also abundant are brodleaf tree species such as English oak Norway maple
and elm[3] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site
Fauna
Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia such as elk brown bear fox wolfwolverine lynx squirrel and sable (north only) Because of the easy accessibility of the mountainsthere are no specifically mountainous species In the Middle Ural one can meet a rare mixture ofsable and pine marten named kidus In the Southern Ural frequent are badger and black polecatReptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by thecommon viper lizards and grass snakes Bird species are represented by capercaillie blackgrouse hazel grouse Spotted Nutcracker and cuckoos In summers South and Middle Urals are
visited by songbirds such as nightingale and redstart[1][3]
Steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers susliks andjerboa There are many birds of prey such as Lesser Kestrel and buzzards The animals of thePolar Ural are few and are characteristic of the tundra and include Arctic Fox tundra partridgelemming and reindeer The birds of those areas include rough-legged buzzard Snowy Owl and
Rock Ptarmigan[1][3]
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Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
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10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Keyserling[6][7]
Mayak 150 km southeast of Yekaterinburg was a center of the Soviet nuclear industry[1][8][9][10]
and site of the Kyshtym disaster[9][11]
Geography and topography
The Ural Mountains extend about 2500 km (1600 mi) from the Kara Sea to the Kazakh Steppealong the northern border of Kazakhstan Vaygach Island and the island of Novaya Zemlya form afurther continuation of the chain on the north Geographically this range marks the northern part ofthe border between the continents of Europe and Asia Its highest peak is Mount Narodnayaapproximately 1895 m (6217 ft) in elevation[1]
By topography and other natural features Ural is divided from north to south into the Polar (orArctic) Nether-Polar (or Sub-Arctic) Northern Central and Southern parts The Polar Ural extendsfor about 385 kilometers (239 mi) from the Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga
River in the south it has an area of about 25000 km2 (60 cu mi) and a strongly dissected reliefThe maximum height is 1499 m (4918 ft) at the Payer Mountain and the average height is 1000 to1100 m (3300 to 3600 ft) The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges
though flattened or rounded tops are also found[1][3]
The Nether-Polar Ural is wider up to 150 km (93 mi) and higher than the Polar Ural It includes thehighest peaks of the range Mount Narodnaya (1895 m (6217 ft)) Mount Karpinsky (1878 m(6161 ft)) and Manaraga (1662 m (5453 ft)) It extends for more than 225 km (140 mi) south to theShchugor River Its many ridges have sawtooth shape and are dissected by river valleys BothPolar and Nether-Polar Urals are typically Alpine they bear traces of Pleistocene glaciation along
with permafrost and extensive modern glaciation that includes 143 extant glaciers[1][3]
The Northern Ural consists of a series of parallel ridges with the height up to 1000ndash1200 m(3300ndash3900 ft) and longitudinal depressions They are elongated from north to south and stretchfor about 560 km (350 mi) from the Usa River Most of the tops are flattened but those of thehighest mountains such as Telposiz 1617 m (5305 ft) and Konzhakovsky Stone 1569 m (5148 ft)have dissected topography Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stones on the
mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas[1][3]
The Central Ural is the lowest part of Urals with the highest mountain at 994 m (3261 ft) (Basegi)and smooth mountain tops it extends south from the Ufa River[3]
The relief of Southern Ural is more complex with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directedsouth-west and meridionally Its maximum height is the 1640 m (5380 ft) (Mount Yamantau) andthe widths reaches 250 km (160 mi) Other notable peaks lie along the Iremel mountain ridge(Bolshoy Iremel and Maly Iremel) The Southern Ural extends some 550 km (340 mi) up to the
sharp westward bend of the Ural River and terminates in the wide Mughalzhar Hills[1]
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
4 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
A mine in the Ural Mountains
1910
Mountain formation nearSaranpaul Nether-Polar
Urals
Rocks in a riverNether-Polar Urals
Mountain Big IremelEntry to
South Urals
Geology
Main article Uralian orogeny
The Urals are among the worlds oldest extant mountainranges For its age of 250 to 300 million years the elevation ofthe mountains is unusually high They were formed during theUralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of thesupercontinent Laurussia with the young and rheologicallyweak continent of Kazakhstania which now underlies much ofKazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh and interveningisland arcs The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the
late Carboniferous ndash early Triassic[12][13][14][15] Unlike theother major orogens of the Paleozoic (AppalachiansCaledonides Variscides) the Urals have not undergonepost-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well
preserved for their age being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root[16][17] East and south of the
Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments[12] Theadjacent Pay-Khoy to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later
Many deformed and metamorphosed rocks mostly of Paleozoic period surface within the UralsThe sedimentary and volcanic layers are folded and broken and form meridional bands Thesediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed by limestone dolomite and sandstone leftfrom ancient shallow seas The eastern side is dominated by basalts similar to the rocks of the
bottom of the modern oceans[3]
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly karst topography especially in thebasin of the Sylva River which is a tributary of the Chusovaya River It is composed of severelyeroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old Thereare many caves karst sinks and underground streams The karst topography is much lessdeveloped on the eastern slopes They are relatively flat with some hills and rocky outcrops and
contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic period[3] Mosthigh mountains consist of weather-resistant rocks such as quartzite schist and gabbro that are
between 570 and 395 million years old The river valleys are laid with limestone[1]
Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable ores and minerals Easternregions are rich in chalcopyrite nickel oxide gold platinum chromite and magnetite ores as wellas in coal (Chelyabinsk Oblast) bauxite talc fireclay and abrasives Western Ural containsdeposits of coal oil natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and potassium salts Bothslopes are rich in bituminous coal and lignite and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
5 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Chusovaya River
north (Pechora field) The specialty of Urals is precious and semi-precious stones such asemerald amethyst aquamarine jasper rhodonite malachite and diamond Some of the depositssuch as the magnetite ores at Magnitogorsk are already nearly depleted[1][3]
Minerals from the Ural Mountains
Andradite Beryl Platinum Quartz
Rivers and lakes
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains The Western slopesouth of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Kraiand Eastern slope south of approximately 54deg30N drain intothe Caspian Sea via the Kama and Ural river basins Thetributaries of the Kama include the Vishera Chusovaya andBelaya and originate both in the eastern and western slopesThe rest of the Urals drains into the Arctic Ocean mainly via thePechora basin in the west which includes the Ilych Shchugorand Usa and via the Ob basin in the east which includes theTobol Tavda Iset Tura and Severnaya Sosva The riversfreeze for more than half a year Generally the western rivershave higher flow volume than the eastern ones especially inthe Northern and Nether-Polar regions Rivers are slower inthe Southern Ural This is because of low precipitation and relatively warm climate resulting in lesssnow and more evaporation[1][3]
The mountains are home to a number of deep lakes[18] The eastern slope of the Southern andCentral Urals which hosts among its largest lakes the Uvildy Itkul Turgoyak and Tavatuy is home
to most of these[3] Less numerous the lakes found on the western slope are also smaller LakeBolshoye Shchuchye the deepest lake in the Polar Urals is 136 meters (446 ft) deep Other lakestoo are found in this region in its glacial valleys Spas and sanatoriums have been built to takeadvantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the lakes in the mountains[1][3]
Climate
The climate of Urals is continental The mountain ridges elongated from north to south effectivelyabsorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature The areas west to the Ural Mountains are1ndash2 degC (2ndash4 degF change) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmedby the Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by the Siberian air masses Theaverage January temperatures increase in the western areas from -lsaquo20 degC (-lsaquo4 degF) in the Polar to-X15 degC (5 degF) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 degC (50 degF)
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
6 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Cloudberry
and 20 degC (68 degF) The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by150ndash300 mm (59ndash12 in) per year This is because the mountains trap the clouds brought from theAtlantic Ocean The highest precipitation approximately 1000 mm (39 in) is in the Northern Uralswith up to 1000 cm (390 in) snow The eastern areas receive from 500ndash600 mm (20ndash24 in) in thenorth to 300ndash400 mm (12ndash16 in) in the south Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer and thewinter is dry because of the Siberian High[1][3]
Flora
The landscapes of Urals change both in the latitudinal andvertical directions and are dominated by forests and steppesThe southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesertSteppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals Meadow steppes have developed in the lowerparts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag andmountain clovers Serratula gmelinii dropwort meadow-grassand Bromus inermis reaching the height of 60ndash80 cm Manylands are cultivated Moving to the south the meadow steppesbecome more sparse dry and low The steep gravelly slopesof mountains and hills of eastern slopes of the Southern Uralare mostly covered with rocky steppes Valleys of the riverscontain willow poplar and caragana shrubs[3]
Forest landscapes of Urals are diverse especially the southern part The western areas aredominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests on thesouth The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests The Northern Ural isdominated by conifers namely Siberian fir Siberian pine Scots pine Siberian spruce Norwayspruce and Siberian larch as well as by Silver and downy birches Forests are much more sparsein Polar Ural Whereas in other Ural Mountains areas they grow up to the heights of 1 km the treeline is at 250ndash400 m in the Polar Urals The polar forests are low and are mixed with swampslichens bogs and shrubs Abundant are dwarf birch mosses and berries (blueberry cloudberryblack crowberry etc) Southern Ural is most diverse in the forest composition here together withconiferous forests also abundant are brodleaf tree species such as English oak Norway maple
and elm[3] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site
Fauna
Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia such as elk brown bear fox wolfwolverine lynx squirrel and sable (north only) Because of the easy accessibility of the mountainsthere are no specifically mountainous species In the Middle Ural one can meet a rare mixture ofsable and pine marten named kidus In the Southern Ural frequent are badger and black polecatReptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by thecommon viper lizards and grass snakes Bird species are represented by capercaillie blackgrouse hazel grouse Spotted Nutcracker and cuckoos In summers South and Middle Urals are
visited by songbirds such as nightingale and redstart[1][3]
Steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers susliks andjerboa There are many birds of prey such as Lesser Kestrel and buzzards The animals of thePolar Ural are few and are characteristic of the tundra and include Arctic Fox tundra partridgelemming and reindeer The birds of those areas include rough-legged buzzard Snowy Owl and
Rock Ptarmigan[1][3]
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
7 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
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10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
A mine in the Ural Mountains
1910
Mountain formation nearSaranpaul Nether-Polar
Urals
Rocks in a riverNether-Polar Urals
Mountain Big IremelEntry to
South Urals
Geology
Main article Uralian orogeny
The Urals are among the worlds oldest extant mountainranges For its age of 250 to 300 million years the elevation ofthe mountains is unusually high They were formed during theUralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of thesupercontinent Laurussia with the young and rheologicallyweak continent of Kazakhstania which now underlies much ofKazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh and interveningisland arcs The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the
late Carboniferous ndash early Triassic[12][13][14][15] Unlike theother major orogens of the Paleozoic (AppalachiansCaledonides Variscides) the Urals have not undergonepost-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well
preserved for their age being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root[16][17] East and south of the
Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments[12] Theadjacent Pay-Khoy to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later
Many deformed and metamorphosed rocks mostly of Paleozoic period surface within the UralsThe sedimentary and volcanic layers are folded and broken and form meridional bands Thesediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed by limestone dolomite and sandstone leftfrom ancient shallow seas The eastern side is dominated by basalts similar to the rocks of the
bottom of the modern oceans[3]
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly karst topography especially in thebasin of the Sylva River which is a tributary of the Chusovaya River It is composed of severelyeroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old Thereare many caves karst sinks and underground streams The karst topography is much lessdeveloped on the eastern slopes They are relatively flat with some hills and rocky outcrops and
contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic period[3] Mosthigh mountains consist of weather-resistant rocks such as quartzite schist and gabbro that are
between 570 and 395 million years old The river valleys are laid with limestone[1]
Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable ores and minerals Easternregions are rich in chalcopyrite nickel oxide gold platinum chromite and magnetite ores as wellas in coal (Chelyabinsk Oblast) bauxite talc fireclay and abrasives Western Ural containsdeposits of coal oil natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and potassium salts Bothslopes are rich in bituminous coal and lignite and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
5 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Chusovaya River
north (Pechora field) The specialty of Urals is precious and semi-precious stones such asemerald amethyst aquamarine jasper rhodonite malachite and diamond Some of the depositssuch as the magnetite ores at Magnitogorsk are already nearly depleted[1][3]
Minerals from the Ural Mountains
Andradite Beryl Platinum Quartz
Rivers and lakes
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains The Western slopesouth of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Kraiand Eastern slope south of approximately 54deg30N drain intothe Caspian Sea via the Kama and Ural river basins Thetributaries of the Kama include the Vishera Chusovaya andBelaya and originate both in the eastern and western slopesThe rest of the Urals drains into the Arctic Ocean mainly via thePechora basin in the west which includes the Ilych Shchugorand Usa and via the Ob basin in the east which includes theTobol Tavda Iset Tura and Severnaya Sosva The riversfreeze for more than half a year Generally the western rivershave higher flow volume than the eastern ones especially inthe Northern and Nether-Polar regions Rivers are slower inthe Southern Ural This is because of low precipitation and relatively warm climate resulting in lesssnow and more evaporation[1][3]
The mountains are home to a number of deep lakes[18] The eastern slope of the Southern andCentral Urals which hosts among its largest lakes the Uvildy Itkul Turgoyak and Tavatuy is home
to most of these[3] Less numerous the lakes found on the western slope are also smaller LakeBolshoye Shchuchye the deepest lake in the Polar Urals is 136 meters (446 ft) deep Other lakestoo are found in this region in its glacial valleys Spas and sanatoriums have been built to takeadvantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the lakes in the mountains[1][3]
Climate
The climate of Urals is continental The mountain ridges elongated from north to south effectivelyabsorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature The areas west to the Ural Mountains are1ndash2 degC (2ndash4 degF change) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmedby the Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by the Siberian air masses Theaverage January temperatures increase in the western areas from -lsaquo20 degC (-lsaquo4 degF) in the Polar to-X15 degC (5 degF) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 degC (50 degF)
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
6 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Cloudberry
and 20 degC (68 degF) The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by150ndash300 mm (59ndash12 in) per year This is because the mountains trap the clouds brought from theAtlantic Ocean The highest precipitation approximately 1000 mm (39 in) is in the Northern Uralswith up to 1000 cm (390 in) snow The eastern areas receive from 500ndash600 mm (20ndash24 in) in thenorth to 300ndash400 mm (12ndash16 in) in the south Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer and thewinter is dry because of the Siberian High[1][3]
Flora
The landscapes of Urals change both in the latitudinal andvertical directions and are dominated by forests and steppesThe southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesertSteppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals Meadow steppes have developed in the lowerparts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag andmountain clovers Serratula gmelinii dropwort meadow-grassand Bromus inermis reaching the height of 60ndash80 cm Manylands are cultivated Moving to the south the meadow steppesbecome more sparse dry and low The steep gravelly slopesof mountains and hills of eastern slopes of the Southern Uralare mostly covered with rocky steppes Valleys of the riverscontain willow poplar and caragana shrubs[3]
Forest landscapes of Urals are diverse especially the southern part The western areas aredominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests on thesouth The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests The Northern Ural isdominated by conifers namely Siberian fir Siberian pine Scots pine Siberian spruce Norwayspruce and Siberian larch as well as by Silver and downy birches Forests are much more sparsein Polar Ural Whereas in other Ural Mountains areas they grow up to the heights of 1 km the treeline is at 250ndash400 m in the Polar Urals The polar forests are low and are mixed with swampslichens bogs and shrubs Abundant are dwarf birch mosses and berries (blueberry cloudberryblack crowberry etc) Southern Ural is most diverse in the forest composition here together withconiferous forests also abundant are brodleaf tree species such as English oak Norway maple
and elm[3] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site
Fauna
Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia such as elk brown bear fox wolfwolverine lynx squirrel and sable (north only) Because of the easy accessibility of the mountainsthere are no specifically mountainous species In the Middle Ural one can meet a rare mixture ofsable and pine marten named kidus In the Southern Ural frequent are badger and black polecatReptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by thecommon viper lizards and grass snakes Bird species are represented by capercaillie blackgrouse hazel grouse Spotted Nutcracker and cuckoos In summers South and Middle Urals are
visited by songbirds such as nightingale and redstart[1][3]
Steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers susliks andjerboa There are many birds of prey such as Lesser Kestrel and buzzards The animals of thePolar Ural are few and are characteristic of the tundra and include Arctic Fox tundra partridgelemming and reindeer The birds of those areas include rough-legged buzzard Snowy Owl and
Rock Ptarmigan[1][3]
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
7 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Chusovaya River
north (Pechora field) The specialty of Urals is precious and semi-precious stones such asemerald amethyst aquamarine jasper rhodonite malachite and diamond Some of the depositssuch as the magnetite ores at Magnitogorsk are already nearly depleted[1][3]
Minerals from the Ural Mountains
Andradite Beryl Platinum Quartz
Rivers and lakes
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains The Western slopesouth of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Kraiand Eastern slope south of approximately 54deg30N drain intothe Caspian Sea via the Kama and Ural river basins Thetributaries of the Kama include the Vishera Chusovaya andBelaya and originate both in the eastern and western slopesThe rest of the Urals drains into the Arctic Ocean mainly via thePechora basin in the west which includes the Ilych Shchugorand Usa and via the Ob basin in the east which includes theTobol Tavda Iset Tura and Severnaya Sosva The riversfreeze for more than half a year Generally the western rivershave higher flow volume than the eastern ones especially inthe Northern and Nether-Polar regions Rivers are slower inthe Southern Ural This is because of low precipitation and relatively warm climate resulting in lesssnow and more evaporation[1][3]
The mountains are home to a number of deep lakes[18] The eastern slope of the Southern andCentral Urals which hosts among its largest lakes the Uvildy Itkul Turgoyak and Tavatuy is home
to most of these[3] Less numerous the lakes found on the western slope are also smaller LakeBolshoye Shchuchye the deepest lake in the Polar Urals is 136 meters (446 ft) deep Other lakestoo are found in this region in its glacial valleys Spas and sanatoriums have been built to takeadvantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the lakes in the mountains[1][3]
Climate
The climate of Urals is continental The mountain ridges elongated from north to south effectivelyabsorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature The areas west to the Ural Mountains are1ndash2 degC (2ndash4 degF change) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmedby the Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by the Siberian air masses Theaverage January temperatures increase in the western areas from -lsaquo20 degC (-lsaquo4 degF) in the Polar to-X15 degC (5 degF) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 degC (50 degF)
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
6 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Cloudberry
and 20 degC (68 degF) The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by150ndash300 mm (59ndash12 in) per year This is because the mountains trap the clouds brought from theAtlantic Ocean The highest precipitation approximately 1000 mm (39 in) is in the Northern Uralswith up to 1000 cm (390 in) snow The eastern areas receive from 500ndash600 mm (20ndash24 in) in thenorth to 300ndash400 mm (12ndash16 in) in the south Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer and thewinter is dry because of the Siberian High[1][3]
Flora
The landscapes of Urals change both in the latitudinal andvertical directions and are dominated by forests and steppesThe southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesertSteppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals Meadow steppes have developed in the lowerparts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag andmountain clovers Serratula gmelinii dropwort meadow-grassand Bromus inermis reaching the height of 60ndash80 cm Manylands are cultivated Moving to the south the meadow steppesbecome more sparse dry and low The steep gravelly slopesof mountains and hills of eastern slopes of the Southern Uralare mostly covered with rocky steppes Valleys of the riverscontain willow poplar and caragana shrubs[3]
Forest landscapes of Urals are diverse especially the southern part The western areas aredominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests on thesouth The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests The Northern Ural isdominated by conifers namely Siberian fir Siberian pine Scots pine Siberian spruce Norwayspruce and Siberian larch as well as by Silver and downy birches Forests are much more sparsein Polar Ural Whereas in other Ural Mountains areas they grow up to the heights of 1 km the treeline is at 250ndash400 m in the Polar Urals The polar forests are low and are mixed with swampslichens bogs and shrubs Abundant are dwarf birch mosses and berries (blueberry cloudberryblack crowberry etc) Southern Ural is most diverse in the forest composition here together withconiferous forests also abundant are brodleaf tree species such as English oak Norway maple
and elm[3] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site
Fauna
Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia such as elk brown bear fox wolfwolverine lynx squirrel and sable (north only) Because of the easy accessibility of the mountainsthere are no specifically mountainous species In the Middle Ural one can meet a rare mixture ofsable and pine marten named kidus In the Southern Ural frequent are badger and black polecatReptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by thecommon viper lizards and grass snakes Bird species are represented by capercaillie blackgrouse hazel grouse Spotted Nutcracker and cuckoos In summers South and Middle Urals are
visited by songbirds such as nightingale and redstart[1][3]
Steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers susliks andjerboa There are many birds of prey such as Lesser Kestrel and buzzards The animals of thePolar Ural are few and are characteristic of the tundra and include Arctic Fox tundra partridgelemming and reindeer The birds of those areas include rough-legged buzzard Snowy Owl and
Rock Ptarmigan[1][3]
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
7 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Cloudberry
and 20 degC (68 degF) The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by150ndash300 mm (59ndash12 in) per year This is because the mountains trap the clouds brought from theAtlantic Ocean The highest precipitation approximately 1000 mm (39 in) is in the Northern Uralswith up to 1000 cm (390 in) snow The eastern areas receive from 500ndash600 mm (20ndash24 in) in thenorth to 300ndash400 mm (12ndash16 in) in the south Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer and thewinter is dry because of the Siberian High[1][3]
Flora
The landscapes of Urals change both in the latitudinal andvertical directions and are dominated by forests and steppesThe southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesertSteppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals Meadow steppes have developed in the lowerparts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag andmountain clovers Serratula gmelinii dropwort meadow-grassand Bromus inermis reaching the height of 60ndash80 cm Manylands are cultivated Moving to the south the meadow steppesbecome more sparse dry and low The steep gravelly slopesof mountains and hills of eastern slopes of the Southern Uralare mostly covered with rocky steppes Valleys of the riverscontain willow poplar and caragana shrubs[3]
Forest landscapes of Urals are diverse especially the southern part The western areas aredominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests on thesouth The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests The Northern Ural isdominated by conifers namely Siberian fir Siberian pine Scots pine Siberian spruce Norwayspruce and Siberian larch as well as by Silver and downy birches Forests are much more sparsein Polar Ural Whereas in other Ural Mountains areas they grow up to the heights of 1 km the treeline is at 250ndash400 m in the Polar Urals The polar forests are low and are mixed with swampslichens bogs and shrubs Abundant are dwarf birch mosses and berries (blueberry cloudberryblack crowberry etc) Southern Ural is most diverse in the forest composition here together withconiferous forests also abundant are brodleaf tree species such as English oak Norway maple
and elm[3] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site
Fauna
Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia such as elk brown bear fox wolfwolverine lynx squirrel and sable (north only) Because of the easy accessibility of the mountainsthere are no specifically mountainous species In the Middle Ural one can meet a rare mixture ofsable and pine marten named kidus In the Southern Ural frequent are badger and black polecatReptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by thecommon viper lizards and grass snakes Bird species are represented by capercaillie blackgrouse hazel grouse Spotted Nutcracker and cuckoos In summers South and Middle Urals are
visited by songbirds such as nightingale and redstart[1][3]
Steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers susliks andjerboa There are many birds of prey such as Lesser Kestrel and buzzards The animals of thePolar Ural are few and are characteristic of the tundra and include Arctic Fox tundra partridgelemming and reindeer The birds of those areas include rough-legged buzzard Snowy Owl and
Rock Ptarmigan[1][3]
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
7 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Wolverine Polecat
Ecology
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the faunaand wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers During World War II hundreds offactories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation flooding the Urals
with industry The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks[1] There arenine strict nature reserves in the Urals the Ilmen the oldest one mineralogical reserve founded in1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic Bashkir and its former branchShulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast South Urals in Bashkortostan Basegiin Perm Krai Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in
Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65 Ozyorsk) in the Southern Urals after World War II[1]
Its plants went into operation in 1948 and for the first ten years dumped unfiltered radioactive
waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay[1][8][9] In 1990 efforts were underway to contain theradiation in one of the lakes which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem perday[9] As of 2006 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposureconsidered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposureover a year could exceed that by a factor of 10)[10] Over 23000 km2 (8900 sq mi) of land werecontaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion only one of several serious accidents that
further polluted the region[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material90 of which settled into the land immediately around the facility[11] Although some reactors of
Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990[9] the facility keeps producing plutonium[19]
Cultural significance
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a treasure box of mineral resources which were thebasis for its extensive industrial development In addition to iron and copper the Urals were asource of gold malachite alexandrite and other gems such as those used by the court jewelerFabergeacute As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries Uralians gather mineralspecimens and gems Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852ndash1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879ndash1950) as well asAleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova post-Soviet writers have written of the region[20]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Greats Great Northern War withSweden during Stalins rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russianindustry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II and as thecenter of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War Extreme levels of air water andradiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted Population exodus resultedand economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union but in post-Soviet times
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
8 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
additional mineral exploration particularly in the northern Urals has been productive and the
region has attracted industrial investment[20]
See also
Dyatlov Pass incidentIdel-Ural StatePangaea
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UralMountains (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic619028Ural-Mountains)Encyclopaeligdia Britannica on-line
1
^ oooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooo(httpdicacademicrudicnsfvasmer35901centcentcentcent)
2
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ural(geographical) (httpslovariyandexru~D0BAD0BDD0B8D0B3D0B8D091D0A1D0ADD0A3D180D0B0D0BB20(D0B3D0B5D0BED0B3D180D0B0D184D0B8D187)) Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3
^ Ludmila Koriakova and Andrei Epimakhov(2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in theBronze and Iron Ages(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tvbz3vaNeBQCampprintsec=frontcover) Cambridge UniversityPress p 338 ISBN 0-521-82928-3
4
^ Ural toponym (httpbook-chelruindphpwhat=cardampid=3933) ChlyabinskEncyclopedia (in Russian)
5
^ a b Geological Society of London (1894) TheQuarterly journal of the Geological Society ofLondon (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=dy8RAAAAIAAJamppg=RA1-PA53)The Society p 53 Retrieved 8 July 2010
6
^ cf Murchison Roderick Impey Edouard deVerneuil Alexander Keyserling (1845) TheGeology of Russia in Europe and the UralMountains (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=06hAAAAAcAAJ) John MurrayRetrieved 8 July 2010
7
^ a b Podvig Pavel Oleg Bukharin Frank vonHippel (1 March 2004) Russian StrategicNuclear Forces (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=CPRVbYDc-7kCamppg=PA70) MITPress p 70 ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
8
^ a b c d e Paine Christopher (22 July 1989)Military reactors go on show to American
9
visitors (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=TYqTls5lnGYCamppg=PA22ampdq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutoniumv=onepageampq=Chelyabinsk-4020plutoniumampf=false)New Scientist Retrieved 8 July 2010^ a b American Chemical Society (31 January2006) Chemistry in the CommunityChemCom (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=wYtpGEbAB1cCamppg=PA499)Macmillan p 499 ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2Retrieved 8 July 2010
10
^ a b Educational Foundation for NuclearScience Inc (May 1991) Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=tAwAAAAAMBAJamppg=PA25)Educational Foundation for Nuclear ScienceInc p 25 ISSN 00963402 (wwwworldcatorgissn00963402) Retrieved 8 July 2010
11
^ a b D Brown amp H Echtler The Urals In RC Selley L R M Cocks amp I R Plimer (eds)Encyclopedia of Geology Vol 2 Elsevier2005 P 86-95
12
^ L R M Cocks amp T H Torsvik Europeangeography in a global context from theVendian to the end of the Palaeozoic(httpwwwgeodynamicsnoguestgeolsoc06pdf) In Gee D G amp StephensonR A (eds) European Lithosphere DynamicsGeological Society London Memoirs 3283ndash95
13
^ Victor N Puchkov The evolution of theUralian orogen Geological Society LondonSpecial Publications 2009 v 327 p 161-195
14
^ D Brown et al Mountain building processesduring continentndashcontinent collision in theUralides Earth-Science Reviews Volume 89Issues 3ndash4 August 2008 Pages 177ndash195
15
^ Mary L Leech Arrested orogenicdevelopment eclogitization delamination andtectonic collapse (httponlinesfsuedu~leechmanuscriptsLeech2001pdf) Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 149ndash159
16
^ Jane H Scarrow Conxi Ayala amp Geoffrey SKimbell Insights into orogenesis getting to theroot of a continentndashoceanndashcontinent collision
17
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
9 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Southern Urals Russia (httpheraugresdoi15084310pdf) Journal of the GeologicalSociety London Vol 159 2002 pp 659ndash671^ Davis WM (1898) The Ural Mountains(httpbooksgooglecombooksid=Cn0CAAAAYAAJamppg=PA563) InAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience Science Moses King p 563Retrieved 8 July 2010
18
^ Plutonium production will not be transferredfrom Mayak (httpobzorwestsibru
19
news320002) 25 March 2010 (in Russian)^ a b Elena Givental (March 2013) ThreeHundred Years of Glory and Gloom The UralsRegion of Russia in Art and Reality(httpsgosagepubcomcontent322158244013486657fullpdf+html) SAGEOpen 3 (2) doi1011772158244013486657(httpdxdoiorg1011772F2158244013486657) RetrievedApril 18 2013
20
External links
Wikivoyage has travel information related to Urals
Peakbaggercom (httpwwwpeakbaggercomrangeaspxrid=37) page on the UralMountainsUral Expeditions amp Tours (httpwelcome-uralruurals77) page on the five parts of the UralMountainsTopographic maps of the Ural Mountains (Q-41) (httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq41ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq412Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=1817ampuser_y=55108ampuser_layer=1) (Q-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fq402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=46127ampuser_y=54958ampuser_layer=1) (P-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fp402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=45746ampuser_y=1789ampuser_layer=0) (O-40)(httpmapviewdyndnsorguniv_mapymapyphpmap=Soviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo40ampfilelist=2FSoviet20union20military20maps20-20Rusky20vojensky20stab2Fo402Fmap_filelistampcorner=0ampuser_x=51270ampuser_y=7156ampuser_layer=1)
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Ural_Mountainsampoldid=570963817Categories Mountain ranges of Russia Novaya Zemlya Physiographic divisionsMountain ranges of Kazakhstan Geology of Russia
This page was last modified on 13 September 2013 at 0559Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additionalterms may apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy PolicyWikipediareg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a non-profitorganization
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
10 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
Ural Mountains - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia httpenwikipediaorgwikiUral_Mountains
11 of 11 2013-09-14 2005
