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Until 1800, most people lived on farms in the US and Western Europe.
Economy - based on:1.Farming2.Making goods by hand3.TradingUNTIL….The Industrial Revolution – machines replaced
hand tools in the manufacturing of goods, people left their farms to work in factories… within 100 years, many nations became industrial giants
Quick video!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc
1780s in Great BritainWhy there?Britain had all the factors of production needed to
shift from an agricultural to industrial society:1. People to work2. Natural resources – iron and coal (used to make
machines and run steam engines)** colonial empire to supply other needed materials –
India provided raw cotton to supply textile mills3. Money to invest in railroads and factories4. Markets to sell manufactured goodsVideo break!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c
1. Land – includes natural resources2. Labor – people to do the work3. Capital – $$ money to invest4. Enterprise – ability to combine the other
three factors and create a business or service
**Entrepreneurs were necessary to get things started and keep the ball rolling
Cottage Industry System: people worked in their own homes or workshops
Factory System: The system of producing goods made on a mass scale by machines in a factory which replaced goods made by individual craftsmen.
Which picture shows the factory system? The cottage system?
EQ: What inventions sparked the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution and how did they lead to the creation of the factory system in England?
James Watt – Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer
Improved by using a condenser Key power source of the Industrial RevolutionClick below to watch a steam engine (don’t
watch the whole time, it gets kind of boring)Led to an increase in the coal and iron
industrieshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMNrtOcZ6XQ
New Inventions: Steam Locomotive Peter Cooper took James Watt’s steam engine
and made the first successful steam locomotive – the Tom Thumb
Cotton GinInvented by Eli Whitney in
1793Separated cotton fibers from
seedImproved the cleaning of
raw cotton – led to an increase in cotton production which was very helpful to the textile industry
Also led to exports to Britain and a higher demand for slavery in the US
The Spinning Jenny1764 – James HargreavesProduced several threads at the same timeWere later powered by water and then the
steam engineSped up the process of weaving/spinning
Bessemer ProcessFirst inexpensive process for the mass
production of steelRemoved impurities from the iron by blowing
air through itAllowed the manufacture of bridges,
railroads, skyscrapers, and large ships – triggered the growth of many other industries
Mr. Weasley tells us more!!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dypdoLm4
Rn8&safe=active
Thomas Edison American inventor1) Phonograph - used for recording
sound2) transmitter for the telephone
speaker3) improved light bulb4) key elements of motion-picture
apparatus5) world's first industrial research
laboratoryVideo!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyso7_HetyM&safe=active
Alexander Graham Bell Inventor of the telephone - 1876 1880 – established the Volta Laboratory – devoted to
scientific discovery (don’t write the #1-4)1) a metal jacket to assist patients with lung problems2) conceptualized the process for producing methane gas
from waste material3) developed a metal detector to locate bullets in bodies,4) invented an audiometer to test a person's hearing He also continued to promote efforts to help the deaf, and
in 1890, established the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf.
Video 1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdIXoceFgk8&safe=activeVideo 2 – first telephone callhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfLWtebubtY&safe=active
Lots and lots of inventions!The inventions made during the Industrial
Revolution totally changed business markets around the world through:
the improvement of productivity :making things fastertransporting things fasterselling more stuff!
Quick recap of some important inventions (with a few extra added in)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpwaVqTFteo&safe=active
Quick Videoshttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKJqeJ48CPs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9ID_A1ixUk
EQ: How were the arts of photography and cinema both evidence and a reflection of the Industrial Revolution?
EQ: In what ways did the factory system change the face of labor in England?
Population GrowthBetween 1800 and 1850 – population of cities
in Europe and the US grew very quickly… workers needed to live closer to factories and mills
During this time, changes in farming meant that fewer workers were needed – available jobs caused displaced farmers to flock to Industrial cities (pull factor)
Machines made production faster, so a large number of unskilled workers were needed to operate them
Urbanization
EQ: How did industrialization change the cities of England?
Canals Canal - An artificial waterway or artificially
improved river used for travel, shipping, or irrigation. – usually cuts travel time immensly
Advantages:1. manufacturers could ship more products at a time 2. could ship products more quickly and to more
remote places As early as the 1830s railroads had begun to
take the place of canals as important transportation routes around the world
Click below to see how most canals work!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfWyBz5bHj8&safe=active
RailroadsRailroads were
introduced in Great Britain
Railroad video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8lX5A2q-Eo&safe=active
Industrial Cities** London’s population grew from 1 million in 1800 to 2.5 million in 1850…. WOWTo accommodate these large populations, cheap housing was built and factories sprang up everywhere to employ workers for low wages and continue to increase production
So. Many. People.Living conditions were
terrible for workersThey gathered in poor,
crowded neighborhoods near their work called slums
Tenements – 5 and 6 story wooded apartment buildings (usually with 2 rooms)
What it was likeProblems:1) poor design2) landlord neglect3) structure of old buildings4) little government intervention These problems led to very hazardous living conditions in
these tenements: Inadequate garbage pickup – tenants dumped their
garbage into the shafts/alleys between apartments. little fresh air - the smell was horrendous - sewage would
flow openly in gutters and threatened to spread diseases Diseases such as cholera and typhus were very commonCholera explained:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGDEqcJ1skE&safe=active
Although cities offered work, it paid poorly, was dangerous, and the days were long and hard
Factories had:1)Extreme temps2)A lack of fresh air – dust often sickened
workers3)Dangerous working conditionsWork was 12-16 hours a dayWomen were paid 50% less than men
It was quite dark when Mr. Pickwick roused himself sufficiently to look out of the window. The straggling cottages by the roadside, the dingy hue of every object visible, the murky atmosphere, the paths of cinders and brick-dust, the deep-red glow of furnace fires in the distance, the volumes of dense smoke issuing heavily forth from high toppling chimneys, blackening and obscuring everything around; the glare of distant lights, the ponderous wagons which toiled along the road, laden with clashing rods of iron, or piled with heavy goods — all betokened their rapid approach to the great working town of Birmingham.
As they rattled through the narrow thoroughfares leading to the heart of the turmoil, the sights and sounds of earnest occupation struck more forcibly on the senses. The streets were thronged with working people. The hum of labour resounded from every house; lights gleamed from the long casement windows in the attic storeys, and the whirl of wheels and noise of machinery shook the trembling walls. The fires, whose lurid, sullen light had been visible for miles, blazed fiercely up, in the great works and factories of the town. The din of hammers, the rushing of steam, and the heavy clanking of engines was the harsh music which arose from every quarter. [632-33]
The New Middle Class Middle class prior to IR – craftsman, merchants,
shop owners, professionals (doctors, lawyers) The Industrial Revolution created new members of
the middle class:
1) Men who provided $$ for new factories
2) Men who managed new businesses
Families lived in working class neighborhoods in well-built homes (much nicer than slums)
Women stayed home, managed children and servants, and took care of the home (they did not need to work in factories)
Note Break!! Letter to the Editor1) Imagine you are living in a new industrial city.
Plan a letter to the editor demanding that living conditions be improved for the working poor.
2) Write a letter with at least 3 changes that need to be made – explain why the changes need to be made and how they will improve living conditions.
Things to include:Valid dateSFI !!! Specific Factual Information
**1 page minimum
Workdays -10 to 14 hours with few breaks
little to no payOften employed orphaned
childrenFactories were very
dangerous places leading to injuries and even deaths.
Machinery often ran so quickly that little fingers, arms and legs could easily get caught (machines were designed to be run by children)
factories put out fumes and toxins – disease and illness
Interview with a child factory worker:
http://teachers.parkhill.k12.mo.us/HillJ/A%20Christmas%20Carol/Eliza_Marshall.htm
The evening arrived; the boys took their places. The master, in his cook’s uniform, stationed himself at the copper; his pauper assistants ranged themselves behind him; the gruel was served out; and a long grace was said over the short commons. The gruel disappeared; the boys whispered each other, and winked at Oliver; while his next neighbours nudged him. Child as he was, he was desperate with hunger, and reckless with misery. He rose from the table; and advancing to the master, basin and spoon in hand, said: somewhat alarmed at his own temerity: ‘Please, sir, I want some more.’ [15]
Some houses which had become insecure from age and decay, were prevented from falling into the street, by huge beams of wood reared against the walls, and firmly planted in the road; but even these crazy dens seemed to have been selected as the nightly haunts of some houseless wretches, for many of the rough boards which supplied the place of door and window, were wrenched from their position, to afford an aperture wide enough for the passage of a human body. The kennel was stagnant and filthy. The very rats, which here and there lay putrefying in its rottenness, were hideous with famine. (Ch. 5, 44)
Click below to watch a video on child labor in Industrial England
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=87eVOpbcoVo
Photos for E Period projecthttp://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/chil
dlabor/
EQ: What were the environmental consequences of urbanization and industrialization?
Pollution – from factories and people – acid rain, water, air
Depletion of raw materials and resources – coal, forests
Diseases – unsanitary conditions
EQ: How did the IR spark the rise of capitalism and what are the main characteristics of that economic system?
The underlying theme of capitalism is the use of wealth to create more wealth. In the case of a single owner of an industrial enterprise (such as a factory), the system reveals a characteristic distinction. All the profits go to one man, though many others share the work. Full-scale capitalism results in an inevitable divide between employer and employed, or capital and labor.
Capitalism – economic system in which production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is privately owned with the goal of making profit in a market economy.
Competition - rivalry in supplying or acquiring an economic service or good
Crash course! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3
u4EFTwprM (stop at 7:50)
market economy - an economy in which decisions regarding investment , production and distribution are based on supply and demand
prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system
**The great thing about the free market system is that prices and quantities tend to move toward equilibrium and, for the most part, keep the market stable.
supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.
in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers will equal the quantity supplied by producers (equilibrium)
If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.
If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price.
If demand remains unchanged and supply increases, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price.
If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.
EQ: How did the economic conflict created by the rise of capitalism affect society?
In the early 1800s the middle-class owners of railroads, factories, and mines began supporting laissez-faire. They believed that freedom from government controls would mean a growing economy with material progress for all people.
Remember him?!
Profit making without profit sharing – seed of discontent planted among lower class (low wages) because factory owner were so greedy
