Unrest in Austria- Hungary25.5 Nationalist groups in Austria Hungary and the Balkans struggle violently for independence

UprisingsRemember Napoleon at Waterloo is defeated....Congress of Vienna (that is Vienna Austria) rules EuropePrince Metternich( of Austria) is the man of power1848 unrest spreads over Europe (they want liberal reforms)

UprisingsAt that time Hungary was part of AustriaUprising in Hungary led by native Magyar (nomadic warriors who entered Hungary in 900s)different language and different cultureMagyars want their own country

Hungary RevoltsLajos Kossuth - Magyar who led revolt in 1848but Austria came down hard on the MagyariansRussia under Czar Nicholas I sent troops to put down revolt (he feared the revolt would spread to Russia) Revolt fails!

Dual MonarchyDual Monarchy!One common ruler for both Austria and HungaryFrancis Joseph I - king of Hungary and Emperor of Austria3 ministers assist himeach country has own Parliament

Dual Monarchyeconomically practicalAustria produces industrial goods which Hungary buysHungary produces agricultural products and raw materials which Austria buys

Dual Monarchyproblems remaindifferent languagesethnic minorities such as Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Romanians, Poles, Slovenes, Ukrainians, and Italians all live within Austria Hungarylocal people still want self governmentAustria Hungary look towards the Balkans for expansion and power

Ottoman Empire and The BalkansOttoman Empire weakening as nationalism rises in their lands

Greece got its independence in 1829

Ottoman Empire and The BalkansOther empires get involved!Russia supports Balkan nationalists - many who were fellow Slavs and Orthodox Christiansthey also wanted a warm water port!Great Britian doesnt want Russia to get that port so they support the Turks/Ottoman rulers

Weird! Autocratic Russia supports people wanting their own country - supporting movts for independenceWeird! Great Britain - democratic country - supporting repressive Turks - denying people who want to rule their own country.Why? - Resources!WEIRD!

Congress of Berlin and the Balkan Wars1875 Revolts in the Balkans!1877 Russia declares war on Ottoman EmpireTurks defeated!1878 Treaty of San Stefano

What is the result of the Balkan Wars?Independence to Romania, Serbia, and MontenegroSelf rule to Bulgaria (but Russia is going to occupy it for a while)***Sudden influence of Russia in the Balkans

What is the result of the Balkan Wars?***Sudden influence of Russia in the Balkans

Makes major European powers nervousOther powers force Russia to meet at Congress of Berlin 1878topics- territorial independenceBulgaria kept w/in Ottoman Empire which reduced Russian influence - limits her access to Aegean Sea

What is the result of the Balkan Wars? Austria governs Bosnia & Herzegovina but cant add them to their own territory

Great Britian controls/occupies island of Cyprus in the Mediterrean (this gives Britain a naval base in the Med. Sea)

over time Great Britain and Italy each seize Ottoman territory in Africa

1908 Austria breaks with the Congress of Berlin Austria annexes (takes) Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro = Balkan League - declare war on Ottoman Empire and win!

but things are never simple - they end up fighting again!

by 1913 (eve of World War I) Ottoman Empire in Europe included only the city of Constantinople and enough land to control water route from the Black Sea to the Med. Sea Bulgaria pals up with Austria Serbia has growing hostility to Austria (this one is the powder keg!)Why do you care?