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Updates on Fire Blight Research and Management Options
Mohammad Babadoost
University of Illinois
Email: [email protected]
Major Apple Disease Problems in
Illinois in 2011 _______________________________________
Scab
Fire Blight*
Fruit Rots
Bitter Rot
White Rot
Fire Blight Symptoms ___________________________
Blossom blight
Fruit blight
Shoot blight*
Canker
Rootstock blight
Blossom blight
Fruit blight
Shoot blight
Canker
Rootstock blight
Apple fire blight – losing trees
APAnet
Apple Fire Blight in Illinois ___________________________________________
2008: widespread and severe infection
2009: widespread and severe infection
2010: low incidence
2011: low incidence
http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/disease_descriptions/fire_blight_disease_cycle.htm Modified by J. Norelli
Control of Fire Blight of Apple _________________________________________
Copper application at silver-tip
Streptomycin applications at bloom
Streptomycin application as
predicted by MARYBLIT or
Cougar Blight
Streptomycin application after hail
damage
Control of Fire Blight of Apple _____________________________________
Streptomycin is the most
effective chemical for control
of fire blight
Streptomycin for Fire Blight of Apple ___________________________________________
1950s: Streptomycin use began
1971: Streptomycin-resistance in
California
By 2010: Streptomycin-resistance in
western US, Michigan, New York,
Canada, Israel
Apple Fire Blight in Illinois ______________________________________
In 2010, we initiated a research
to determine whether there are
streptomycin-resistant strains
of the causal bacterium
(Erwinia amylovora)
Orchards
surveyed in
2010 (24)
Orchards
surveyed in
2011 (35)
Isolating bacteria from blossoms
Grind tissue
Remove bark
Grind tissue
Isolating bacteria
from shoots
PCR Identification:
Primers AJ 75/76; targeting plasmid pEA 29 (McManus and Jones, 1995)
MK1
68D
42B
45E
47C
75A
48A
NOT EA
28A
165E
166B
EA
Moist Chamber (7 days)
5 replications/ isolate
Pathogenicity test in pear
Pathogenicity test in pear
IL E. amylovora isolates (7 days)
2010- E. amylovora Pathogenicity on immature pear fruit 7 days post inoculation ( 107 CFU )
County Isolate Mean Lesion
Diameter (mm) County Isolate
Mean Lesion
Diameter (mm)
Boone 193b 0.3 Macoupin 10c 4.5
196b 0.3
Marshall
108d 3.7
Calhoun
49c 3.8 118b 2.6
45d 2.2 111c 1.0
15a 1.7 Putnam 170c 1.2
68d 1.7 Sangamon 84d 1.9
26d 1.3
St. Clair
93c 4.6
38c 1.3 89a 4.1
Champaign 2a 1.7 128c 3.7
Jersey
75a 4.3 127b 3.0
30b 3.0 Woodford 165e 2.5
28b 2.6 mk1 0.9
2011- E. amylovora Pathogenicity on immature pear fruit 7 days post inoculation ( 107 CFU )
County Isolate
Mean Lesion
Diameter (mm) County Isolate
Mean Lesion
Diameter (mm)
Boone
6951 5.7 Kane 4951 2.5
7101 5.7 Madison 5472 4.9
7071 5.2 Marshall
7841 5.3
Calhoun
7651 5.5 7501 4.1
7621 5 Peoria 7461 4.9
6081 4.4 Putnam 7691 4.8
7571 3.9 St Clair
5461 6.6
7751 3.2 5752 5.3
Champaign 4802 1.8 Union
5152 3.2
Jackson 5341 3.9 5232 3.2
Jersey
6002 4.3 Woodford
7711 8.9 *
7671 3.1 7731 5
7531 3 mk1 2.6
Results of Pathogenicity Tests ________________________________________
All Illinois isolates were pathogenic,
the lesion sizes were different in
pear. We are investigating the
differences.
Testing Erwinia amylovora
Isolates for
Streptomycin-Resistance
Agri-Mycin 17 Erwinia amylovora isolates:
Illinois isolates Michigan streptomycin-
resistant 0 ppm 25 ppm
50 ppm 100 ppm
2010 Streptomycin Resistance Status Report
County
Strikes
Erwinia amylovora
isolates (no)
Erwinia amylovora colony
50ppm
Boone 15 9 0
Calhoun 36 63 0
Champaign 6 12 0
Jersey 29 33 0
Kane 11 8 0
Macoupin 9 13 0
Madison 10 0 0
Marshall 16 24 0
McHenry 6 3 0
Peoria 11 2 0
Putnam 10 10 0
Sangamon 6 4 0
St. Clair 42 31 0
Winnebago 4 5 0
Woodford 7 8 0
Totals 218 225 0
2011 Streptomycin Resistance Status Report
County
Blossoms &
Strikes
Erwinia amylovora
isolates (no)
Erwinia amylovora colony
50ppm
Boone 23 10 0
Calhoun 98 25 0
Champaign 49 18 0
Dekalb 0 - -
Jackson 22 8 0
Jefferson 7 0 -
Jersey 54 11 0
Kane 11 3 0
Macoupin 6 - -
Madison 11 5 0
Marshall 29 8 0
McHenry 15 0 -
Peoria 29 7 0
2011 Streptomycin Resistance Status Report- continues
County
Blossoms &
Strikes
Erwinia amylovora
isolates (no)
Erwinia amylovora colony
50ppm
Piatt 1 0 -
Pope 0 - -
Putnam 16 3 0
Randolph 3 0 -
St. Clair 55 16 0
Union 39 12 0
Winnebago 5 0 -
Woodford 15 3 0
Total (21) 488 129 0
Studies during 2010-2011
showed no streptomycin-
resistance of fire blight
bacterium in Illinois. The
study will continue in 2012.
Kocide 3000 (0.23 g/ L)
Kocide-3000 Erwinia amylovora isolates:
2010 and 2011 Control
We are still evaluating the
isolates for resistance to
copper compounds, but so
far, no resistance has been
detected.
Chemical Testing in Lab - Results ___________________________________________
85 IL E. amylovora tested in 2010 and 2011
No resistance to streptomycin at 25 ppm
No resistance to oxytetracyline
(Mycoshield) at 50 ppm
No resistance to Kasugomycin
(Kasumin 2L) at 100 ppm (under study)
No resistance to Kocide-3000 at 0.16 mM
No resistance to copper sulfate at 0.16 mM
Field testing of chemicals for control
of fire blight of apple ___________________________________________
Testing in 2011
UIUC experimental orchard, Urbana (IL)
Jonathan apple, inoculated
Trees were inoculated twice
Chemicals were applied 24 pre-inoculation
and 24 post- inoculation
2011 Field Testing of Chemicals for Fire Blight Control
Treatment Application time No. Infected Clusters (120/tree)
Seranade Max Pre-inoculation 28.7 bcde
Serenade Max Post-inoculation 46.3 a c
Blightban A506 Pre-inoculation 37.7 abc
Blightban A506 Post-inoculation 41.3 ab
Control (no inoculation) - 37.3 abc
Control (inoculation) - 35.0 abcd
Mycoshield Pre-inoculation 39.7 abc
Mycoshield Post-inoculation 29.3 bcde
Agrimycin 17 Pre-inoculation 27.3 bcde
Agrimycin 17 Post-inoculation 19.3 e
Kasumin 2L Pre-inoculation 19.3 e
Kasumin 2L Post-inoculation 21.0 de
Ary-0416-06 Pre-inoculation 26.0 cde
Ary-0416-06 Post-inoculation 16.3 e
The information is form
the research results by
Andre Jurgens
(Graduate Student)
Questions/
Comments
