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Up-scaling Sanitation services in urban low income areas in Kenya

Patrick Onyango

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Rationale for up-scaling sanitation• Rapid growing low income areas (1,882 currently)

• High population in low income urban areas (about 8 Mio.)

• High urban migration (250,000 annually)

• Adoption of HR to WS by the water sector in 2006

• Adoption of HR to W+S in the Constitution of 2010

• Possible use of low cost options for faster achievement of universal access (sewerage coverage 19% last 50 years!)

• Reaching higher access with low average per capita investment cost

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Major Challenges facing Sanitation Provision in LIA

• Inadequate enforcement of laws, regulations and policies (Public Health Act, National Hygiene and Sanitation Policy, Environmental Regulations of NEMA, etc)

• Poor wastewater, solid waste and sludge management

• Inappropriate technologies and sanitation systems

• Missing standards and regulatory guidelines

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Enabling Framework of the GoK• Legal Framework (Water Policy 1999, Water Act 2002,

Constitution 2010 and Water Policy and Bill 2013)

• A functional Institutional set –up for WS provision (policy making, regulation and pro-poor financing )

• National Concepts and Strategies for up-scaling WS

• Sector Information systems and database (MajiData, WARIS, SIS)

• Appropriate/affordable technologies (public and onsite sanitation systems)

• Appropriate tariff structures

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External support required in the water sector

• Policy and legal framework development (MEWNR)

• Institutional and capacity building in water sector (all water sector institutions)

• Development of national concepts for up-scaling water and sanitation (WSTF)

• Supporting Human Capacity Development (HCD) measures in water services and water resource management

• Promotion of good governance

• Technical and financial support to WSTF, water utilities and county governments

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Status of up-scaling Sanitation Services in LIAs of Kenya (2008-2013)

• Public sanitation being up-scaled by WSP about 120,000 people reached

• Household /sanitation level sanitation up-scaling being tested wit 3 WSP. Target to reach 800,000 people

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Principles of the water sector up-scaling

• Target the population of the urban low income areas in Kenya

• Cover the full sanitation value chain

• Use sanitation subsidy approach to create demand

• Subsidy and financing linked to performace (output) based approach/result based financing

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Low cost sanitation systems promoted within the Water Sector

Types of Sanitation facilities

• Dry Toilets (Urine Diverting Dry Toilets-UDDTs)

• Wet toilets (Pour and Cistern flush connected toseptic/conservancy tank or existing sewer network)

Types of Sludge treatment facilities

• UDDT Vaults (primary treatment) for dry toilets

• Sludge Drying Beds (secondary treatment) for water basedand dry toilets

• DTF (Bio-digesters and Anaerobic Baffled Reactors) for waterbased systems and sludge from VIPs and pit latrines)

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Issues still to be solved by the water sector to enhance up-scaling sanitation services in LIAs

• Land tenure problems

• Spatial design of some areas

• Danger posed by cartels providing informal services

• Lack of best practices in up-scaling sanitation especially at household level in LIAs

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Issues still to be solved by the water sector to enhance up-scaling sanitation services in LIAs

• Missing standards for low cost technologies

• Missing policy, regulation and lack of enforcement

• Missing investment plans and financing strategy

• Lack of interest on utilities to implement onsite sanitation systems

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Thank you!For further information, please visit

WSTF website: www.wstfkenya.org

UBSUP website: www.ubsup.go.ke

UBSUP Flickr account: www.flickr.com/photos/ubsup

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