Upland poverty in Nepal - paper

8/8/2019 Upland poverty in Nepal - paper

1/23

Idegc Rl~frp

\~cge` ^fylrpt de El~gc8 pml Rfcl fi

Leydrfeolep

[mtgo A% \~g`mtgtg

De{pdp|pl ifr Depljrgpl` @lylcf~olep [p|`dl{ -DD@[$

Oge`damgpgr# ^%F%Bf} 22&0;:7>>9

Logdc8 dd`{Nzcdea%kfo%e~

@lkloblr 2>7>


2/23

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Pml ydlz{ l}~rl{{l` de pmd{ ~g~lr&~rl{lepgpdfe grl pml ydlz{ fi pml g|pmfr-{$ ge` `f efp elkl{{grdct rliclkp pmlydlz{ fr ~fcdkdl{ fi pml G{dge @lylcf~olep Bgea -G@B$# fr dp{ Bfgr` fi @drlkpfr{# fr pml jfylreolep{ pmltrl~rl{lep% G@B `fl{ efp j|grgepll pml {f|rkl# frdjdegcdpt# gkk|rgkt# kfo~clplel{{ fr rlcdgbdcdpt fi get {pgplolep#deifrogpdfe# `gpg# ide`dej# deplr~rlpgpdfe# g`ydkl# f~dedfe# fr ydlz ~rl{lepl`# efr `fl{ dp ogal get rl~rl{lepgpdfekfeklredej pml {gol%


3/23

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\~cge` grlg{ -mdcc{ ge` of|epgde$ fi El~gc kfo~rd{l gbf|p :: ~lrklep fi pfpgc grlg ge` demgbdpgbf|p >;&>0# pml dekd`lekl fi ~fylrpt de pml of|epgde# mdcc{# ge` plrgd

zg{ gbf|p ;;# ;


4/23

\~cge` ^fylrpt de El~gc8 pml Rfcl fi Leydrfeolep7

[mtgo A \~g`mtgtg2

BGKAJRF\E@

7% Leydrfeolep d{ g oghfr kg|{gc igkpfr fi ~fylrpt% ^ffr ~lf~cl fiple demgbdp ogrjdegc cge`{#icff`/~rfel grlg{# {c|o ge` {w|gpplr grlg{# lpk# zmdkm grl kmgrgkplrdxl` bt ~ffr leydrfeolepgcrl{f|rkl{% Pml do~gkp fi leydrfeolep fe ~fylrpt d{ ofrl lyd`lep de g `lylcf~dej kf|eprt cdalEl~gc%

2% Leydrfeolep d{ gc{f ge do~frpgep rl{f|rkl ifr gcclydgpdej ~fylrpt% Zmdcl ~ffrleydrfeolepgc kfe`dpdfe{ ogal g`ylr{l do~gkp fe ~fylrpt# pmlrl grl gc{f lyd lekl{ pmgpdo~rfylolep de leydrfeolep mgyl og`l ~f{dpdyl kfeprdb|pdfe de ~fylrpt gcclydgpdfe% Pmd{ ~g~lrl}~cfrl{ pml do~gkp fi egp|rgc leydrfeolep fe ~fylrpt de pml |~cge` grlg{ fi El~gc%

;% El~gc d{ `dyd`l` depf pmrll lkfcfjdkgc blcp{ of|epgde# mdcc# ge` Plrgd% Pml of|epgde blcp

cdl{ blpzlle 0# =:: ge` =#=0= olplr{ gbfyl pml {lg clylc% Pml mdcc{ cdl blpzlle 97> ge` 0#=:9

olplr{% [dodcgrct# pml plrgd blcp r|e{ |~ pf ge gcpdp|`l fi 9>4 olplr{ gbfyl pml {lg clylc% Ifr

g`oded{prgpdyl ~|r~f{l# El~gc d{ `dyd`l` depf idyl `lylcf~olep rljdfe{ -lg{plre# kleprgc#

zl{plre# od`/zl{plre# ge` igr/zl{plre$# ge` :< `d{prdkp{% Pgbcl 7 ~rl{lep{ e|oblr fi `d{prdkp{ de

`lylcf~olep ge` lkfcfjdkgc rljdfe{% Pml plro "|~cge`" d{ g rlcgpdyl plro% Ifr pml ~|r~f{l fi

pmd{ ~g~lr# mdcc{ ge` of|epgde grl kfe{d`lrl` g{ pml "|~cge` grlg{%" -Idj|rl 7$

Pgbcl 78 E|oblr fi @d{prdkp{ bt Lkfcfjdkgc ge` @lylcf~olep Rljdfe{

@lylcf~olepRljdfe

Of|epgde Mdcc Plrgd Pfpgc

Lg{plre ; = < 79Kleprgc ; 4 : 74Zl{plre 2 77 ; 79Od`/Zl{plre < : ; 7 :7># Elz @lcmd%

2 Pml g|pmfr d{ g{{fkdgpl` zdpm pml De{pdp|pl ifr Depljrgpl` @lylcf~olep [p|`dl{ -DD@[$ g{ g kfe{|cpgep% Mlkge bl rlgkml` gp {mtgoa|~g`mtgtgNjogdc%kfo%

7


5/23

0% \~cge` grlg{ fi El~gc kfo~rd{l gbf|p :: ~lrklep fi pfpgc grlg ge` demgbdp gbf|p 7# pml pfpgc ~f~|cgpdfe fi El~gc zg{ 2;%7 odccdfe%

Pml {mgrl{ fi of|epgde# mdcc{# ge` plrgd de pfpgc ~f~|cgpdfe zlrl :%; ~lrklep# 00%; ~lrklep# ge`

0=%0 ~lrklep rl{~lkpdylct%$%

2


6/23

2>>;&>0$ ge` fpmlr l{{lepdgc efe/iff` ell`{% ^fylrpt cdel{ gp k|rrlep ~rdkl{ ifr 744>;&>0 zlrl kfo~|pl` g{ ER{% ==%: ge` ER{% :#94;&>0 -Pgbcl 2$%

:% ^fylrpt ygrdl{ jrlgpct gofej `diilrlep rljdfe{ fi El~gc% Pgbcl 2 ~rl{lep{ dekd`lekl fi~fylrpt de `diilrlep rljdfe{ fi El~gc ifr 744>;&>0%0 De 2>>;&>0# ~fylrpt de r|rgc grlg{zg{ ofrl pmge pmrll pdol{ pmge pmgp fi |rbge grlg{% Dp d{ gc{f lyd`lep irfo pml pgbcl pmgp ~fylrptd{ mdjmlr de |~cge` grlg{ -mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{$ pmge de cfz cge`{ -Plrgd$% De 2>>;&>0# dekd`lekl fi~fylrpt de r|rgc zl{plre mdcc zg{ {cdjmpct cfzlr pmge pmgp fi r|rgc zl{plre plrgd# b|p pml dekd`leklfi ~fylrpt de r|rgc lg{plre mdcc zg{ o|km mdjmlr pmge pmgp fi r|rgc lg{plre plrgd -Idj|rl 2$% Fi pmlpfpgc ~f~|cgpdfe fi El~gc*{ ~ffr# :%< ~lrklep cdyl de of|epgde{# 0:%7 ~lrklep de pml mdcc{# ge` 07>$% Blpzlle 744>;&>0# of|epgde rljdfe l}~lrdlekl`cgrjl{p `lkcdel de ~fylrpt zmdkm d{ ogdect `|l pf odjrgpdfe ge` rlodppgekl dekfol%

Pgbcl 28 Dekd`lekl fi ^fylrpt de El~gc

Rljdfe 744>;/>0\rbge 27%9 4%9R|rgc 0;%; ;0%9Lkfcfjdkgc Blcp{Of|epgde ;2%9Mdcc 0>%: ;0%%; 2:%9@lylcf~olep Rljdfe{Lg{plre ;=%4 24%;Kleprgc ;2%< 2:%7Zl{plre ;=%9 2:%7Od`/zl{plre EC[[ Rljdfe{Agpmoge`| 0%; ;%;Fpmlr |rbge ;7%9 7;%>R|rgc Zl{plre Mdcc %=[f|rkl8 KB[ -2>>>;&>0

0EC[[ rljdfe{ grl `lidel` g{ ifccfz{% R|rgc zl{plre mdcc{ dekc|`l{ mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{ irfo pml Zl{plre#Od`/Zl{plre# ge` Igr/Zl{plre @lylcf~olep rljdfe{# r|rgc lg{plre mdcc{ dekc|`l{ mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{ irfopml Lg{plre ge` Kleprgc @lylcf~olep rljdfe{% "r|rgc zl{plre plrgd" dekc|`l{ plrgd blcp irfo pml zl{plre#od`/zl{plre# ge` igr/zl{plre `lylcf~olep rljdfe{# "r|rgc lg{plre plrgd" dekc|`lg plrgd blcp irfo lg{plrege` kleprgc `lylcf~olep rljdfe{% "Agpmoge`|" kfo~rd{l{ |rbge grlg{ de pml `d{prdkp{ fi Agpmoge`|#Cgcdp~|r# ge` Bmgapg~|r% "Fpmlr \rbge" kfo~rd{l{ gcc fpmlr |rbge grlg{ f|p{d`l Agpmoge`| Ygcclt%

;


7/23

=% O|cpd`dole{dfegc olg{|rl{ fi ~fylrpt {|km g{ M|oge ^fylrpt De`l} -M^D$ de`dkgplmdjmlr clylc fi ~fylrpt de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% M^D zg{ mdjml{p de pml of|epgde{ -Idj|rl;$% M^D ygc|l{ ifr pml mdcc{ ge` plrgd zlrl gcof{p lw|gc% M|oge @lylcf~olep De`l} -M@D$# fepml fpmlr mge`# zg{ cfzl{p ifr pml of|epgde{ -Idj|rl G7$%

Idj|rl ;8 M|oge ^fylrpt De`l} -M^D$# 2>>9

0


8/23

4% Gepmrf~folprdk de`dkgpfr{ fi ~fylrpt {mfz g mdjmlr clylc fi ~fylrpt de pml |~cge`grlg{ fi El~gc% [p|epdej d{ mdjml{p de pml of|epgde{ ifccfzl` bt pml mdcc{ ge` Plrgd -Pgbcl ;$%\e`lrzldjmp zg{ mdjml{p de pml of|epgde{ ifccfzl` bt plrgd ge` mdcc{% Zg{pdej# mfzlylr# zg{mdjml{p de Plrgd ifccfzl` bt mdcc{ ge` of|epgde% Gbf|p 0> ~lrklep fi pml ~f~|cgpdfe fi El~gc zg{kfe{|odej cl{{ pmge pml rlw|drl` kgcfrdl{ fi iff`% Pml kgcfrdl depgal {mfrpigcc zg{ mdjml{p de pmlof|epgde{ -0>9

Rljdfe Kgcfrdl Depgal[mfrpigcc -32720akgc&~lr{fe&`gt$

Ogce|prdpdfe |e`lr gjl >;&>0# gbf|p ;< ~lrklep fi pml r|rgc

~f~|cgpdfe zg{ cdydej blcfz ~fylrpt cdel kfo~grl` pf pml 7>, fi |rbge ~f~|cgpdfe% Pml~rf~frpdfe fi r|rgc ~f~|cgpdfe d{ mdjml{p de of|epgde{%

72% ^fylrpt ygrdl{ jrlgpct gkkfr`dej pf kg{pl&lpmedkdpt fi ~lf~cl% ^fylrpt d{ mdjmlr gofej@gcdp{ -|epf|kmgbcl jrf|~{$ ge` de`djlef|{ ~f~|cgpdfe% Pml de`djlef|{ ~lf~cl fi mdcc{ ge`of|epgde zlrl pml cgrjl{p {fkdgc jrf|~ fi ~ffr de 2>>;&>0% ^fylrpt dekrlg{l{ zdpm pml `lkrlg{lde l`|kgpdfe clylc fi mf|{lmfc` mlg`{ ge` dekrlg{l{ zdpm pml dekrlg{l de mf|{lmfc` {dxl ge`e|oblr fi kmdc`rle%

7;% ^fylrpt ge` gjrdk|cp|rl grl kcf{lct deplrcdeal` de El~gc% Pgbcl 0 ~rl{lep{ pml dekd`leklfi ~fylrpt bt lo~cftolep {lkpfr fi pml mf|{lmfc` mlg`% Gbf|p := ~lrklep fi pml ~ffr grlg{{fkdgpl` zdpm gjrdk|cp|rl% Gbf|p ;; ~lrklep fi pml ~lf~cl {lci/lo~cftl` de gjrdk|cp|rl ge` >;&>0


9/23

[lci/Lo~cftl` ^fylrptMlg` Kf|ep Rgpl

@d{prdb|pdfefi pml ^ffr

@d{prdb|pdfefi pml ^f~|cgpdfe

[lci/Lo~cftl`Gjrdk|cp|rl ;2%4 99%4 92%:Oge|igkp|rdej ;7%2 0%< 0%0Prg`l 77%7 7%9 0%%2 2%4Fpmlr 2=%= 7> 7>%:\elo~cftl` 2%4 > >%2Efegkpdyl 29%4 0%0 %= 7>> 7>>

70% Igro dekfol kfe{pdp|pl{ ge do~frpgep {f|rkl fi pfpgc mf|{lmfc` dekfol fi pml ~ffr-Pgbcl ~lrklep fi pml~f~|cgpdfe%

Pgbcl >;/>0

Rljdfe Igro Dekfol Efe/Igro Dekfol Rlodppgekl{ Fpmlr Lkfcfjdkgc Rljdfe

Of|epgde{ 0 kmgejl de ,Cl{{ pmge >%2 mg fi cge` 0:%: ;4%; /7=>%2/7 mg fi cge` 0 ;=%7 /7Ofrl pmge 2 mg fi cge` ;=%4 2;%= /;4Pfpgc 07%= ;>%= /29[f|rkl8 KB[ -2>>


10/23

KG\[L[ FI ^FYLRPT

79% [lylrgc igkpfr{ dekc|`dej cfz lkfefodk jrfzpm# cfz gjrdk|cp|rgc ~rf`|kpdydpt# cfz clylc{ fi{fkdgc ge` lkfefodk deirg{pr|kp|rl{# mdjm ~f~|cgpdfe jrfzpm# cgka fi efe/gjrdk|cp|rgclo~cftolep f~~frp|edpdl{# md{pfrdkgc delw|dpdl{ de pml `d{prdb|pdfe fi {fkdgc ge` lkfefodk ~fzlr#leydrfeolep# ge` jfylregekl mgyl blle d`lepdidl` g{ kg|{dej ~fylrpt -\E@^# 2>>7$% Pmd{

~g~lr ifk|{l{ fe pml rfcl fi leydrfeolepgc igkpfr{%7:% Pml w|gepdpt fi gjrdk|cp|rgc cge` d{ g oghfr kg|{l fi ~fylrpt de |~cge` grlg% Pml~rf~frpdfe fi cge` {|dpgbcl ifr gjrdk|cp|rgc k|cpdygpdfe d{ cfzlr de mdcc{ ge` of|epgde pmge de plrgd%Gjrdk|cp|rgc ge` jrg{{cge`{ g{ g ~rf~frpdfe fi pfpgc cge` grlg zg{ 7> ~lrklep de pml of|epgde{ge` 2: ~lrklep de pml mdcc{ g{ kfo~grl` pf %< mgfi gjrdk|cp|rgc cge`%

Pgbcl :8 Gylrgjl {dxl fi cge`mfc`dej{ bt rljdfe{

Rljdfe 7447&42 2>>>&>7

Of|epgde >%9:4 >%:;;

Mdcc{ >%::7 >%9 >%400

El~gc >%4 >%:=4

7=% Pml w|gcdpt fi gjrdk|cp|rgc cge` `lplrodel{ pml clylc fi ~fylrpt% Of{p gjrdk|cp|rgc cge` de

pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde grl {pll~ct {cf~l` ge` mdjmct/~rfel pf cge`{cd`l{% [fdc d{ {pfet ge` cl{{

ilrpdcl% [fdc lrf{dfe rgpl d{ mdjm -Pdzgrt lp gc# 2>>2$% Drrdjgpdfe igkdcdpdl{ grl ~ffr% Fect gbf|p 2=

~lrklep fi pml k|cpdygbcl cge` de pml of|epgde ge` 29 ~lrklep fi pml k|cpdygbcl cge` de pml mdcc{

mg` drrdjgpdfe igkdcdpdl{ -Idj|rl 0$% Gjrdk|cp|rgc cge` mfc`dej{ grl mdjmct irgjolepl`% Pml gylrgjl

e|oblr fi ~grklc{ zg{ de pml mdcc{# ge` ;%;0 de pml Plrgd% Lyle de pml

mdcc{ ge` of|epgde# pml ~ffr mgyl pml of{p ogrjdegc ge` irgjdcl cge` -\E@^# 2>>2$%

Kfe{lw|lepct# ~rf`|kpdydpt fi cge` ge` cgbfr d{ cfz de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{%

Idj|rl 08 Drrdjgpl` cge` g{ g ~lrklep fi pfpgc k|cpdygbcl cge`

:


11/23

74% Ifrl{p{ grl do~frpgep `lplrodegep{ fi ~fylrpt ge` zlcc/bldej de |~cge` grlg{% Ifrl{p{grl ogde {f|rkl{ fi if``lr ifr cdyl{pfka de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{ fi El~gc% Ifrl{p{ gc{f~rfyd`l bl``dej ogplrdgc{ ifr cdyl{pfka% Cdyl{pfka igrodej# fe pml fpmlr mge`# d{ ge depljrgc ~grpfi krf~{ igrodej% Pml |{l fi kmlodkgc ilrpdcdxlr d{ ylrt cfz de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% Kmlodkgcilrpdcdxlr{ ell` pf bl prge{~frpl` irfo Plrgd% Jdyle pml ~ffr rfg` deirg{pr|kp|rl{# dp d{ ylrtl}~le{dyl ge` pdol/kfe{|odej pf prge{~frp ilrpdcdxlr{ pf mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% Cdyl{pfka `|ej{ge` igccle prll clgyl{ grl |{l` pf ~rl~grl kfo~f{p oge|rl zmdkm d{ pml ogde {f|rkl fie|prdlep{ ifr krf~{% Dp mg{ blle l{pdogpl` pmgp gbf|p 2 pf 9 mlkpgrl{ fi ifrl{p cge` d{ ell`l` pf{|~~frp 7 mlkpgrl fi k|cpdygpl` cge` de pml mdcc{ fi El~gc -G^RF[K ge` HOG# 744>9$% Mlekl# pml w|gepdpt ge` w|gcdpt fi ifrl{p{ mgyl g `drlkp do~gkp fe |~cge` ~fylrptde El~gc%

Pgbcl =8 @d{prdb|pdfe fi mf|{lmfc`{ bt ygrdf|{ {f|rkl{ fi i|lc |{l ifr kffadej# 2>>7 -~lrklep$

Rljdfe Ogde [f|rkl fi I|lc |{l` ifr KffadejZff` Alrf{lel C^J Bdfjg{ Kfz @|ej Fpmlr{ Pfpgc

Of|epgde 4%0 >%7 >%: >%2 7>>Mdcc :2%; 79%> =%4 7%4 >%7 >%= 7>>

Plrgd >\rbge ;;%2 ;0%7 2:%; 7%= 2%< 7%> 7>>R|rgc :2%0 4%= 0%> 7%: 77%< >%9 7>>El~gc 99%2 7;%: :%: 7%: 7>%7 >%: 7>>

[f|rkl8 KB[ -2>>=$%

Pgbcl 4 ~rl{lep{ pml {pgp|{ fi ifrl{p de El~gc% Gbf|p ;4%< ~lrklep fi pml pfpgc grlg fiEl~gc d{ kfylrl` bt ifrl{p ge` {mr|b{% Pml ~rf~frpdfe fi pfpgc grlg |e`lr ifrl{p kfylr zg{cfzl{p de pml of|epgde ifccfzl` bt plrgd ge` mdcc{% Ofrlfylr# ifrl{p{ de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{

=


12/23

grl cl{{ ~rf`|kpdyl% Gcpmf|jm pml ifrl{p{ de pml of|epgde{ mgyl jff` ~fplepdgc ifr efe/pdoblrifrl{p ~rf`|kp{ -EPI^{$ cdal ol`dkdegc mlrb{# cgka fi prge{~frpgpdfe ge` ogralpdej deirg{pr|kp|rl~rlylep of|epgde ~lf~cl blelidpdej irfo pmf{l EPI^{%

Pgbcl 48 [pgp|{ fi Ifrl{p de El~gc

Rljdfe Pfpgc Grlg-{w ao$

Pfpgc Ifrl{p ge`[mr|b Grlg-{w ao$

Ifrl{p ge` [mr|bGrlg g{ g , fi Pfpgc Grlg

Ifrl{p Grlg g{ g, fi Pfpgc Grlg

Of|epgde %44El~gc 70:#7=7 >=$%

2>% Kmgejl{ de pml ogegjlolep rljdol fi pml ifrl{p mgyl kg|{l` ~fylrpt% ^rdfr pf 74{#El~gc*{ ifrl{p{ zlrl ogegjl` of{pct bt cfkgc ~lf~cl% El~gc egpdfegcdxl` ifrl{p{ de pml cgpl

74{% Egpdfegcdxgpdfe cl` pf pml cf{{ fi fzelr{md~ fi ifrl{p{ bt cfkgc kfoo|edpdl{ ge` {lp pml"prgjl`t fi kfoofe{" de ofpdfe% De pml ifccfzdej `lkg`l{# El~gc l}~lrdlekl` og{{dyl`lifrl{pgpdfe% Pml rgpl fi `lifrl{pgpdfe zg{ mdjmlr de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% @lifrl{pgpdfekg|{l` {kgrkdpt fi i|lczff` ge` if``lr# cf{{ fi jrgxdej cge` ifr cdyl{pfka# ge` dekrlg{l` pdol{~lep bt r|rgc mf|{lmfc`{ ifr ilpkmdej ifrl{p ~rf`|kp{% ^ffr mf|{lmfc`{ {|iilrl` ofrl g{ pmlrdkmlr mf|{lmfc`{ zlrl gbcl pf kf~l zdpm dp pf {fol l}ple` bt ~cgepdej prll{ de pmldr ~rdygplcge`{%

Zdpm pml ~g{{gjl fi 7442 Ifrl{p Gkp# El~gc lobrgkl` ~grpdkd~gpfrt ifrl{p ogegjlolepkfekl~p ge` lekf|rgjl` cfkgc kfoo|edpdl{ pf ~grpdkd~gpl de ifrl{p ogegjlolep% \e`lrkfoo|edpt ifrl{prt# jrf|~{ fi mf|{lmfc`{ ifro Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{p \{lr{* Jrf|~{ -KI\J{$ pfogegjl ~gpkml{ fi ifrl{p{ de pmldr ydkdedpt zmdkm pmlt zlrl |{dej prg`dpdfegcct% Pml KI\J{

~rl~grl ogegjlolep ~cge{ ifr pml ifrl{p ge` g~~ct pf pml @d{prdkp Ifrl{p Fiidkl -@IF$ fi pmljfylreolep ifr rljd{prgpdfe% Fekl pml ogegjlolep ~cge{ grl g~~rfyl` bt pml @IF# pml KI\J{grl jdyle rdjmp{ pf ifrl{p ogegjlolep% Pmlrl grl 799 mlkpgrl -gbf|p 27 ~lrklep fi pfpgc ifrl{p grlg$ fi ifrl{p grlg% Gbf|p 4> ~lrklep fikfoo|edpt ifrl{p |{lr jrf|~{ ge` =< ~lrklep fi kfoo|edpt ifrl{p{ grl cfkgpl` de pml mdcc{ ge`of|epgde{ -Pgbcl 7>$%

Pgbcl 7>8 [pgp|{ fi Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{p{

4


13/23

Rljdfe E|oblr fi Ifrl{p \{lr{

Jrf|~{

Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{p Grlg

-mg$

E|oblr fi Blelidkdgrt

Mf|{lmfc`{

Of|epgde 2#9;= -7:% 7#:97#>$

[f|rkl8 OD[# Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{prt @dyd{dfe# @l~grpolep fi Ifrl{p -G{ fi Fkpfblr 0# 2>7>$

Pml {|kkl{{ fi kfoo|edpt ifrl{prt de rljlelrgpdej ifrl{p{ de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{ fiEl~gc d{ zd`lct rlkfjedxl`% Mfzlylr# kfoo|edpt ifrl{p{ mgyl gc{f og`l g`ylr{l do~gkp fe pml~ffr de {fol kg{l{% Kfoo|edpt ifrl{p{ ~|p rl{prdkpdfe{ fe pml kfcclkpdfe fi ifrl{p ~rf`|kp{ ge`cdyl{pfka jrgxdej% Zlgcpmdlr mf|{lmfc`{ grl gbcl pf kf~l zdpm {|km rl{prdkpdfe{ bt ~cgepdej prll{

de pmldr ~rdygpl cge`{# fr bt b|tdej ifrl{p ~rf`|kp{ irfo pml ogralp% Oget ~ffr ~lf~cl de |~cge`grlg{ `lrdyl pmldr cdylcdmff` bt kfcclkpdej ge` {lccdej ifrl{p ~rf`|kp{ {|km g{ i|lczff` ge` efe/pdoblr ifrl{p ~rf`|kp{% Cge`cl{{ ~ffr mf|{lmfc`{ |{l ifrl{p{ ifr jrgxdej pmldr gedogc{%Rl{prdkpdfe{ ~|p bt KI\J{ cl` pf pml cf{{ fi cdylcdmff`{ fi pml{l ~ffr mf|{lmfc`{% [folmf|{lmfc`{ gc{f kmgrjl oloblr{md~ ill{ zmdkm pml ~ffr |cprg/~ffr mf|{lmfc`{ grl |egbcl pf~gt% Ifr l}go~cl# mlr`lr{ ge` prg`lr{ irfo pml od`/zl{plre of|epgde `d{prdkp fi M|ocg |{l` pflgre pmldr cdydej bt rlgrdej {mll~ ge` Pdblpge of|epgde jfgp{ zmdkm zlrl |{l` pf prge{~frpiff`jrgde{ irfo cfzlr ~cgde{ pf |~cge` grlg{% Pml mlr`lr{ ge` prg`lr{ |{l` ifrl{p{ gcfej pmlzgcadej prgdc{ pf ill` pmldr gedogc{% Giplr pml ifrogpdfe fi kfoo|edpt ifrl{p{# pml KI\J{ de pmlcfzlr mdcc{ bgeel` pmf{l mlr`lr{ ge` prg`lr{ irfo |{dej ifrl{p{ gcfej pml prlaadej rf|pl{% [|kmbge fe pml |{l fi ifrl{p{ cl` pf pml `rg{pdk `lkcdel de pml ~f~|cgpdfe fi {mll~ ge` jfgp de M|ocgkg|{dej cf{{ fi cdylcdmff` pf ~ffr mlr`lr{ ge` prg`lr{ -Zderfka Deplregpdfegc# 2>>;$>2$% G`lw|gpl gpplepdfe zg{ efp jdyle de pml

rl{lppclolep fi ~lf~cl `d{~cgkl` bt mt`rf~fzlr ~rfhlkp{ ge` egpdfegc ~gra{%

22% Pmlrl d{ `d{pdekp kfrrlcgpdfe blpzlle kcdogpdk kfe`dpdfe{ ge` clylc fi ~fylrpt de pml

|~cge` grlg{ fi El~gc% Kcdogpdk kfe`dpdfe{ grl mgr{m gp mdjmlr gcpdp|`l fi of|epgde `d{prdkp{%

Pml{l grlg{ grl {|bhlkpl` pf egp|rgc mgxgr`{ {|km g{ mgdc{pfro{# icff`{# dcc/pdol` {efzigcc# ge`

cge`{cd`l{% Egp|rgc `d{g{plr{ clg` pf cf{{ fi m|oge cdyl{# cdyl{pfka# gjrdk|cp|rgc cge`# ge`

deirg{pr|kp|rl{ lylrt tlgr% Pml cf{{ fi m|oge cdyl{ kg|{l` bt zgplr de`|kl` `d{g{plr{ d{ mdjmlr

de pml |~cge` grlg{ -Idj|rl ~lf~cl `dl` irfo cge`{cd`l{ de 2>>4 f|p fi zmdkm :4`lgpm{ fkk|rrl` de mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% [dodcgrct# f|p fi >;$ zrdpl{8 "De 744=# 0>> ~lf~cl `dl` de M|ocg `|l pf igodel ge` g `dgrrmlgl~d`lodk% Gcpmf|jm g ygrdlpt fi lylep{ kfeprdb|pl` pf pmd{ prgjl`t# l}kc|`dej M|ocd{ irfo prg`dpdfegcct|{l` cge` pmrf|jm kfoo|edpt ifrl{prt klrpgdect kfeprdb|pl` pf pmldr iff` de{lk|rdpt%"

7>


14/23

Of{p of|epgde `d{prdkp{ rlkldyl cl{{ pmge gylrgjl gof|ep fi gee|gc ~rlkd~dpgpdfe% De

jlelrgc# ~rlkd~dpgpdfe dekrlg{l{ zdpm gcpdp|`l irfo {f|pm pf efrpm |~ pf ge gcpdp|`l fi gbf|p ;#>>>

olplr ge` pmle {pgrp{ `lkrlg{dej -GEX@LK# 2>>2$% Pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde fi pml od`/zl{plre

ge` igr/zl{plre `lylcf~olep rljdfe{ fi El~gc rlkldyl cl{{ gof|ep fi rgdeigcc pmge pml mdcc{ ge`

of|epgde{ fi lg{plre ge` kleprgc `lylcf~olep rljdfe{%9 Ofe{ffe rgdeigcc gc{f {pgrp{ rlcgpdylct

cgpl de pml zl{plre rljdfe{ pmge de pml lg{plre rljdfe{% Pml dekd`lekl fi ~fylrpt d{ mdjml{p de pmlmdcc{ ge` of|epgde{ fi pml od`/zl{plre ge` igr/zl{plre `lylcf~olep rljdfe{% [|km kfrrlcgpdfe

d{ l}~lkpl` jdyle pml `l~le`lekl fi pml ~ffr ~lf~cl de gjrdk|cp|rl%

Idj|rl >4

Cge`{cd`l{ Icff`{

DO^GKP FI KCDOGPL KMGEJL

2;% Kcdogpl kmgejl d{ mgydej g efpdklgbcl do~gkp fe pml leydrfeolep fi El~gc% Blpzlle74:< ge` 2>>< pml olge plo~lrgp|rl fi pml kf|eprt dekrlg{l` gp pml cdelgr rgpl fi >%>0> K&tlgr-Bgd`tg lp gc# 2>>:$% Pml e|oblr fi zgrolr `gt{ ge` edjmp{ mg{ dekrlg{l` zmlrlg{ pml e|oblrfi kffclr `gt{ ge` edjmp{ mg{ `lkrlg{l`% Pml rgpl fi dekrlg{l de plo~lrgp|rl zg{ mdjmlr de pmlmdcc{ ge` of|epgde pmge de Plrgd% Ofe{ffe rgdeigcc dekrlg{l` {cdjmpct blpzlle 74:7 ge` 2>>< b|p

jdyle pml cgrjl tlgr/pf/tlgr ygrdgpdfe{ pml dekrlg{l de rgdeigcc zg{ de{djedidkgep -Bgd`tg lp gc#2>>:$% Pml e|oblr fi rgdet `gt{ mg{ `lkrlg{l`% Mfzlylr pml e|oblr fi mdjm/deple{dpt rgdeigcclylep{ mg{ dekrlg{l`% Pml {pgrp fi ofe{ffe mg{ gc{f blle `lcgtl`% Zdeplr rgdeigcc mg{`lkrlg{l`%

9 Mfzlylr# pml efrpmzl{plre of|epgde ge` mdcc{ rlkldyl ofrl zdeplr -@lkloblr pf Ogrkm$ ~rlkd~dpgpdfepmge fpmlr rljdfe{% Gbf|p => ~lrklep fi rgdeigcc de El~gc fkk|r{ `|rdej ofe{ffe -H|el pf [l~ploblr$%Zdeplr ~rlkd~dpgpdfe gkkf|ep{ ifr gbf|p ; pf < ~lrklep fi pfpgc gee|gc ~rlkd~dpgpdfe%

77


15/23

20% Kcdogpl kmgejl d{ l}~lkpl` pf mgyl g eljgpdyl do~gkp fe g zd`l rgejl fi grlg{dekc|`dej gjrdk|cp|rl# zgplr rl{f|rkl{# bdf dylr{dpt# ge` mlgcpm% Pml dekrlg{l deplo~lrgp|rl zf|c` clg` pf ofrl zgplr {prl{{ de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% OF^L -2>>0$ ~rl`dkp{pmgp ge dekrlg{l de plo~lrgp|rl |~ pf 0> K zf|c` mgyl g`ylr{l do~gkp fe pml ~rf`|kpdfe fiogdxl zmdkm d{ g {pg~cl krf~ fi pml mdcc{% Bgd`tg lp gc -2>>=$ ~rl`dkp pmgp pml e|oblr fi mdjm/deple{dpt rgdeigcc lylep{ d{ cdalct pf dekrlg{l de i|p|rl% Pml dekrlg{l de mdjm/deple{dpt rgdeigcc `|rdej

ofe{ffe dekrlg{l{ pml zgplr/de`|kl` `d{g{plr{ {|km g{ cge`{cd`l{ ge` icff`{% Pml dekrlg{l deplo~lrgp|rl zf|c` gc{f clg` pf icff`dej irfo pml f|pb|r{p fi jcgkdgc cgal{% Offc lp gc -2>>7#2>7>$ rl~frp pml l}d{plekl fi 2#;7< jcgkdgc cgal{ de El~gc zdpm g pfpgc grlg fi :< {w|grladcfolplr f|p fi zmdkm 72 cgal{ grl kfe{d`lrl` ~fplepdgcct `gejlrf|{% El~gc mg{ gcrlg`tl}~lrdlekl` 2< Jcgkdgc Cgal{ F|pb|r{p Icff`{ -JCFI$ lylep{ de pml ~g{p% Pml f|pb|r{p icff`irfo Bgw| jcgkdgc cgal de Pdblp de 74=7 `gogjl` pml `dylr{dfe zldr fi [|eaf{md Mt`rflclkprdkdpt~rfhlkp# pzf brd`jl{# ge` {lkpdfe{ fi Gredaf Mdjmzgt de El~gc kg|{dej gbf|p \[; odccdfe cf{{%[dodcgrct# pml f|pb|r{p fi @dej P{mf cgal de Am|ob| Mdogc de 744< `l{prftl` elgrct kfo~clpl`Egokml [ogcc Mt`lc ^rfhlkp de [fc|am|obm| `d{prdkp fi El~gc -Offc lp gc# 2>7>$%

Kcdogpl kmgejl mg{ dekrlg{l` pml ygrdgbdcdpt fi pml r|e/fii{ fi pml rdylr{ clg`dej pf{mfrpgjl{ fi zgplr de `rt {lg{fe% Of{w|fpfl{ mgyl blj|e pf g~~lgr de mdjmlr gcpdp|`l grlg{

~f{dej `d{lg{l rd{a{ pf ~ffr ~lf~cl%

KF^DEJ OLKMGED[O[ FI PML Y\CELRGBCL GE@ ^FFR

2>;&>0 -KB[# 2>>~lrklep fi ~f~|cgpdfe rlkldyl` rlodppgekl{ irfo odjrgpdfe% Pml ~rf~frpdfe fi ~lf~cl odjrgpdejifr zfra zg{ mdjml{p de r|rgc zl{plre of|epgde ge` mdcc{% Gbf|p 0< ~lrklep fi ogcl 7< tlgr{ ge`fc`lr irfo pml r|rgc zl{plre mdcc{ odjrgpl` ifr zfra de 2>>;&>0% Ifr pml ~ffrl{p# De`dg rlogde{pml of{p ~f~|cgr `l{pdegpdfe ifr odjrgpdfe ifccfzl` bt fpmlr r|rgc ge` |rbge ~grp{ fi El~gc%:

29% ^ffr ~lf~cl gc{f g`f~p g ygrdlpt fi fpmlr olkmged{o{ pf kf~l zdpm ~fylrpt ge` iff`de{lk|rdpt de pml {mfrp plro% Pmlt rl`|kl pmldr iff` depgal ge` {zdpkm pf cl{{ ~rlilrrl` iff`dplo{% Pmlt pgal cfge{ irfo ofeltcle`lr{ gp mdjm deplrl{p rgpl{% Pmlt kfe{|ol zdc` iff`{ irfoifrl{p{ {|km g{ o|{mrffo# tgo{# lpk% ^ffr ~lf~cl gc{f rl{frp pf `d{prl{{ {gcl fi pmldr cdyl{pfka#cge`# ge` fpmlr ygc|gbcl pf kf~l zdpm {lylrl krd{d{ -G`magrd# 2>>=1 Pdzgrd lp gc# 2>>2$%

JFYLREOLEP ^RFJRGO[ PF G@@RL[[ KCDOGPL KMGEJL DE \^CGE@ GRLG[

2:% El~gc bljge pf pgal gkpdyl deplrl{p de leydrfeolep ogegjlolep {dekl pml od`/74=>{%Ogde gkmdlylolep{ {f igr mgyl blle pml `lylcf~olep{ fi ~fcdkdl{# de{pdp|pdfe{# ge` cljd{cgpdfe{

ifr leydrfeolep ogegjlolep% Pml ~fcdkt `fk|olep{ dekc|`l pml Egpdfegc Kfe{lrygpdfe

[prgpljt -74==$# pml El~gc Leydrfeolep ^fcdkt ge` Gkpdfe ^cge -744;$# ge` pml [|{pgdegbcl

@lylcf~olep Gjle`g -2>>;$% Pml cgz{ ge` rlj|cgpdfe dekc|`l Leydrfeolep ^rfplkpdfe Gkp

-7449$ ge` Leydrfeolep ^rfplkpdfe Rlj|cgpdfe{ -744:$% @lylcf~olep ~rfhlkp{ grl rlw|drl` pf

: [ll KB[ -2>>9$ ifr ge gegct{d{ fi odjrgpdfe ge` ~fylrpt de El~gc%

72


16/23

`f Leydrfeolep Do~gkp G{{l{{olep -LDG$% Mfzlylr# pml do~clolepgpdfe fi cgz{ ge`

rlj|cgpdfe{ d{ zlga de El~gc%

2=% Cgplct# pml kcdogpl kmgejl d{{|l{ mgyl rlkldyl` dekrlg{l` gpplepdfe irfo

~fcdktogalr{ ge` rl{lgrkmlr{% De 7442# El~gc blkgol pml {djegpfrt fi pml \edpl` Egpdfe{

Irgolzfra Kfeylepdfe fe Kcdogpl Kmgejl -\EIKK$% El~gc rgpdidl` pml Atfpf ^rfpfkfc fi pml

\EIKK fe 79 [l~ploblr 2>>>0% Pml elz @lylcf~olep ^cge -2>>4&7> 2>72&7;$ mg{ `lyfpl` g

{l~grgpl kmg~plr ifr leydrfeolep ogegjlolep ge` kcdogpl kmgejl%= Mfzlylr# pml ifk|{ pdcc

efz mg{ blle ogdect fe pml gegct{d{ fi prle` ge` cdalct do~gkp{ fi kcdogpl kmgejl% Pml

[|{pgdegbcl @lylcf~olep Gjle`g ifr El~gc -2>>;$ ge` pml Dedpdgc Egpdfegc Kfoo|edkgpdfe

Rl~frp pf pml KF^ fi pml \EIKK -2>>0$ ~rfyd`l {fol gegct{d{ fi prle`{ ge` cdalct

kfe{lw|lekl{ kcdogpl kmgejl d{{|l{ de El~gc% El~gc d{ rl{~fe{dbcl ifr fect gbf|p >%>2>=# pml Oded{prt fi Ifrl{p ge` [fdc

Kfe{lrygpdfe -OFI[K$ ~rl~grl` g Rlg`del{{ ^cge D`lg Efpl -R/^DE$ ge` {|bodppl` pf pml

Zfrc Bgea% Pml Zfrc Bgea ~rfyd l` \[2>>#>> pf OFI[K irfo dp{ Ifrl{p Kgrbfe

^grpelr{md~ Igkdcdpt -IK^I$ pf ~rl~grl g Rlg`del{{ ^cge% De G~rdc 2>7># El~gc mg{ {|bodppl` g

Rlg`del{{ ^rl~grgpdfe ^rf~f{gc -R/^^$ pf IK^I%

;>% Pml jfylreolep mg{ dedpdgpl` {fol g`g~pgpdfe zfra{% De cgpl 744>{# El~gc# zdpm pml

mlc~ fi `fefr{# l{pgbcd{ml` lgrct zgredej {t{plo{ de 74 ydccgjl{ `fze{prlgo fi P{mf Rfc~gjcgkdgc cgal% Gbf|p ; olplr fi zgplr irfo P{mf Rfc~g zg{ `rgdel` rl`|kdej rd{a{ fi JCFI bt

gbf|p 2> ~lrklep% Pml jfylreolep fi El~gc idegcdxl` ge` g~~rfyl` g Egpdfegc G`g~pgpdfe

^rfjrgool fi Gkpdfe -EG^G$ fe 2= [l~ploblr 2>7>% Pml EG^G mg{ d`lepdidl` ~rdfrdpt

g`g~pgpdfe gkpdfe ~rfjrgo{% G egpdfegc kcdogpl kmgejl ~fcdkt ge` g Egpdfegc [prgpljt fe

Kcdogpl Rd{a ^rlylepdfe ge` Odpdjgpdfe grl |e`lr ~rl~grgpdfe%

;7% Pml jlelrgc `lylcf~olep ~rfjrgo{ do~clolepl` bt pml jfylreolep dekc| dej pmlgjrdk|cp|rl kfoolrkdgcdxgpdfe ~rfhlkp{# r|rgc zgplr {|~~ct ge` {gedpgpdfe ~rfhlkp{# ~fylrptgcclydgpdfe ~rfjrgo{# gcplregpl lelrjt `lylcf~olep ~rfjrgo{# ge` rlofpl grlg `lylcf~olep~rfjrgo{ grl cdalct pf lemgekl pml kg~gkdpt fi |~cge` ~ffr pf kf~l zdpm kcdogpl kmgejl~rfbclo{%

F^^FRP\EDPDL[ IFR G JRLLELR LKFEFOT

;2% Leydrfeolep efp fect kg|{l{ ~fylrpt de pml |~cge` grlg{ fi El~gc# dp d{ gc{f g oghfrg{{lp fi |~cge` ~lf~cl ifr gcclydgpdej ~fylrpt% El~gc*{ `lylcf~olep ~cge{ ge` ~fcdkdl{ mgyl

= De lgrcdlr ~cge `fk|olep{# pml kmg~plr mlg`dej fe leydrfeolep |{l` pf bl leydrfeolep ogegjlolep%

7;


17/23

kclgrct rlkfjedxl` pml ygc|l fi leydrfeolep de ~fylrpt gcclydgpdfe -G^RF[K ge` HOG# 744 tlgr{% Clg{lmfc` ifrl{p |{lr{ jrf|~{ grl gccfzl` pf jrfz if``lr# efe/pdoblr ifrl{p ~rf`|kp{# ol`dkdegc ~cgep{# ge` ~rgkpdkl gjrf/ifrl{p{ de {|km ifrl{p{% Gbf|p 44~lrklep fi clg{lmfc` ifrl{p |{lr{ jrf|~{ ge` 44 ~lrklep fi clg{lmfc` ifrl{p grlg grl cfkgpl` depml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% Gbf|p 2;#>4$%

;0% Rl{~fe`dej pf pml lgrcdlr krdpdkd{o fi eljclkpdej ~ffr# kfoo|edpt ifrl{prt ~rfjrgo{

mgyl {pgrpl` pf ~gt ofrl gpplepdfe pf ~ffr oloblr mf|{lmfc`{% Pml Oded{prt fi [fdc ge`Zgplr{ml` Kfe{lrygpdfe -OFI[K$ d{{|l` g j|d`lcdel ifr kfoo|edpt ifrl{prt `lylcf~olep de

2>>4 pmgp# gofej fpmlr pmdej{# rlw|drl{ KI\J{ pf gccfkgpl ;< ~lrklep fi pmldr dekfol fe

~rfjrgo{ pmgp blelidp{ ~ffr ge` `d{g`ygepgjl` jrf|~{ -OFI[K# 2>>4$% [fol KI\J{ mgyl

{pgrpl` clg{dej ~grp{ fi `ljrg`l` ifrl{p cge` pf pmldr ~ffr mf|{lmfc` oloblr{ ifr dekfol

jlelrgpdfe% Clg{lmfc ifrl{prt d{ bldej ~rgkpdkl` de {fol kfoo|edpt ifrl{p{% G rlklep do~gkp

{p|`t fi kfoo|edpt ifrl{p{ {|~~frpl` bt Cdylcdmff`{ ge` Ifrl{prt ^rfjrgool -CI^$ de : mdcc

`d{prdkp{ mg{ if|e` pmgp pml ~lrklepgjl fi mf|{lmfc`{ cdydej de dekfol ~fylrpt ilcc irfo 9>; pf 2=, de 2>>=%4 Pml gylrgjl mf|{lmfc` dekfol dekrlg{l` bt 97,# gbf|p 2>4$%

; G pfpgc fi >#2::pf|rd{p{ yd{dpl` El~gc de 2>>= fi zmdkm 2> ~lrklep yd{dpl` ifr prlaadej&of|epgdellrdej -OFI#2>7>$% El~gc mg{ g ~fcdkt fi {mgrdej rftgcpt irfo pf|rd{o zdpm pml `d{prdkp{ de prlaadej rf|pl{%Of|epgde `d{prdkp{ de oghfr prlaadej rf|pl{ {|km g{ [fc|am|obm|# Ogegj# ge` O|{pgej mgylblelidppl` irfo pf|rd{o ge` igrl rlcgpdylct blpplr de `lylcf~olep ~lrifrogekl%

;9% Ifrl{p{ ge` zdc`cdil grl fpmlr gpprgkpdfe ifr pf|rd{p{% El~gc mg{ 4 egpdfegc ~gra{# fizmdkm < grl cfkgpl` de of|epgde{# 2 de mdcc{ ge` 2 de plrgd% Of{p egpdfegc ~gra{ mgyl `lkcgrl`{|rrf|e`dej grlg{ de dp{ ydkdedpt g{ b|iilr xfel{% G pfpgc fi 247#>0> pf|rd{p{ yd{dpl` ~rfplkpl`

grlg{ fi El~gc de 2>>:&>=% De pml {gol tlgr# pml ~rfplkpl` grlg{ jlelrgpl` gbf|p ER{%77:=4=447 fi rlyle|l% Bt cgz# Egpdfegc ~gra{ grl rlw|drl` pf deyl{p ;> pf ~lrklep fi pmldrdekfol de pml b|iilr xfel{% Zdpm ~rf~lr pgrjlpdej {|km deyl{polep{ kf|c` ogal {|b{pgepdgcdo~gkp fe ~fylrpt gcclydgpdfe%

;:% Ifrl{p kfe{lrygpdfe de pml |~cge` zgplr{ml`{ ~rfyd`l ygc|gbcl mt`rfcfjdkgc {lrydkl{pmgp blelidp kfoo|edpdl{ ge` deirg{pr|kp|rl{ cfkgpl`% Di g~~rf~rdgpl de{pdp|pdfe{ ge` ~fcdkdl{

4 Pml {p|`t `d{prdkp{ grl @mgea|pg# Plrgpm|o# [geam|zg{gbmg# Bmfh~|r# Bgjc|ej# ^grbgp# ge` Otgj`d%7> [ll Odccleed|o Lkf{t{plo G{{l{{olep -2>>


18/23

grl ~|p de ~cgkl# |~cge` grlg{ zf|c` bl gbcl pf {lk|rl ~gtolep{ ifr {|km leydrfeolepgc{lrydkl{ irfo pml blelidkdgrdl{ zmdkm kf|c` bl |{l` ifr pml do~rfydej pml cdil fi pml ~ffr ge`leydrfeolepgc kfe{lrygpdfe de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% [fol ~dcfp liifrp{ grl gcrlg`t bldejog`l% Ifr l}go~cl# cfkgc jfylreolep fi pml Ogagzge~|r `d{prdkp mgyl {pgrpl` ~gtdej {folrftgcpt pf pml |~cge`{ kfoo|edpdl{ fi A|clamged zgplr{ml` ifr ~rfyd`dej leydrfeolepgc {lrydkl{pmgp rl`|kl {l`dolepgpdfe de mt`rf~fzlr rl{lryfdr cfkgpl` `fze{prlgo ge` dekrlg{l pml ~fzlr

~rf`|kpdfe -\~g`mtgtg# 2>>>9$%

;=% Pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{ fi El~gc mgyl lefrof|{ ~fplepdgc ifr pml jlelrgpdfe fimt`rf~fzlr% Gcc fi pml l}d{pdej mt`rf~fzlr ~cgep{ fi El~gc l}kl~p pzf grl cfkgpl` de mdcct`d{prdkp{% Pml `lylcf~olep fi mt`rf~fzlr de g {fkdgcct ge` leydrfeolepgcct rl{~fe{dbcl zgtjlelrgpl{ lo~cftolep pf cfkgc ~ffr ~lf~cl fi pml |~cge` grlg{% Mt`rf~fzlr ~rfhlkp{ ~gtrftgcpt pf pml jfylreolep zmdkm kf|c` bl |{l` pf {|~~frp ~fylrpt gcclydgpdfe ~rfjrgo{ de pml|~cge` grlg{%

;4% El~gc mg{ blle g ~dfellr de g`f~pdej gcplregpl lelrjt plkmefcfjdl{ {|km g{ odkrf/mt`rf# bdfjg{# {fcgr lelrjt# ge` do~rfyl` kffdej {pfyl{% Pml jrg`dlep fi rdylr{ de pml mdcc{ge` of|epgde{ d{ ylrt {|dpgbcl ifr odkrf/mt`rf `lylcf~olep lyle zdpm g {ogcc yfc|ol fi zgplr%

[p|`dl{ mgyl {mfze pmgp odkrf/mt rf mgyl og`l ~f{dpdyl kfeprdb|pdfe pfzgr`{ ~fylrptgcclydgpdfe ge` pml gkmdlylolep fi pml O@J{% Ofrl pmge 22>#>>> bdfjg{ ~cgep{ mgyl bllede{pgccl` de El~gc mgci fi zmdkm grl cfkgpl` de pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% Pml bdfjg{ ~rfjrgo mgyljlelrgpl` lo~cftolep pf ofrl pmge 7;#>>> ~lr{fe{% Bdfjg{ ~rfjrgo{ gc{f ogal ~f{dpdylkfeprdb|pdfe pf m|oge mlgcpm g{ pmlt lekf|rgjl ~lf~cl pf kfe{pr|kp do~rfyl` pfdclp{%77[dodcgrct#ofrl pmge 2>>#>>> Do~rfyl` Kffadej [pfyl{ -DK[$ mgyl blle de{pgccl` de pml mdcc{ ge`of|epgde{ fi El~gc% DK[{ {gyl pdol {~lep bt ~ffr r|rgc zfole de i|lczff` kfcclkpdfe# ge`kfeprdb|pl{ pf mlgcpm bt rl`|kdej de`ffr gdr ~fcc|pdfe%72 Oget r|rgc ~ffr jlp lo~cftolep dede{pgccdej ge` rl~gdrdej DK[%

Pml |{l fi gcplregpl lelrjt {gyl{ kgrbfe zmdkm kf|c` bl {fc` de pml deplregpdfegc kgrbfeogralp% El~gc mg{ rljd{plrl` pzf bdfjg{ ~rfhlkp{ fi 74#;49 ~cgep{ zdpm pml Kclge @lylcf~olepOlkmged{o -K@O$% El~gc mg{ gcrlg`t {pgrpl` pf rlkldyl kgrbfe ~gtolep{ fi gbf|p\[9>:#>>> ifr pml{l pzf ~rfhlkp{ irfo pml Kfoo|edpt @lylcf~olep Kgrbfe I|e` -K@KI$ fipml Zfrc` Bgea% Gefpmlr K@O ~rfhlkp fi odkrf/mt`rf ~cgep{ mgyl blle ~rl~grl`% [lylrgc fpmlr~rfhlkp{ rlcgpl` pf bdfjg{# DK[# do~rfyl` zgplr odcc{# ge` {fcgr lelrjt grl |e`lr ~rl~grgpdfe%

RLKFOOLE@GPDFE[

77 Gbf|p 9; pf 94 ~lrklep fi pfdclp{ grl kfeelkpl` zdpm bdfjg{ ~cgep{% [ll zzz%b{~/el~gc%frj%72 DK[ {gyl{ 7> pf ;>, fi lelrjt kfo~grl` pf prg`dpdfegc {pfyl{%

7


19/23

0>% Pmlrl d{ g ell` ifr ofrl rl{lgrkm ge` ofedpfrdej fe pml do~gkp fi kcdogpl kmgejl ge`

g`g~pgpdfe olg{|rl{% ^rfjrgo{ pf lemgekl kg~gkdpt fi cfkgc ~lf~cl pf kf~l zdpm g`ylr{l

do~gkp fi kcdogpl kmgejl ell` pf bl do~clolepl`%

07% Rl{lgrkm d{ gc{f ell`l` fe pml lkfefodk ygc|gpdfe fi leydrfeolepgc rl{f|rkl{ fi pml

|~cge` grlg{ dekc|`dej pml ygc|l{ fi lkf{t{plo {lrydkl{% De{pdp|pdfe{ ge` ~fcdkdl{ ell` pf bl

`l{djel` ifr legbcdej ~ffr cfkgc ~lf~cl irfo lkf{t{plo {lrydkl{%

02% Rl{lgrkm d{ ell`l` fe pml `lylcf~olep fi g~~rf~rdgpl olkmged{o{ ifr pml lw|dpgbcl

`d{prdb|pdfe fi kgrbfe ge` fpmlr lkf{t{plo {lrydkl{ ~gtolep{ pf le{|rl pmgp {|km ~gtolep{

blelidp ~ffr ~lf~cl fi mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{%

0;% Ofrl deyl{polep de deirg{pr|kp|rl {|km g{ rfg`{# drrdjgpdfe# kfoo|edkgpdfe# ge` lelrjt d{

ell`l` de |~cge` grlg{% [p|`dl{ mgyl if|e` pmgp rfg` kfeelkpdydpt ogal{ g {djedidkgep do~gkp

fe rl`|kdej ~fylrpt -KB[# 2>>9$% Rfg` kfeelkpdydpt do~rfyl{ pml gkkl{{ fi ~ffr pf bg{dk {fkdgc

{lrydkl{ {|km g{ mlgcpm# ge` l`|kgpdfe# ge` gc{f ~rfyd`l{ gkkl{{ pf ogralp{%

00% Ofrl deyl{polep d{ gc{f ell`l` de kfoolrkdgcdxgpdfe fi leydrfeolepgc irdle`ct gjrdk|cp|rl depml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% Jfylreolep ~fcdkdl{ fi El~gc mgyl g`yfkgpl` ifr pml k|cpdygpdfe fi

mfrpdk|cp|rgc krf~{ de pml {cf~~t cge`{ fi pml mdcc{ ge` of|epgde{% Mfzlylr# El~gc ell`{ pf

dekrlg{l deyl{polep de gjrdk|cp|rgc rl{lgrkm ge` l}ple{dfe# ge` deirg{pr|kp|rl `lylcf~olep

jrlgpct pf ~|p pmd{ ~fcdkt de ~rgkpdkl% Zgplr kfe{lrygpdfe plkmefcfjdl{ ell` pf bl `lylcf~l` ge`

g`f~pl`% Krf~ ygrdlpdl{ pmgp pmrdyl de g`ylr{l leydrfeolep {|km g{ `rf|jmp ell` pf bl

`lylcf~l`%

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20/23

CDPLRGP\RL KDPL@

G`mdagrd# Hgjgeegpm% 2>>=% Iff` Krd{d{ de Agregcd8 G Md{pfrdkgc ge` ^fcdpdkf/lkfefodk

^lr{~lkpdyl% Agpmoge`|8 Ogrpde Kmg|pgrd%

GEX@LK Cdodpl`% 2>>2% El~gc Gjrdk|cp|rgc [lkpfr ^lrifrogekl Rlydlz -G@B PG Ef% ;=% "Prle`{ de `gdct

kcdogpdk l}prlol{ fi plo~lrgp|rl ge` ~rlkd~dpgpdfe de El~gc% Hf|regc fi Mt`rfcfjt ge`

Olplfrfcfjt# >:% Kcdogpl ^rfidcl# Fb{lryl`

Kcdogpl Kmgejl ge` Kcdogpl Ygrdgbdcdpt de El~gc% Idegc @rgip% @l~grpolep fi Mt`rfcfjt ge`

Olplfrfcfjt# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

KB[% 2>>=% Leydrfeolep [pgpd{pdk{ fi El~gc 2>>=% Jfylreolep fi El~gc# Egpdfegc ^cgeedej

Kfood{{dfe# Kleprgc B|rlg| fi [pgpd{pdk{ -KB[$%

KB[% 2>>9% Rl{dcdlekl God`{p Kfeicdkp8 Ge G{{l{{olep fi ^fylrpt de El~gc# 744>;/

>0% Jfylreolep fi El~gc# Egpdfegc ^cgeedej Kfood{{dfe# Kleprgc B|rlg| fi [pgpd{pdk{ -KB[$%

KB[% 2>>;/>0$% Jfylreolep fi El~gc# Egpdfegc

^cgeedej Kfood{{dfe# Kleprgc B|rlg| fi [pgpd{pdk{ -KB[$%

@ZD@^% 2>7>% Gee|gc @d{g{plr Rlydlz% Jfylreolep fi El~gc# Oded{prt fi Drrdjgpdfe# @l~grpolep

fi Zgplr De`|kl` @d{g{plr ^rlylepdfe -@ZD@^$# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

IGF ge` @FI% 2>>4% Liilkpdylel{{ fi Clg{lmfc` Ifrl{prt pf ^fylrpt Rl`|kpdfe% Iff` ge`

Gjrdk|cp|rl Frjgedxgpdfe fi pml \edpl` Egpdfe{ -IGF$ ge` @l~grpolep fi Ifrl{p{ -@FI$#

IGF&EL^&;7>2 Zfradej @fk|olep# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

CI^% 2>>4% Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{prt ifr ^fylrpt Gcclydgpdfe8 Mfz \A GD@ mg{ dekrlg{l` Mf|{lmfc`

Dekfol de El~gc*{ Od``cl Mdcc{% Cdylcdmff`{ ge` Ifrl{prt ^rfjrgool -CI^$# 2>>4%

Odccleed|o Lkf{t{plo G{{l{{olep% 2>>>=% [pgpd{pdkgc Deifrogpdfe fe El~gcl{l Gjrdk|cp|rl# 2>>:&>=% Jfylreolep fi El~gc#Oded{prt fi Gjrdk|cp|rl ge` Kff~lrgpdyl{ -OFGK$# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

OFI% 2>7>% Lkfefodk [|rylt# 2>>4&7>% Jfylreolep fi El~gc# Oded{prt fi Idegekl -OFI$#

El~gc%

7:


21/23

OFI[K% 2>>4% J|d`lcdel{ ifr Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{p{ @lylcf~olep ^rfjrgo -de El~gcd$% Oded{prt fi

Ifrl{p ge` [fdc Kfe{lrygpdfe -OFI[K$# @l~grpolep fi Ifrl{p# Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{p @dyd{dfe%

Offc# ^%A%# Zgej`g# @%# Bghrgkmgrt# [%R%# A|exgej# A%# J|r|ej# @%R%# Hf{md# [% %2>>7%

Deylepfrt fi jcgkdlr{# jcgkdlr cgal{# ge` jcgkdgc cgal f|pb|r{p icff`{# ofedpfrdej ge` lgrct

zgredej {t{plo{ de pml Mde`| A|{m/Mdogcgtge Rljdfe# El~gc# Agpmoge`|# DKDOF@%

Offc# ^%A%# Rghle`rg [mrl{pmg# ge` Hgka @% Dyl{% 2>7>% Jcgkdgc cgal{ ge` g{{fkdgpl` icff`{ de

pml Mde`| A|{m/Mdogcgtg{% Deifrogpdfe [mllp + 2&7># DKDOF@# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

OF^L% 2>>0% Dedpdgc Egpdfegc Kfoo|edkgpdfe pf pml Kfeilrlekl fi pml ^grpdl{ fi pml \edpl`

Egpdfe{ Irgolzfra Kfeylepdfe fe Kcdogpl Kmgejl% Oded{prt fi ^f~|cgpdfe ge` Leydrfeolep

-OF^L$# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

E^K% 2>7>% G~~rfgkm ^g~lr pf pml Pmrll Tlgr ^cge -2>7>&77 2>72&7;$% Jfylreolep fi

El~gc# Egpdfegc ^cgeedej Kfood{{dfe -E^K$# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

E^K ge` OF^L% 2>>;% [|{pgdegbcl @lylcf~olep Gjle`g ifr El~gc% Jfylreolep fi El~gc#Egpdfegc ^cgeedej Kfood{{dfe -E^K$ ge` Oded{prt fi ^f~|cgpdfe ge` Leydrfeolep -OF^L$#

Agpmoge`|# El~gc%

^famgrlc# Jfyde` R% ge` Rgo ^% @mdpgc% 2>>9% Rl~frp fe G{{l{{olep fi Rlelzgbcl Lelrjt

Deplrylepdfe ^f{{dbdcdpdl{ de Agregcd @d{prdkp{% G Rl~frp {|bodppl` pf [EY&El~gc# Cgcdp~|r# El~gc%

[mgr`|c G%# Ydyde R% Oggrple# Y%G%# ^lplr# C% Hflc# [ ge` Hfme# R% 2>>;% @lylcf~olep ge`Kcdogpl Kmgejl De El~gc8 Ifk|{ fe Zgplr Rl{f|rkl{ ge` Mt`rf~fzlr% FLK@%

Pdzgrt# Oged{m# Jgeg~gpd Fhmg# [mtgo \~g`mtgtg# Ard{meg Mgrd Ogmgrhge# Golleg [mrl{pmg#

ge` Bgrbgrg M|``cl{pfe% 2>>2% ^rfidcl{ fi Y|celrgbcl Cdylcdmff` Jrf|~{ de El~gc% Iff` ge`

Gjrdk|cp|rl Frjgedxgpdfe fi pml \edpl` Egpdfe{# Rforl%

\E@^% 2>>7% El~gc M|oge @lylcf~olep Rl~frp 2>>78 ^fylrpt Rl`|kpdfe ge` Jfylregekl%

Agpmoge`|8 \edpl` Egpdfe{ @lylcf~olep ^rfjrgo -\E@^$%

\E@^% 2>>4% El~gc M|oge @lylcf~olep Rl~frp 2>>48 [pgpl Prge{ifrogpdfe ge` M|oge

@lylcf~olep% Agpmoge`|8 \edpl` Egpdfe{ @lylcf~olep ^rfjrgo -\E@^$%

\~g`mtgtg# [mtgo A% 2>>>:%

\~g`mtgtg# [mtgo A% 2>>;% Mfz kge mt`rf~fzlr rftgcpt clg` pf {fkdgc lw|dpt ge`

leydrfeolepgc h|{pdkl6# Lw|dpgbcl Mt`rf Zfradej ^g~lr 2# Zderfka Deplregpdfegc# El~gc#

Hge|grt# 2>>;%

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22/23

\~g`mtgtg# [mtgo A% 2>>2% Mt`rf~fzlr @lylcf~olep de El~gc8 D{{|l{ fi Lw|dpt ge`

Leydrfeolepgc H|{pdkl% Lw|dpgbcl Mt`rf Zfradej ^g~lr 7# Zderfka Deplregpdfegc# El~gc%

Zderfka Deplregpdfegc% 2>>9% G{{l{{olep fi Do~gkp{ fi R|rgc Lelrjt @lylcf~olep ^rfjrgool-RL@^$ de O@J{% G Rl~frp {|bodppl` pf RL@^# Agpmoge`|# El~gc%%

Zderfka Deplregpdfegc% 2>>2% Lolrjdej D{{|l{ de Kfoo|edpt Ifrl{prt de El~gc% ZderfkaDeplregpdfegc# El~gc%

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G^^LE@D]

Idj|rl G78 M|oge @lylcf~olep De`l} -M@D$# 2>>9

Idj|rl G2 8 Iff` Bgcgekl de El~gc# 2>>:&>=

[f|rkl8 OFGK -2>>=$%

2>

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