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University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Does the USDA Fresh Fruit & Vegetable ProgramIncrease Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among
Wisconsin Elementary School Students?
Does the USDA Fresh Fruit & Vegetable ProgramIncrease Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among
Wisconsin Elementary School Students?
Faculty Researchers: Dr. Lori Bica and Dr. Eric Jamelske
Student Researchers: Amber Jamelske, Bryan Reinhold, Kevin Reinhold and Elizabeth Reinke
(April Ross, Laurelyn Wieseman Aaron Wingad)
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireEconomics & Psychology Departments
Chippewa Valley Center for
Economic Research & Development
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
OverviewOverview Introduction USDA Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Program
2008-09 Evaluation– Morning Snack– F&V Coupons
2009-10 Evaluation– Daily Snack Track– Incentives & Reminders
Questions and Discussion
IntroductionIntroduction
Overweight and obesity among children (and adults).
Nearly 30% of youth are overweight/obese or at risk.
Significant health care concern, annual costs in the BILLIONS of $.
IntroductionIntroduction Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption (not 5-9 a day).
IntroductionIntroduction Use school setting to address this very important issue.
USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) was created to improve nutrition and help combat childhood obesity (2002).
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
The FFVP provides funding for students from selected schools to receive a free fruit or vegetable (FV) snack 3-4 days a week for an academic year.
Wisconsin first received FFVP funding in 2006 and the FFVP was expanded to all 50 states plus the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands through the 2008 US Farm Bill.
USDA– http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/FFVP/FFVPdefault.htm
Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction– http://dpi.wi.gov/fns/ffvp.html
The Fresh Fruit & Vegetable ProgramThe Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Program
The Fresh Fruit & Vegetable ProgramThe Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Program
The Fresh Fruit & Vegetable ProgramThe Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Program
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
4 Western Wisconsin Elementary Schools– 2 program and 2 matched control– 4th and 5th grade students
Survey questions– How many FV do students eat?– Day In The Life Questionnaire (DILQ)– Average daily F/V intake (measured over 3 days)
2008-09 Evaluation Process2008-09 Evaluation Process
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
2008-09 Evaluation Process2008-09 Evaluation Process
Pre-test survey – September 2008
Program began – October 2008 Morning snack in classroom (3 or 4 days a week)
Post-test I survey – December 2008 Post-test II survey – April 2009
Pre-test – Post-test II change in FV intake– DILQ, average daily F/V intake (measured over 3 days)
Baseline Fruit & Vegetable IntakeBaseline Fruit & Vegetable Intake
School 1: watermelon (92%), cucumber (73%), apple (81%)– Fruit: 2 out of 3 days (2/3) Vegetable: 1 out of 3 days (1/3)
School 2: none, grapes (84%), carrots (62%)– Fruit: 1 out of 3 days (1/3) Vegetable: 1 out of 3 days (1/3)
Change in FV Intake at Morning SnackChange in FV Intake at Morning Snack
Morning Snack ComparisonMorning Snack Comparison
Free F/V morning snack (Tuesday survey, Monday recall)– School 1: watermelon (92%) – School 2: none
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
ConclusionConclusion The FFVP Works!
Meaningful ↑ FV intake for intervention students by providing free access during the morning snack period (compared to control group).
Program effect is limited.
No evidence of ↑ FV intake without free access.– Breakfast, after-school snack, dinner, night-time snack, non-FFVP days
If students are provided with free FV with no alternatives
THEY WILL EAT THEM!
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Free and Discount CouponsFree and Discount Coupons
34 families of students from the two intervention schools were given 5 free coupons each redeemable for $2 free FV (valid one week).
Same families also given 3 discount coupons each redeemable for $2 off a $5 FV purchase (valid the following week).
Coupon redemption rates.
DILQ given 3 days during week that free coupons were valid.
Did students that redeemed free coupons show increased FV intake compared to control group from same schools?
Free and Discount CouponsFree and Discount Coupons
Nearly every family took advantage of the free coupons which required nothing more than a trip to the grocery store to buy the FV.
27 families redeemed at least 4 free coupons.
Most families did not make use of the discount coupons which would have required them to spend some of their own money in addition to going to the grocery store.
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
ConclusionConclusion
Small, but significant increase in FV intake among free coupon students compared to control students.
Limited to FRUIT: breakfast, dinner and night-time snack.
Increases occurred when parents were likely home.
Schools cannot afford to use free FV coupons to expand the reach of the FFVP into the home.
This research could be applied to other USDA programs considering FV: WIC and Food Stamps.
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
2009-10 Research Evaluation2009-10 Research Evaluation
Four New Western Wisconsin elementary schools
One intensive intervention*
Daily FV snack tracking*
Incentives and reminders*
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Intensive InterventionIntensive Intervention
4th and 5th grade classrooms (4)
Five periods of study between October 2009 – March 2010.
Free FV snacks served three days a week for afternoon snack.
Do students bring FV snacks from home on non-FFVP snack days?
Do incentives and reminders help?
F&V Snack Track – Binder - Wall ChartF&V Snack Track – Binder - Wall Chart
Teacher tracks daily FV snack behavior of students.
Wednesday & Friday are non-free snack days.
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Non-FFVP Snack DaysNon-FFVP Snack Days
Period 1: No incentives.
Period 2: Sticker wall chart.
Period 3: Sticker wall chart and toy prizes.– Holiday Break
Period 4: No incentives
Period 5: Mixed incentives and reminders
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Period 5Period 5
Teacher 2: Stop everything (only track in binder).– She was doing HW reminders and positive modeling and praise
Teachers 1 & 4: HW reminders, positive modeling, praise and toy prizes.
Teacher 3: HW reminders, positive modeling, praise, but no toy prizes.
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
ConclusionConclusion
Using toy prizes as incentives can influence students to bring FV items from home to eat as a snack at school when they otherwise would not have done so.
Most successful when teacher uses HW reminders and engages students with positive modeling and praise.
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
ConclusionConclusion
This research is compelling because it provides a framework for schools to expand the reach of the FFVP beyond the access to free FV provided as snacks in the classroom.
Perhaps the most important aspect of the incentive scheme presented in this study is that it is both feasible and affordable in terms of time, resources and money….
And it seems to work effectively!
Come see our two posters in the Riverview Ballroom**
University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
