Report No. 433(51/2.2/1)

Unorganised Manufacturing Sector in India Its Size, Employment

and Some Key Estimates

NSS Fifty-first round

July 1994 - June 1995

National Sample Survey Organisation Department of Statistics

Government of India August 1998

(i) P R E F A C E

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducted the survey of the units engaged in manufacturing and repair activities in its fifty-first round : July 1994 - June 1995. This integrated survey was conducted using the list of enterprises and establishments in the unorganised sector, obtained from the Economic Census 1990. The 51st round survey covered directory manufacturing establishments in addition to own-account manufacturing enterprises and non-directory manufacturing establishments which were earlier covered in 40th & 45th rounds. Results obtained from this enquiry are being presented in three reports. The present report is the first in the series. It contains the number of unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises, persons employed therein and value added by these enterprises. Tables containing detailed results for the country are appended to this report. While the field work of the survey was done by the Field Operations Division of the NSSO, collected data were processed and tabulated by the Data Processing Division of the NSSO, Calcutta. I am grateful to the Governing Council members and officers of the Department of Statistics for their suggestions which have improved the quality of the report. Finally, I wish to put on record my appreciation for the team of SDRD officers for planning and designing of the survey, undertaking analysis of the tabulated data, preparing the draft report and then revising it, based on the comments received. I hope the report will be useful to planners and policy makers. Comments/suggestions for improvement will be most welcome. S. Ray New Delhi Chief Executive Officer August 17, 1998 National Sample Survey Organisation

(ii)

* Results based on unorganised manufacturing enterprise survey (Sch. 2.2, 51st round) are resented in three reports viz. 433(51/2.2/1), 434(51/2.2/2) & 435(51/2.2/3). However, for convenience of the users, a combined set of summary statistics is presented in each of the three reports.

Highlights* • Out of about 1.2 lakhs enterprises

surveyed in villages, only 6 per thousand maintained usable books of accounts. In urban areas, only 19 per thousand of the total of about 0.7 lakh surveyed enterprises maintained usable books of accounts.

• The estimated number of unorganised

manufacturing and repair enterprises in India during 1994 - 1995 was about 145 lakhs.

• Of the total estimated enterprises, about

72 per cent were located in rural areas and the rest in urban areas.

• About 84 per cent (91 per cent for rural

and 68 per cent for urban) of the total number of enterprises in the country operated usually with the help of unpaid household labour only. The remaining 16 per cent enterprises employed at least one hired worker (including paid household workers) on a fairly regular basis during the reference period of one year.

• About 78 per cent of the total enterprises

which managed without engaging any hired worker were in the rural areas and the rest in urban areas.

• Out of the total establishments (each of

which employed at least one hired or paid household worker), in about 71 per cent establishments, total number of workers was 5 or less each.

• Among the states, Uttar Pradesh had the

highest number of enterprises both in rural and urban areas.

• Among various activities, manufacture of wood and wood products, furniture & fixtures was found to be the major activity in rural India. On the other hand, repair service was the major activity among the enterprises located in urban areas of the country. About 23 per cent of the enterprises of rural / urban India were engaged in the activities, noted above.

• About 99 per cent of the enterprises in

rural India and 95 per cent of the enterprises in urban India were proprietary in nature (i.e. ownership vested with one person only). Partnership enterprises had a share of 1 per cent in total number of enterprises in rural India and a share of 4 per cent in urban India.

• Most of the enterprises (rural: 94 per

cent, urban: 75 per cent) were not registered with any agency.

• About 66 per cent of the enterprises in

rural India and about 52 per cent of the enterprises in urban India did not use any energy in their manufacturing process. The major sources of energy used by the enterprises in the manufacturing process were: electricity (rural: 8 per cent of the enterprises, urban: 30 per cent), firewood (rural: 10 per cent, urban: 3 per cent), coal/coal gas (rural: 2 per cent, urban: 3 per cent), charcoal (rural & urban: 2 per cent each) and diesel oil (rural: 4 per cent, urban: 1 per cent).

(iii)

• In rural India, about 93 per cent of the

enterprises were perennial (i.e. operating almost throughout the year) and 6 per cent were seasonal. In urban India, their share was about 98 per cent and 2 per cent respectively.

• Of the household enterprises (i.e. those

run on either proprietary or partnership basis), about 6 per cent in rural India and 4 per cent in urban India operated without any fixed premises. About 76 per cent of the enterprises in rural India and 46 per cent of the enterprises in urban India used the residences of the owners for their activity.

• Of the household enterprises, about 12

per cent were owned by ST's and 23 per cent by SC's in rural areas. In urban areas, they respectively owned about 2 per cent and 12 per cent of the household enterprises.

• The estimate of total number of persons

employed in the unorganised manufacturing and repair enterprises in India was about 332 lakhs.

• Out of the total workers employed, about

67 per cent were engaged in enterprises located in the Indian villages and the rest in urban blocks.

• About 68 per cent of the total employed

were engaged in enterprises operated without engaging any hired worker (including paid household worker).

• Nearly 31 per cent of the total workers

employed were females and the rest males.

• Female participation in unorganised

manufacturing and repair enterprises was much more in rural areas than in urban areas. There were 378 females

per thousand of total employed in rural

areas, as against only 175 females in urban

areas. • Around 56 per cent (53 per cent in rural

India and 62 per cent in urban India) of the total employed were directly involved in or associated with the manufacturing process and the rest were other workers. Among those directly linked with the manufacturing process, about 23 per cent in rural India and 60 per cent in urban India were hired workers.

• About 9 per cent of the workers (rural:

10 per cent, urban: 9 per cent) were children. Among the child workers, percentage share of girls was about 46 per cent in rural India and 23 per cent in urban India.

• The average gross value added (during

the reference period of last one year) was estimated as Rs. 12616 for a rural enterprise and Rs. 47496 for an urban enterprise.

• Contribution of the unorganised

manufacturing sector, in terms of value added, to the national economy was Rs. 32275 crores, out of which little less than 41 per cent was from enterprises located in the rural areas and the rest from urban areas.

• Manufacture of food products industry

(NIC 20 & 21 taken together) alone covered more than one-fifth (about 22 per cent) of the total value added in rural India and little more than 10 per cent in urban India.

• The share of Uttar Pradesh in value

added in the total rural sector was about one-fifth, while Maharashtra contributed little less than one-fifth of value added in the total urban sector.

(iv)

• Average values of fixed assets owned,

working capital (closing balance) and outstanding loan for a rural enterprise were Rs. 13406, Rs. 1787 and Rs. 1185 respectively. The same for an urban enterprise were Rs. 58957, Rs. 15939 and Rs. 8600 respectively.

• The total value of the fixed assets owned

was about Rs. 37696 crores, of which 37 per cent was from the enterprises located in the rural areas and the rest in the urban areas.

• ‘Manufacture of food products (NIC

20)’ had the highest share (about 16 per cent) in the total fixed assets owned.

• Per enterprise estimate of fixed assets

owned was more in urban areas than in rural areas in each of OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs.

• More than 50 per cent of the total fixed

assets owned were accounted for by ‘land’ and ‘building’. Besides other, ‘plant & machinery’ was the only other item having noteworthy share.

• Much of the net additions to the fixed

assets of the type owned was made for the items ‘building’ and ‘plant & machinery’ in each of OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs in both rural and urban areas.

• For all enterprises taken together, the

fixed assets hired per enterprise added up to Rs. 10122. Value of fixed assets hired per enterprise was much higher in

urban areas(Rs. 31915) than in rural areas(Rs. 1803).

• The total working capital (net of opening

balance and closing balance) was estimated as about Rs. 1614 crores, of

which 34 per cent was in the rural areas and the rest in urban areas.

• The estimate of rent per enterprise was

much higher in urban enterprises (Rs. 1762) than the rent in rural enterprises (Rs. 110).

• Loans taken by the unorganised

manufacturing enterprises outstanding at the end of the reference year were estimated as about Rs. 4689 crores, of which 27 per cent was for the enterprises located in rural areas and the rest in urban areas.

• Mainly the public sector banks, regional

rural banks and other commercial banks provided loans to the unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises both in rural and urban areas. Loans taken from the ‘money lenders’ were also significant.

• Ratio of value added to output was in

general higher in rural areas than in the urban areas in different industries. For all industries taken together, the ratio was 0.45 in rural areas, as against 0.38 in urban areas.

• Ratio of value added to fixed assets was

higher in rural areas (0.83) than in urban areas (0.52) for all industries taken together.

(v)

LIST OF DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES TABLE NO. D E S C R I P T I O N PAGE NO.

(1) (2) (3 )

1 Estimated number of enterprises and persons employed

therein by nature of employment, industry ( group / division ) and enterprise type separately for rural and urban areas

A1 - A36

(i) Rural A1 - A18 (ii) Urban A19 - A36

2 Estimated number of persons employed by sex, type of workers, industry (group / division) and enterprise type separately for rural and urban areas

A37 - A72

(i) Rural A37 - A54 (ii) Urban A55 - A72

3 Distribution of estimated enterprises by number of persons employed for each industry (group / division) separately for OAMEs and NDMEs in each of rural and urban areas

A73 - A95

(i) Rural A73 - A83 (ii) Urban A84 - A95

4 Distribution of estimated directory manufacturing establishments by number of persons employed in different industry (group / division) separately for rural and urban areas

A96 - A106

(i) Rural A96 - A100 (ii) Urban A101 - A106

5 Estimates of some important characteristics per enterprise by industry (group / division) and enterprise type separately for rural and urban areas

A107 - A154

(i) Rural A107 - A130 (ii) Urban A131 - A155

(vi) TABLE NO. D E S C R I P T I O N PAGE NO.

(1) (2) (3 )

6 Per enterprise estimated value of yearly input by items

of input, industry (group / division) and enterprise type separately for rural and urban areas

A156 - A191

(i) Rural A156 - A173 (ii) Urban A174 - A191

7 Per enterprise estimated value of yearly output by items of output, industry (group / division) and enterprise type separately for rural and urban areas

A192 - A226

(i) Rural A192- A208 (ii) Urban A209 - A226

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CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.0 The unorganised sector holds the key to understanding the economic situation in developing countries such as India. The importance of this sector had been realised by the Indian planners and policy makers in the 1950s. The need for statistical information about it was also widely recognised. The household-based non-agricultural activities had been covered by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) since 1950. In all the surveys, the relevant activities of a sample of households were covered irrespective of their scale of operations except the manufacturing activities carried out by the enterprises registered under the Factories Act, 1948. 1.1 In the early 1970s, at the time of formulation of the Fifth Five Year Plan, the Planning Commission was concerned about the employment and earnings of the self-employed in non-agricultural activities. The NSSO therefore devoted the 29th round (1974-75) mainly to a survey of self-employed own account workers engaged in non-agricultural enterprises in different sectors in rural as well as urban areas. The household enterprises covered by the survey were those operated by own account workers(i.e., those not employing any hired worker) and those household enterprises which did not usually employ more than 5 hired workers. However, units engaged in manufacturing and repairing services registered under Factories Act were excluded from the survey. 1.2 The household approach of identifying the units excluded the non-household based units in the unorganised sector. Further, a review of the surveys indicated that a better sampling frame was necessary to generate reasonably useful statistics on unorganised sector. The need for identifying areas with a concentration of

enterprises was, therefore, felt for ensuring an efficient sampling for the future surveys. A country-wide economic census, the first of its kind, was undertaken in 1977 under the auspices of the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) to provide a good frame and background information needed for formulating an efficient sampling design. 1.3 The scope of the 1977 economic census was limited to non-agricultural enterprises employing at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis. The enterprises employing at least one hired worker are called 'establishments'. Following this census, small establishments and enterprises not employing any hired worker on a fairly regular basis (these units are called own account enterprises (OAEs)) engaged in manufacturing and repairing activities were surveyed in 33rd round of NSS during 1978-79. 1.4 The second economic census was undertaken in 1980 along with the house-listing operations of the 1981 population census. The scope and coverage of the second economic census was enlarged to include the own account enterprises (OAEs) engaged in activities other than crop production and plantation. The establish-ments were divided into two categories as (i) Directory Establishments (DEs) and (ii) Non-Directory Establishments (NDEs), the difference being that the former employed a total of six or more workers, while the latter employed a total of five or less workers. Thus, in all, three types of enterprises were formed, viz., (i) OAEs, (ii) NDEs and (iii) DEs in the second economic census. As a follow-up to the second economic census, OAEs and NDEs engaged in manufacturing and repairing activities (i.e., OAMEs and NDMEs respectively) were surveyed in the 40th and 45th rounds of NSS during July

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1984-June 1985 and July 1989-June 1990 respectively. The Directory Manufacturing Establishments (DMEs) were surveyed during October 1984-September 1985 and October 1989 to September 1990 by field staff of NSSO under the technical guidance of CSO. 1.5 A third economic census was conducted in 1990 along with the house listing operations of the 1991 population census. As a follow-up to the third economic census, the first integrated survey on unorganised manufacture covering own account manufacturing and repairing enterprises(OAMEs), Non-Directory manufacturing and repairing establishments (NDMEs) and Directory manufacturing and repairing establishments (DMEs) were undertaken during the 51st round (July 1994-June 1995) under the technical guidance of NSSO. 1.6 In the 51st round all manufacturing and repairing enterprises covered by the two-digit codes (called divisions) 20 to 39 and 97 under the revised National Industrial Classification of different economic activities, 1987 (henceforth in this report termed NIC, 1987) were considered for survey purpose. Hereafter in this report, the term enterprises will mean manufacturing and repairing enterprises or establishments as the case may be. 1.7 Enterprises which were registered under Sections 2m(i) and 2m(ii) of the Factories Act, 1948 (i.e., enterprises employing 10 or more workers using power and those employing 20 or more workers without power) and bidi and cigar manufacturing enterprises registered under bidi and cigar workers (condition of employment) Act, 1966 were not covered in this survey. These enterprises, not covered in the 51st round survey, were covered in the Annual Survey of Industries undertaken by CSO. 1.8 The 51st round survey of unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises covered, in the central sample, the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Ladakh, Kargil, Anantnag, Pulwara, Srinagar, Badgam,

Baramulla and Kupwara districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) 768 interior villages of Nagaland (out of a total of 1232 villages) situated beyond five kilometers of the bus route and (iii) 195 villages of Andaman & Nicobar Islands (out of a total of 549 villages) which remained inaccessible throughout the year. Thus the corresponding State/U.T. level estimates and the All-India results presented in this report are based on the areas other than those left out from the survey coverage. 1.9 In the case of central sample, 8214 villages were surveyed in rural areas and 5258 enumeration blocks/Urban-frame-survey blocks were surveyed in urban areas (villages/urban blocks with no manufacturing unit surveyed, in spite of having some enterprises in these villages/urban blocks, are excluded from this count). Detailed information was collected from each of the selected enterprises of the sample villages and blocks. 1.10 A note on sample design and estimation procedure followed in the 51st round survey is given in Chapter Three. One salient feature of the sample design followed is that two different sampling schemes were used for selection of sample units from the central sample. While 50% of the sample first stage units(FSU) of each state/UT were selected according to a particular sampling scheme, the remaining 50% were selected following a different sampling scheme. In one half of the sample FSUs, a sample of maximum 16 enterprises(OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs taken together) were selected from each FSU for detailed enquiry. In the other half of the sample FSUs, all eligible manufacturing and repair enterprises available in the selected FSU (or part of FSU in case of hamlet-group/sub-block formation) were surveyed without resorting to any sample selection. The pooled estimates based on these two sampling schemes are discussed in this report. 1.11 The number of sample villages and blocks allotted for survey and actually surveyed in different states was as given in Statement 0.

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1.12 The listing schedule was used for listing the manufacturing and repairing enterprises mainly for preparing the frame for drawing the required number of sample enterprises for collection of detailed information in each selected village/block. Information collected through listing schedule was used for calculating multipliers for estimation purpose. The enterprise schedule was canvassed in the selected sample enterprises for collecting the basic information, such as employment, fixed assets, working capital, borrowings, input, output and value added of the sampled enterprise. 1.13 The present report, the first of the series of reports being released on unorganised manufacture based on the data collected through schedule 2.2 in NSS 51st round, discusses size of the unorganised manufacturing sector in India, number of persons employed and yearly gross value added in details. Besides, some other key estimates like fixed capital, working capital and borrowings are also discussed in brief.

The distribution of unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises and their employment mainly by ownership type, source of energy used, agency of registration, nature of operation, location of premises and social group of the owner in the second report( No. 434 ) on unorganised manufacture. Proportion of child labourers engaged in different activities is also included in this report. Assets and borrowings of the unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises are discussed in another report (No. 435). 1.14 Concepts and definitions of a few important items relevant to the present report adopted in the survey are explained in Chapter Two, while Chapter Three gives a note on sample design and estimation procedure. Major findings based on the survey data are discussed in summary form in Chapter Four. Industry division / group codes and the corresponding industrial activities are given in Chapter Five. The detailed statistical tables are given in APPENDIX.

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Statement 0 : Distribution of number of FSUs allotted and actually surveyed in different states number of FSUs

allotted number of FSUs

surveyed STATE Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Andhra Pradesh 568 424 992 568 420 988 Arunachal Pradesh 144 32 176 118 32 150 Assam 392 96 488 383 89 472 Bihar 824 256 1080 812 250 1062 Goa 24 32 56 23 31 54 Gujarat 272 280 552 272 278 550 Haryana 128 80 208 128 80 208 Himachal Pradesh 240 48 288 239 48 287 Jammu & Kashmir 304 192 496 95 55 150 Karnataka 304 272 576 304 272 576 Kerala 320 224 544 320 224 544 Madhya Pradesh 592 360 952 591 356 947 Maharashtra 468 608 1076 488 523 1011 Manipur 112 80 192 111 80 191 Meghalaya 128 64 192 128 64 192 Mizoram 64 112 176 64 112 176 Nagaland 112 48 160 112 39 151 Orissa 384 120 504 383 120 503 Punjab 248 216 464 247 216 463 Rajasthan 360 216 576 360 216 576 Sikkim 136 24 160 136 24 160 Tamil Nadu 488 512 1000 488 511 999 Tripura 208 80 288 151 79 230 Uttar Pradesh 1048 520 1568 1046 517 1563 West Bengal 520 400 920 519 386 905 Andaman & Nicobar Is 72 48 120 72 48 120 Chandigarh 8 16 24 8 16 24 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 16 8 24 16 8 24 Daman & Diu 8 8 16 8 8 16 Delhi 8 136 144 8 132 140 Lakshadweep 8 8 16 8 8 16 Pondicherry 8 16 24 8 16 24 All 8536 5536 14072 8214 5258 13472

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CHAPTER TWO

Concepts and definitions 2.0 The concepts and definitions as followed in the survey of unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises during 51st round (July 1994 - June 1995) was broadly on the lines of recent past rounds on unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises. A few of the important items relevant to this report are discussed below to facilitate understanding of the report. 2.1 Enterprise : An undertaking engaged in the production and/or distribution of some goods and/or services meant mainly for the purpose of sale, whether fully or partly, is termed as an enterprise. An enterprise may be owned and operated by a single household or by several households jointly on a partnership basis, or by an institutional body. The activities of an enterprise may be carried out by household members and/or by hiring outside labourer on a fairly regular basis. 2.2 Own-account enterprise : An enterprise which is run without any hired worker employed on a fairly regular basis is termed an own account enterprise. If such an enterprise is engaged in manufacturing and/or repairing activities, it is termed an own account manufacturing enterprise(OAME). 2.3 Establishment : An enterprise which is employing at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis is termed establishment. 2.4 Non-directory establishment : An establishment employing less than six workers (household and hired workers taken together) is termed non-directory establishment. If such an establishment is engaged in manufacturing and/or repairing activities, it is termed non-directory manufacturing establishment (NDME). 2.5 Directory establishment : A directory

establishment is an establishment which has employed six or more workers (household and hired workers taken together). If such an establishment is engaged in manufacturing and/or repairing activities, it is termed directory manufacturing establishment (DME). 2.6 Workers : All persons, household and non-household, paid or unpaid, those who are directly or indirectly associated with or incidental to manufacturing and/or repairing activities of an enterprise are workers. Part-time workers are also taken as workers of the enterprise so long as they are engaged on a fairly regular basis. The workers who are directly engaged in or incidental to manufacturing and/or repairing activities of an enterprise have been divided into three different categories, namely, (i) hired workers (other than household workers), (ii) paid household workers and (iii) unpaid household workers. The remaining workers i.e., the workers who are indirectly associated with or incidental to manufacturing process are classified as "other workers". 2.6 (i) Hired workers : A hired worker is a person employed directly or through any agency on payment of regular wage or salary. Apprentices, paid or unpaid, are taken as hired workers. Paid household workers, servants and resident workers working in an enterprise are also considered as hired workers. But in this report "paid household workers" and (other than household) hired workers are shown separately. 2.6(ii) Unpaid household workers : All persons belonging to the household of the proprietor or households of the partners who work in or for an enterprise without regular salary or wages are unpaid household workers.

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2.6 (iii) Other workers : All persons who are indirectly associated with or incidental to the manufacturing process of a manufacturing and/or repairing enterprise. This category of workers include persons holding the position of supervision and management, clerks, store-keepers, sweepers, darwans etc. 2.7 Fairly regular basis : The term "fairly regular basis" means the major part of the time when operation(s) of an enterprise are carried out during a reference period. 2.8 Fixed assets : Fixed assets mean assets of an enterprise in the form of land, building, and other construction, plant & machinery, transport equipment, tools and other fixed assets (new or used) that have a normal economic life of more than one year from the date of acquisition i.e., through outright purchase / hire purchase/loan/mortgage and/ or construction, irrespective of their use at the time of survey. Market value of the fixed assets owned by the enterprise as on last day of reference year has been considered for the purpose of this report. The hired component of fixed assets is present market value of the assets used by an enterprise but not owned by it. 2.9 Working capital : Working capital refers to the physical and financial resources used by an enterprise for its day-to-day activities. It is therefore a constantly changing entity, since resources available at a particular point of time undergo change from day to day as the enterprise functions-a part of the resources getting used up in the manufacturing process or other connected activities and replenishments being made from time to time. Physical part of the working capital includes raw materials, stores, fuel, lubricants, semi-finished products and finished products & by-

products. Financial part comprises cash in hand & at bank and net balance of amounts receivable and payable. 2.10 Loan : Any borrowing in cash but subsequently repaid or contracted to be repaid in cash or kind is considered as loan. Total of loans outstanding at the end of the reference year is presented here. 2.11 Input : The total of values of raw materials, electricity, fuel, lubricants and auxiliary materials consumed; cost of maintenance, services purchased; distributive expenses and other expenses incurred during the reference year by an enterprise is considered as total value of input. 2.12 Output : The sale value of products and by-products manufactured by an enterprise together with the value of services rendered to other concerns and other receipts incidental to entrepreneurial activities are considered as total value of output. 2.13 Gross value added : Value added represents that part of production which is the actual contribution of an enterprise to the economy. Value added is calculated by deducting total value of input from the total value of output during a reference period. 2.14 Reference year : In many cases small manufacturing and repair enterprises do not maintain usable books of account. In such a situation, for an enterprise maintaining books of account, reference year is the accounting year ending on a date lying within the period of 365 days prior to the date of survey. In all other cases where it is not possible to choose an accounting year as reference year, the period of 365 days immediately preceding the date of survey is taken as reference year.

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CHAPTER THREE

Sample Design and Estimation Procedure 1 General In 51st round the total number of villages and block surveyed at the national level was 13690 for the central sample. These samples were classified into two categories as "Sample-1" an "Sample-2" in both rural and urban areas. The samples of sample-1 were distributed over the four sub-rounds in equal numbers, whereas for sample-2, there was no sub-round restriction. The survey period of 51st round was July 1994 - June 1995 and the same for the four sub-rounds of sample-1 was as follows : Sub-round 1 : July - September, 1994 Sub-round 2 : October - December, 1994 Sub-round 3 : January - March, 1995 Sub-round 4 : April - June, 1995 A stratified two-stage sampling design was adopted. The first stage units (FSUs) were the villages (panchayat wards in Kerala) in rural areas and urban blocks in urban areas. In particular, for the urban areas, enumeration blocks (EBs) were taken as FSUs where 1990 economic census (EC - 90) frame was used and NSSO urban frame survey (UFS) blocks otherwise. The second stage units (SSUs) were the manufacturing and repairing enterprises in the selected FSUs. 2 Allocation of sample FSUs between rural and urban areas State/UT level total sample size (i.e., total number of villages and blocks to be surveyed) was allocated between rural and urban areas in proportion to population as per 1991 population census with double weightage to the urban areas. The total sample size for both rural and urban areas,

as mentioned above, was equally divided into two sample types, namely Sample-1 and Sample-2. 3 Sampling frame For rural areas, list of villages showing number of OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs as per 1990 economic census was used as the sampling frame for selection of FSUs, for both the sample types, in different States/UTs except Jammu & Kashmir(J & K), Arunachal Pradesh and Nicobar district of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. For the state of Kerala, however, list of Panchayat wards, giving count of OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs at panchayat level as per 1990 economic census, was used. For Jammu & Kashmir, list of 1981 population census vil-lages, while for Nicobar district of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, list of 1991 population census villages was used. In Arunachal Pradesh, list of villages as per 1991 population census was used as the sampling frame for selection of sample "nucleus" villages around which clusters were formed. In urban areas, list of EBs as per 1990 economic census constituted the sampling frame for Class 1 towns (except in Jammu & Kashmir) of sample type 1 and for all towns (except J & K) of sample type 2. The list of UFS blocks was used as the sampling frame for all towns of Jammu & Kashmir and other than class 1 towns of the other states for sample type 1, and for all towns of Jammu & Kashmir only in the case of sample type 2. 4 Stratification In rural areas, for samples of type 1 each district generally formed a separate

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stratum. However for the state of Gujarat, where NSS regions cut across some district boundaries, parts (viz., groups of taluks) of each such district belonging to different NSS regions formed separate strata. If any district (or part thereof falling in an NSS region in case of Gujarat) had a smaller number of manufacturing enterprises, it was clubbed with the neighbouring district within the same NSS region to form a separate stratum to ensure a minimum allocation of 8 villages at the stratum level. Each district as a whole was always taken as a separate stratum for samples of type 2. In the case of urban areas for samples of type 1, strata were formed within each NSS region by grouping cities/towns according to the population of the cities/towns viz., p

9

constituent strata in proportion to weighted sum of the manufacturing enterprises (in proportion to population for J & K) as was done in the rural areas. For class 1 towns (except for J & K), the stratum level FSUs were further allocated to three sub-strata again in proportion to weighted sum of the number of manufacturing enterprises in the ratio 16 : 4 : 1. The allocation at the sub-stratum level had been kept at a minimum of 2 FSUs. For other towns (including all towns of J & K) the UFS blocks of sub-stratum 1 were completely selected for survey, subject to a maximum of half of the stratum allocation of samples of a particular type; and the rest to sub-stratum 2. The total urban samples of type 2 for a State/UT (except for J & K) was allocated to the constituent strata in proportion to their total number of manufacturing enterprises. For the state of Jammu & Kashmir stratum level allocation was done in proportion to 1981 census population. 7 Selection of first stage units (FSUs) The sample FSUs for rural samples of type 1, at stratum x sub-stratum level, were selected with probability proportioned to size (PPS), size being the number of enterprises/population as detailed below :- (A) For States/UT where 1990 EC frame was used, size was number of DMEs, NDMEs and OAMEs in the FSU belonging to sub-stratum 1, 2 and 3 respectively. (B) For other States/UTs viz., (i) Arunachal Pradesh, size = 1 for each FSU (ii) Jammu & Kashmir, size = population in the FSU as per 1981 census; (iii) Nicobar district of Andaman & Nicobar, size = population in the FSU as per 1991 census. The stratum x sub-stratum level rural samples of type 2 were selected by PPS with replacement, size being the total number of manufacturing enterprises (i.e. total of DMEs, NDMEs and OAMEs) in the FSU for the States/UTs where 1990 EC frame was used and for other States/UTs where

1990 EC frame was not used size was same as in rural samples of type 1. In urban areas sample blocks of type 1 were selected from each sub-stratum of class 1 towns (except for J & K) with PPS with replacement taking number of DMEs, NDMEs and OAMEs in the FSU as size for sub-stratum 1, 2 & 3 respectively. For other towns (including all towns of J & K) the sample blocks from each sub-stratum were selected circular systematically with equal probability. Sample blocks of type 2 were selected with PPS with replacement, size being the total number of OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs for all the Sates/UTs except J & K for which simple random sampling without replacement technique was followed for selection of sample blocks. Both in rural and urban areas, for samples of type 1, size of an FSU of sub-stratum 3 was taken as 1 if there was no OAME or no information about number of enterprises due to incompleteness of the frame. The FSUs of sample type 2 having no manufacturing enterprises or no information about them were also considered as FSUs of size 1. 8 Hamlet-group/sub-block formation : Large villages/blocks having approximate present (at the time of survey) population 1200 or more (600 or more for rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur & Doda districts of J & K) and/or approximate present number of non-agricultural enterprises more than 200 were divided into a suitable number (say,D) of hamlet-groups (h.g.)/sub-blocks (s.b.). The survey was conducted in two h.g.s/s.b.s selected from D hamlet-groups/sub-blocks in the following manner. The h.g./s.b. having maximum number of manufacturing and repairing enterprises (OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs taken together) was always selected and allotted a serial number '0'. From the remaining h.g.s/s.b.s, one more h.g./s.b. was selected at random and allotted a serial number '1'. In case there was not even a single manufacturing or repairing enterprise in a large village/block, the h.g./s.b. having maximum population was selected and allotted serial number '0' and

10

from the remaining h.g.s/s.b.s another was selected at random and allotted serial number '1'. In the case of a small village/block not requiring h.g./s.b. formation, the whole village/block was treated as a h.g./s.b. bearing serial number '0'. The minimum number of h.g./s.b. formed in large villages/blocks was 4. 9 Sampling of enterprises All OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs which operated for at least 30 days (15 days in case of seasonal enterprises) during the last 365 days were considered for sampling. The enterprises registered under Factories Act, 1948 and Bidi and Cigar workers (condition of Employment) Act, 1966 were not considered for survey purpose. For FSUs of sample type 2, all the eligible manufacturing and repairing enterpriseslisted in the village / block /h.g. /s.b. were taken up for detailed survey. However, for samples of type-1, a maximum of 16 enterprises were selected for detailed enquiry. All eligible manufacturing and repairing enterprises of different types were separately arranged by broad industry division (2-digit) codes as per NIC, 1987. This grouping of enterprises by NIC codes was done independently for each of the two selected hamlet-groups/sub-blocks for FSUs requiring hamlet-group/sub-block formation. The required number of sample enterprises were then selected circular systematically from the rearranged frame, separately for OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs. 10 Estimation Procedure Since the method of formation of strata for the two types of samples is different, no combined estimate can be formed at the stratum level. Sample typewise estimates can be generated at region or state or national level. The combined estimates at the level of region or state or nation are obtained for the purpose of this report by

taking a simple average of the two sets of aggregate estimates at the desired level. Ratios of the type Y/X are obtained at the last stage of estimation. The following notations are used in the formulae for estimation : s = subscript for s-th stratum t = subscript for t-th stratum i = subscript for i-th sample village/block (FSU) j = subscript for j-th enterprise type ( j = 1 for OAME; 2 for NDME; 3 for DME ) k = subscript for k-th sample enterprise of a particular enterprise type D= total number of hamlet-groups / sub- blocks formed in a sample FSU Z= total size of a sub-stratum within a stratum ( or total size of a stratum when no sub-stratification is made) z = FSU size used for selection n = number of sample FSUs surveyed for a particular sample type E = total number of enterprises listed for a particular enterprise type in hamlet- group / sub-block selected e = total number of enterprises surveyed for a particular enterprise type in the hamlet- group / sub-block 0/1 = subscript for hamlet-group / sub-block number( ‘0` or ‘1` as the case may be) y = sample value of any character under estimation ∃Y = estimate of population total of the

character y at the desired level of aggregation. The formula for rural samples of type 1 for all the States/UTs except for Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh and Nicobar district of Andaman & Nicobar Islands is as follows :

10

The formula (1) holds good for urban samples of type 1 for class 1 towns of all the States/UTs except for Jammu & Kashmir. For other towns of all States/UTs and for all towns of Jammu & Kashmir in the case of samples of type 1 formula (1) is used where zsti = 1 for all I = 1, 2,......,ns. The formula used for estimation from the samples of type 2 for all the States/UTs ( except for urban samples of J & K ) is as follows :

Formula (2) is also used for rural samples of type for Jammu & Kashmir and Nicobar district of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. It may be noted that if E = e as planned for sample FSUs of sample type 2, the formula(2) reduces to : The formula for rural areas of Arunachal Pradesh is as follows :

∃ [ ( )Ys t

Zsti=

nst 1

stiz j=

1

stijn

sti jE

sti je k=

sti je

ysti jk Dstisti jE

sti je k=

sti je

ysti jk= ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ + − ∑1 1

30

0 1

0

0 11

1 1

1

1 ]... . . . . . . . . . (1)

∃ [ ( )YsZsi=

ns 1

siz j=

1

sijn

si jE

si je k=

si je

ysi jk Dsisi jE

si je k=

si je

ysi jk= ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ + − ∑1 1

30

0 1

0

0 11

1 1

1

1 ].. . . . . . . . . (2)

∃ [ ( )YsZsi=

ns 1

siz j=

1

sijn k=

si je

ysi jk Dsi

k=

si je

ysi jk= ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ + − ∑1 1

3

1

0

0 1

1

1

1 ]. .. . . . . . . . . (3)

∃ . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )YsZsi=

ns 1

nsij j

si jE

si je k=

si je

ysi jk= ∑ ∑=

∑ ∑

1 1

30

0 1

0

0 4

12

CHAPTER FOUR

Summary of findings

4.0 : As already mentioned in Chapter One, in NSS 51st round survey attempts were made to estimate the number of enterprises, size of employment and some important characteristics, like fixed assets, working capital, loan and gross value added of the manufacturing and repairing enterprises in the unorganised sector. For this purpose, 8214 villages were surveyed in the rural areas and 5258 enumeration blocks/UFS blocks were surveyed in the urban areas. From these villages and urban blocks detailed data were collected from a total of more than 1.9 lakhs sample manufacturing and repairing enterprises, of which 1.2 lakhs(i.e., 63%) were from villages and 0.7 lakh from urban blocks.

Out of the total number of sampled enterprises, a little less than 1.5 lakhs (about 76%) were Own Account Manufacturing Enterprises (OAMEs), about 0.3 lakh (i.e., 16%) Non-Directory Manufacturing Establishments (NDMEs) and the rest Directory Manufacturing Establishment(DMEs). 4.1 Out of a total of about 1.2 lakhs rural sample enterprises, 83% were OAMEs, about 10% NDMEs and the rest DMEs. In the case of urban samples 64% were OAMEs, 25% NDMEs and the remaining DMEs. Statements 1R & 1U give state-wise number of sample enterprises by enterprise type separately for rural and urban areas.

Statement 1R : Number of sample enterprises in rural areas of different states

number of sample enterprises in rural areas STATE OAME NDME DME ALL

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Andhra Pradesh 8003 1231 1441 10675 Arunachal Pradesh 139 0 1 140 Assam 2885 623 60 3568 Bihar 11102 632 167 11901 Goa 158 21 41 220 Gujarat 2418 331 554 3303 Haryana 1122 234 97 1453 Himachal Pradesh 1635 181 31 1847 Jammu & Kashmir 930 79 10 1019 Karnataka 4284 355 899 5538 Kerala 3070 984 316 4370 Madhya Pradesh 5019 279 205 5503 Maharashtra 4350 620 487 5457 Manipur 1184 21 3 1208 Meghalaya 495 109 25 629 Mizoram 188 9 0 197 Nagaland 755 88 17 860 Orissa 6859 373 67 7299 Punjab 1873 596 106 2575 Rajasthan 3311 298 100 3709

13

Statement 1R(contd.) : Number of sample enterprises in rural areas of different

states number of sample enterprises in rural areas

STATE OAME NDME DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Sikkim 159 23 7 189 Tamil Nadu 9657 1531 1197 12385 Tripura 1990 259 6 2255 Uttar Pradesh 15624 2157 1071 18852 West Bengal 12838 1219 498 14555 Andaman & Nicobar Is 196 150 51 397 Chandigarh 42 27 12 81 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 95 27 18 140 Daman & Diu 47 18 30 95 Delhi 60 38 22 120 Lakshadweep 10 0 1 11 Pondicherry 42 15 1 58 All 100540 12528 7541 120609

Statement 1U : Number of sample enterprises in urban areas of different states number of sample enterprises

STATE OAME NDME DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Andhra Pradesh 5635 1532 555 7722 Arunachal Pradesh 61 105 18 184 Assam 602 396 40 1038 Bihar 2283 796 115 3194 Goa 77 56 44 177 Gujarat 2047 1105 891 4043 Haryana 675 402 151 1228 Himachal Pradesh 352 193 32 577 Jammu & Kashmir 242 150 12 404 Karnataka 2647 782 301 3730 Kerala 1411 584 160 2155 Madhya Pradesh 2007 446 138 2591 Maharashtra 2411 1643 1332 5386 Manipur 644 92 27 763 Meghalaya 65 119 36 220 Mizoram 186 61 17 264 Nagaland 158 115 12 285 Orissa 1114 301 56 1471 Punjab 1617 1137 495 3249 Rajasthan 1797 621 127 2545

Statement 1U(contd.) : Number of sample enterprises in urban areas of

14

different states number of sample enterprises

STATE OAME NDME DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Sikkim 61 61 6 128 Tamil Nadu 8660 2338 1465 12463 Tripura 438 205 30 673 Uttar Pradesh 5413 1700 483 7596 West Bengal 4177 1650 508 6335 Andaman & Nicobar Is 139 147 41 327 Chandigarh 112 177 95 384 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 44 37 2 83 Daman & Diu 56 10 2 68 Delhi 617 917 506 2040 Lakshadweep 6 2 2 10 Pondicherry 43 37 7 87 All 45797 17917 7706 71420

Statement 2 : Key estimates of the unorganised manufacturing sector in India during 1994 - 95 at a glance

sl. no.

Description Rural Urban All

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) number in lakhs 1. No. of enterprises 105.0 40.1 145.1 1.a O. A. M. E 95.4 27.2 122.6 1.b N. D. M. E 6.7 9.3 16.0 1.c D. M. E. 2.9 3.6 6.5 2. No. of persons employed 221.3 110.8 332.1 2.1 Male 137.5 91.5 229.0 2.2 Female 83.8 19.3 103.1 Rs. in crores 3. Fixed assets owned 14072.1 23624.0 37696.1 4. Working capital(O.B.) 1330.0 5318.6 6648.6 5. Working Capital(C.B.) 1875.9 6386.7 8262.6 6. Net balance 545.9 1068.1 1614.0 7. Loan 1243.4 3445.7 4689.1 8. Input value 15952.2 31660.2 47612.4 9. Output value 29195.8 50691.8 79887.6 10. Gross value added 13243.6 19031.6 32275.2

O. B. : Opening balance C. B. : Closing balance

15

4.2 The summary of findings of the survey on unorganised manufacture based on the data collected from the sampled enterprises are discussed below. Hereafter in this report the word enterprise will mean OAMEs, NDMEs or DMEs as the case may be. Statement 2 presents key estimates at a glance of the unorganised manufacturing sector in India for the period 1994-95. 4.3 Estimate of number of enterp- ises in unorganised manufacturing sector : 4.3.1 The estimate of total number of enterprises engaged in the manufacturing and repairing activities in unorganised sector, taking OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs together, in the country during 1994 - 95 was about 145 lakhs. Of them, nearly 105 lakhs (i.e., about 72%) were in rural areas and the rest in urban areas. Statements 3R & 3U give state-wise estimates of OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs separately for rural and urban areas. It is seen from these Statements that out of the total estimated enterprises, about 84% were OAMEs, 11% NDMEs and the rest DMEs. It means that about 84% of the total unorganised manufacturing and repairing enterprises in India during 1994-95 did not employ any hired worker on a fairly regular basis and the remaining enterprises employed at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis during a reference period of one year. In each of about 11% of the total enterprises, there were 5 or less number of workers including at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis. Each of around 5% of the total enterprises had 6 or more workers including at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis. Out of the total enterprises employing at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis( i.e. out of the total establishments), in about 71% cases total number of workers (total of hired and other workers on a fairly regular basis) did not cross 5 each.

4.3.2 For the country as whole, out of a total of about 122 lakhs OAMEs, 78% were in rural areas. Out of a total of about 16 lakhs NDMEs, 42% were in rural areas and the rest in urban areas. 45% of the total of little more than 6 lakhs DMEs in the country were in rural areas and the rest in urban areas. In other words, as expected, the proportion of small manufacturing and repairing enterprises managed without engaging any hired worker on a fairly regular basis was much higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The proportion of relatively larger manufacturing units run with the help of at least one hired worker was less in rural areas than in urban areas. 4.3.3 Among the total of 105 lakhs rural enterprises in the country about 91% were OAMEs, 6% NDMEs and the rest DMEs. 68% of the total enterprises located in the urban areas of the country were OAMEs, 23% NDMEs and 9% DMEs. This shows that about 91% of the rural enterprises, during 1994-95, were run without help of any hired worker and in urban areas the corresponding percentage was 68. 4.3.4 Among the states, Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of rural enterprises followed by West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar. Considering OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs together, these four states together covered about 55% of the total rural enterprises in the country. In the case of urban areas also Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of enterprises, followed by Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. These four states together covered about 50% of the total urban enterprises in the country. 4.3.5 In rural areas Karnataka had the highest number of DMEs, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In urban areas Maharashtra had the highest number of DMEs, followed by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.

16

Statement 3R : Estimated number of enterprises ( in '00 ) by enterprise type and state in rural areas

STATE OAME NDME O + N DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Andhra Pradesh 8257 940 9197 449 9646 Arunachal Pradesh 29 0 29 - 29 Assam 2446 295 2741 8 2749 Bihar 11036 394 11430 63 11493 Goa 104 8 112 4 116 Gujarat 2093 126 2219 165 2384 Haryana 692 63 755 16 771 Himachal Pradesh 825 45 870 3 873 Jammu & Kashmir 321 20 341 3 344 Karnataka 4992 346 5338 708 6046 Kerala 1810 447 2257 96 2353 Madhya Pradesh 4272 202 4474 42 4516 Maharashtra 3896 298 4194 177 4371 Manipur 475 1 476 - 476 Meghalaya 197 11 208 1 209 Mizoram 39 1 40 0 40 Nagaland 83 7 90 1 91 Orissa 12920 249 13169 48 13217 Punjab 1066 128 1194 11 1205 Rajasthan 2866 144 3010 26 3036 Sikkim 9 1 10 - 10 Tamil Nadu 5453 650 6103 331 6434 Tripura 462 42 504 - 504 Uttar Pradesh 16519 1328 17847 512 18359 West Bengal 14246 842 15088 224 15312 Andaman & Nicobar Is 7 2 9 1 10 Chandigarh 3 1 4 - 4 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 21 1 22 1 23 Daman & Diu 3 1 4 2 6 Delhi 198 84 282 50 332 Lakshadweep - 0 - - - Pondicherry 9 3 12 - 12 All 95349 6680 102029 2942 104971

‘-’ indicates negligible entry, '0' indicates no sample enterprise ‘O + N’ means OAME + NDME

17

Statement 3U : Estimated number of enterprises ( in '00 ) by enterprise type and state in urban areas

STATE OAME NDME O+N DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Andhra Pradesh 2102 549 2651 127 2778 Arunachal Pradesh 3 5 8 1 9 Assam 182 126 308 15 323 Bihar 1481 385 1866 61 1927 Goa 16 16 32 3 35 Gujarat 2643 701 3344 552 3896 Haryana 401 196 597 46 643 Himachal Pradesh 82 25 107 5 112 Jammu & Kashmir 42 29 71 2 73 Karnataka 1738 468 2206 141 2347 Kerala 410 149 559 34 593 Madhya Pradesh 1460 444 1904 97 2001 Maharashtra 2254 1247 3501 775 4276 Manipur 107 7 114 1 115 Meghalaya 5 13 18 2 20 Mizoram 6 3 9 1 10 Nagaland 10 10 20 1 21 Orissa 548 109 657 23 680 Punjab 795 371 1166 127 1293 Rajasthan 1265 309 1574 50 1624 Sikkim 1 2 3 - 3 Tamil Nadu 3698 985 4683 450 5133 Tripura 49 14 63 2 65 Uttar Pradesh 4916 1480 6396 393 6789 West Bengal 2392 1072 3464 314 3778 Andaman & Nicobar Is 2 2 4 1 5 Chandigarh 17 27 44 16 60 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 1 2 - 2 Daman & Diu 3 1 4 - 4 Delhi 509 566 1075 360 1435 Lakshadweep - - - - - Pondicherry 10 8 18 1 19 ALL 27148 9320 36468 3602 40070

‘-’ indicates negligible entry, '0' indicates no sample enterprise ‘O + N’ means OAME + NDME 4.3.6 Statements 4R & 4U give number of estimated enterprises, by type of enterprise, in different industries ( at 2 digit NIC code) at the national level separately for rural and urban areas. Information available in these Statements shows that for all types of

enterprises taken together, `Wood and wood products industry (NIC-27)' had the highest share in the rural areas, followed by `Food products (NIC-20)', `Beverages, tobacco etc. (NIC-22)' and `Repair services (NIC-97)'. Wood and wood products industry had the highest number of OAMEs, while the highest number of NDMEs and DMEs both had come from the Food products industry in the rural areas. In the urban areas also `Wood and wood products' industry had a

18

significant share among the different manufacturing industries. The proportions of DMEs were more in the `Textile products

(NIC-26)' and `Metal products and parts (NIC-34)' than in other industries in the urban areas.

Statement 4R : Estimated number of enterprises( in '00 ) in different industries (at 2 digit level of NIC) by enterprise type in rural areas NIC Description OAME NDME O+N DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 20 Manufacture of food products 12107 1750 13857 686 14543 21 -do- 4552 242 4794 168 4962 22 Beverages, tobacco etc., 10175 769 10944 507 11451 23 Cotton textiles 5787 344 6131 233 6364 24 Wool,silk &man-made fibre txtl 1630 295 1925 186 2111 25 Jute and other textiles 652 82 734 70 804 26 Textile products 7695 581 8276 263 8539 27 Wood and wood products 23526 795 24321 94 24415 28 Paper and paper products 366 148 514 3 517 29 Leather and leather products 1165 40 1205 6 1211 30 Chemical and chemical products 606 23 629 56 685 31 Rubber, plastic and petroleum 179 33 212 26 238 32 Non-metalic mineral products 6772 284 7056 393 7449 33 Basic metal & alloys industs. 55 9 64 6 70 34 Metal products and parts 2164 269 2433 63 2496 35 Machinery and equipment 480 28 508 9 517 36 -do- 24 33 57 10 67 37 Transport equipment and parts 53 16 69 9 78 38 Other manufacturing industries 6597 153 6750 139 6889 39 Repair of capital goods 2282 232 2514 8 2522 97 Repair services 8417 552 8969 6 8975 99 Not recorded cases 65 2 67 1 68 all 95349 6680 102029 2942 104971

Note : O + N = OAME + NDME

19

Statement 4U : Estimated number of enterprises( in '00 ) in different industries (at 2 digit level of NIC) by enterprise type in urban areas NIC Description OAME NDME O + N DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 20 Manufacture of food products 2100 1043 3143 203 3346 21 -do- 843 192 1035 56 1091 22 Beverages, tobacco etc., 2697 94 2791 25 2816 23 Cotton textiles 1287 286 1573 248 1821 24 Wool,silk &man-made fibre txtl 707 328 1035 256 1291 25 Jute and other textiles 108 32 140 6 146 26 Textile products 1498 408 1906 490 2396 27 Wood and wood products 3062 1005 4067 245 4312 28 Paper and paper products 609 438 1047 185 1232 29 Leather and leather products 553 206 759 143 902 30 Chemical and chemical products 608 82 690 59 749 31 Rubber, plastic and petroleum 178 223 401 207 608 32 Non-metalic mineral products 731 227 958 124 1082 33 Basic metal & alloys industs. 146 77 223 48 271 34 Metal products and parts 704 903 1607 395 2002 35 Machinery and equipment 109 220 329 104 433 36 -do- 49 90 139 83 222 37 Transport equipment and parts 59 78 137 67 204 38 Other manufacturing industries 3712 629 4341 365 4706 39 Repair of capital goods 484 481 965 95 1060 97 Repair services 6861 2256 9117 194 9311 99 Not recorded cases 43 22 65 4 69 all 27148 9320 36468 3602 40070

Note : O + N = OAME + NDME

4.3.7 Statements 5R & 5U give number of enterprises in all the states according to the Economic Census, 1980(EC-80) and Economic Census, 1990(EC-90) and the estimated number of enterprises according to 45th (1989-90) and 51st (1994-95) rounds of NSS separately for rural and urban areas. It is observed from these Statements that the estimate for number of enterprises for all states (excepting Jammu & Kashmir because geographical coverage of Jammu & Kashmir was not same in 45th and 51st rounds) and all types of enterprises taken together in 1994-95 was about 13% less than the estimated number of enterprises in 1989-90 in the case of rural areas. The estimate for the urban areas suggested a marginal increase during 1994-95 over the estimated enterprise in 1989-90. For rural and urban combined, estimate in 1994-95 was about

10% less than the estimate in 1989-90. The same trend is observed in the information thrown up by the Economic Census undertaken in 1980 and 1990. The Total number of enterprises (excepting Jammu & Kashmir because EC-90 was not conducted in this state) according to EC-90 was less than the same according to EC-80 both in the rural and urban sectors. The fall was about 9% of the total number of enterprises according to EC-80 in each of the rural and urban sectors. 4.3.8 To facilitate the industry-wise comparison at the national level industry-wise total estimated number of enterprises according to 45th (1989-90) round and 51st(1994-95) round of NSS are given in the Statements 6R & 6U separately for rural and urban areas.

20

Statement 5R : Estimated number of enterprises( in '00 ) according to EC-1980, EC-1990, 45th and 51st rounds of NSS in rural areas of different states

STATE EC-80 EC-90 NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 ALL45 ALL51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pradesh 3769 4391 12616 9197 280 449 12896 9646 Arunachal Pradesh 13 25 21 29 * - 21 29 Assam $ 331 1384 2741 16 8 1400 2749 Bihar 2107 1871 10745 11430 60 64 10805 11494 Goa 100 95 69 112 0 4 69 116 Gujarat 1413 1153 2495 2219 171 165 2666 2384 Haryana 526 422 1103 755 17 16 1120 771 Himachal Pradesh 547 444 1510 870 7 3 1517 873 Jammu & Kashmir 518 $ 1625 341 33 3 1658 344 Karnataka 2871 1864 6006 5338 190 708 6196 6046 Kerala 1785 1502 4826 2257 175 96 5001 2353 Madhya Pradesh 4038 3487 5376 4474 57 42 5433 4516 Maharashtra 3530 2363 6568 4194 155 177 6723 4371 Manipur 70 96 270 476 * - 270 476 Meghalaya 26 23 138 208 * 1 138 209 Mizoram 12 9 25 40 * 0 25 40 Nagaland 11 18 18 90 * 1 18 91 Orissa 2169 2466 9453 13169 34 48 9487 13217 Punjab 646 454 1576 1194 8 11 1584 1205 Rajasthan 2181 1596 4215 3010 48 26 4263 3036 Sikkim 8 6 16 10 * - 16 10 Tamil Nadu 3748 3124 7548 6103 291 331 7839 6434 Tripura 89 94 379 504 * - 379 504 Uttar Pradesh 4567 3595 17544 17847 407 512 17951 18359 West Bengal 3414 4787 24599 15088 229 224 24828 15312 Andaman & Nicobar Is 6 16 10 9 * 1 10 10 Chandigarh 4 3 6 4 * - 6 4 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 4 4 7 22 * 1 7 23 Daman & Diu @ 4 6 4 * 2 6 6 Delhi 78 40 * 282 41 50 41 332 Lakshadweep 21 6 2 - * - 2 - Pondicherry 20 11 38 12 * - 38 12 All (excluding J. & K.) 37773 34300 118569 101688 2207 2939 120776 104627 ‘*’ indicates figures are not available, '-' indicates negligible entry, '0' indicates no sample enterprise $ : Economic census was not conducted; @ : Estimate for Goa includes estimate for Daman & Diu NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME EC-80 = Economic Census, 1980; EC-90 = Economic Census, 1990; DME45 = 45th round DME ALL45 = All enterprises of 45th round; ALL51 = All enterprises of 51st round Columns (6) & (8) totals may not match with the corresponding total entries because of non-availability entries for some states. Jammu & Kashmir is excluded from ‘All’, because EC-90 was not conducted in J. & K. and geographical coverage for J. & K. was not same in 45th and 51st rounds.

21

Statement 5U: Estimated number of enterprises( in '00 ) according to EC-1980, EC-1990, 45th and 51st rounds of NSS in urban areas of different states

STATE EC-80 EC--90 NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 ALL45 ALL51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Andhra Pradesh 1269 1363 3139 2651 116 127 3255 2778 Arunachal Pradesh 2 4 2 8 * 1 2 9 Assam $ 139 215 308 18 15 233 323 Bihar 591 476 1358 1866 72 61 1430 1927 Goa 48 34 28 32 * 3 28 35 Gujarat 1475 1385 2313 3344 464 552 2777 3896 Haryana 444 419 828 597 61 46 889 643 Himachal Pradesh 62 40 60 107 6 5 66 112 Jammu & Kashmir 216 $ 629 71 45 2 674 73 Karnataka 1646 1204 2244 2206 179 141 2423 2347 Kerala 577 697 985 559 127 34 1112 593 Madhya Pradesh 1439 1392 1578 1904 102 97 1680 2001 Maharashtra 2575 2476 3323 3501 484 775 3807 4276 Manipur 51 53 90 114 * 1 90 115 Meghalaya 16 13 14 18 * 2 14 20 Mizoram 8 12 4 9 * 1 4 10 Nagaland 9 4 9 20 * 1 9 21 Orissa 352 268 672 657 35 23 707 680 Punjab 794 649 1192 1166 126 127 1318 1293 Rajasthan 1149 935 2151 1574 72 50 2223 1624 Sikkim 6 2 3 3 * - 3 3 Tamil Nadu 2986 2510 5977 4683 460 450 6437 5133 Tripura 31 30 19 63 * 2 19 65 Uttar Pradesh 3129 2542 5685 6396 443 393 6128 6789 West Bengal 1695 1607 3634 3464 262 314 3896 3778 Andaman & Nicobar Is 2 4 5 4 * 1 5 5 Chandigarh 32 35 39 44 * 16 39 60 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 1 1 2 * - 1 2 Daman & Diu @ 2 2 4 - 2 4 Delhi 744 881 849 1075 295 360 1144 1435 Lakshadweep 8 12 1 0 * - 1 - pondicherry 34 24 66 18 * 1 66 19 All ( excluding J. & K.) 21175 19213 36486 36397 3386 3600 39872 39997 ‘*’ indicates figures are not available, '-' indicates negligible entry, '0' indicates no sample enterprise $ : Economic census was not conducted; @ : Estimate for Goa includes estimate for Daman & Diu NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME EC-80 = Economic Census, 1980; EC-90 = Economic Census, 1990; DME45 = 45th round DME ALL45 = All enterprises of 45th round; ALL51 = All enterprises of 51st round Columns (6) & (8) totals may not match with the corresponding total entries because of non-availability entries for some states. Jammu & Kashmir is excluded from ‘All’ because EC-90 was not conducted in J. & K. and geographical coverage for J. & K. was not same in 45th and 51st rounds.

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Statement 6R : Industry-specific estimates of the number (in '00 ) of enterprises in rural areas according to 45th and 51st rounds of NSS NIC Description NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 20 Manufacture of food products 15666 13857 480 686 21 -do- 4759 4794 38 168 22 Beverages, tobacco etc., 16060 10944 223 507 23 Cotton textiles 10319 6131 216 233 24 Wool,silk &man-made fibre txtl 1465 1925 65 186 25 Jute and other textiles 1241 734 25 70 26 Textile products 9104 8276 271 263 27 Wood and wood products 31059 24321 111 94 28 Paper and paper products 335 514 18 3 29 Leather and leather products 2544 1205 2 6 30 Chemical and chemical products 983 629 78 56 31 Rubber, plastic and petroleum 199 212 23 26 32 Non-metalic mineral products 7954 7056 378 393 33 Basic metal & alloys industs. 38 64 7 6 34 Metal products and parts 2390 2433 60 63 35 Machinery and equipment 468 508 12 9 36 -do- 40 57 6 10 37 Transport equipment and parts 133 69 12 9 38 Other manufacturing industries 4679 6750 181 139 39 Repair of capital goods 1837 2514 10 8 97 Repair services 8858 8969 24 6 99 Not recorded cases 63 67 0 1 All* 120194 102029 2240 2943 NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME; DME45 = 45th round DME * ‘All’ figures of this Statement do not tally with the corresponding entries of Statement 5R, because Jammu & Kashmir is not included in the ‘All’ row of Statement 5R. Statement 6U : Industry-specific estimates of the number(in '00) of enterprises in urban areas

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according to 45th and 51st rounds of NSS NIC Description NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 20 Manufacture of food products 2937 3143 186 203 21 -do- 1375 1035 78 56 22 Beverages, tobacco etc., 4191 2791 36 25 23 Cotton textiles 2794 1573 254 248 24 Wool,silk &man-made fibre txtl 1590 1035 214 256 25 Jute and other textiles 263 140 13 6 26 Textile products 2438 1906 264 490 27 Wood and wood products 3616 4067 225 245 28 Paper and paper products 1212 1047 234 185 29 Leather and leather products 574 759 75 143 30 Chemical and chemical products 786 690 98 59 31 Rubber, plastic and petroleum 426 401 134 207 32 Non-metalic mineral products 971 958 199 124 33 Basic metal & alloys industs. 118 223 66 48 34 Metal products and parts 1504 1607 341 395 35 Machinery and equipment 273 329 176 104 36 -do- 195 139 121 83 37 Transport equipment and parts 111 137 94 67 38 Other manufacturing industries 3041 4341 319 365 39 Repair of capital goods 1085 965 91 95 97 Repair services 7571 9117 213 194 99 Not recorded cases 44 65 0 4 All* 37115 36468 3431 3602 NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME; DME45 = 45th round DME * ‘All’ figures of this Statement do not tally with the corresponding entries of Statement 5U because Jammu & Kashmir is not included in the ‘All’ row of Statement 5U. 4.4 Size of Employment in unorg- anised manufacturing sector : 4.4.1 Estimated size of the total employment in the unorganised manufacturing sector in India during 1994-95 (NSS 51st round) was about 332 lakhs. Out of these total number of persons employed, a little more than about 221 lakhs (approximately 67%) were engaged in the enterprises located in the Indian villages and the rest in urban areas. State-specific estimates of the number of persons employed in OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs separately are listed in Statements 7R & 7U separately for rural and urban areas. Out of the total employed in the unorganised manufacturing sector during 1994-95, about 68% were engaged in the enterprises managed without any hired worker on a fairly regular basis (i.e., in OAMEs); a little less than 15% were engaged in the

enterprises each of which was run with a total of 5 or less workers( including at least one hired worker ( i.e., in NDMEs)) and the rest were employed in the relatively larger establishments ( i.e., in DMEs) each of which was run with a total of 6 or more workers( including at least one hired worker). 4.4.2 The estimate of number of persons employed in OAMEs was about 227 lakhs, of which nearly 79% were in the villages and the rest in urban areas. Out of the 49 lakhs employed in NDMEs, only 37% were in rural areas and the rest in urban areas. Out of the total 56 lakh persons employed in the relatively larger enterprises ( i.e., in DMEs ), only 43% were in rural areas and the rest in urban areas. 4.4.3 During 1994-95 nearly 81% of the total number of persons employed in the

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enterprises located in rural India were in OAMEs, about 8% in NDMEs and the rest in DMEs. The corresponding percentages in urban areas for OAMEs, NDMEs, and DMEs were 43, 28 and 29 respectively. 4.4.4 Among the states, Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of persons employed in unorganised manufacturing sector during 1994-95 in the rural as well as urban areas, which was in conformity with the highest estimated number of enterprises both in the rural and urban areas as observed in para 4.3.4. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar together covered about 57% of the

total number of persons employed in the informal manufacturing sector in rural areas; while about 54% of the total employed in urban areas were covered by the states of Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. 4.4.5 If the number of persons employed only in DMEs are considered, Uttar Pradesh had the highest in rural areas followed by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. In the urban areas Maharashtra had the highest number of persons employed in DMEs, followed by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

Statement 7R : Estimates of employment( in ‘00) in rural areas of different states STATE OAME NDME OAE+NDE DME ALL

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)Andhra Pradesh 15638 1393 17031 1787 18818Arunachal Pradesh 76 0 76 1 77Assam 4610 770 5380 65 5445Bihar 19107 1116 20223 1036 21259Goa 162 24 186 36 222 Gujarat 3390 378 3768 1862 5630Haryana 1158 184 1342 328 1670Himachal Pradesh 1052 114 1166 89 1255Jammu & Kashmir 443 45 488 28 516Karnataka 8153 901 9054 3977 13031 Kerala 2793 1359 4152 1231 5383Madhya Pradesh 7607 489 8096 319 8415Maharashtra 6796 854 7650 1801 9451Manipur 557 4 561 2 563Meghalaya 335 33 368 6 374 Mizoram 65 3 68 0 68Nagaland 125 16 141 15 156Orissa 28399 672 29071 433 29504Punjab 1536 338 1874 257 2131Rajasthan 4640 379 5019 208 5227 Sikkim 12 2 14 2 16Tamil Nadu 9117 2146 11263 3320 14583Tripura 957 122 1079 2 1081Uttar Pradesh 32431 4124 36555 4962 41517West Bengal 28931 2504 31435 2261 33696 Andaman & Nicobar Is 11 6 17 7 24Chandigarh 4 5 9 3 12Dadra & Nagar Haveli 23 3 26 9 35Daman & Diu 4 4 8 18 26

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Statement 7R(contd.) : Estimates of employment( in ‘00) in rural areas of different states

STATE OAME NDME OAE+NDE DME ALL(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Delhi 302 288 590 458 1048Lakshadweep - 0 - - -Pondicherry 13 13 26 1 27All 178447 18289 196736 24524 221260

Statement 7U : Estimates of employment ( in ‘00) in urban areas of different states

STATE OAME NDME OAE+NDE DME ALL (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Andhra Pradesh 3970 1757 5727 958 6685 Arunachal Pradesh 4 14 18 6 24 Assam 285 393 678 105 783 Bihar 2531 1144 3675 440 4115 Goa 23 53 76 30 106 Gujarat 4605 2499 7104 5411 12515 Haryana 626 589 1215 464 1679 Himachal Pradesh 107 75 182 43 225 Jammu & Kashmir 59 94 153 18 171 Karnataka 2842 1469 4311 1140 5451 Kerala 582 477 1059 378 1437 Madhya Pradesh 2693 1475 4168 734 4902 Maharashtra 4083 4322 8405 6426 14831 Manipur 137 21 158 9 167 Meghalaya 7 39 46 17 63 Mizoram 9 9 18 5 23 Nagaland 14 27 41 11 52 Orissa 903 338 1241 195 1436 Punjab 1165 1161 2326 1059 3385 Rajasthan 2198 920 3118 374 3492 Sikkim 2 4 6 2 8 Tamil Nadu 6264 3413 9677 4578 14255 Tripura 81 46 127 15 142 Uttar Pradesh 9822 4638 14460 3350 17810 West Bengal 4173 3384 7557 2539 10096 Andaman & Nicobar Is 3 7 10 7 17 Chandigarh 25 99 124 151 275 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 2 3 5 - 5 Daman & Diu 4 2 6 1 7 Delhi 941 2074 3015 3551 6566 Lakshadweep - - - 2 2 Pondicherry 13 24 37 6 43 ALL 48173 30570 78743 32025 110768 '-' indicates negligible entry, '0' indicates no sample enterprise

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Statement 8 : Estimated total manufacturing sector employment ( in millions ) in India from two different sources 1993 - 94 1994 -95

sector based on projected

population** unorganised sector$ ( NSS 51st round )

registered sector (Annual Survey of

Industries )*

total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

rural 20.7 22.1 2.5 24.6

urban 19.5 11.1 5.7 16.8

total 39.3 33.2 8.2 41.4 * Source : Summary results for Factor Sector - Annual Survey of Industries : 1994 95. Srinagar Region of Jammu & Kashmir was not covered. ** Total of column (2) entries does not match with the column(2) total entry, because total is obtained from combined WPR of NSS 50th round employment-unemployment survey. $ Incomplete coverage of Jammu & Kashmir, please see para 1.8

4.4.6 Statement 8 provides estimated total manufacturing sector employment from two different sources. It may be noted that the registered sector employment given in Statement 8 includes bidi industry workers. The estimates of total manufacturing sector employment for the year 1993-94 are obtained from the projected population for the year 1993-94 and using worker (in terms of usual status) population ratios(WPR) for manufacturing sector from NSS 50th round employment - unemployment survey. 4.4.7 Statements 9R & 9U present total number of persons employed in unorganised manufacturing sector in all the states accord-ing to the Economic Census, 1980(EC-80), Economic Census, 1990(EC-90) and estimates of the total employed according to NSS 45th (1989-90) round and 51st (1994-95) round separately for rural and urban areas. It is seen from these Statements that the estimate of the total number of persons employed in unorganised manufacturing sector in the rural India (excluding Jammu & Kashmir, since geographical coverage of Jammu & Kashmir was not same in 45th and 51st rounds) during 1994-95 (51st round) was little more than 8% less than the estimated number of persons employed during 1989-90 (45th round). The estimates of employment in urban India suggested a

little less than 2% increase during 1994-95 over the estimated number of persons employed in urban areas during 1989-90. For rural and urban combined, the fall in estimated employment during 1994-95 was around 5% of the total rural and urban employment during 1989-90. 4.4.8 The employment in unorganised manufacturing sector according to EC-90 had registered a sizable increase in rural areas and a moderate increase in urban areas in comparison to employment in EC-80. In rural areas EC-90 employment for all types of enterprises taken together (excluding Jammu & Kashmir, because EC-90 was not conducted in Jammu & Kashmir) was about 13% more than the employment in EC-80, as against about 6% in urban areas. Note that this increase in employment in EC-90 compared to EC-80 had been observed despite significant fall (by 9%) in the total number of enterprises in EC-90 in comparison to EC-80 both in the rural and urban areas (see para 4.3.7). 4.4.9 Industry-specific estimates of employment according to 45th(1989-90) and 51st(1994-95) rounds of NSS are given in the Statements 10R & 10U separately for rural and urban areas.

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Statement 9R : Estimated employment (in ‘00) according to Economic Census, 1980; Economic Census, 1990; and 45th and 51st rounds of NSS in rural areas of different states

STATE EC-80 EC-90 ALL45 ALL51 NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pradesh 10888 15007 24688 18818 21323 17031 3365 1787 Arunachal Pradesh 42 114 8 77 8 76 * 1 Assam $ 3526 2469 5445 2250 5380 219 65 Bihar 5385 5465 18154 21259 17389 20223 765 1036 Goa 736 338 129 222 129 186 * 36 Gujarat 3690 5042 6389 5630 4347 3768 2042 1862 Haryana 1621 1963 2163 1670 1896 1342 267 328 Himachal Pradesh 857 871 2614 1255 2453 1166 161 * Jammu & Kashmir 1139 $ 3367 516 2921 488 446 28 Karnataka 7411 7155 11875 13031 9165 9054 2710 3977 Kerala 6036 5502 10374 5383 7723 4152 2651 1231 Madhya Pradesh 7713 8343 9506 8415 8830 8096 676 319 Maharashtra 8791 7820 13337 9451 11515 7650 1822 1801 Manipur 143 191 383 563 383 561 * 2 Meghalaya 66 78 259 374 259 368 * 6 Mizoram 19 13 37 68 37 68 * 0 Nagaland 34 73 27 156 27 141 * 15 Orissa 4618 5789 22244 29504 21751 29071 493 433 Punjab 1483 1643 2515 2131 2366 1874 149 257 Rajasthan 4171 3541 8071 5227 7542 5019 529 208 Sikkim 29 35 19 16 19 14 * 2 Tamil Nadu 11092 11347 17095 14583 13853 11263 3242 3320 Tripura 212 258 724 1081 724 1079 * 2 Uttar Pradesh 13080 12847 36466 41517 31633 36555 4833 4962 West Bengal 8732 12544 51056 33696 48403 31435 2653 2261 Andaman & Nicobar Is 45 90 17 24 17 17 * 7 Chandigarh 6 8 8 1 8 9 * 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 26 65 10 35 10 26 * 9 Daman & Diu @ 49 11 26 11 8 * 18 Delhi 390 253 279 1048 0 590 279 458 Lakshadweep 50 17 3 - 3 - * - Pondicherry 76 101 62 27 62 26 * 1 All(excluding J. & K.) 97442 110088 241210 220744 214136 196248 27074 24496 ‘*’ indicates figures are not available, '-' indicates negligible entry, '0' indicates no sample enterprise $ : Economic census was not conducted; @ : Estimate for Goa includes estimate for Daman & Diu NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME EC-80 = Economic Census, 1980; EC-90 = Economic Census, 1990; DME45 = 45th round DME ALL45 = All enterprises of 45th round; ALL51 = All enterprises of 51st round Columns (4) & (8) totals may not match with the corresponding total entries because of non-availability entries for some states. Jammu & Kashmir is excluded from ‘All’ because EC-90 was not conducted in J. & K. and geographical coverage for J. & K. was not same in 45th and 51st rounds.

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Statement 9U : Estimated employment (in ‘00) according to Economic Census, 1980; Economic Census, 1990; and 45th and 51st rounds of NSS in urban areas of different states

STATE EC-80 EC-90 ALL45 ALL51 NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pradesh 6361 6486 7298 6685 6237 5727 1061 958 Arunachal Pradesh 10 16 5 24 5 18 * 6 Assam $ 878 608 783 452 678 156 105 Bihar 2904 3365 3118 4115 2567 3675 551 440 Goa 169 150 64 106 64 76 * 30 Gujarat 8954 10294 10472 12515 5941 7104 4531 5411 Haryana 2667 2811 2072 1679 1568 1215 504 464 Himachal Pradesh 198 181 173 225 115 182 58 43 Jammu & Kashmir 641 $ 1565 171 1130 153 435 18 Karnataka 6121 6044 6384 5451 4687 4311 1697 1140 Kerala 2624 3435 3138 1437 2025 1059 1113 378 Madhya Pradesh 5172 5898 3904 4902 3028 4168 876 734 Maharashtra 17830 18703 12212 14831 7602 8405 4610 6426 Manipur 137 133 194 167 194 158 * 9 Meghalaya 56 57 36 63 36 46 * 17 Mizoram 26 40 11 23 11 18 * 5 Nagaland 36 33 19 52 19 41 * 11 Orissa 1393 1329 1802 1436 1508 1241 294 195 Punjab 3706 3901 3553 3385 2595 2326 958 1059 Rajasthan 3581 3910 4947 3492 4161 3118 786 374 Sikkim 24 17 5 8 5 6 * 2 Tamil Nadu 11871 11226 16656 14255 12235 9677 4421 4578 Tripura 81 119 34 142 34 127 * 15 Uttar Pradesh 11532 11457 15657 17810 12131 14460 3526 3350 West Bengal 11629 10822 10322 10096 8148 7557 2174 2539 Andaman & Nicobar Is 20 46 12 17 12 10 * 7 Chandigarh 219 318 77 275 77 124 * 151 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 3 11 3 5 3 5 * - Daman & Diu @ 9 3 7 3 6 * 1 Delhi 4242 6111 5101 6566 2488 3015 2613 3551 Lakshadweep 20 37 1 2 1 0 * 2 Pondicherry 181 234 144 43 144 37 * 6 All (excluding J. & K.) 101767 108071 108603 110597 78096 78590 30507 32007 ‘*’ indicates figures are not available, '-' indicates negligible entry, '0' indicates no sample enterprise $ : Economic census was not conducted; @ : Estimate for Goa includes estimate for Daman & Diu NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME EC-80 = Economic Census, 1980; EC-90 = Economic Census, 1990; DME45 = 45th round DME ALL45 = All enterprises of 45th round; ALL51 = All enterprises of 51st round Columns (4) & (8) totals may not match with the corresponding total entries because of non-availability entries for some states. Jammu & Kashmir is excluded from ‘All’ because EC-90 was not conducted in J. & K. and geographical coverage for J. & K. was not same in 45th and 51st rounds.

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Statement 10R : Industry - specific rural estimates( in ‘00) of persons employed according to 45th and 51st rounds of NSS

NIC Description NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 20 Manufacture of food products 30433 27779 4628 4547 21 -do- 10176 10821 321 1528 22 Beverages, tobacco etc., 24068 20193 3891 1217 23 Cotton textiles 20539 13113 2474 2501 24 Wool,silk &man-made fibre txtl 3082 4735 646 1835 25 Jute and other textiles 2152 1357 318 714 26 Textile products 17332 18525 3134 2433 27 Wood and wood products 55591 42669 844 932 28 Paper and paper products 652 1298 169 36 29 Leather and leather products 3525 1861 13 47 30 Chemical and chemical products 2097 1025 906 550 31 Rubber, plastic and petroleum 281 336 309 208 32 Non-metalic mineral products 17560 16907 6445 5496 33 Basic metal & alloys industs. 130 142 65 56 34 Metal products and parts 4684 4593 485 440 35 Machinery and equipment 601 863 114 81 36 -do- 117 147 71 107 37 Transport equipment and parts 278 161 100 66 38 Other manufacturing industries 9473 14267 2360 1617 39 Repair of capital goods 3034 4204 69 59 97 Repair services 11152 11628 158 49 99 Not recorded cases 100 112 0 5 All* 217057 196736 27520 24524 NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME; DME45 = 45th round DME * ‘All’ figures of this Statement do not tally with the corresponding entries of Statement 9R, because Jammu & Kashmir is not included in the ‘All’ row of Statement 9R.

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Statement 10U : Industry - specific urban estimates( in ‘00) of persons employed according to 45th and 51st rounds of NSS

NIC Description NSS45 NSS51 DME45 DME51 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 20 Manufacture of food products 6550 7290 1537 169421 -do- 3007 2351 679 45722 Beverages, tobacco etc., 7144 5262 433 22023 Cotton textiles 6418 3828 2907 2510 24 Wool,silk &man-made fibre txtl 4995 3302 2087 219425 Jute and other textiles 505 331 147 7126 Textile products 5377 4707 2632 482627 Wood and wood products 7341 8488 1750 183828 Paper and paper products 3420 2768 1859 1462 29 Leather and leather products 1288 2000 652 113930 Chemical and chemical products 1681 1329 931 61031 Rubber, plastic and petroleum 1075 1092 1110 163632 Non-metalic mineral products 2395 2517 2002 102933 Basic metal & alloys industs. 360 653 567 384 34 Metal products and parts 3816 4505 2596 332735 Machinery and equipment 791 1053 1495 85536 -do- 654 418 1223 79337 Transport equipment and parts 333 440 754 59738 Other manufacturing industries 6437 8124 3145 3956 39 Repair of capital goods 2547 2402 690 73097 Repair services 13010 15745 1746 166699 Not recorded cases 82 138 0 31All* 79226 78743 30942 32025 NSS45 = OAME + NDME of 45th round, NSS51 = OAME + NDME of 51st round; DME51= 51st round DME; DME45 = 45th round DME * ‘All’ figures of this Statement do not tally with the corresponding entries of Statement 9U, because Jammu & Kashmir is not included in the ‘All’ row of Statement 9U. 4.5 Employment by type of workers : 4.5.1 In the NSS enterprise surveys upto 45th round (1989-90), the persons employed in the OAMEs and NDMEs were divided into two categories : hired and others. The paid household workers were also included in the hired category. But in the 51st round(1994-95) enterprise survey, since DMEs were also included, persons employed were first categorised as `work-

ers' and `other workers (i.e., other than 'workers')' depending on their direct involvement in the manufacturing process or not. Persons directly involved in or associated with the manufacturing process were termed `workers' and the rest `other workers'. 'Workers' were further classified as hired workers, paid household workers and unpaid household workers. That means, in the present report the term "direct workers" refers to the total of hired workers, paid household workers and unpaid household workers. 4.5.2 Statements 11R & 11U present distribution of workers by type of workers in

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each of the industries (at 2-digit NIC code level) separately for rural and urban areas. It is seen from these Statements that out of a total of about 332 lakhs persons employed in the unorganised manufacturing sector in India during 1994-95, about 186 lakhs (i.e., 56%) were directly involved in or associated with the manufacturing process, and the rest were other workers. Percentage of direct workers was lower in rural areas (53) than in urban areas(62). 4.5.3 Out of 221 lakhs persons employed in rural areas, about 12% were hired

workers, less than 1% paid household work-ers, about 40% unpaid household workers, as against 37%, 1% and 23% respectively, out of a total of nearly 111 lakhs persons employed in urban areas. Among the industries, the proportions of hired workers were high in the `manufacture of food products, NIC-20(17%)' and `Non-metallic mineral products, NIC-32 (21%)' in the rural areas. More than 50% of the total employed were hired workers in `Textile products, NIC-26' and `Metal products and parts, NIC-34' in urban areas.

Statement 11R : Estimates( in ‘00) of persons employed by type of workers in different industries in rural areas

NIC Description hired

workers paid

household workers

unpaid household workers

other workers

total workers

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 20 Manufacture of food products 5378 358 12397 14193 32326 21 -do- 1469 31 5907 4942 12349 22 Beverages, tobacco etc., 1298 74 9347 10691 21410 23 Cotton textiles 2343 80 7031 6160 15614 24 Wool,silk &man-made fibre txtl 1579 52 2937 2002 6570 25 Jute and other textiles 764 16 561 730 2071 26 Textile products 2858 30 7788 10282 20958 27 Wood and wood products 1897 264 17479 23961 43601