UNRAVELLING TORT AND CRIME - Assetsassets.cambridge.org/97811070/66113/frontmatter/9781107066113...6 Torts, crimes and ... Unravelling Tort and Crime Edited by Matthew Dyson Frontmatter

UNRAVELLING TORT AND CRIME

Tort law and criminal law are closely bound together but their relation-ship rarely receives sustained and rigorous scrutiny. This is the firstsignificant project in England and Wales to address that shortcoming.Building on growing interest amongst both academics and practitioners inthe relationship between tort and crime, it draws together leading expertsto chart the field and explore key points of interest. It uses a range ofperspectives from legal theory, doctrine, legal history and comparative lawto address some of the most important and interesting links between tortand crime. Examples include how the illegality defence operates to avoidstultification of the law, the difference between criminal and civil caus-ation, how the Motor Insurers’ Bureau not only insures but acts to enforcelaws and alter behaviour, and why civil law only very rarely restoresspecific property but the criminal law does it daily.

matthew dyson is a Fellow in Law at Trinity College, Universityof Cambridge, where he specialises in the relationship between tort andcrime. He teaches tort law, criminal law, Roman law, comparativelaw and European legal history. He has held visiting positions at theUniversities of Girona, Valencia, Sydney and Göttingen and been a visitorat Harvard, as well as a Visiting Research Fellow at the Max PlanckInstitute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg.

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UNRAVELLING TORT

AND CRIME

Edited by

MATTHEW DYSON






University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataUnravelling tort and crime / edited by Matthew Dyson.

pages cmISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 (Hardback)

1. Torts–England. 2. Criminal law–England.I. Dyson, Matthew, 1982– editor of compilation.

KD1949.A2U57 2014346.4203–dc23 2014007592

ISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 Hardback

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accurate or appropriate.






CONTENTS

List of contributors viiForeword ixPreface xiTable of cases xiiTable of legislation xxvi

1 Disentangling and organising tort and crime 1

matthew dyson

2 Policing tort and crime with the MIB: remedies, penaltiesand the duty to insure 22

rob merkin and jenny steele

3 Tort law and criminal law in an age of austerity 58

nicholas j. mcbride

4 Wrongs and responsibility for wrongs in crime and tort 82

g. r. sullivan

5 Private rights and public wrongs 111

robert stevens

6 Torts, crimes and vindication: whose wrong is it? 146

r. a. duff

7 Illegality’s role in the law of torts 174

graham virgo

8 Defences in tort and crime 208

james goudkamp

v






9 Causation in tort law and criminal law: unityor divergence? 239

sandy steel

10 Complicity 275

paul s. davies

11 Civil liability for crimes 304

j . r. spencer

12 Consent and assumption of risk in tort andcriminal law 330

kenneth w. simons

13 The interaction of crime and delict in Scotland 356

john blackie

14 The properties of the law: restoring personal propertythrough crime and tort 389

matthew dyson and sarah green

Index 422

vi contents






CONTRIBUTORS

john blackie is Emeritus Professor of Law at the University ofStrathclyde

paul s. davies is fellow and tutor at St Catherine’s College andAssociate Professor, University of Oxford

r. a. duff is Emeritus Professor, Department of Philosophy at theUniversity of Stirling and Russell M. and Elizabeth M. Bennett Chair inExcellence at the University of Minnesota Law School

matthew dyson is fellow in law at Trinity College, University ofCambridge

james goudkamp is fellow and tutor at Keble College and AssociateProfessor, University of Oxford

sarah green is fellow and tutor at St Hilda’s College and AssociateProfessor, University of Oxford

nicholas j. mcbride is James Campbell Fellow in Law at Pem-broke College, University of Cambridge and Quondam Fellow, All SoulsCollege, University of Oxford

rob merkin is Lloyd’s Professor of Commercial Law at the Univer-sity of Exeter

kenneth w. simons is Professor of Law and TheHonorable Frank R.Kenison Distinguished Scholar in Law at Boston University School of Law

j . r. spencer qc is Bye Fellow of Murray Edwards College, retiredfellow of Selwyn College and Emeritus Professor of Law at the Universityof Cambridge

vii






sandy steel is Lecturer in Law at the Dickson Poon School of Law,King’s College London

jenny steele is Professor of Law at the University of York

robert stevens is Herbert Smith Freehills Professor of EnglishPrivate Law at the University of Oxford

g. r. sullivan is Professor of Criminal Law at the University ofSussex and Emeritus Professor of Law at University College, London

graham virgo is fellow of Downing College and Professor ofEnglish Private Law at the University of Cambridge

viii list of contributors






FOREWORD

By far the most striking feature of the development of the criminal law inrecent years has been the obsession of Parliament for the creation of newoffences. The courts have an important secondary role in the interpret-ation of the legislation, but it is not for the courts to create new criminaloffences or defences. By contrast, over the same period Parliament hasshown far less interest in the law of tort and the considerable develop-ment of the law in this area has been largely the work of the courts.

Moreover, while Parliament has been highly expansionist in its cre-ation of new offences, its approach to tort (insofar as it has givenattention to the subject) has tended towards the opposite direction.Professor Spencer gives the example of the amendment of section 47 ofthe Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 by the Enterprise andRegulatory Reform Act 2013. In its original form the section providedthat a breach of health and safety regulations would be actionable in civillaw unless the regulation provided otherwise. The amended versionprovides the opposite: breach of a health and safety regulation shall notbe actionable unless the regulation so provides. This is a strange volte-face. Since the purpose of health and safety regulations is the preventionof personal injury, one might expect a person who is injured as a result ofa breach to be entitled to appropriate compensation. It is an odd legisla-tive framework that denies compensation to the injured person butmakes the lawbreaker liable to a fine payable to the state.

It is worth reflecting about this. When some untoward event or seriesof events hits the headlines, and the government comes under publicpressure to do something to prevent a repetition, all too often thestandard response is to create a new offence rather than consideringwhether a civil remedy might be as well or better adjusted to the welfareof the victim and the need for deterrence. One possible reason for this isthat there is also a lamentable tendency to legislate in the broadest termsand to rely on prosecutorial discretion not to institute proceedings in

ix






minor cases, whereas the institution of civil proceedings would be in thehands of the injured party.

Whilst the courts must give effect to the will of Parliament, they haveat the same time a responsibility to try to secure the coherent develop-ment of the law. Coherence does not necessarily require symmetry oreven tidiness. The criminal law and the law of tort are themselves widesubjects, each serving a variety of purposes and requiring the balancing ofa variable range of diverse interests. However, they contain manycommon topics. Examples include causation, complicity, consent andillegality.

“Only connect!” So wrote E. M. Forster in Howard’s End. Makingconnections between different branches of the law presents a particularchallenge in the present century because the legal world has become aworld of specialists. This is a by-product of the complexity of modernsociety but it carries with it the risk of a silo effect.

For all of these reasons, this collection of writings by a group ofdistinguished academics on different aspects of tort and crime is particu-larly timely and valuable. As Matthew Dyson states at the beginning ofhis introductory chapter, tort and crime are woven together in under-researched ways. This volume contains many ideas which are originaland stimulating. It deserves to be read not only by practitioners andstudents of the law of crime and tort but by anyone with an interest in thecommon law.

Roger Toulson

x foreword






PREFACE

This volume is the first outcome of a project to promote scholarship ontort and crime. It is the first such dedicated volume in England, buthopefully not the last. The chapters in the volume are the evolved statesof papers presented at two workshops held at the Faculty of Law andTrinity College, Cambridge, in February 2013 and January 2014. It was aprivilege to work with such a warm, interesting and academically rigor-ous group of scholars and I know that everyone involved benefitedimmensely from collaborating together. In addition to the authors, ithas been of immense value to share ideas with three leading practitioners:John Randall QC, Edward Faulks QC and Tim Owen QC.

The endeavour has benefited from being under the aegis of theCambridge Centre for Private Law, and its Directors, Graham Virgoand Sarah Worthington. Graham in particular has been a constant sourceof support and guidance. The conception of the project owes muchto the sage advice of Andrew Simester and Peter Glazebrook as well asformative years spent working with David Ibbetson and John Bell.In addition, its completion was achieved thanks to the backing of JanetThomasson, Michael Dyson, Emma Smith, Louise Smith, Ken Smith andcolleagues and friends like Catherine Barnard, Jo Miles, Louise Merrett,Ann-Christin Maak, Richard Hart, James Lee, Stephen Watterson, PaulMitchell, Paula Giliker and Findlay Stark.

The whole project was made possible by the financial support of theCambridge Humanities Research Grant Scheme and Trinity College.The Faculty of Law has provided logistical support and facilities, withparticular thanks owed to Rosie Šnajdr, Laura Smethurst, ElizabethAitken and Norma Weir.

Finally, sincere thanks are due to Joe Sampson and Emma Bickerstaffefor their assistance with the completion of the manuscript as well as tothe incomparable Finola O’Sullivan and to Richard Woodham and therest of the staff at CUP for making the process so easy.

xi






TABLE OF CASES

Adams v. Andrews [1964] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 347 32Adorian v. Commissioner of the Metropolis [2009] EWCA Civ 18, [2009] 1 WLR

1859 200Aitchison v. Thorburn (1870) 7 SLR 347 376Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 138Allcard v. Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 125Allen v. Hounga [2012] EWCA Civ 609 178Andersen v. Hameed [2010] CSOH 99 (Scotland) 195Anderson v. Cooke [2005] IEHC 221; [2005] 2 IR 607 (Ireland) 195Arnott v. Burr (1872) 11 M 62 378Ashley v. Chief Constable of Sussex Police [2008] UKHL 25; [2008] 1 AC 962 11, 85,

126, 150–3, 154, 156, 160, 161, 209, 221, 236, 376Ashmore v. Rock Steady Security Ltd 2006 SLT 207 376Ashton v. Turner [1981] QB 137 178, 195Askey v. Golden Wine Co. Ltd [1948] 2 All ER 35 191, 192, 317Attorney General v. Able [1984] QB 795 291Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands v. Hartwell [2004] 1 WLR 1273 319Attorney General’s Reference (No. 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773 295Attorney General’s Reference (No. 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 375AXN v. Worboys [2012] EWHC 1730 35

Bailey v. Gill [1919] 1 KB 41 417Bailey v. Ministry of Defence [2008] EWCA Civ 883; [2009] 1 WLR 1052 244Baillie v. Bryson (1818) 1 Mur 317 378Baker v. Snell [1908] 2 KB 825 325Barker v. Corus, UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20 110, 261Barnett v. Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969] 1 QB

428 241Barnfather v. London Borough of Islington Education Authority and Secretary of State

for Education and Skills [2003] EWHC 418 (Admin) 91Barratt Homes Ltd v. Dŵr Cymru Cyfyngedig (No 2) [2013] EWCA Civ 233 246

xii






Barros Mattos Jnr. v. MacDaniels Ltd. [2004] EWHC 1188 (Ch), [2005] 1 WLR247 182

Barry v. Sutherland (Damages) 2002 SLT 413 371Belegging-en Exploitatiemaatschapij Lavender B.V. v. Witten Industrial Diamonds Ltd.

[1979] FSR 59 301Bell v. Shand (1870) 7 SLR 267 375Bennett v. Commonwealth (1912) 150 SW 806 255Bentley v. Vilmont (1887) 12 App. Cas. 471 400–1Beresford v. Royal Insurance Co. Ltd. [1938] AC 586 185Bice v. Jarvis (1885) 49 JP 264, 1 TLR 306 410Blakely and Sutton v. DPP [1991] RTR 405 289Bolitho v. City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232 242Bonnington Castings Ltd v. Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 244, 259Bowen v. Hall (1881) 6 QBD 333 247Bowmakers Ltd. v. Barnet Instruments Ltd [1945] KB 65 182Box v. Jubb (1879) 4 Ex. D. 76 325Boyle v. Kodak [1969] 1 WLR 661 311–12Breunig v. American Family Insurance Co 45 Wis 2d 536; 173 NW 2d 619 (1970) 233Brimelow v. Casson [1924] 1 Ch. 302 292British Columbia v. Zastowny [2008] 1 SCR 27 191Brown Jenkinson and Co Ltd v. Percy Dalton (London) Ltd. [1957] 2 QB 621 181Brown v. United States 256 US 335, 343 (1921) 223Brumder v. Motornet Service and Repairs Ltd [2013] 1 WLR 2783 311Bryson v. Somerville (1565) 1703 364Buckley v. Gross (1863) 3 B. & S. 566; 122 ER 213 410Bullock v. Dunlap (1877) 13 Cox 581 418Burns v. Edman [1970] 2 QB 541 186Byrne v. Motor Insurers Bureau [2009] QB 66, [2008] Lloyd’s Rep IR 705 28

Callow v. Tillstone (1900) 83 LT 411 284Campbell v. Ord and Maddison (1873) 1 R 149 363Carroll v. Barclay (Andrew) & Sons, Ltd. [1948] AC 477 12Carter v. Richardson [1974] RTR 314 289Cassell v. Broome [1972] AC 1027 86CBS Inc v. Ames [1982] Ch 91 283CBS Songs Ltd v. Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc [1988] AC 1013 278, 280, 283,

287, 292, 294Chappel v. Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 244Chester v. Afshar [2004] UKHL 41; [2005] 1 AC 134 245, 343Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire v. Parkin [2000] Po. L.R. 54 (QBD) 412Chilton v. Carrington and Whitehurst (1855) 15 CB 730; 139 ER 612 417Chubb Fire Ltd v. Vicar of Spalding [2010] EWCA Civ 981 319

table of cases xiii






City of Levis v. Tetreault [2006] SCC 12 99Cleisham v. BTC 1964 SC (HL) 8 381, 382Cleveland Park Club v. Perry 165 A 2d 485 231Clunis v. Camden and Islington Health Authority [1998] QB 978; [1998] 1 WLR

1093 191, 192, 313Cobbs v. Grant, 502 P.2d 1 (Cal. 1972) 343Colburn v. Patmore (1834) 1 Crop M and R 73, 149 ER 999 194Colby v. McClendon 85 Okla 293 (1922) 118Collins v. Blantern (1767) 2 Wils. KB 347 188Collins v. Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172 (QBD) 236Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v. Caldwell [1982] AC 341 288–9Corr v. IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13; [2008] 1 AC 884 250, 265, 295Costello v. Chief Constable of Derbyshire Constabulary [2001] EWCA Civ 381, [2001]

1 WLR 1437 183, 397Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland N.V. (Now Generale Bank Nederland N.V.) v. Export

Credit Guarantee Department [2000] 1 AC 486 280Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland N.V. (Now Generale Bank Nederland N.V.)

v. Export Credit Guarantee Department [1998] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 19 (CA) 107,276, 298, 301

Crippen, In re [1911] P 108 313, 315Cross v. Kirby [2000] EWCA Civ 426, The Times, 5 April 2000 (CA) 183, 189,

199, 237Customs and Excise Commissioners v. Total Network SL [2008] UKHL 19; [2008] 1

A.C. 1174: 15Cutler v. Wandsworth Stadium [1949] AC 398 12

D v. East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust [2005] UKHL 23, [2005] 2 AC373 323

Davis v. Hampshire Police Authority [1978] C.L.Y. 3024 (CC) 412Delaney v. Pickett [2011] EWCA Civ 1532, [2012] 1 WLR 2149 43–5, 191, 193,

196, 314Devine v. Greeves [1957] Tas SR 27 (SC) 235Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562 20, 65, 230Dorset Yacht v. Home Office [1970] AC 1004 250Dover v. Child (1876) 1 Ex D 172 419DPP v. Lynch [1975] AC 653 107, 291DPP for Northern Ireland v. Maxwell [1978] 3 All ER 1140 287DPP v. Morgan [1976] AC 182 158Dramatico Entertainment Ltd v. British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [2012] EWHC 268 (Ch),

[2012] 3 CMLR 14 276, 281Duller v. South East Lines Engineers [1981] CLY 585 182Dunlop and Sylvester v. R (1979) 47 CCC (2d) 93 ([1979] 2 SCR 881) 290

xiv table of cases






Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. v. Moseley & Sons Ltd. [1904] 1 Ch. 612 301Dyer v. Munday [1895] 1 QB 742 326

E v. English Province of Our Lady of Charity [2012] EWCA Civ 938; [2013] QB722 328

Earl of Macclesfield v. Davis (1814) 3 V & B 16; 35 ER 385 394Ecclestone v. Khazami [2014] EWHC 29 (QB) 183Eisten v. North British Railway Co (1870) 8 M 980 377EMI Records Ltd v. British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [2013] EWHC 379 (Ch) 286Environment Agency (formerly National Rivers Authority) v. Empress Car Company

(Abertillery) Ltd. [1999] 2 AC 22 104, 257Equus Corp Pty. Ltd. v. Haxton [2012] HCA 7 185EUI Ltd v. Bristol Alliance Partnership Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 1267; [2013] QB

806 35, 37Euro-Diam Ltd. v. Bathurst [1990] 1 QB 1 176, 187Evans v. Cockayne [2012] EWCA Civ 1166; [2013] 1 WLR 1776 45Evans v. Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions Case C-63/

01, [2005] All ER (EC) 763; [2004] Lloyd’s Rep IR 391 33Everett v. Comojo (UK) Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 13; [2012] 1 WLR 150 321–2Ewing v. Earl of Mar (1851) 14 D 314 368

F v. West Berkshire Health Authority [1990] 2AC 1 86Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 439 86Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services [2003] 1 AC 32 110Fairclough Homes v. Summers [2012] UKSC 26 38Falcon v. The Famous Players Film Company Ltd [1926] 1 KB 393; [1926]

2 KB 474) 280Fish & Fish v. Sea Shepherd UK [2013] EWCA Civ 544, [2013] 1 WLR 3700 107, 282,

286, 292, 297, 298, 300Fontin v. Katapodis (1962) 108 CLR 177 (HCA) 221Football Dataco Ltd v. Stan James (Abindgon) Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 27, [2013] 2

CMLR 36 276, 289Fowler v. Lanning [1959] 1 QB 86 86

Gala v. Preston (1991) 172 CLR 243 195General and Finance Facilities Ltd v. Cooks Cars (Romford) Ltd [1963] 1 WLR

644 391, 393Giles v. Thompson [1994] 1 AC 142 181Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 (HL) 106,

285, 291Ginty v. Belmont Building Supplies Ltd [1959] 1 All ER 414 311–12, 315Giorgianni v. R (1985) 156 CLR 473 290

table of cases xv






Girardy v. Richardson (1793) 1 Esp 13; 170 ER 265 181Global Resources Group Ltd v. Mackay 2009 SLT 104 371Gray v. Thames Trains [2009] UKHL 33; [2009] 1 AC 1339 14, 15, 47, 175, 184, 190,

191, 193–4, 240, 312–13, 315, 317, 376Greenland v. Chaplin (1850) 5 Ex 243, 248; 155 ER 104 247Grehan v. Kann [1948] QWN 40 (SC) 222Griffin v. UHY Hacker Young and Partners [2010] EWHC 146 (Ch) 205Grimme Landmaschinenfabrik GmbH v. Derek Scott (t/a Scotts Potato Machinery)

[2010] EWCA Civ 1110, [2011] FSR 7 285–6Groom v. Crocker [1939] 1 KB 194 (CA) 237

H & J M Bennet (Potatoes) Ltd v. Secretary of State for Scotland 1986 SLT 665 371Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch. 341; 156 ER 145 248Hall v. Hebert [1993] 2 SCR 159 179, 185–6, 196, 201Hampshire County Council v. E [2007] EWHC 2584 (Admin) 91Hardie and Lane Ltd v. Chilton [1928] 2 KB 306 (CA) 18Harper Collins Publishers Ltd v. Young [2007] Court of Session, Outer House 65 385Hart v. Geysel 159 Wash 632 (1930) 118Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v. Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 125Hegarty v. Shine (1878) 14 Cox CC 145 181Henderson v. Chief Constable of Fife 1988 SLT 361 368, 386Hendry v. Clan Line Steamers 1949 SC 320 378Hewison v. Meridian Shipping Services Pte. Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 1821, [2003] ICR

766 175–6, 179, 185, 186–7, 196, 202, 206–7Hill v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 320, 322Hill v. New River Co (1868) 7 B&S 308 248HM Advocate v. Rutherford 1947 JC 1 375Hoebergen v. Koppens [1974] 2 NZLR 597 (SC) 221Hollington v. F Hewthorn & Co Ltd [1943] KB 587 314Hollins v. Fowler (1874–75) LR 7 HL 757 398Holman v. Johnson (1775) 1 Cowp. 341; 98 ER 1120 175, 177Holtby v. Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Ltd [2000] 3 All ER 421 244, 245Home Office v. Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 319Horwood v. Smith (1788) 2 TR 750; 100 ER 404 401Howard E Perry & Co Ltd v. British Railways Board [1980] 1 WLR 1375 394Howard v. Shirlstar Container Transport Ltd. [1990] 1 WLR 1292 176Howitt v. Alexander & Sons 1948 SC 154 (Ct of Sess) 234Hughes v. Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837 252Hunter v. Butler [1996] RTR 396 176, 182Hurley v. Moore (1993) 112 Nfld & PEIR 40; (1994) 107 DLR (4th) 664 (CA) 221Huyton SA v. Peter Cremer GmbH [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 620 244Hymas v. Ogden [1905] 1 KB 246 417

xvi table of cases






Imbree v. McNeilly [2008] HCA 40 26, 30Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v. Shatwell [1965] AC 656 234Impress (Worcester) Ltd v. Rees [1971] 2 All ER 357 258

Jain v. Trent Strategic Health Authority [2009] 1 AC 853 67Jason v. Hobbs [1953] VLR 397 (SC) 235Jeremy D Stone Consultants Ltd. v. National Westminster Bank [2013] EWHC 208

(Ch) 206Jobling v. Associated Dairies [1982] AC 794 253Johnson v. Youden [1950] 1 KB 544 286, 290Jones v. Ruth [2011] EWCA Civ 804 252Jones v. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change [2012] EWHC 2936 259Jones v. First Tier Tribunal [2013] UKSC 19 35Joyce v. O’Brien [2013] EWCA Civ 546, [2014] 1 WLR 70 85, 196, 199, 202, 204,

206–7

Kaplan v. Mamelak, 75 Cal. Rptr. 3d 861 (Ct. App. 2008) 349Kellar v. Williams [2004] UKPC 30 180Kennedy v. Glenbelle Ltd 1996 SC 95 365Khaliq v. HM Advocate 1984 JC 23 366Kirkham v. Chief Constable of Greater Manchester [1990] 2 QB 283 182Knightley v. Johns [1982] 1 WLR 349 247Kuddus v. Chief Constable of Leicestershire [2002] 2 AC 122 86Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Iraq Airways Co (Nos 4 and 5) [2002] 2 AC

883 243, 251

L’Oréal SA v. eBay International AG Case C-324/09, [2012] All ER (EC) 501 286Lancashire County Council v. Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd [1997] QB 897, [1996]

3 All ER 545 29Lane v. Holloway [1968] 1 QB 379 (CA) 118, 221Lees v. Tod (1882) 9 R 807 371Leicester v. Cherryman [1907] 2 KB 101 402–3, 405Lennon v. Co-Operative Insurance Society Ltd 1986 SLT 98 379Les Laboratoires Servier v. Apotex Inc [2012] EWCA Civ 593; [2013] Bus LR 80 174,

181, 184, 189, 205Letang v. Cooper [1965] 1 QB 232 86Lindsay v. Cundy (1876) 1 QBD 348 401Lister v. Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215 327–8Lister v. Romford Ice and Cold Storage Ltd [1957] AC 555 22–3Lloyd v. Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716 327Lonrho v. Fayed [1990] 1 AC 448 121Lonrho v. Shell [1982] 1 AC 173 121

table of cases xvii






Lord Advocate’s Reference (No. 2 of 1992) 1993 JC 43 367Love v. Egan (1971) 65 QJPR 102 (Dist Ct) 222Lowther v. Lord Lowther (1806) 13 Ves. Jr. 95; 33 ER 230 394Lumley v. Gye (1853) 2 E & B 216; 118 ER 749 278, 284, 286, 293Lunnun v. Singh (1999) The Times, 19 July (CA) 235Lykins v. Hamrick 144 Ky 80 (Ct App 1911) 118Lynch v. DPP for Northern Ireland [1975] AC 653 291Lynch v. Knight (1861) 11 ER 854 247Lyon v. Lamb 1838 16 S 1188 378

M.T.S. In re 609 A.2d 1266 (N.J. 1992) 355M’Laughlin v. Pryor (1842) 4 Man & G 48 (134 ER 21) 280, 283Mackay v. M’Cankie (1883) 10 R 537 138MacLeod v. Rooney 2010 SLT 499 371MacLeod v. Kerr 1965 SC 253 386MacLeod v. MacAskill 1920 SC 72 370Maes Finance Ltd v. AL Phillips & Co (1997) The Times, 25 March (Ch D) 235Maga v. Archbishop of Birmingham [2010] EWCA Civ 256, [2010] 1 WLR 1441

320, 327Mainstream Properties v. Young [2005] EWCA Civ 861 285Maisel v. Financial Times Ltd [1915] 3 KB 336 (CA) 236Manuel v. Fraser (1818) Mur 387 378March v. E & M H Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506 244Matuszczyk v. National Coal Board (No. 2) 1955 SC 418 365McKendrick v. Sinclair 1972 SC (HL) 25 377McLaughlin (Rennie’s Guardian) v. Morrison [2013] Court of Session Outer House

163 376Meah v. McCreamer (No 1) [1985] 1 All ER 367 192, 312Meah v. McCreamer (No 2) [1986] 1 All ER 943 187, 312Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc v. Grokster Ltd 545 US 913 (2005) 276, 282,

293, 296Micosta SA v. Shetland Islands Council (The Mihalis) (Reparation) [1984] 2 Lloyd’s

Rep. 525 357Midland Railway Co. v. Martin & Co. [1893] 2 QB 172 419Millar v. Ministry of Transport [1986] 1 NZLR 660 290Miller v. Ministry of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372 260Miller v. Miller (2011) HCA 9 15, 183, 195, 199Mills v. Baitis [1968] VR 583 189Milne v. Thomson (1841) D 1163 378, 380Mitchell v. Glasgow City Council [2009] 1 AC 874 320–1Monk v. Warbey [1935] 1 KB 75 34Morriss v. Marsden [1952] 1 All ER 925 (QBD) 233

xviii table of cases






Mouse’s Case (1608) 12 Co Rep 63; 77 ER 1341 214Murphy v. Culhane [1977] QB 94 (CA) 221Mutua v. Foreign and Commonwealth Office [2012] EWHC 2678 (QB) 282

National Coal Board v. England [1954] AC 403 178, 194–6, 201, 279Nayyar v. Denton Wilde Sapte [2009] EWHC 3218 (QB), [2010] Lloyd’s Rep PN

139 181NCB v. Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 107, 279, 291–2, 296Nettleship v. Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 30Newman v. Folkes [2002] PIQR Q 2 182News Group Newspapers Ltd v. Society of Graphical and Allied Trades ’82 (No 2)

[1987] ICR 181 282Norman v. Ali [2000] Lloyd’s Rep IR 395 34Norman v. Aziz [2000] Lloyd’s Rep IR 52 34North v. Great Northern Railway (1860) 2 Giff 64; 66 ER 28 394Nwachukwu v. Karl 222 FRD 208 (DCC, 2004) 237

O’Flaherty [2004] EWCA Crim 526, [2004] Crim LR 751 293O’Hara v. Central SMT Co Ltd 1941 SC 363 382OBG Ltd v. Allan [2007] UKHL 21, [2008] 1 AC 1 121, 278, 285, 371Olmstead v. United States 277 US 438 (1828) 189Orient-Express Hotels Ltd v Assicurazioni General SpA [2010] EWHC 1186 243Osman v. UK (2000) 29 EHRR 245 324Osman v. Ferguson [1993] 4 All ER 344 324Osman v. J Ralph Moss Ltd [1970] 1 Lloyd’s Law Reports 313 47, 192, 317–8Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd. [1961] AC 388

(The Wagon Mound (No. 1) 18, 249

Page v. Smith [1996] AC 155 22Palmer v. The Queen [1971] AC 814 (PC) 223Pamplin v. Express Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1988] 1 WLR 116n 236Pankhurst v. White [2006] EWHC 2093 (QB) 235Parking Eye Ltd. v. Somerfield Stores Ltd. [2012] EWCA Civ 1338, [2013] QB

840 181, 182, 189, 202, 206Pasmore v. Oswaldtwistle UDC [1898] AC 387 12Patel v. Mirza [2013] EWHC 1892 (Ch).183Paterson Zochonis Limited v. Merfarken Packaging Limited [1983] FSR 273 281, 301Pattni v. First Leicester Buses Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1384, [2012] RTR 17 22–3Payne v. Wilson [1895] 1 QB 653 (DC) 405People v. Denbo, 868 N.E.2d 347 (Ill. App. 2007) 349People v. Hall, 999 P.2d 207 (Colo. 2000) 333People v. Lewis (1899) 124 Cal 551 255

table of cases xix






Petrie v. Lamont (1841) Car & M 93; 174 ER 424 280Pitts v. Hunt [1991] 1 QB 24 175, 179, 194–5, 206, 314, 316Polemis and Furness, Withy & Company [1921] 3 KB 560 87, 249Pratt v. British Medical Association [1919] 1 KB 244 280Performing Right Society Ltd v. Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd [1924] 1 KB

762 280Preston, Re [1949] SCR 156; US 290

R (F) v. DPP [2013] EWHC 945 (Admin) 349R (Faithfull) v. Crown Court at Ipswich [2008] 1 WLR 1636 308R (Lumba) v. Secretary of state for the Home Department [2011] 2 WLR 671 87R v. Alan Ellis T20087573 (Teeside Crown Court) 276R v. Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129 287R v. Becerra (1976) 62 C App R 212 293R v. Beckford [1998] AC 130 85R v. Blaue [1975] 3 All ER 446, 61 Cr App R 271 103, 134, 256, 258, 263R v. Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R 125 293R v. Bournewood Community and Mental Health NHS Trust [1999] 1 AC 458 86R v. Broadbridge (1983) 5 Cr App R (S) 269 301R v. Brown [1994] 1 AC 312 85, 117, 142, 331, 375R v. Bryce [2004] EWCACrim 1231, [2004] 2 Cr App R 35 107, 284, 288, 290, 291, 294R v. Burstow, R v Ireland [2001] 3 WLR 534 138R v. Calhaem [1985] QB 808 296R v. Chappell (1985) 80 Cr App R 31 307R v. Cheshire (1991) 93 Cr App R 251 256R v. Clarkson [1971] 1 WLR 1402 283R v. Collins and French 2006 BCSC 1531 254R v. Corporation of London (1858) El. Bl. & El. 509; 120 E.R. 599 410R v. Coutts [2006] UKHL 39; [2006] 1 WLR 2154 237R v. Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 288R v. D’Eyncourt (1888) 21 QBD 109 410R v. Dear [1996] Crim LR 595 256R v. Denyer [1926] 2 KB 258 (CCA) 18R v. Donovan (1981) 3 Cr App R (S) 192 308R v. Dyson [1908] 2 KB 454 253R v. Eaton [1976] Crim LR 390 317R v. Elliott [1908] 2 KB 452 (CCA), 454 405R v. Ferguson [1970] Crim LR 652; 54 Cr App R 415 406R v. Fretwell (1862) L & C 161; 169 ER 1845 106, 291R v. G [2003] UKHL 50; [2004] 1 AC 1034 286, 289R v. George (1901) 65 JP 729 402R v. Giannetto [1997] 1 Cr App R 1 280, 283, 296

xx table of cases






R v. Gomez [1993] AC 442 84R v. Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans (No 2) [2000] UKHL 48; [2001] 2 AC

19 122R v. Gnango [2011] UKSC 59; [2012] 2 WLR 17 109, 198, 258, 263, 277, 295R v. Gul [2013] UKSC 64 99R v. H [2011] EWCA Crim 1508 104, 253R v. Hinks [2000] UKHL 53; [2001] 2 AC 241 84, 124–6R v. Holland (1841) 2 Mood & R 351; 174 ER 313 255R v. Howe [1987] AC 417 107R v. Hughes [2013] UKSC 56 36, 104, 256, 258, 262, 263–5, 271, 273R v. JM and SM [2012] EWCA Crim 2293 104R v. Jefferson (1994) 99 Cr App R 13 277R v. JF Alford Transport Ltd [1997] 2 Cr App R 291R v. Johnstone [2003] UKHL 28; [2003] 1 WLR. 1736 276R v. Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 256R v. Kennedy [2007] UKHL 38, (No. 2) [2008] 1 AC 269 104, 258, 295R v. Khan, Rahman and others [2013] EWCA Crim 468 99, 100, 101R v. Krakouer [2006] WASCA 81 254R v. L [2011] RTR 19 252R v. Lamb [1967] 2 QB 981 203R v. Lawrence [1972] AC 626 84R v. Lewis [2010] EWCA Crim 151 252R v. Luffman and Briscoe [2008] EWCA Crim 1739 280R v. Maidstone Magistrate Court Ex p. Knight (Unrep.) (QBD) (2000) 412R v. Martin [2010] EWCA Crim 1450; [2011] RTR 4 276R v. McKechnie (1992) 94 Cr App R 51 256R v. Mendez and Thompson [2010] EWCA Crim 516; [2011] QB 876 106, 253–4, 295R v. Morris [1984] AC 442 84R v. Nette (2001) 3 SCR 488 255R v. Newell [1989] Crim LR 906 (CA) 237R v. Pace (No. 2) [2008] VSC 308 255R v. Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 255, 258R v. Powell and English [1999] 1 AC 1 289, 291R v. Rahman [2009] 1 AC 129 107, 109R v. Reardon [1998] EWCA Crim 613 107R v. Rehman and Woods [2005] EWCA Crim 2056 89, 98R v. Roberts (1972) 56 Cr App R 95 259R v. Robinson-Pierre [2013] EWCA Crim 2396 262R v. Rock and Overton T20097013 (Gloucester Crown Court) 276R v. Rook [1993] 1 WLR 1005; 2 All ER 955 107, 290R v. Royall (1991) 172 CLR 378 255R v. Savage [1992] 1 AC 699 86

table of cases xxi






R v. Smith [1959] 2 QB 35 103, 255, 261, 264R v. Smithers [1978] 1 SCR 506 255R v. Stapylton [2012] EWCA Crim 728 308R v. Stringer [2011] EWCA Crim 1396; [2012] QB 160 106, 277, 278, 279, 294, 295R v. Uxbridge Justices, Ex parte Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1981] QB

829; [1981] 3 WLR 410 (CA) 412R v. Wacker [2003] 1 Cr App R 22; QB 1207 85, 195R v. Waya [2012] UKSC 51 16R v. Webster [2006] EWCA Crim 415; [2006] 2 Cr App R 6 276, 290R v. Williams (Gladstone) [1987] 3 All ER 411 85, 156R v. Williams [2010] EWCA Crim 2552; [2011] 1 WLR 588 36, 104, 253R v. Willoughby [2004] EWCA Crim 3365 85, 195R v. Wilson [1997] QB 47 375R v. Woollin [1999] 1 AC 82 285Rahman v. Arearose Ltd [2001] QB 351 251Ras Behari Lal v. King-Emperor (1933) 50 TLR 1 318Raymond Lyons & Co. Ltd. v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1975] QB 321;

[1975] 2 WLR 197 (DC), 326 412Redland Bricks v. Morris [1970] AC 652 394Reed v. Wastie [1972] Crim LR 221 223Reeves v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1999] QB 169 (CA) 174, 176,

179, 182Reeves v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 AC 360 246, 247, 295Reference re Section 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act (BC) [1985] 2 SCR 486 99Reibl v. Hughes [1980] 2 SCR 880 334Reid v. Mitchell (1885) 12 R 1129 368Revenue and Customs Commissioners v. Total Network SL [2008] 1 AC 1174 305, 372Revill v. Newbery [1996] QB 567 199, 201Richardson v. Mellish (1824) 2 Bing 229; 130 ER 294 175Rickards v. Lothian [1913] AC 263 325Ridgeway v. Hilhorst (1967) 61 DLR (2d) 398 178–9Robbins v. London Borough of Bexley [2013] EWHC Civ 1233 242Robinson v. Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd [1910] AC 295 116Rondos v. Wawrin (1968) 66 DLR (2d) 272 179Rookes v. Barnard [1964] AC 1129 86, 305Ross v. Bryce 1972 SLT (Sh Ct) 76 376Rouse v. Squires [1973] QB 889 246Rowlands v. Chief Constable of Merseyside Police [2007] 1 WLR 1065 86Rylands v. Fletcher (1868) LR3 HL 330 54–5, 240, 324–6

S v. Authority Reporter 2012 SLT (Sh Ct) 89 367Sabaf SpA v. MFI Furniture Centres Ltd. [2002] EWCA Civ 976; [2003] R.P.C. 14 278

xxii table of cases






Safeway Stores Ltd. v. Twigger [2010] EWHC 11 (Comm); [2010] 3 All ER 577 180,181, 192

Safeway Stores v. Twigger [2010] EWCA Civ 1472; [2011] 2 All ER 841 47, 192Saltpetre Case (1606) 12 Co Rep 12; 77 ER 1294 214Sarjantson v. CC Humberside Police [2013] EWCA Civ 1252 324Saunders v. Edwards [1987] 1 WLR 1116 176, 205Scott v. Bradford 606 P.2d 554; 559 (Okla. 1979) 343Scott v. Shepherd (1773) 2 Black W 892; 96 ER 525 222Selangor United Rubber Co v. Cradock (No. 3) [1968] 1 WLR 1555 179, 183Serious Organised Crime Agency v. Gale [2011] 1 WLR 2760 379Shah v. Gale [2005] EWHC 1087 (QB) 281, 286Shaw v. R [2001] UKPC 26; [2001] 1 WLR 1519 209Shay v. Thompson 59 Wis 540 (1884) 118Shelley v. Paddock [1980] QB 348 205Sherras v. de Rutzen [1895] 1 QB 918 318Sidaway v. Board of Governors of the Behtlem Royal Hospital [1985] AC 871 334Sienkiewicz v. Greif (UK) Ltd [2011] UKSC 10; [2011] 2 AC 229 110, 241, 260Smart v. HM Advocate 1975 JC 30 367, 375Smeaton v. Equifax plc [2012] EWHC 2322 (QB) 67Smith v. Leech Brain & Co Ltd. [1962] 2 QB 405 252Smith v. New Court Securities Ltd v Citibank N.A. [1997] AC 254 252Smith v. Jenkins (1969) 119 CLR 397 175, 178, 195Smith v. Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 319, 321–2Smith v. Stone (1647) Style 65; 82 ER 533 293Sofola v. Coles [2000] EWCA Civ 392 222Somerville v. Hamilton (1541) Mor 8905 364Sony Corp of America v. Universal City Studios 464 US 417 (1984) 293Spring v. Guardian Assurance Ltd [1995] 2 AC 296 67St John Shipping Corp. v. Joseph Rank Ltd. [1957] 1 QB 267 188Stamp v. United Dominions Trust Ltd [1967] 1 QB 418 406Standard Chartered Bank v. Pakistan National Shipping Corp. (No 2) [2000] 1 Lloyds

Rep 218 182Stannard v. Gore [2012] EWCA Civ 1248; [2013] 3 WLR 623 56Stansbie v. Troman [1948] 2 KB 48 321Stapley v. Gypsum Mines [1953] AC 663 265State Rail Authority of New South Wales v. Wiegold (1991) 25 NSWLR 500 191State v. Baby, 946 A.2d 463 (Md. 2008) 349State v. Tally 15 So 722 (Ala. 1894) 279, 282, 298Stewart v. Nisbet 2013 SCL 209 375Stirling Council v. Harris (2009) SLT (Sh Ct) 103 379Stone and Rolls Ltd v. Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39; [2009] 1 AC 1391 176, 182,

193, 205

table of cases xxiii






Stovin v. Wisc [1996] AC 923 56Sugden v. HM Advocate 1934 JC 103 373Sweet v. Parsley [1970] AC 132 318Sykes v. Howorth (1879) 12 Ch D 826 301

Tear v. Freebody (1858) 4 CB (NS) 228 86The Carslogie [1952] AC 292 245The Koursk [1924] P 140 280–1, 282The Oropesa [1943] P 32, 38 295The Scottish Ministers v. Stirton [2012] Court of Session Outer House 15 379Thorne v. Motor Trade Association [1937] AC 797 18Tinsley v. Milligan [1992] Ch 310 188Tinsley v. Milligan [1994] 1 AC 340 175, 176, 182, 187Topp v. London Country Bus (South West) Ltd [1993] 1 WLR 976 318Townsend v. Haworth (1875) 48 L.J. (NS) Ch. 770 301Transco v. HM Advocate (No. 1) 2004 JC 29 364Transco v. Stockport [2004] 2 AC 1 56Trebor Bassett Holdings Ltd. v. ADT Fire and Security Plc. [2011] EWHC 1936 251Tribe v. Tribe [1996] Ch 107 183Trigger-BAI Run Off Ltd (in the scheme of arrangement) v. Durham [2012] UKSC 14;

[2012] 1 WLR 867 110Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California 383 P.2d 441 (Cal 1963) 116Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation v. Newzbin Ltd [2010] EWHC 608 (Ch);

[2010] ECC 13 276, 278, 281, 287, 289

Unilever Plc v. Gilette (UK) Ltd [1989] RPC 583 281United States v. Peoni 100 F.2d 401 (US Second Circuit Court of Appeals 1938) 285, 290

Van Colle v. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire [2008] UKHL 50; [2009] 1 AC 225 324Vandervell’s Trusts (No 2), Re [1974] Ch 269 236Various Claimants v. Catholic Child Welfare Society [2012] UKSC 56; [2013] 2 AC

1 328Various Claimants v. Institute of Brothers [2013] 2 AC 1 108Vellino v. Chief Constable of Greater Manchester [2001] EWCA Civ 1249; [2002] 1

WLR 218 199, 201, 206Vicars v. Wilcox (1806) 103 ER 244 247Vincent v. Lake Erie Transportation Co. 109 Minn 456; 124 NW 221 (1910) 211,

212, 213Vita Food Products Inc. v. Unus Shipping Co Ltd. [1939] AC 277 177

Wainwright v. Home Office [2001] EWCA Civ 2081 252Wainwright v. Home Office [2004] 2 AC 406 65

xxiv table of cases






Walker, Ex parte (1869) 33 JP 310 400Waller v. Parker 45 Tenn 476 (1868) 222Ward v Chief Constable of Strathclyde 1991 SLT 292 374Ward v. Weeks (1830) 7 Bing 211; 131 ER 81 248Ware and de Freville, Ltd v. Motor Trade Association [1921] 3 KB 40 (CA) 18Watkins v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] UKHL 17; [2006] 2 AC

395 146Waugh v. James K Allan Ltd 1964 SC (HL) 102 374Weld-Blundell v. Stephens [1920] AC 956 247, 248, 249White v. Connolly [1927] St R Qd 75 (SC) 222White v. Whittall 113 Mich 493 (1897) 118Wickham v. Lee (1848) 12 QB 521; 116 ER 963 417Wilcox v. Jeffery [1951] 1 All ER 464 296Wilkinson v. Downtown [1897] 2QB 57 139Wilkinson v. Fitzgerald [2012] EWCA Civ 1166; [2013] 1 WLR 1776 45William Hamilton & Co Ltd v. WG Anderson & Co. Ltd 1953 SC 129 365Wilson v. Lombank Ltd [1963] 1 WLR 1294 86Wilson v. Robertsons (London) Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1088 398Wilson v. Zeron [1941] OWN 353; [1941] 4 DLR 510 (HCJ); [1942] OWN 195; [1942]

2 DLR 580 (CA) 233Wright v. Cambridge Medical Group [2013] QB 312 242, 246, 264

X (Minors) v. Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633 323

Z v. United Kingdom (2002) 34 EHRR 3 323

table of cases xxv






TABLE OF LEGISLATION

Metropolitan Police Courts Act 1839 403, 406, 416, 418Evidence (Scotland) Act 1840

s. 3 380County Courts Act 1846 417

s. 78 415Common Law Procedure Act 1854

s. 78 394, 417Criminal Justice Act 1855

s. 8 400Accessories and Abettors Act 1861

s. 8 106, 277Trespass (Scotland) Act 1865

s. 3 386Forfeiture Act 1870 401Summary Jurisdiction Act 1879

s. 27(3) 401Police (Property) Act 1897 410–11, 412, 413, 418

s. 1(2) 411Probation of Offenders Act 1907

s. 1(4) 401Larceny Act 1916 401

s. 29(1) 18Road Traffic Act 1930 23, 26, 31Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 1930 31Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 31

s. 1 210, 332s. 1(1) 265s. 4 201

Building (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1948 311Magistrates Courts Act 1952

s. 33 401

xxvi






Occupiers Liability (Scotland) Act 1960 365New Zealand Crimes Act 1961s. 164 253

Suicide Act 1961 114Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 106Civil Evidence Act 1968 414s. 11 314s. 13 314

Firearms Act 1968 98s. 5(1) 143

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1968s. 9 381s. 10 377s. 11 377

Theft Act 1968 123, 126s. 1 86s. 2 158s. 16 186s. 28 404s. 28(4) 405s. 31(2) 404s. 33(3) 411

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971s. 5(1) 240

Criminal Justice Act 1972s. 1(1) 412s. 58 411

Powers of the Criminal Courts Act 1973 382Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973 373Consumer Credit Act 1974Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 105s. 47(2) 305

Damages (Scotland) Act 1976 377Fatal Accidents Act 1976 182s. 1A(3) 149

Criminal Law Act 1977s. 1 106s. 1(2) 288

Patents Act 1977s. 60(2) 285

table of legislation xxvii






Patents Act 1977 (cont.)s. 60(3) 292

Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977 391s. 2 391s. 3 391s. 11(1) 399

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977s. 2(1) 116

Sale of Goods Act 1979s. 63 404

Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 382Supreme Court Act 1981

s. 152(4) 404Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982

s. 60 386s. 67 386

Insolvency Act 1986s. 281(5) 48

Public Order Act 1986s. 5 140, 142

Animals (Scotland) Act 1987 365Consumer Protection Act 1987 95, 97, 324

s. 2 325s. 4 325s. 5 325

Civil Evidence (Scotland) Act 1988 381Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

s. 107 276Firearms Amendment Act 1988 98Road Traffic Act 1988

s. 3ZB 36, 240, 253, 256s. 151 23s. 143 24, 36, 143s. 145(4) 24s. 148 24, 31s. 148(7) 34s. 149 31s. 149(3) 118, 202s. 151 23, 31s. 151(5) 34s. 151(7) 34

xxviii table of legislation






s. 151(8) 34, 45s. 151(5) 34, 45

Crimes Act 1990 (NSW)s 421 221

Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991 363Trade Marks Act 1994s. 92 276

Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1995 42Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995s. 41A 363ss. 249-254 382s. 249(3) 383s. 249(4) 382s. 253E 384s. 253H 384s. 267(2) 380ss. 302A-302C 383

Firearms Amendment Act 1997 98Financial Services and Market Act 2000s. 404 79

Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000s. 130 307ss. 130–132 41ss. 130–133 168ss. 130–134 75, 87s. 130(6) 32, 308s. 148 404s. 149 404s. 149(3) 405s. 165 404s. 168 404

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002Part 2 87Part 7 397

Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003s. 39 98

Communications Act 2003s. 127 141

Criminal Justice Act 2003s. 142 87s. 224-236 101

table of legislation xxix






Criminal Justice Act 2003 (cont.)s. 329 200

Sexual Offences Act 2003s. 1 85, 156s. 1–5 85 158s. 73 291ss. 74-76 355

Animal Welfare Act 2006s. 4 114

Compensation Act 2006s 3 261

Fraud Act 2006ss. 1–4 186s. 3 187s. 4 126

Road Safety Act 2006s. 21(1) 36s. 87(1) 36s. 103(1) 36s. 143 36

Terrorism Act 2006s. 5 99

Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006s. 34 98

Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007s. 1 97s. 2 97s. 2(6) 198

Criminal Proceedings etc (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007s. 50 383

Serious Crime Act 2007ss. 44–66 106, 283s. 50 291s. 50(3) 292Part 2 279

Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008s. 76(4) 209s. 76(7) 223s. 79 114

Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 143Coroners and Justice Act 2009 140

ss. 54–56 218

xxx table of legislation






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