Untitled
TIC TALK 41, 1998Newsletter of the United Bible Societies
Translation Information ClearinghouseTIC Talk 41 Contents: Double
click on the highlighted, underlined words to go to that section.�
GOTOBUTTON Article RETCON Papers�: Papers given at UBS regional
translation consulations� GOTOBUTTON ABS ABS Research Center � for
Scripture and MediaPublication Notices on � GOTOBUTTON BT Bible
Translation�Publication Notices on � GOTOBUTTON BIB Biblical
Studies�Publication Notices on � GOTOBUTTON Lang Linguistics,
Translation, Communication�� GOTOBUTTON Note Cognitive Semantics�:
Conference Report
RETCON Papers, 1998For the first time in TIC Talk, we are
listing the papers that were given in the annual regional
translation consultations, in the belief that translation
consultants/officers in other regions may find papers they’d like
to read, or discover other TOs working on the same topics they are,
and so pursue collaboration on further research. While some of
these papers will no doubt be published in various places, remember
that most are marked “not for publication or distribution.” TOs
interested in reading others’ papers are encouraged to contact the
author or appropriate RETCO.AFRICAPaul Bitjick: “Inter-confessional
Differences in Translation” (Oral presentation only)Loren Bliese:
“Bible Translation: The Affirmation of Culture or the Advocate of
Ethnicity in Ethiopia”Loren Bliese: “Metrical and Word Patterns in
the Structure of Zephaniah”Reinier de Blois: “Hebrew Semantic
Domain Dictionary”Adeyemi Daramola: “Systemic Process in a Yoruba
Translation of Psalm Chapter 1” (Oral presentation only)John D.
Ekem: “Translation Challenges from Allegory of Two Great Birds in
Ezekiel Chapter 17”John Ellington: “Theology Positions with
Translation Positions”Koffi Nda Ettien: “What is ‘Literal’
Translation?”Eric Hermanson: “Kings are Lions, but Herod is a
Fox—Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Luke 13:32”Larry Johnson:
“Characteristics of Communication in Oral Societies”Zamani Kafang:
“Inter-testament History” (Oral presentation only)Rob Koops:
“Translating Plant Names in Ezekiel”Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole:
“Disclosure of the Messianic Secret in Mk 14:62—A Textual
Response”Mikre Sellassie: “History of Early Translation of the
Bible into Ethiopic/Geez”Aloo Mojola: “The Chagga Escape-goat
purification ritual and another re-reading of the goat of
Azazel/azazel in Leviticus 16—Some preliminary observations”Phil
Noss and Peter Renju: “Scripture Translation in Poetic Form: The
Tenzi of Mwalimu Nyerere”Don Slager: “The Sexual Language of
Ezekiel 16”Joachim Somé: “The Book of Amos—The Difference between
the Masoretic Text (MT) and the Greek Text”Gerrit van Steenbergen:
“The Semantic Domain of Negative Moral Behaviour in Isaiah”Jan
Sterk: “Translator’s Bible Index (TBI)”Tim Wilt: “Cognitive Theory
& Translation”Gosnell Yorke: “‘Grace and Peace’ in the Pauline
Corpus and the Portuguese Bible—Some Implications for Translating
the New Testament in Lusophone Africa”Lynell Zogbo: “Ideology and
Translation: The Case of ruah elohim in the Old
Testament”ASIA-PACIFICAnnie del Corro: “Events that Shaped the
Hebrew Language”Chitra Chhetri: “The blessing of Jacob to Judah in
Genesis 49:8-12” Carl Gross: “Ezekiel and Solomon’s Temple”John
Harris: “Old Testament Translations: Asking the Hard
Questions”Joseph Hong: “Putting God’s Word in three scripts for the
Mien people”Stephen Hre Kio: “The meaning of ‘you will heap burning
coals upon their head’”Maksal Hynniewta: “The Ideal and the Real in
Bible Translation, an Ongoing Dilemma”Nathaniel Jonadob: “The
Translation of o teleios in 1 Corinthians 2:6” Young-Jin Min:
“Biblical Literati and Bible Translators—Their Creative Literary
Activities”Graham Ogden: “Some Exegetical issues in Isaiah
6-11”Kuo-Wei Peng: “A Rhetorical Analysis of Romans 13.1-7”G.D.V.
Prasad: “Isaiah 58:1-14: A Rhetorical Approach”Benjamin Rai:
“Honorifics in Some Indian Languages”Gam Seng Shae: “Translating
‘but life from the dead’ in Romans 11:15”Daud Soesilo: “Translating
the Kingdom of God in Malay Bible”Nigel Statham: “The
Indefiniteness in Some Polynesian Languages”Ken Thomas: “Headship
in the New Testament: Authority or Source?”Philip Towner: “Ancient
Mediterranean Cosmology and the Translation of Acts 17:24”Dorothy
Tunbridge: “Sign Language and Bible Translation”Yu Suee Yan: “Holy
War in Deuteronomy”Europe/Middle East Anatoly Alexeev: “The Topical
Shift in the Gospel of John”Simon Crisp: “The Septuagint of
Daniel”Detlev Dormeyer: “The Gospel According to Mark as
Graeco-Roman Biography”Jose Krasovec: “Concern with Conceptual
Schemes and Literary Unity of Biblical Texts”Philip Noss:
“Translators’ Words and Theological Meaning”Lenart de Regt:
“Aspects of Participant Reference in OT Texts”Rolf Schaefer: “The
Poetry of the Sages”Adrian Schenker, Fribourg University,
Switzerland: “Go Take for Yourself a Wife of Whoredom” To be
printed in Festschrift für Lothar Ruppert, zum 65. Geburtstag.Eep
Talstra: “Reading Biblical Hebrew Poetry: Linguistic System or
Literary Device?”Etienne Trocmé: “How to Get People Moving: Mark
and his Readers”Jan de Waard: “The BHQ Proverbs”AMERICASThe
Americas workshop had two components; the first was creole
languages. In recent years the proportion of the Americas
translation program dealing with creole languages has grown
considerably and continues to grow. Ron Ross, with his specialist’s
interest in this area of linguistics, led a number of sessions in
which he introduced the subject and helped us to determine factors
involved in translation into creole languages.The second component,
which was the focus of participants’ papers, was that of
translation and gender. Irene Foulkes of the Universidad Bíblica
Latinoamericana was the resource person who helped us address these
issues and responded to the papers.Robert Bascom: “Can a Woman be
Wise? Issues in the Translation of Wisdom Personified as a
Woman”David Burke: “Translation of the Hebrew Word ‘ish in Genesis:
A Brief Historical Comparison”Gerald Kendrick: “The Treatment of
Gender Issues in Good News Study Bible”Tito Lahaye: “Is Gender an
Issue in Minimalist Societies?”Lydia Lebrón: “Metaphorical Language
for God: When the Image Gets Lost”Bill Mitchell: “Doña Marina and
Her Daughters: Indigenous Women and Translation”Barclay Newman:
“Gender Faithfulness in Bible Translation”Roger Omanson: “Gender
Identification in Romans 16”Edesio Sánchez: “Biblia en Lenguaje
Sencillo: An Experiment in Gender Generic Language”Hart Wiens: “The
Cost of Gender Inclusiveness in English Translation”Marlon Winedt:
“‘Honor your Father and Mother’ or ‘Honor your Mother and Father’?
Socio-Cultural Implications of Gender in Lexical Collocation”
Go to TIC Talk 41 � GOTOBUTTON Contents Table of Contents�
ABS Research Center for Scripture and MediaThe following
announcements and conference report come from Bob Hodgson, director
of the American Bible Society’s new Research Center for Scripture
and Media (RCSM).Web Site...The Web site for the RCSM
(http://www.researchcenter.org) has just opened a prototype
translation training area. You will find it under “Studio” and then
under “Translation Training Exercises.” Once you log on, you will
be asked to subscribe and then also given the opportunity to email
your reactions and criticisms.Mona Baker and Marie-Jo Hammel of the
University of Manchester developed this prototype site for the
RCSM. Please note that large areas are still “under construction.”
If initial testing and evaluation prove positive, then we will be
moving to a next phase. Please do take time to visit the area and
to post your reactions.For ABS, the immediate audience for this
prototype are the Bible scholars, translators, designers, art
historians, and musicologists who form ABS’s research team for new
media Bible translation. The purpose of the prototype site is to
offer them an opportunity to update themselves in the field of
modern translation studies. The long-term aim of this site is, of
course, to enable the ABS research team to apply the best of modern
translation theory and practice to their work in new media
translation and communication of the Bible. Other test groups will
be using the site as well, for example, students enrolled in the MA
course in Translation Studies at the University of Manchester, a
program directed by Mona Baker.Translation Conference Report...The
2nd International Congress of Translation Studies convened in
Granada, Spain from Sept. 23-26. The Department of Translation and
Interpretation at the University of Granada—Spain’s 2nd largest
such department—organized and hosted this event. Over 300
translation theorists, practitioners, and teachers attended the
Congress. Professor Mary Snell-Hornby (Vienna), the outgoing
president of the European Society of Translation Studies (ESTS)
called the Congress to order with remarks that celebrated the high
level of papers and panels and the great diversity of approaches to
translation theory and practice. Some 200 papers, grouped into
panel presentations, formed the heart of the Congress. Outstanding
presentations were given in the fields of literary translation,
cognitive studies and translation, translating humor, translation
and gender, and translation training and teaching. Several panels
took as their focus the theme of audiovisual translation, which in
the ESTS includes dubbing and subtitling of films, as well as opera
and drama translation.The RCSM teamed up with one semiotician
(Giampaolo Proni) and two translation theorists (Ubaldo Stecconi
and Douglas Robinson) to organize and present a panel program on
“Peircean Semiotics and New Media Translation.”Proni spelled out
the foundational concepts of Peircean semiotics (semiosis,
interpretants, division of signs into icons, indexes, and symbols,
and the categories of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness), while
Stecconi applied these concepts to the classic translational
problem of the “little black box” and Robinson showed the value of
semiotics for translation training. Hodgson and Goethals connected
semiotics with ABS’s video translations and the RCSM initiative to
develop Scripture comics for the World Wide Web. Yves Gambier,
president elect of ESTS, and a number of other translation scholars
in the audience praised the panel for its work and underscored the
pioneering work that ABS is doing in the field of communicating and
translating the Bible into the new electronic media.Benjamins will
publish selected papers from the Congress. In 2001, the ESTS will
hold its 3rd international Congress in Copenhagen, and the
projected program will hold many topics of interest to print and
new media Bible translators.Coming Up…On Sunday and/or Monday Nov.
21 or 22, ABS will hold and film two roundtable discussions (Gender
and Translation; New Media and Translation) at the AAR/SBL annual
meeting in Orlando, Florida (one or both of these dates). A third
roundtable will take place the same weekend in New York (Audience
Expectation and Bible Translation). The videotaping will take place
in a local studio, and it is hoped that we can include an audience.
If you would like more information about the Orlando roundtables,
please post a note to Bob Hodgson
([email protected]).Saturday, Feb 6, 1999: Consultation on
the Bible for Tomorrow’s Publics, New York City. This consultation
is jointly hosted by ABS’s Research Center for Scripture and Media
(RCSM) and the Public Religion Project at the University of
Chicago’s Divinity School. Martin Marty will host the day long
conversation among 15 experts, who will discuss the future of the
Bible from a variety of different vantage points and perspectives.
So far, panelists include Bob Fowler, A.-J. Levine, Bruce Birch,
C.S. Song, Lamin Sanneh, Paul Soukup, Gregor Goethals, and Bill
Moyers.
Go to TIC Talk 41 � GOTOBUTTON Contents Table of Contents�
Bible TranslationTranslating Sensitive Texts: Linguistic
Aspects. 1997. Karl Simms, ed. Rodopi. Part III of this volume is
devoted to sacred texts: “Translating a Text with a Long and
Sensitive Tradition,” by E.A. Nida, discusses the problem of
introducing revisions in translations that have gained canonical
status. In “Text and Translation: Model and Reality,” Paul
Ellingworth offers a “simple and pedagogically usable model to
describe what...constitute the major elements in the translation
process.” In “Problems in Lexical Semantics in the Old Testament:
[r and ary,” by John Myhill, the semantic fields of the two words
are analyzed, with a discussion of the adequacy of the English
words generally used to translate them (comparing NRSV, REB, NAB,
and NJB). In “The Sinless Chinese: A Christian Translation
Dilemma?” Adrian Chan explores sociolinguistic reasons for the
inadequacy of the translation of the word “sin” into Chinese. Also
in this volume: “Intertextual Intrusions: Towards a Framework for
Harnessing the Power of the Absent Text in Translation,” �Basil
Hatim.Jos‚ Sanders. 1996. “Perspective and attribution: The
cognitive representation of biblical narrative,” Poetics 24:57-80.
S. argues that the analysis of perspectival ambiguities can be
grounded in a cognitive-linguistic approach to mental space
representations or embedded domains. In such cases, readers may
arrive at different possible domain structures as a representation
of the narrative. The domain structure analysis offers explanations
for different ways in which translators and readers represent
ambiguities in the story of Solomon’s judgment. Different types of
translation of the story evoke considerably different
disambiguation strategies in students.Anneke de Vries and Arian
Verheij. 1997. “A Portion of Slippery Stones. Wordplay in Four
Twentieth-Century Translations of the Hebrew Bible,” in Traductio:
Essays on Punning and Translation, edited by Dirk Delabastita. St.
Jerome. The translation of different types of wordplay in 16 OT
passages are compared in NRSV, Chouraqui, Buber/Rosenzweig, and the
Dutch Willibrordvertaling. Also in this collection: “De la
traduction juive de quelques noms propres hébraïques du livre de la
Genèse,” by F. Kaufmann (95-136), discusses naming puns in the
Hebrew Bible, and their treatment in traditional Jewish exegesis
and in five translations: LXX, Targum Onqelos, and three French
versions—the French rabbinate translation, Fleg, and
Chouraqui.Gigliola Fragnito. 1997. La Bibbia al rogo: La censura
ecclesiastica e i volgarizzamenti della Scrittura (1471-1605). Il
Mulino. Chapters in this history of the Catholic Church’s position
with regard to Bible translation in the 16th century include: La
Riforma e le traduzioni della Bibbia; La Sacra Scrittura in volgare
nell’indice di Paolo IV (1559) e nell’indice tridentino (1564); I
volgarizza�menti biblici e la censura tra il 1564 e il 1583; Due
indici non promulgati: il sistino (1590) e il sisto-clementino
(1593); I volgarizzamenti biblici e l’indice clementino (1596); La
Bibbia in Europa dopo l’indice clementino; L’applicazione
dell’indice clementino; Il sequestro dei volgarizzamenti biblici;
La distruzione del Libro sacro.Modern versionsI. Dimitrov. 1998.
“Bulgarische Übersetzungen des Neuen Testaments in den letzten zwei
Jahrhunderten,” in EPITOAUTO: Studies in honour of Petr Pokorny on
his sixty-fifth birthday. Mlyn. In the same volume: “Zum Problem
der Übersetzung der matthäischen ‘Antijudaismen’,” U. Luz, and “A
Challenge for Translators,” E.A. Nida.The Evolution of the English
Bible: From Papyri to King James, a CD-ROM for DOS or Mac published
by the University of Michigan Press, draws upon papyri, parchment,
and paper texts in the University’s Special Collections Library.
Pages and leaves from more than thirty texts and in a number of
different languages are displayed. Information about the documents
(dating from the 2nd to the 17th centuries CE), the materials
(papyrus, parchment, or paper) on which they were written, and
their place within the history of both textual development and
technological evolution. There are transcriptions and translations
of several texts, and the Shepherd of Hermas appears on the CD in
Edgar Goodspeed’s edition. The Goodspeed version plus three
“supplemental transcriptions and translations” are furnished in
hard-copy: The Book of Enoch, Melito: Homily on the Passion, and
The Epistles of Paul—the last-mentioned included “to show the
reader as accurately as possible both the physical condition of the
Michigan texts and the probable intended meaning of those texts in
cases where the papyri deviate from the expected New Testament
readings.” Cost: $59.95; Kathryn L. Beam and Traianos Gagos, eds.
Basic system requirements: Windows 3.1 or later; Macintosh, System
7.0 or later. This exhibit can also be accessed online at
http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/exhibits/from_papyri_to_king_james/king_james_reviewJohn
D. Long. 1998. The Bible in English: John Wycliffe and William
Tyndale. University Press of America. This popular, conversational,
and somewhat under-researched account by a former business
professor focuses on Wycliffe and Tyndale. It includes a chapter on
“The Position of the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages as to
Translation of the Bible into English,” which nevertheless offers
only 20th century statements about Catholic attitudes.J.-M. Babut.
1997. Lire la Bible en traduction. Cerf. B. surveys French and
other Bible translations, and discusses the translation process,
problems encountered in the process, and the limits of various
translations.H. Schreiber. 1997. “Neue Bibelübersetzungen,” Bibel
und Kirche 52/2:102-105. On recent translations and revisions of
the Bible in German, Dutch, and other European languages.Hans-Peter
Stähli. 1997. “‘gut deutsch geredet’—Probleme der
Bibelübersetzung,” Wort und Dienst 24:209-236. S. points out some
of the difficulties of translation and the need for updating
translations, illustrating with German translations from Luther to
modern.W. Kang. 1996. “Introduction, Translation and Application of
the Bible in Korean History,” Journal of Asian and Asian American
Theology 1/1:47-62. History of the Bible and Bible translations in
Korea in the 19th and 20th centuries, and discussion of the
emergence of indigenous theology.
Go to TIC Talk 41 � GOTOBUTTON Contents Table of Contents�
BibleGeneralDescubre la Biblia. 1998. Edesio Sánchez, ed.
Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas. This welcome volume contains the
following sections: Introduction, J. Goytia; Introduction to the
Bible, A. Levoratti; Context of the Bible, with sections by S.
Pagan (OT history), J. Soto Villegas (NT history and geography with
P. Ortiz), and E. Sánchez (archeology); Text and Canon, various
sections written by R. Bascom (OT text), R. Omanson (NT text),
Pagan (OT canon) and P. Bonilla (NT canon); Exegesis and
interpretation, sections by Sánchez (OT) and D. Arichea (NT);
Linguistics and translation method, sections by R. Ross, K. de
Blois; and The Bible in Spanish, W. Mitchell. The volume is
included on the new Compubiblia, a CD-ROM Bible library in Spanish
developed by the Americas Publishing Services Unit and Logos
Research Systems.The Cambridge Companion to Biblical
Interpretation. 1998. John Barton, ed. Cambridge University Press.
20 essays by North American and British scholars give an overview
of the current state of biblical studies. Part One, Lines of
approach, treats historical-criticism, literary readings, social
world, post-structuralist approaches, political readings, feminist
interpretation, hermeneutics, biblical theology, linguistics,
Jewish interpretation, and the Bible in literature and art. Part
Two essays discuss the major sections of the Bible in modern
interpretation.Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and
Christianity. 1998. Graham Stanton and Guy Stroumsa, eds. Cambridge
University Press. The essays consider issues of tolerance and
intolerance faced by Jews and Christians between 200 BCE and 200
CE, asking where boundaries were drawn and where bridges were
built. Several chapters deal with Jewish-Christian relationships,
and others with how Jews and Christians defined themselves in
relation to the pagan world.R. Hachlili. 1997. “The Origin of the
Synagogue: A Re-Assessment,” Journal for the Study of Judaism
28/1:34-47. After reviewing theories and evidence regarding the
origins of the synagogue, H. concludes that the emergence of the
synagogue is rooted in the early Second Temple local assembly
places, which developed in the diaspora and some remote sites in
Israel. The synagogue as a place of assembly was established in the
time of the Temple, but it became an official Jewish place of
worship with its characteristic customs and rituals only after the
destruction of the Temple.Burke O. Long. 1997. Planting and Reaping
Albright: Politics, Ideology, and Interpreting the Bible.
Pennsylvania State University Press. L.’s essays reflect on
Albright and his school to offer “glimpses into a culture of
like-minded scholars who constructed and mediated knowledge through
ideologically charged social processes.”The Bible in Greek
Christian Antiquity. 1997. Paul Blowers, ed. and tr. University of
Notre Dame Press. Translation, revision and adaptation of Le monde
grec ancien et la Bible (vol. 1 in Bible de tous les temps), ed. by
C. Mondésert. These essays examining the use of the Bible in
early Greek Christianity are grouped into five sections: The Bible
as a Foundation of Christianity, The Bible in Use among the Greek
Church Fathers, The Bible in Early Christian Doctrinal Controversy,
The Bible and the Cultural Setting of the Mediterranean World, The
Bible and Religious Devotion in the Early Greek Church. Four of the
more technical original French articles were omitted and four new
essays added (on the Bible in Origen, Gregory Nazianzen, and early
Christian monasticism).The Bible in the Churches: How Various
Christians Interpret the Scriptures. 1998. Kenneth Hagen, ed.
Marquette University Press. In this third edition, the new chapter
is “Reformed Interpretation of Scripture,” by Marion L. Soards. The
Orthodox chapter by M. Prokurat has been revised, with a
fuller treatment in both the text and notes. An index to the entire
book has been added.Luise Schottroff, Silvia Schroer, and
Marie-Theres Wacker. 1998. Feminist Interpretation: The Bible in
Women’s Perspective. Fortress Press. Translated from the German
(1995) by M. and B. Rumscheidt. Chapters include “Historical,
Hermeneutical, and Methodological Foundations,” by Wacker;
“Feminist Reconstruction of the History of Israel,” by Schroer;
“Feminist Reconstruction of Early Christianity,” by Schottroff. The
essays attempt to provide a historical context for current
Christian feminist engagement with the Bible, to determine its
hermeneutical location, and to elucidate its methodology. Part One
focuses on developments and the status of current discussions,
focusing on publications of European scholars working within the
perspective of feminism. Parts Two and Three take up literature
from the U.S.David Lyle Jeffrey. 1996. People of the Book:
Christian Identity and Literary Culture. Eerdmans. A general
overview of Western literary tradition that attempts to clarify its
Christian features, including investigating the connection between
Christian belief in the primacy of the Book in evangelization and
the literacy of peoples.The Bible as Book: The Manuscript
Tradition. 1998. J. Sharpe and K. van Kampen, eds. The British
Library & Oak Knoll Press in association with The Scriptorium:
Center for Christian Antiquities. Papers from a 1995 conference
sponsored by the Scriptorium include: “Scribal Practices and
Physical Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls,” E. Tov; “The Christian
Book in Egypt: Innovation and the Coptic Tradition,” S. Emmel;
“Early Christian Libraries,” B. van Elderen; “The Creation of the
Great Codices,” T. Pattie; “Lay Literacy, the Democratization
of God’s Law and the Lollards,” C. von Nolcken; “The Image as
Exegetical Tool: Paintings in Medieval Hebrew Manuscripts of the
Bible,” G. Sed-Rajna.The Parallel Apocrypha. 1997.
J. Kohlenberger, ed. Oxford University Press. Greek, KJV,
Douay, Knox, TEV, NRSV, NAB, NJB. The books are listed in four
groups: the books and additions to Esther and Daniel that are in
the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Slavonic Bibles; books in the Greek
and Slavonic Bibles not in the Roman Catholic canon; book in the
Slavonic Bible and in the Latin Vulgate Appendix (2 Esdras); book
in appendix to the Greek Bible (4 Maccabees). Eight essays by as
many scholars introduce the Apocryphal books (J. Kovacs),
their texts and translations (J. Kohlenberger), and different views
of the Apocrypha, including Jewish (S. Tanzer), Orthodox (D.
Constantelos), Catholic (J.J. Collins), Anglican (M. Callaway),
Protestant (W. Harrelson), and Evangelical
(D.A. Carson).Biblical LanguagesHebrewSemantics of Ancient
Hebrew. 1998. T. Muraoka, ed. Peeters. Abr-Nahrain supplement 6.
(Supplement 4, Studies in Ancient Hebrew Semantics (1995) has
essays devoted to various aspects of the semantics and lexicography
of Ancient Hebrew.) This volume contains 13 lexical entries
contributed by members of the Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database
(SAHD) project. From the introduction: “The project is first and
foremost a bibliographical survey of lexicographical and semantic
studies published on Ancient Hebrew since around 1950...go[ing]
through publications as systematically as practicable, critically
to assess and evaluate views expressed, arguments advanced and
conclusions arrived at, and to suggest, as appropriate, gaps in the
current research and point to possible new ways of looking at the
data.” (xi) Each entry is structured as follows: Introduction; root
and comparative material; formal characteristics; syntagmatics;
versions; lexical/semantic fields; exegesis; conclusions;
bibliography. The entry on ^r
