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University Patenting in Europe: On the importance of legal frameworks and local practice Martin Meyer et al. . Presented by Dagmara Weckowska SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research & Dept of Business and Management, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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University Patenting in Europe: On the importance of legal frameworks and local practice
Martin Meyer et al.
Presented by Dagmara Weckowska
SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research &Dept of Business and Management,
School of Business Management and Economics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH
Acknowledgements
• Martin Meyer• Antje Klitkou• Annamaria Inzelt• Marina Ranga• Paula Moutinho• Joaquin Azagra• Pirjo Kutinlahti• Basak Candemir• Devrim Goktepe• Bart Van Looy• Maurizio Sobrero
• Loet Leydesdorff• Izabela Kijenska• Lena Tsipouri• Elena Castro Martínez• Puay Tang• Jordi Molas-Gallart• Uelle Must• Azele Mathieu• Africa Villanueva Felez• Francesco Lissoni
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Context
• More and more European countries have adopted Bayh-Dole type legislation to encourage commercial uptake of university research
- through a change of IP ownership that favours universities and often abolishes faculty privileges
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
University Patenting Activity at Country Level
Source: Van Looy et al. (2007)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003
AU BE CA DE DK ES FIFR GB IT KR NL SE US
Selected Universities – patent output
Source: Leydesdorff & Meyer Scientometrics , forthcoming.Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Selected UK Universities – number of patent applications
Source: HEBCI surveys2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
University of Cam-bridge
Imperial College London
University of Oxford
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Observations raise questions:
• Perhaps, differences can be explained by local practice and cultural context
• Need to compare
(1) patenting activity by university faculty in countries with different frameworks
(2) explore differences in approaches towards IP between similar, research-intensive universities in a number of EU member states
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Legal Frameworks
• Bay Dole type arrangements/no faculty exception:
• Professor’s privilege- Sweden
- Finland (until 2005)
• Not explicitly regulated:Czech Rep
Poland
Slovakia
Portugal
Turkey
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
AustriaBelgiumDenmark (since 2001)FinlandFranceGermany (since 2001)Greece
Hungary
IrelandLatviaNorway (since 2001)SloveniaSpainUK*
Country Cases
Two universities in the UKTwo universities in Spain
Plans for two universities in Germany
Two universities in Poland – work in progress
Plans for two universities in Sweden
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
United Kingdom
• Two established in the 1960’s, members of ‘1994 Group’• Case 1: University of Sussex• Case 2: University of Surrey
# invention
disclosures
/FTE
# new
applications
/FTE
# new
grants /
FTE
# active
patent
portfolio
/FTE
IP
licensing
income
/FTE
IP licensing income / # active patent portfolio
Surrey/Sussex in 2005/6 3.5 3.5 6 0.52 2.21 4.25
Surrey/Sussex in 2009/10 5.05 24.41 0.74 0.37 48.34 131.07
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
IP framework
University of Surrey University of Sussex
▫ University IP code
▫ Well established organisational structures: • TTO since 1970s• Science Park and incubator
facility since 1983• SETSquared pre-incubator
since 2002
▫ University IP code reviewed in 2010 – changes with regard to IP ownership in collaborative/contract research and changes in royalty sharing scheme)
▫ Changes in organisational structure: • Sussex IP company (2002-
2008), • Research and Enterprise
Services (from 2008), • close collaboration with the
university incubator - ‘Sussex Innovation Centre’ (est. 1996)
Approach to generating and handling disclosuresUniversity of Surrey University of Sussex• Academics disclose inventions to
RES• royalty sharing scheme:
Inventors: 70% - 35% University: 30% - 65% ----------------------------------------
• RES manages IP protection
• Structured approach to valorisation of IP
• Strategic partnership with IP Group since 2006.
• Academics disclose inventions to RES and also RES actively seeks commercialisable research outputs
• royalty sharing scheme revised in 2010 Inventors: 80% or 40%Their department: 10% or 40%University: 10% or 20---------------------------------------------
• RES manages IP protection
• a stage-gate process for valorisation of IP since 2010
• Collaboration with Sussex Innovation Centre, which helps with IP marketing, business planning and fundraising
• internal seed fund since 2009
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Entrepreneurial orientation of university
University of Surrey University of Sussex
Surrey can be defined as an entrepreneurial university.
• there is a strengthened steering core and well-established developmental periphery
• a diversified funding base (2009/10:43% UK public funds, 4% UK charities, 15% UK businesses 7% non-UK businesses31% from other foreign sources.
Sussex aspires to transform into an entrepreneurial university.
• Recently strengthened steering core and restructured developmental periphery
BUT• not diversified funding base (2009/10:
63% UK public funds, 15% UK charities, 5% UK businesses, 0.15% non-UK business 16% from non-UK sources
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Poland
• Two polytechnic universities:- Case study 1: Warsaw University of Technology- Case study 2: Wroclaw University of Technology
National patent applications
FTE Acad. Staff
# #/FTE Warsaw UT 2001-05 131 0.094 1401Wroclaw UT 2001-05 118 0.100 1177
WrUT/WUT 1.07
Wroclaw UT 2005-10 602 0.310 1943
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
IP framework
Warsaw University of Tech. Wroclaw University of Tech.
▫ WUT is developing IP policy and regulations.
▫ Technology Transfer Centre promotes and manages IPR since 1997, transformed into CTTED in 2010
▫ Creation of a science park is part of the strategic plan for 2011 and 2020
▫ WrUT has policies in place for IP management since 1998
▫ A number of centres supporting commercialisation of academic research: ▫ Wrocław Centre for Technology
Transfer (since 1996), ▫ the Office of Intellectual Property
and Patent Information (since 2008),
▫ the Academic Incubator of Entrepreneurship (since 2006),
▫ the Student Career Office
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Approach to generating and handling disclosures
Warsaw University of Tech. Wroclaw University of Tech.
• Reactive approach has dominated so far.
• A network of faculty-based enterprise managers is currently being developed.
• New policy will oblige academics to disclose
• Royalty sharing scheme So far on a case by case basisPlan: 50% for inventors
25% for the faculty 25% for the central university
• Proactive approach, e.g. occasional competitive bids encouraging disclosures
• Academics obliged to disclose by the University’s policy
• Disclosures are one of the key performance indicators in the periodic reviews of the academic staff performance
• Royalty sharing scheme60% for inventors20% for the faculty20% for the central university
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Entrepreneurial orientation of university
Warsaw University of Tech. Wroclaw University of Tech.WUT is transforming into an entrepreneurial university. • strengthening steering core:
introduction of IP policy and inclusion of knowledge transfer in strategy for 2010-2020
• expanding developmental periphery: the professional outreach office was established
• The funding base is not diversified: about 75% from public funds.
• The heartland remains suspicious of entrepreneurial activities. An entrepreneurial culture has not developed yet.
WrUT is an entrepreneurial university. • There is a strengthen steering core -
university’s mission and strategy, policies
• developmental periphery – four organisational units for support of commercialisation activities.
• Diversified funding base for research activities: about 50% from public sources.
• There is entrepreneurial culture in many academic departments developed through years of close collaboration with industry.
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Spain
• Case Study 1: Universidad de Valladolid • Case Study 2: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
• Long tradition• Note: Universities may have less autonomy here
# new
domestic
applications
/FTE
# new PCT
applications
/FTE
# active
patent
portfolio
/FTE
IP licensing
income /FTE
IP income / # active patent portfolio
USC/UVA in 2005/6 2.13 10.33 2.1 9.90 4.65
USC/UVA in 2010 2.1 2.6 2.4 1.23 0.5
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
IP framework
Universidad de Valladolid Uni. de Santiago de Compostela
• UVA policy and regulations (1997) establish the procedure and benefits distribution.
• OTRI promotes and manages IPR (only licensing)
• University Science Park and an incubator opened in 2007
• USC policy and regulations (1989) establish the procedure and benefits distribution.
• OTRI promotes and manages IPR(licensing, and spin-out formation, NO support for student start-ups)
• incubator UNINOVA was created in 1999
• a science park opened with its own incubator in 2008
• In 2009 Campusvida started.
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Approach to generating and handling disclosures
Universidad de Valladolid Uni. de Santiago de Compostela • The academics disclose inventions
to Pro Vice-Chancellor for Research by means of a technical report.
• OTRI manages IP protection
• OTRI manages the IP valorisation process and negotiations of license contracts.
• OTRI has launched active IP policy in 2007 and by 2010 developed an integral system to manage IPR
• Royalty sharing schemeInventors: 60%Their department: 10-17%University: 30-33%
• The academic disclose inventions to the OTRI
• OTRI manages IP protection
• OTRI manages the IP valorisation process and negotiations of license contracts.
• OTRI coordinates IP valorisation during spin off creation
• Royalty sharing schemeInventors: 60%Their department: 20%University: 20%
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Approach to generating disclosures
Universidad de Valladolid Uni. de Santiago de Compostela
UVA has remained a traditional university.
▫ The core is suspicious of entrepreneurial activities due to the previous loss of academic staff.
▫ An entrepreneurial culture has not developed. IPR protection and license policy started in 2007 with good results.
The USC can be defined as a entrepreneurial university
▫ diversified funding base,
▫ active (and creative) policy to promote collaboration with enterprises, IPR, spin offs and start ups
▫ change the academic staff culture.
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012
Some conclusions
• Thriving technology transfer activities in environments where a Bayh-Dole type legislative framework was not in place.
• This could suggest that the impact of regulatory frameworks may have a symbolic or signalling function.
• Case studies have pointed to within country differences in terms of patenting between university pairs
• Differences in patenting between pairs decrease/increase overtime and these patterns seem to be related to changes in local practice or the ‘cultural context’:
• This suggest the importance of local practice or the ‘cultural context’
Dagmara Weckowska Leuven, 10‐11 May 2012