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ONGC Exam aper!"#$# %or Mechanical Engineer

lease % ind &elow ONGC Exam aper!"#$# %or Mechanical Engineer''''''(ear "#$#!ONGC Exam aper!"#$# %or Mechanical Engineer''''''''''''''''''''''

$ )uring the execution o% a CNC part program &loc* NO"# GO" +4,.# (",.# -,.# the type o% tool motionwill &e/ circular 0nterpolation 1 cloc*wise2/ circular 0nterpolation 1 countercloc*wiseC/ linear 0nterpolation)/ rapid % eednswer 3 /

" component can &e produced &y any o% the % our processes 05 005 000 and 06. rocess 0 has a % ixed costo% -s. "# and 7aria&le cost o% -s. 8 per piece. rocess 00 has a % ixed cost -s. ,# and 7aria&le cost o% -e. $

per piece. rocess 000 has a % ixed cost o% -s. 4# and 7aria&le cost o% -s. " per piece. rocess 06 has a % ixedcost o% -s. $# and 7aria&le cost o% -s. 4 per piece. 0% the company wishes to produce $## pieces o% thecomponent5 % rom economic point o% 7iew it should choose/ rocess 02/ rocess 00C/ rocess 000)/ rocess 06nswer 3 2/

.

uwith holes o% si9e ",.###:#.#"#8 0nan interchangea&le assem&ly5 sha% ts o% si9e ",.###:#.#4#mm mate l4mm. T he maximum possi&le clearance in the assem&ly will &e

ca/ $# microns ni2/ "# microns

chC/ 8# microns)/ ;# microns

Te .nswer 3 )/

w w4 company has two % actories

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Copyrighted to www.Technical4u.com any Help Needed Mail us [email protected])/ #.;,$ x $#8nswer 3 2/

; T he tool o% an NC machine has to mo7e along a circular arc % rom ,5,/ to $#5$#/ while per% orming anoperation. T he centre o% the arc is at $#5,/. =hich one o% the % ollowing NC tool path commands per% ormsthe a&o7e mentioned operationF/ N#$# G#" +$# ($# +, (, -,2/ N#$# G#8 +$# ($# +, (, -,C/ N#$# G#$ +, (, +$# ($# -,)/ N#$# G#" +, (, +$# ($# -,

nswer 3 )/

)uring a Morse test on a 4 cylinder engine5 the % ollowing measurements o% &ra*e power were ta*en atconstant speed.ll cylinders % iring 8#8 *=Num&er $ cylinder not % iring "$#" *=Num&er " cylinder not % iring "$#" *=Num&er 8 cylinder not % iring "$## *=Num&er 4 cylinder not % iring "#?B *=T he mechanical e% % iciency o% the engine is/ ?$.,82/ B,.#C/ B$.#)/ ;$.""nswer 3 C/

omB 0n terms o%theoretical stress concentration % actor t/ and % atigue stress concentration % actor % /5 the

.cnotch sensiti7ity I>J is expressed as 4u/ % !$/ t !$/ al2/ % !$/ t :$/ icC/ t !$/ % !$/ hn)/ % :$/ t :$/cnswer 3 /

Te

.? uation x8 : 8x ! K # gi7es wthe next 7alue x$/ as

w/ x$ K #.,

=2/ x$K $.4#;

C/ x$K $.,)/ x$ K "

nswer 3 C/

$# T he

$$. 0n E-T analysis a critical acti7ity has

/ maximum Lloat2/ 9ero LloatC/ maximum Cost)/ minimum Costnswer 3 2/

Copyrighted to www.Technical4u.com itDs a artner =e&site o% www.o&search

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$" En7ironment % riendly re% rigerant -$84a is used inthe new generation domestic re% rigerators. 0tschemical% ormula is/ CH C$ L"2/ C" C$8 L8C/ C" C$" L4)/ C" H" L4nswer 3 )/

$8 solid cylinder sur% ace "/ is located at the centreo% a hollow sphere sur% ace $/. T he diameter o% thesphere is $m5 while the cylinder has a diameter and length o% #., m each. T he radiation con% iguration % actorL$$ is/ #.8,2/ #.;",C/ #.,)/ $nswer 3 C/

$4 Lor a % luid % low through a di7ergent pipe o% length ha7ing inlet and outlet radii o% -$ and -"respecti7ely and a constant % low rate o% 5 assuming the 7elocity to &e axial and uni% orm at any cross!section5 the acceleration at the exit is/ "-$ ! -"/ p -"82/ "" -$ ! -"/ p -"8C/ "" -$ ! -"/ p"-",)/ "" -" ! -$/ p"-",nswer 3 C/

om is held&etween two$, n incompressi&le % luid *inematic 7iscosity5 .4 x $#! m"As5 speci% ic gra7ity5 #.BB/

.c one is held stationary5parallel plates. 0% the top plate is mo7ed with a 7elocity o% #., mAswhile the &ottom

4u plates the shear stress inthe % luid attains a linear 7elocity pro% ile in the gap o% #., mm&etween these

alascals on the sur% ace o% top plate is

ic/ #.;,$ x $#!8

hn2/ #.;,$

cC/ ;.,$

Te .)/ #.;,$ x $#8wnswer 3 2/

w

=$; T he tool o% an NC machine has to mo7e along a circular arc %rom ,5,/ to $#5$#/ while per% orming an

operation. T he centre o% the arc is at $#5,/. =hich one o% the % ollowing NC tool path commands per% ormsthe a&o7e mentioned operationF/ N#$# G#" +$# ($# +, (, -,2/ N#$# G#8 +$# ($# +, (, -,C/ N#$# G#$ +, (, +$# ($# -,)/ N#$# G#" +, (, +$# ($# -,nswer 3 )/

$ )uring a Morse test on a 4 cylinder engine5 the % ollowing measurements o% &ra*e power were ta*en atconstant speed.ll cylinders % iring 8#8 *=Num&er $ cylinder not % iring "$#" *=Num&er " cylinder not % iring "$#" *=Num&er 8 cylinder not % iring "$## *=

Num&er 4 cylinder not % iring "#?B *=T he mechanical e% % iciency o% the engine is/ ?$.,82/ B,.#


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C/ B$.#)/ ;$.""nswer 3 C/

$B 0n terms o% theoretical stress concentration % actort/ and % atigue stress concentration % actor % /5 thenotch sensiti7ity I>J is expressed as/ % !$/ t !$/2/ % !$/ t :$/C/ t !$/ % !$/

)/ % :$/ t :$/nswer 3 /

$? uation x8 : 8x ! K # gi7esthe next 7alue x$/ as/ x$ K #.,2/ x$K $.4#;C/ x$K $.,)/ x$ K "nswer 3 C/

"# maintenance ser7ice % acility has oisson arri7al rates5 negati7e exponential ser7ice time and operateson a I% irst come % irst ser7edJ >ueue discipline. 2rea* downs occur on an a7erage o% 8 per day with a rangeo% 9ero to eight. T he maintenance crew can ser7ice an a7erage o% ; machines per day with a range o% 9eroto se7en. T he mean waiting time % or an item to &e ser7iced would &e/ $; day2/ $8 dayC/ $ day)/ 8 daysnswer 3 /

"$ T he

= is rolled to "# mm thic*ness. -oll is o% diameter ;## mm"" 0n a rollingprocess5 sheet o% ", mm thic*nessand it rotates at $## rpm. T he roll strip contact length will &e/ , mm

2/ 8? mmC/ Bmm)/ $"#mmnswer 3 /

"8 =ater at 4"C is sprayed into a stream o% air at atmospheric pressure5 dry &ul& temperature o% 4#C anda wet &ul& temperature o% "#C. T he air lea7ing the spray humidi% ier is not saturated. =hich o% the % ollowingstatements is trueF/ ir gets cooled and humidi% ied2/ ir gets heated and humidi% iedC/ ir gets heated and dehumidi% ied)/ ir gets cooled and dehumidi% iednswer 3 2/

"4 T he angle &etween two unit!magnitude coplanar 7ectors #.B;;5 #.,##5#/ and #.",?5 #.?;;5#/ will &e


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Copyrighted to www.Technical4u.com any Help Needed Mail us [email protected]/ #2/ !8#C/ 4,)/ ;#nswer 3 C/

", lot has $# de% ecti7e items. Ten items are chosen randomly % rom this lot. T he pro&a&ility that exactly" o% the chosen items are de% ecti7e is/ #.##8;

2/ #.$?8C/ #.""84)/ #.8B4nswer 3 2/

"; uires an electric switch which is a7aila&le @ ;## pieces perday only. T he company ma*es a pro% it o% -s. 8 and -s. , on type and respecti7ely. Lor maximi9ation o%pro% its5 the daily production >uantities o% and toys should respecti7ely &e/ $##5 ,##2/ ,##5 $###C/ B##5 ;##)/ $###5 $###nswer 3 C/

8# spherical thermocouple Punction o% diameter #.#; mm is to &e used % or the measurement o%

temperature o% a gas stream. T he con7ecti7e heat trans% er co!e% % icient on the &ead sur% ace is 4## =Am".T hermophysical properties o% thermocouple material are * K "# =Am5 C K 4## A*g and r K B,## *gAm8. 0%the thermocouple initially tot 8#C is placed in a hot stream o% 8##C5 the time ta*en &y the &ead to reach"?BC5 is/ ".8, s


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Copyrighted to www.Technical4u.com any Help Needed Mail us [email protected]/ 4.? sC/ $4. s)/ "?.4 snswer 3 2/

8$ 0n a spring!mass system5 the mass is #.$ *g and the sti% % ness o% the spring is $ *NAm. 2y introducing adamper5 the % re>uency o% oscillation is % ound to &e ?# o% the original 7alue. =hat is the dampingcoe% % icient o% the damperF/ $." N.sAm

2/ 8.4 N.sAmC/ B. N.sAm)/ $".# N.sAmnswer 3 C/

8".0n a machining operation5 dou&ling the cutting speed reduces the tool li% e to $AB o% the original 7alue. T heexponent n in Taylor/ $AB2/ $A4C/ $A8)/ $A"

nswer 3 C/

88.0n a rolling process5 sheet o% ", mm thic*ness is rolled to "# mm thic*ness. -oll is o% diameter ;## mmand it rotates at $## rpm. T he roll strip contact length will &e/ , mm2/ 8? mmC/ B mm)/ $"# mmnswer 3 /

84. soldering operation was wor*!sampled o7er two days $; hours/ during which an employee soldered$#B Points. ctual wor*ing time was ?# o% the total time and the per% ormance rating was estimated to &e$"# percent. 0% the contract pro7ides allowance o% "# percent o% the total time a7aila&le5 the standard time% or the operation would &e/ B min2/ B.? minC/ $# min)/ $" minnswer 3 )/ =

w .w

hn cTe

alic

u.

4

omc

8,. welding operation is time!studied during which an operator was pace!rated as $"#. T he operatortoo*5 on an a7erage5 B minutes % or producing the weld!Point. 0% a total o% $# allowances are allowed % orthis operation5 the expected standard production rate o% the weld!Point in units per B hour day/ is/ 4,2/ ,#C/ ,,)/ ;#nswer 3 /

8;. 0n E-T analysis a critical acti7ity has

/ maximum Lloat2/ 9ero LloatC/ maximum Cost)/ minimum Costnswer 3 2/


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8.En7ironment % riendly re% rigerant -$84a is used in the new generation domestic re% rigerators. 0ts chemical% ormula is/ CH C$ L"2/ C" C$8 L8C/ C" C$" L4)/ C" H" L4nswer 3 )/

8B. T he para&olic arc y K x5 $ Q x Q " is re7ol7ed around the x!axis. T he 7olume o%

the solid o% re7olution is

/

4

R

2/

"

R

C/

8

4

R

)/

8

"

S

= o% 8#C and speci% ic humidity o%8?. moist air sample has dry &ul& temperature

$$.,g water 7apour per *g dry air. ssume molecular weight o% air as "B.?8. 0%

the saturation 7apour pressure o% water at 8#C is 4."4*a and the total pressure

is ?#*a5 then the relati7e humidity in / o% air sample is

/ ,#., 2/ 8B., C/ ,;., )/ ;B.,

4#. T he 7alue o% the integral "

dx

$x

U

VU : W is


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Copyrighted to www.Technical4u.com any Help Needed Mail us [email protected]/ VR 2/

"

R

V C/

"

R

)/ R

4$. T he modulus o% the complex num&er

8 4i

$ "i

:

V

is

/ , 2/ , C/

$

,

)/

$

,

4". T he % unction y K " V 8x

w -/ is continuous x - and di% % erentia&le x

=

.w

hn cTe

alic

u.

4

omc

2/ is continuous x - and di% % erentia&le x - except at xK8A"

C/ is continuous x - and di% % erentia&le x - except at xK"A8

)/ is continuous x - except at xK8 and di% % erentia&le x -

;. Mo&ility o% a statically indeterminate structure is

/ Q V$ 2/ # C/ $ )/ X "

48. T here are two points and on a planar rigid &ody. T he relati7e 7elocity

&etween the two points

/ should always &e along

2/ Can &e oriented along any direction

C/ should always &e perpendicular to


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)/ should &e along when the &ody undergoes pure translation

44. T he state o% plane!stress at a point is gi7en &y

Y x K V"##Ma5 Y y K $##Ma and Z xy K $##Ma. T he maximum shear stress in Ma

is

/ $$$.B 2/ $,#.$ C/ $B#.8 )/ ""8.;

4,. =hich o% the % ollowing statements is 0NCO--ECT F

/ Grasho% Js rule states that % or a planar cran*!roc*er % our &ar mechanism5 the

sum o% the shortest and longest lin* lengths cannot &e less than the sum o%

the remaining two lin* lengths.

2/ 0n7ersions o% a mechanism are created &y % ixing di% % erent lin*s one at a time.

C/ Gene7a mechanism is an intermittent motion de7ice

)/ Grue&lerJs criterion assumes mo&ility o% a planar mechanism to &e one.

4;. T he natural % re>uency o% a spring!mass system on earth is [n. T he natural

% re>uency o% this system on the moon gmoon K gearth A ;/ is

/ [n 2/#.4#B[n C/ #."#4[n )/ #.$;[n

4. Tooth inter% erence in an external in7olute spur gear pair can &e reduced &y

/ decreasing center distance &etween gear pair

2/ decreasing module

C/ decreasing pressure angle

)/ increasing num&er o% gear teeth

w in% luence o% gra7ity alone5 which o%4B.Lor the sta&ility o% a % loating &ody5 under the

=the % ollowing is T -\EF/ Metacentre should &e &elow centre o% gra7ity

2/ Metacentre should &e a&o7e centre o% gra7ity

C/ Metacentre and centre o% gra7ity must lie on the same hori9ontal line

)/ Metacentre and centre o% gra7ity must lie on the same 7ertical line

4?. T he maximum 7elocity o% a one!dimensional incompressi&le % ully de7eloped

7iscous % low5 &etween two % ixed parallel plates5 is ;ms!$. T he mean 7elocity in

ms!$/ o% the % low is

/ " 2/ 8 C/ 4 )/ ,

,#. phenomenon is modeled using n dimensional 7aria&les with * primary


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dimensions. T he num&er o% non!dimensional 7aria&les is

/ * 2/ n C/ n!* )/ n:*

,$. tur&o!charged % our!stro*e direct inPection diesel engine has a displacement

7olume o% #.#",?m8 ",.?litres/ . T he engine has an output o% ?,#*= at

""##rpm. T he mean e% % ecti7e pressure in Ma is closest to

/ " 2/ $ C/ #." )/ #.$

,". One *ilogram o% water at room temperature is &rought into contact with a high

temperature thermal reser7oir. T he entropy change o% the uni7erse is

/ e>ual to entropy change o% the reser7oir

2/ e>ual to entropy change o% water

C/ e>ual to 9ero

)/ always positi7e

,8. hydraulic tur&ine de7elops $###*= power % or a head o% 4#m. 0% the head is

reduced to "#m5 the power de7eloped in *=/ is

/ $ 2/ 8,4 C/ ,## )/ #

,4. T he material property which depends only on the &asic crystal structure is

/ % atigue strength 2/ wor* hardening

C/ % racture strength )/ elastic constant

,,. 0n a gating system5 the ratio $3"34 represents

/ sprue &ase area3 runner area3 ingate area

w2/ pouring &asin area3 ingate area3 runner area

=

C/ sprue &ase area3 ingate area3 casting area

)/ runner area3 ingate area3 casting area

,;. sha% t has a dimension5 #.##?

.w

hn cTe

alic

u.

4

omc

8, #.#", VV ] . T he respecti7e 7alues o% % undamental de7iation

and tolerance are

/ V#.#",5 ^ #.##B 2/ V#.#",5#.#$;

C/ V#.##?5 ^#.##B )/ V#.##?5#.#$;

,. 0n a CNC program &loc*5 N##" G#" G?$ +4# _ 4#`5 G#" N) G?$ re% er to

/ circular interpolation in countercloc*wise direction and incremental dimension

2/ circular interpolation in countercloc*wise direction and a&solute dimension


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C/ circular interpolation in cloc*wise direction and incremental dimension

)/ circular interpolation in cloc*wise direction and a&solute dimension

,B. T he demand and % orecast % or Le&ruary are $"### and $#",5 respecti7ely. \sing

single exponential smoothening method smoothening coe% % icient K #.",/5

% orecast % or the month o% March is

/ 48$ 2/ ?,B C/ $##; )/ $$###

,?. ittleJs law is relationship &etween

/ stoc* le7el and lead time in an in7entory system

2/ waiting time and length o% the >ueue in a >ueuing system

C/ num&er o% machines and Po& due dates in a scheduling pro&lem

)/ uncertainty in the acti7ity time and proPect completion time

;#. 6ehicle manu% acturing assem&ly line is an example o%

/ product layout 2/ process layout C/ manual layout )/ % ixed layout

;$. uid lu&ricant is #.#8 a s5 the power loss in =/ will &e

/ 8 2/ 4 C/ $$B )/ "8

;4. 6elocity 7ector o% a % low % ield is gi7en as 6 K "xyi V x"9P.

xxxx xx xx the 7elocity 7ector at


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$5$5$/ is

/ 4xxi V xxP 2/ 4xxi V *xx C/ xxi V 4xxP )/ xxi V 4*xx

;,. T he aplace Trans% orm o% a % unction /

"/

$

% t

ss$

K

:

. T he % t/ is

/ t t $ eV V : 2/ t t $ eV

: : C/ V$ : eVt )/ "t : et

;;. &ox contains " washers5 8 nuts and 4 &olts. 0tems are drawn % rom the &ox at

random one at a time without replacement. T he pro&a&ility o% drawing " washers

% irst % ollowed &y 8 nuts and su&se>uently the 4 &olts is

/ "A8$, 2/ $A;8# C/ $A$";# )/ $A","#

;. &and &ra*e ha7ing &and!width o% B#mm5 drum diameter o% ",#mm5 coe% % icient

hn c in the &and istor>ueo% $###N!m. T he maximum tension in *N/ de7eloped

Te ./ $.BB 2/ 8.,; C/ ;.$" )/ $$.,;

w w8B.

=)

,,.C

8?.2,;.

4#.),.)

4$.2,B.C

o% % riction o% #.", and angle o% wrap o% "# degrees is re>uired to exert a % riction alic

u.

4

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Copyrighted to www.Technical4u.com any Help Needed Mail us [email protected]".C,?.C

48.;#.2

44.C;$.

4,.C;".

4;.;8.2

4.;4.

4B.);,.)

4?.2;;.

,#.C;.C

,$.C

,".

,8.)

,4.2


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a/ Mithali -aP

&/ iran 2aloch

c/ )iana EdulPee

d/ None o% these

ns3 & / iran 2aloch

;. =ho is the new rime Minister o%

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ns3 c / Tanushree )utta

$#. T he ?th

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c/ G.. Go*hale

d/ M.G. -anade

ns3 d / M.G. -anade

$,. F&lac* holeF is a &ody in space which does not allow

any radiation to come out. T his property is due to its

a/ 6ery small si9e

&/ 6ery large si9e

c/ 6ery high density

d/ 6ery low density

ns3 c / 6ery high density

$;. T he FChil*a a*e regionF lies in &etween the deltas o%

a/ Ganga and Mahanadi

&/ Goda7ari and rishna

c/ Mahanadi and Goda7ari

d/ rishna and a7eri

ns3 c / Mahanadi and Goda7ari

$. T he 44th mendment o% the 0ndian Constitution withdrew

the Lundamental -ight

a/ To % reedom o% religion

&/ To constitutional remedies

c/ To property

d/ gainst exploitation

ns3 c / To property

$B. T he egislati7e Council o% a

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ns3 d / T he arliament5 pro7ided the

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d/ )a7is Cup5 =im&ledon5 Lrench Open5 ustralian Open

ns3 a / ustralian Open5 =im&eldon5 Lrench Open5 \.ue used to explore the stomach or

other inner parts o% the &ody5 is &ased on the phenomenon o%

a/ Total internal re% lection

&/ 0nter% erence

c/ )i% % raction

d/ olarisation

ns3 a / Total internal re% lection

",. =hich one o% the % ollowing la*es % orms and international

&oundary &etween Tan9ania and \ganda F

a/ Chad

&/ Malawi

c/ 6ictoria

d/ _ am&e9i

ns3 c / 6ictoria

";. =ho among the % ollowing has &een appointed the National

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arnata*a F

a/

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&/ ustice 6. N. hare

c/ ustice -. C. ahoti

d/ None o% these

ns3 c / ustice -. C. ahoti

8". =ho among the % ollowing sports persons got the honour o%

lighting the Olympic % lame at the MaPor )hyan Chand

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d/ None o% these

ns3 c / a*istan

8;. T he world go7erning &ody o% which o% the % ollowing

sports cele&rated its $## years in existence recently F

a/ Loot&all

&/ Hoc*ey

c/ 2adminton

d/ Cric*et

ns3 a / Loot&all

8. =ho among the % ollowing won the menFs singles title o%

the Lrench Open "##4 F

a/ Guillermo Coria

&/ -oger Lederer

c/ ndy -oddic*

d/ Gaston Gaudio

ns3 d / Gaston Gaudio

8B. =ho is 0ndiaFs % irst =oman Grand Master in Chess F

a/ arthie -amaswamy

&/ oneru Humpy

c/

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&/ T he ndes 3

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drops

&/ Line drops o% water in % og polari9e the light

c/ T he % ine drops are opa>ue to the light

d/ T he drops scatter most o% the light

ns3 d / T he drops scatter most o% the light

4;. )uring the Mughal period5 which one o% the % ollowing

were the % irst to come to 0ndia as traders F

a/ ortuguese

&/ )utch

c/ )anish

d/ English

ns3 a / ortuguese

4. =ho among the % ollowing )elhi

ns3 c / lauddin halPi

4B. =hich one o% the % ollowing mountain pea*s o% the

Himalayas is NOT in 0ndia F

a/ nnapurna

&/ Nanda )e7i

c/ Mt. amet

d/ anchenPunga

ns3 a / nnapurna

4?. ri% t 7alley is % ormed mainly due to

a/ T he % orces o% tension in the earthFs crust

&/ T he su&sidence o% the % loor o% a ri7er 7alley

c/ T he 7alley % ormed a% ter the % ormation o% % old mountains

d/ T he deepening o% a 7alley &y ice action


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ns3 a / T he % orces o% tension in the earthFs crust

,#. =ho is the author o% the &oo*5 FT he Man =ho )i7ided 0ndiaF F

a/ run ue apierre

c/ -a% i> _ a*aria

d/ _ a*aria

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

O&Pecti7e ! General wareness 4# uestions

$/ =ho was the political guru o% Mahatma GandhiF"/ =here will &e the next climate change summit CO $; &e heldF8/ =here will &e the % oot&all world cup % or "#$# &e heldF

4/ =ho recei7ed $th -aPi7 Gandhi

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0 missed only 8 >uestions 3/

O&Pecti7e ! Mechanical B# uestions

Many >uestions on industrial engineering. Lew easy >uestions on thermodynamics and heat trans% er. Lluidsand

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Minimum no o% teeth on pinion which will mesh with any gear without inter% erence % or "# % ull depth in7oluteteeth will &e $B.T he screw is speci% ied &y maPor diameter.0% the axis o% % irst and last wheels are coaxial then the gear train is re7erted gear train.Gear is speci% ied &y pitch diameter.Maximum shear stress theory is applica&le to ductile materials.(ield point on a static loading is `` as compared to % atigue loading.ongitudinal stress is times the circum% erential stress.Two sha% ts ha7e e>ual strength i% twisting moment is same.0ncrease in hardness due to cold wor*ing o% a component is wor* hardness.

-esultant o% two e>ual % orces acting at an angle is " cos A".Crater wear is predominant in Tungsten car&ide tools.T he 7alue Engg techni>ue in which experts o% same ran* assem&led % or product de7elopment is called 2rainstorming.Method used % or manu% acturing o% " m long seamless pipe is`..=elding method which uses a pool o% molten metal is ue which uses a non consuma&le electrode.\ni7ersal gas constant - is `o% two speci% ic heats. )i% % erence/T he important geometrical >uantity in cutting o% metals which can &e used as a criterion % or machina&ility isuires a single time estimate. critical acti7ity has 9ero slac*.0nterchangea&ility can &e achie7ed &y

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