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UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE
FACULTY OF LAW
Mini Thesis Cover Page
A MINI-THESIS TO BE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF LL.M: LABOUR LAW IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MERCANTILE AND LABOUR LAW,
UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE.
Name of candidate: Timur Mete Öztunali
Student number: 3407254
Degree: LLM
Department: DEPARTMENT OF MERCANTILE & LABOUR LAW
Title of Study: Mediation as an alternative to litigation: A comparative study between South Africa and Germany
Supervisor: Mrs. Huysamen
Date: 05/11/2019
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
FACULTY OF LAW
GENERAL PLAGIARISM DECLARATION
Name: Timur Mete Öztunali Student number: 3407254
1. I hereby declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to
present it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct way. (Refer to University
Calendar part 1 for definition)
2. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.
3. I understand the plagiarism policy of the Faculty of Law of the University of the Western Cape.
4. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiarise in any of the assignments for my course.
5. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspect of my mini-thesis, will be my
own, and where I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct
way.
—————————— —————— Signature Student Date
University of the Western Cape Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa Telephone: ++27-21- 959 2255/959 2762 Fax: ++27-21- 959 1268/2266
!
05/11/2019
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Dedica'onandAcknowledgments
ThisthesisisdedicatedtomywifeAnke,whosesupportandencouragementIcanalwayscounton.Iwouldalsoliketothankmyacademicsupervisor,MrsHuysamen,myparents,FraukeandMete,myparentsinlaw,Birgi@andGert,andmydogsBruceandLee.
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Abstract
ThejudicialcourtsysteminSouthAfrica isoverburdened,whichresults inparFeshavingtowaitfor long periods of Fme to have theirma@ers se@led or even heard. Furthermore, the cost ofliFgaFoninSouthAfricaisimmense,whichpreventsthebiggestpartofthepopulaFonfromaccesstojusFceinlinewiths34oftheConsFtuFonof1996.Therefore,alternaFvemethodsofdisputeresoluFonareworth looking into.Thispaperwill compare themediaFonsystemofSouthAfricawiththatofGermany.Thiswillallowforabe@erinsightinregardtomediaFonwithinSouthAfrica,whichcanhelptoaddresstheabovestatedproblems.
Title
MediaFonasanalternaFvetoliFgaFon:AcomparaFvestudybetweenSouthAfricaandGermany
Keywords
❖ Alterna'veDisputeResolu'on❖ Media'on❖ Se>lementOutsideofCourt❖ Concilia'on❖ CCMA❖ Compara'veLaw❖ LabourLaw❖ CommercialLaw❖ Germany❖ SouthAfrica
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Abbrevia'onsand/orAcronyms:
ADR AlternaFveDisputeResoluFon
BATNA BestAlternaFvetoNegoFatedAgreement
CCMA CommissionforConciliaFonMediaFon&ArbitraFon
ConsFtuFon ConsFtuFonoftheRepublicofSouthAfrica1996
IMSSA IndependentMediaFonServiceofSouthAfrica
IoDSA InsFtuteofDirectorsinSouthernAfrica
LRA LabourRelaFonsAct1965
UNICTRAL UnitedNaFonsCommissiononInternaFonalTradeLaw
USA UnitedStatesofAmerica
RTMKM RoundTableMediaFonundKonfliktmanagement
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
CoverPage 1
GENERALPLAGIARISMDECLARATION 2
DedicaFonandAcknowledgments 3
Abstract 4
Title 4
Keywords 4
AbbreviaFonsand/orAcronyms: 5
Chapter1:IntroducFontothestudy 1
1.1ProblemStatement 1
1.2Significanceoftheproblem 3
1.3ResearchquesFon 4
1.4Aimsofresearch 4
1.5Literaturereview 4
1.6Proposedchapteroutline 7
1.7Researchmethodology 8
Chapter2:AnintroducFontoalternaFvedisputeresoluFon 9
2.1IntroducFon 9
2.2DisputesandtheresoluFonthereof 9
2.3NegoFaFon 11
2.3.1ApproachestonegoFaFon 11
2.3.2Gametheoryandtheprisoner’sdilemma 12
2.3.3LesscompeFFveapproachestonegoFaFon 13
2.3.4FactorsinfluencingthesuccessofnegoFaFon 15
2.3.5WhennegoFaFonisnotadvisable 16
2.3.6NegoFaFonandethics 16
2.3.7NegoFaFonintheshadowofthelawwithalawyerasnegoFator 18
2.4ArbitraFon 21
2.4.1AnintroducFontoarbitraFon 21
2.4.2FormsofarbitraFon 23
2.5Conclusion 24
Chapter3:MediaFoninSouthAfrica 26
3.1IntroducFon 26
3.2BackgroundtomediaFoninSouthAfrica 26
3.3UnderstandingmediaFon 27
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
3.3.1IntroducFontomediaFon 27
3.3.2Key(core)featuresofmediaFon 30
3.3.3ApproachestomediaFon 32
3.4MediaFoninSouthAfrica 33
3.4.1VoluntarymediaFon 33
3.4.2StatutorymediaFon 36
3.4.2.1TheLabourRelaFonsAct66of1995(LRA)andtheCommissionforConciliaFonMediaFonandArbitraFon(CCMA) 36
3.4.2.2CompaniesAct71of2008 37
3.4.2.3FamilymediaFon 39
3.5Conclusion 42
Chapter4:MediaFoninGermany 43
4.1BriefoverviewofdevelopmentofmediaFoninGermany 43
4.2SelectedissuesonmediaFoninGermany 45
4.2.1WhomayworkasamediatorinGermany? 45
4.2.2Roleofthemediator 47
4.3MeditaFoninselectedfieldsinGermany 50
4.3.1MediaFonActof2012 50
4.3.2FamilylawmediaFon 53
4.3.3MediaFoninsports(football) 55
4.3.4MediaFoninGermanschools 56
4.3.5CommercialmediaFon 59
4.4RecepFonofmediaFoninGermany 63
4.5Conclusion 64
Chapter5:Conclusion 66
5.1IntroducFon 66
5.2ComparingmediaFoninGermanyandSouthAfrica 66
5.2.1FamilymediaFon 66
5.2.2CommercialmediaFon 68
5.2.3LabourmediaFon 70
5.3ObservaFonsandrecommendaFons 71
5.4Conclusion 73
Bibliography 75
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Chapter1:Introduc'ontothestudy
1.1ProblemStatement
TheConsFtuFonoftheRepublicofSouthAfrica,1996(ConsFtuFon)laysthelegalfoundaFonon
whichthemoderndaySouthAfricahasbeenbuilt. Inconferringrightsprovidedforinthe1
ConsFtuFonuponitsciFzens,governmentalsohasthedutytotakeacFontoensurethe
realisaFonofsuchrights.Thisincludescallinguponthejudiciarytoenactlawstoprotectandgive
effecttotherightsprovidedforintheConsFtuFon.ThespecificconsFtuFonalrightthatunderpins
thisresearchissecFon34.SecFon34grantseveryonetherighttohavetheir‘disputeresolvedby
theapplicaFonoflawdecidedinafairpublichearingbeforeacourtor,whereappropriate,
anotherindependentandimparFaltribunalorforum.’ Aswillbehighlightedbelow,theSouth2
AfricancourtsystemingeneralisdysfuncFonalandover-burdened.Assuch,thereisaneedtoturn
toalternaFvemechanismstoresolvedisputes,suchasmediaFon.
IntheAccesstoJusFceConferenceof2011 ,ChiefJusFceNgcoboemphasisedtheimportanceof3
theconsFtuFonalrightofaccesstojusFce.HeheldthatneglecFngtorealisethisrightwouldresult
in‘vigilanFlism,chaosandlawlessness’. TheChiefJusFcealsocommentedonthecharacterisFcs4
anidealjudicialsystemshouldpossess.Thesewerefairness,equalopportunity,minimalcost,
swikness,aswellasaneed-orientedapproachwhichleadstoeffecFvesoluFons. Itisagainstthe5
backdropoftheseidealvaluesandcharacterisFcsthattheChiefJusFcediscussedtheissuesfaced
by,orshortcomingsin,theSouthAfricanjudicialsystem. 6
Thereferencetojudicialsystemincludesthevariouscourtswithinthedifferentareasoflaw,
includingbothcivilandcriminal.Theseissuesincludeinadequatepersonnelbothinnumbersand
intraining,liFgaFongenerallybeingalengthyprocess,thecostinvolvedinliFgaFon,andlastly,the
failureofthejusFcesystemtoberesponsive,understandableandfairtowardsallparFesinvolved. 7
TheresearchthereforeproceedsfromthehypothesisthattheSouthAfricanjudicialsystemasit
The Constitution of RSA 19961
The Constitution of RSA 19962
https://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Speech-of-the-Chief-3
Justice-2011.pdf
Ngcobo S CJ Enhancing Access to Justice: The Search for Better Justice 2011 84
Ngcobo S CJ Enhancing Access to Justice: The Search for Better Justice 2011 9-105
Ngcobo S CJ Enhancing Access to Justice: The Search for Better Justice 20116
Ngcobo S CJ Enhancing Access to Justice: The Search for Better Justice 2011 117
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
currentlyoperatesdoesnotadministerjusFceinthewayenvisionedintheConsFtuFonas
previouslyhighlighted.
AlternaFve dispute resoluFon (ADR) has gained increased popularity since the 1980s in South
Africa. ADRreferstomechanismsthataredifferenttoregularliFgaFon,andoperateondifferent8
standardsandprinciples. Oneof themaingoalsofADRmethods is to increasetheefficiency in9
resolvingdisputes,whencomparedtotradiFonalcourtproceedingsintheformofliFgaFon.ADR
aimstoresolvedisputesasquicklyaspossible,whilerelyingon proceduresthatare less formal
thanthoseencounteredinliFgaFon.Assistanceisrenderedbyaneutralthirdpartyinana@empt
tomovetheparFestowardsresolvingthedisputethemselveswithouttheneedtoliFgate. There10
areseveralADRmethods,mostcommonly,negoFaFon,arbitraFon,con-arbandmediaFon. The
focusofthisresearchwillhoweverbeonmediaFonspecificallyasaformofADR.Theprocessof
mediaFonisbasedonconfidenFalityandenliststheassistanceofaneutralthirdpartythatactsas
amediatorwhoassiststheparFestoreachamutuallyacceptableoutcome. 11
The researchwill serve toestablishwhetheran increaseduseofmediaFonasa formofADR in
South Africa might alleviate some of the shortcomings experienced within the South African
judicial system.MediaFonwillbediscussedwithin theSouthAfricancontext toascertainwhere
and how mediaFon is most commonly used, most notably within the areas of labour-,
commercial-, and family law.Anassessmentof theuseofmediaFon in thesefieldswill indicate
howmediaFonalreadycomplimentstheformaljudicialsystem,howitpotenFallyalleviatessome
oftheissuesencounteredwithinthejudicialsystem,andhowmediaFoncanbefurtherdeveloped
andmorecommonlyusedinSouthAfrica.
Inordertoproperlyaddresstheaforesaidaims,theresearchwillconsidertheGermanmodelof
mediaFonwithin the idenFfiedfieldsof labour-, commercial-, and family law,while furtheralso
looking atmediaFon as applied in the context of sports and schools – two areaswithinwhich
mediaFonhasbeenfairlysuccessfullyappliedinGermany.ThecomparisonbetweenSouthAfrica
andGermanywillhighlightthetwocountries‘differentapproachestomediaFon,andwhatSouth
Africa could perhaps learn from theGerman approach tomediaFon and vice versa. Thiswould
Nupen C, ADR in South Africa: A Great Tool for a Rapidly Changing Society (1998) 4 Disp. Resol. 8
Mag. 11
Boulle L, et al Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice (1997) 299
Brand J, et al Labour Dispute Resolution (1997) 1910
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation: A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 1911
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
assistingainingabe@erunderstandingofthebenefitsofmediaFonandhowitcouldbeused to
complimentthejudicialsystem.
1.2Significanceoftheproblem
AproperfuncFoning jusFcesystemcontributestowardsamorecivilisedandcoherentstate. In12
an a@empt to achieve such a fairer and more coherent state, it has been suggested that an
increaseduseofADR,asanalternaFvetotheconvenFonalwayofseekinglegaladdressthrough
court liFgaFon, is paramount. As highlighted previously, in South Africa specifically, there are a
numberofissueswiththejudicialsystem.
TheWorldJusFceProject collectsdataintheformofsurveysinordertofindouthowthegeneral13
publicviewsandfeelsabouttheruleintheircountry.Theresultsofthestudyarecategorisedinto
severalaspectsoftheruleoflawandaregivenaraFngfrom0.0to1,with1beingthehighestand
most posiFve result. In 2018/2019 civil jusFce in South Africa in terms of its ‘accessibility’ was
ratedat0.49andthecategory‘unreasonabledelay’receivedaraFngof0.51. TheseraFngsare14
quite low,thereforeallowingforthededucFonthatthegeneralpublicdoesnotviewtheruleof
lawadequateintheaforemenFonedcategories.EventhoughsubjecttolimitaFons,theresultsin
themselvesgivesomeindicaFonastotheproblemsfacedbytheSouthAfricanjudiciary.
While legal services should be accessible to all persons, in reality such services and access to
jusFcearelimitedtothosewhoareabletoaffordit.Thiscreatestheproblemthatthosewhoare
in penury are unable to take part in legal proceedings to the same degree as thosewho have
money.ThisisparFculartrueincivilproceedings. InaddiFontotheissueofcostthatcanhinder15
accesstojusFce,formalproceedingsokentakelongtocometofruiFon,whichinitselfcanleadto
highercosts.
Another shortcoming of a judicial system within which liFgaFon is the main form of dispute
resoluFon is that the nature of court proceedings limits the involvement of the parFes since
processes have been formalised to such a degree that parFes barely have a say in theway the
ma@erwillproceed. Furthertotheabove,acourtdecisionalwaysbringsaboutawinneranda16
Ministry of Justice England & Wales Solving Disputes in the County Courts: Creating a simpler, 12
quicker and more proportionate system 2012
Project is accessible on: http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/groups/ZAF13
http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/groups/ZAF14
Holness D, Recent Developments in the Provision of Pro Bono Legal Services by Attorneys in 15
South Africa (2013) PER 2013 Volume 16 no 1
Brand J, et al Labour Dispute Resolution (1997) 1916
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
loser.Ajudgemakesadecisionbasedonthefactspresentedbeforehimandwithreferencetothe
applicablelaw,withouttheparFeshavingasayastotheoutcome. Thiscanalsohavetheeffect17
of creaFng a disconnect between the courts and the parFes before it. Where parFes do not
perceive the courts as working in their best interest, a situaFon can occur where ‘jusFce’ is
administered by the people themselves. A state of disorder due to disregard for the law could
ensue.
TheconsequencesofalegalsystemnotfuncFoningatitsbestarefar-reaching.Individualswillbe
hindered from effecFvely enforcing their rights, which suggests non-achievement of the
consFtuFonalrightofaccesstojusFce. 18
1.3Researchques'on
WhatcanSouthAfricalearnfromtheGermanapproachtomediaFonsoastoalleviatesomeofthe
shortcomingsassociatedwiththeSouthAfricanjudicialsystem?
1.4Aimsofresearch
GloballytheuseofmediaFonisontheriseandanincreasingnumberofcountriesare
incorporaFngitintotheirjudicialsystemsasanalternaFveformofresolvingdisputes.Asevident
fromthecommentsmadebyChiefJusFceNgcobo,theconsFtuFonalrighttoaccesstojusFcehas,
some25yearsakerthestartofdemocracy,sFllnotfullybeenrealised.Theresearchwillfocuson
mediaFonspecificallyasaformofADR,andconsiderthenaturethereof.Inorderfortheresearch
toprovideamorecomprehensiveaccount,otherADRmethodswillbeexplainedaswellasthe
legaltheoryunderlyingthem.TheresearchwillalsodiscussthecurrentuseofmediaFoninthe
SouthAfricanjudicialsystem,parFcularlyinthefieldsoflabour-,commercial-,andfamilylaw.
Finally,theuseofmediaFoninGermanywillbeconsideredtoseewhatSouthAfricacanperhaps
learnfromtheapproachadoptedinGermanywiththeviewoffurtherdevelopingthemediaFon
systeminSouthAfrica.
1.5Literaturereview
ChiefJusFceNgcobopreviouslystatedthatthattheSouthAfricanjusFcesystemisinurgentneed
oftransformaFonandchange. ThisprovidesthefoundaFonforthisresearch,asitsignifiesthe19
opportunitythereisforproperalternaFveformstotradiFonalcourtbasedliFgaFon.
Brand J, et al Labour Dispute Resolution (1997) 1917
Ministry of Justice England & Wales Solving Disputes in the County Courts: Creating a simpler, 18
quicker and more proportionate system 2012
Ngcobo S CJ Enhancing Access to Justice: The Search for Better Justice 201119
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
CamerersupportstheviewthattheSouthAfricanjudicialsystemhasanumberofshortcomings. 20
AccordingtoCamerer‘[a]llareplaguedbytheillsthatdogotheraspectsoftheadministraFonof
JusFce... and as a result efficiency has deteriorated over the past 20 years‘. Some of these21
shortcomingshavealreadybeenlistedearlier.Mostnotableoftheseshortcomingsarethedelays
infinalising court cases and the cost involved in liFgaFon. In Pep Stores (Pty) Ltd v LakaNO&
others itwasremarkedby theLabourCourt that,onaverage,ma@ersusually takearoundtwo22
yearstobefinalisedbeforelabourcourts. 23
Another problem pointed out by Levine is the manner in which courts approach ma@ers. 24
According to him courts address conflict, but do not encourage the development of amutually
acceptableresoluFon.Thisinevitablymeansthatonlyonepersonwill‘win‘,whichaddsadegreeof
rivalryandcompeFFon.ThisinturndoesnotonlyinterferewithcreaFngaproducFvesystem,but
italsoleadstovariouscosts.Directcostsintheformoflegalfeesareincurred. ProducFvitycosts25
are incurredfortheFmeparFesspendtodealwiththema@er. ConFnuitycostsarealsooken26
incurred,whichdescribealossofrelaFonshipsandcommunityFes. Finally,thereareemoFonal27
costs,whichresultfromthecompeFFvenatureofliFgaFonandfrequentfrustraFonsthatgowith
it.AnADRapproachtodisputeresoluFonhoweverdealswithissuesonacasebycasebasis,while
strengtheningcommunityFes. 28
MarkAnsteycomparesdifferentmodelsofconflictresoluFon,includingmediaFon,andpointsout
howawin-winsituaFonisapossibleoutcomeunderthese. Oneoftheprocesseshediscussis29
jointproblemsolving,whichcanbeusedasabasisinunderstandinghowmediaFonworks.
FeatureswithinthisjointproblemsolvingapproachincludeinformaFonexchangeandclearand
Camerer S Reflections on the Delivery of Justice in South Africa over the last 20 years 2014 20
The Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation
Camerer S Reflections on the Delivery of Justice in South Africa over the last 20 years 2014 21
The Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation
PepStores(Pty)LtdvLakaNO&othersLC(J011/97)22
Ngcukaitobi T, Sidestepping the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation & Arbitration: Unfair 23
Dismissal Disputes in the High Court (2004) 25 ILJ 1 1
Levine S The Many Costs of Conflict https://www.mediate.com/articles/levine1.cfm24
Levine S The Many Costs of Conflict https://www.mediate.com/articles/levine1.cfm 25
Levine S The Many Costs of Conflict https://www.mediate.com/articles/levine1.cfm 26
Levine S The Many Costs of Conflict https://www.mediate.com/articles/levine1.cfm 27
Levine S The Many Costs of Conflict https://www.mediate.com/articles/levine1.cfm 28
Anstey M, Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 124-12629
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
accuratecommunicaFon,whicharealsocrucialfeaturesinaproperprocessofmediaFon. Boulle30
agreesthatmediaFonhasanimportantroletoplayinanylegalsystem. AmandaBonifaceinturn31
examinesmediaFoninSouthAfricawithinafamilylawcontext.Tothisextentsheanalysesthe
Children’sAct38of2005andtheprovisionofmediaFontherein.Inthema@erofTownsend-Turner
andanothervMorrow thecourtfoundthatthefamilyofagirlhastogothroughmediaFon32
ratherthantopresentanyfamilydisputestothecourts. 33
O’LearyconsidersfamilymediaFonfromamorepracFcalstandpoint.Heemphasisesthat
deadlocksarenormalduringmediaFonandhighlightswaystodealwithsuchsituaFons. 34
RemindingclientswhattheprocessisaboutandthatsoluFonsmustbeexplored,andthefactthat
thealternaFvemightbeworsebothinregardstoprocessandoutcome,remainsimportant.
O‘Learyhighlightsthatthemediator’sroleisnotsimplybeingapassivebystander,buttoacFvely
seekasoluFon. 35
Hoffmanntoalargeextenta@ributesthedevelopmentofmediaFoninGermanytothe
developmentthereofintheUnitedStatesofAmerica(USA).IdeasincorporatedfromtheUSA
systemofmediaFonresultedinseveralformsofmediaFontoformpartoftheGermanlegal
system.OneoftheearliestformsofmediaFoninGermanywascalledtheVicJm-Offender
MediaJon. AsecFonoftheJugendgerichtsgesetz (JuvenileCriminalCode)wasdedicatedto36 37
this,whichprescribedthatformalprocedureswouldnotbeiniFatedifayoungoffendera@empted
toreconcilewiththevicFm. 38
Anstey M, ManagingChange,NegoJaJonConflict (2006) 3 ed 173-17930
Boulle L, et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 3131
Townsend-Turner and Another v Morrow (524/2003, 6055/2003) [2003] ZAWCHC 53 (8 October 32
2003)
Townsend-Turner and Another v Morrow (524/2003, 6055/2003) [2003] ZAWCHC 53 (8 October 33
2003) 13
O’Leary J, Mediation in Family and Divorce Disputes (2014) 30/3134
O’Leary J, Mediation in Family and Divorce Disputes (2014) 30/3135
Hoffmann A, Mediation in Germany and the United States, (2007) 9 Eur. J.L. Reform 505 21836
Jugendgerichtsgesetz 195337
Hoffmann A, Mediation in Germany and the United States, (2007) 9 Eur. J.L. Reform 505 21838
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
DeVriesdiscussesmediaFoninGermanywithinthejurisdicFonoftheEuropeanUnion. The39
EuropeanUnionprovideddirecFonstoallmembercountriesthatmediaFonshouldbe
incorporatedintonaFonalcivillaws. InGermanyitwasdecidedthatthedifferentstatescould40
passlawsconcerningmediaFon,butthatsuchlawshadtobeinlinewiththeframeworkprovided
bytheGermanBillonMediaJonwhichwasadoptedin2012. FieldswithinwhichmediaFonhas41
beenimplementedinGermanyincludefamilylaw,commerciallawandenvironmentallaw.
NadjaAlexanderdiscusseshowtheGermanlegalsysteminterpretstheposiFonofthejudge.The
roleofthejudgesisthatofthe‘keepersofthekeystojusFce’. Therefore,judgesalonemay42
[email protected],judgesintheGermanmediaFonsystemarepart
oftheprocesstoachievejusFce.ThismeansthatajudgehasthedutyencouragetheparFesto
se@lebeforeproceedingwithatrial.ItisalsoareflecFonofhowmediaFonwasfirstperceivedby
thelegalcommunity.However,theposiFveexperienceswiththeaboveapproach,togetherwith
direcFvesissuedbytheEuropeanUnion,createdmoreinterestinmediaFonthattookplace
outsideofthecourtroom.Thishascontributedtoanincreaseintrainingofmediatorsand
presentaFonofeducaFonalcoursesonmediaFon,parFcularlyintheprivatesphere. 43
1.6Proposedchapteroutline
Chapter 1 will serve as introducFon to the research. The chapter will set the scene for the
discussiontofollowintheotherchapters.Thechapterwillconsidertheaimsoftheresearch,as
wellastheresearchquesFontobeaddressed.
Chapter2willserveasageneral introducFonofADRasanalternaFvetotradiFonalcourtbased
liFgaFon, and discuss the various forms of ADR most commonly uFlised, parFcularly in South
Africa.
Chapter 3will focus onmediaFon specifically as a formofADR. Thiswill includediscussing the
currentuseofmediaFoninSouthAfricaspecifically,parFcularlyinthefieldoflabour,commercial
andfamilylaw.
de Vries T, The Legal Regulation of Mediation in Germany, 2012 Acta Universitatis Lucian Blaga 39
209 (2012) 2014
Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 200840
de Vries T, The Legal Regulation of Mediation in Germany, 2012 Acta Universitatis Lucian Blaga 41
209 (2012) 2014
Alexander N, Global Trends in Mediation (2002) 13 World Arb. & Mediation Rep. 272 4742
Alexander N, Global Trends in Mediation (2002) 13 World Arb. & Mediation Rep. 272 4743
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Chapter4willaddresstheimplementaFonanduseofmediaFoninGermany.SimilartotheSouth
African posiFon discussed in chapter 3, chapter 4will look at the laws in place and theway in
whichmediaFonfuncFonsinGermany.
Chapter5 isacomparisonbetweentheGermanandSouthAfricanapproachestomediaFonand
howthesystemsmightcomplementoneanother.Chapter5willalsoserveastheconclusiontothe
study.
1.7Researchmethodology
TheresearchwillbeconductedbyconsideringprimarysourcessuchaslegislaFonandcaselawin
regardtoADRandmorespecificallymediaFon.InaddiFontotheabove,theresearchwillbedone
byreviewingsecondarysources,suchasacademicbooksandjournalarFcles.Foreignpoliciesand
laws will also be considered, specifically in relaFon to Germany as part of the comparaFve
research.Asawholetheresearchwillbeconductedinaconceptualmanner,analysingthehistory
ofmediaFon,thenturningtothepresentsituaFoninregardtomediaFoninSouthAfrica.
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Chapter2:Anintroduc'ontoalterna'vedisputeresolu'on
2.1Introduc'on
AlternaFvedisputeresoluFon(ADR)encompassesavarietyofprocessesanddifferentapproaches
toresolvedisputes. ThischapterwillreflectwhatdisputeresoluFonmeansandwilloutlinethe44
most important dispute resoluFon processes, with the excepFon of mediaFon, which will be
discussed separately in chapters 3 and 4. For the purpose of this chapter, themost important
dispute resoluFon processes are arbitraFon and negoFaFon. Besides mediaFon, they are most
commonlyusedandaredisFnctenoughtoenableonetoseemediaFon in thebroadercontext.
Less commonlyusedADRprocessesnotdiscussed in this chapter are, amongst others, con-arb,
fact-findingandcollaboraFvelaw. 45
LiFgaFonistheformalprocessthattakesplacebeforeacourtoflaw,andisthereforenotpartof
ADRprocesses.
AsmenFonedinchapter1,liFgaFoninSouthAfricaisperceivedasproblemaFcinmanyaspects.
ApartfrombeingFme-consuming, liFgaFonokenplacesafinancialburdenontheparFes,with46
liFgaFon generally accessible to only wealthier parFes. Another problemwith liFgaFon is that,
althoughjudgesareexpertsinlaw,theyarenotnecessarilyexpertsinverytechnicalissuesrelaFng
totheeconomy,medicineoraccounFng,forexample. TheadversarialnatureofliFgaFonmight47
alsoputaholdonanyconciliatoryeffortsthatcouldhavetakenplacebetweentheparFestose@le
thema@eronanamicablebasis. For those reasons, it isworthexploringADRmechanisms that
servetoenhancethedeliveryofjusFce.
2.2Disputesandtheresolu'onthereof
DisputesoccurbetweentwoormoreparFes,whocanbecommercialenFFesorindividuals.While
some form of disagreement is normal, not all disagreement equates to a dispute. There is an
Applebey G What is Alternative Dispute Resolution (1991) 15 Holdsworth L. Rev. 2044
further reading https://www.labourguide.co.za/workshop/1075-ccma-practice-and-procedure-45
manual-7-th-edition-259-pages/file & Marumoagae MC Does collaborative divorce have a place in South African divorce law? (2016) De Jure 41-57 & Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and Ombudsmen (2016) 7
https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/the-disadvantages-of-litigation-46
contract-law-essay.php
https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/the-disadvantages-of-litigation-47
contract-law-essay.phphttp://etd.uwc.ac.za/
evoluFonfromconflicttoadispute,whichinvolvesvarioussteps. 48
Conflictariseswhenthereisadividebetweentheneedsandinterestsofpersons. Thiscanbeas49
simple as two personaliFes having different percepFons. This stands in relaFon to ‘power’.
RelaFonshipshavecertaindynamics,wherepowerbetweentheparFesisatplay.Itisdependent
oncircumstancesandhasachangingnature. Oken‘power’willcauseconflict.50
The transformaFon from conflict to a dispute takes place through three stages. First is the51
‘naming’stage,whichisusuallyassociatedwithatriggerevent(‘perceivedinjuriousexperience’ ).52
ThetriggereventpromptsapartytonamethecondiFonorsituaFonthatgivesrisetoagrievance.
Thesecondstepinvolves‘blaming’whereaspecificpartyisblamedforthegrievance.Thisinvolves
that the party that is blamed should be held to recFfy the situaFon. The last step is that of
‘claiming’.Thisinvolvesthepersonwhofeelsill-treatedtomakeaclaimwiththeviewtoremedy
thedispute.OncompleFonofthesethreesteps,thereisnowaformaliseddispute,whichrequires
a soluFon. It should thereforebeunderstood thatnotevery claimorgrievancewill result ina53
dispute.
Onceadisputeisdeclared,therearetwosidestothedispute:thatoftheclaimantandthatofthe
respondent. Oken,therespondenthasli@leinterestinreachingaresoluFonbecauseofthecost54
andmoney involved.Theclaimanthasavarietyofmethods toget the respondentacFve in the
dispute. One such method is for the claimant to use a lawyer to proceed with the dispute.
ContesteddisputescanhoweverconFnueforlengthyperiods. 55
Adisputecanendinoneoftwowaysoutsidethecourtsystem.Eithertherespondentreachesan
agreementwiththeclaimant,ortheclaimantdecidesnottopursuethema@er.
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 48
Ombudsmen (2016) 2
Ware SJ, Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2 ed 1249
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 50
Ombudsmen (2016) 3
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 51
Ombudsmen (2016) 2
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 52
Ombudsmen (2016) 3
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 53
Ombudsmen (2016) 3
Ware SJ, Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2 ed 354
Ware SJ, Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2 ed 255
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
2.3Nego'a'on
ThereareseveralapproachestonegoFaFon,whichhavedifferentbenefitsandguidelines. Even56
the definiFon of negoFaFon itself is not uniform. Generally, however, it can be said that
negoFaFon consistsof twoormoreparFeswhohavea conflictordisputeof interest, andwho
wanttoreachanagreementthroughadjusFngtheirindividualposiFons. NegoFaFoncanbeused57
onitsownorincombinaFonwithotherADRmethods. 58
2.3.1Approachestonego'a'on
OneoftheapproachestonegoFaFoniscalledcompeFFvebargainingornegoFaFon.CompeFFve
negoFaFonokenworksinassociaFonwithdividingassetsthatarelimited,forexample,asumof
money. The parFes usually take a specific posiFon in the beginning, and then adjust their59
posiFons,employingpowertacFcsinordertoreachanagreement.ThistypeofnegoFaFonhasa
win–lose character, and the atmosphere has been criFcised for being too adversarial. Although
compeFFvebargaininghasbeendescribedas ‘too compeFFve’ and the results areokenone-60
sided, it can produce a soluFon. Furthermore, where parFes take posiFons that are well61
reasonedandjusFfied–whileonlyusingtacFcsinordertogettoanagreementratherthanusing
tacFcs to a@ack the opposiFon – this approach could produce saFsfactory results. However, in
reality,thisokenisnotthecase,andpeopleholdontotheirposiFonsattheexpenseofconducive
negoFaFon. ThisthenleadstotheusageoftacFcs,suchasimposingulFmatums,threateningto62
terminate the negoFaFon, demanding jusFficaFons, avoidance of issues, extreme demands,
incorrectsummariesandemoFonaloutbursts,allofwhichcreateamorecompeFFvebargaining
atmosphereandaddtoit. 63
BelowtheGameTheoryandthePrisoner’sdilemmawillbeconsideredbriefly.Theygiveaninsight
intonegoFaFonstrategyandthefactorsthatplayaroleinnegoFaFons.
Fiadjoe A Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Developing World Perspective (2004) Chapter 156
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 357
Siedel G Negotiation for Success: Essential Strategies and Skills (2014) Chapter 258
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 459
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4 60
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4 61
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4 62
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4 63
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2.3.2Gametheoryandtheprisoner’sdilemma
Game theory, which was developed by John von Neumann, examines calculated behaviour in
people. ItusesmathemaFcsandlogic inordertoexplainandpredicthowpeopleexpectother64
people to behave. Furthermore, it tries to establish inwhatway people should act in order to
arrive at the best outcome possible. Experiments used in developing game theory aimed at
calculatedbehaviour inpeoplealso includedtheprocessofnegoFaFon.Experimentsfocusedon
comingupwiththebestpossibleoutcomefortwocompeFngparFes,whilehavingregardforcosts
andbenefits. GametheoryreliesontheassumpFonofinterdependencebetweenparFes.There65
aretwodifferenttypesofinterdependence,namelysequenFalinterdependenceandsimultaneous
interdependence. SequenFalinterdependenceiscomparabletochess:theplayermakesamove66
anFcipaFngwhat the other partymight do basedon thatmove. The player tries to think steps
aheadandgothroughavarietyofscenariostodeterminehisorherbestdecision,basedonthe
informaFon he or she has available. This type of interdependence is similar to compeFFve
bargaining,wheretheparFestrytopredicttheotherparty’smovesinordertobeabletoreason
backandmaketacFcalconcessions. 67
DifferenttosequenFalinterdependence,simultaneousinterdependenceassumesthatbothparFes
are acFng simultaneously. Here, one party is unaware of what the other party is doing;68
consequently,theyactinignorance.Thebestoutcomeoccurswheneachpartydoeswhatserves
himorherbest.Thismeans thatoneparty should look fora strategy thatdoesnot relyon the
otherparty,andwhichwill createasituaFonwhere theparFcipants ‘win’by themselves, rather
than lose. However, that does not necessarily translate into the best possible result as the
‘prisoner’sdilemma’ shows.69
Two men stole a car and were arrested. The sentence for the crime was two years in prison.
However, the police believed that both people were also involved in another crime, a bank
robbery. Theywanted to interrogate theprisoners tofindoutwhether theyhad robbedabank
Von Neumann J et al Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour (1953) 3 ed Chapter 364
Dixit A et al. Game Theory http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GameTheory.html65
Dixit A et al. Game Theory http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GameTheory.html66
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 67
Ombudsmen (2016) 40
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 68
Ombudsmen (2016) 41
Prisoner’s Dilemma was created by Merril Flood and Melvin Dresher, more can be read in 69
Rapoport A et al Prisoner’s Dilemma: A study in Conflict and Cooperation (1970) 1 ed http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
together.Inthescenario,ifbothadmi@edtheirguilt,theywouldservethreeyearsinprison.Ifonly
oneof theaccusedconfesses to the robbery,hewould receivea reducedsentenceofoneyear,
whiletheotheraccusedwouldserve10years. However,ifbothaccuseddenytherobbery,they70
willnotbeconvictedof robberyandwillenduponlyserving twoyears for the thekconvicFon.
Given the aforesaid, the best outcome for the prisoners would be where both deny the bank
robbery.Yet,sinceneitherofthemknewwhattheotherwouldconfessto,andbothfacedtherisk
ofa10-yearprisonsentence,bothconfessedtotherobbery.Thisexampleservestoillustratethat,
even when parFes make the best decision based on the informaFon available to them, the
outcomemightnotbethebestpossibleoutcome.Theprisoners,bynotbeingawareoftheother
person’sdecision, simplydidwhatwasbest for themand serveda year longer than theymight
have. 71
FromtheaboveitisclearthatsharedinformaFoncanbeanimportantasset.Gametheoryfurther
teachesparFestonegoFaFonthatvariablesshouldbereduced,asthiswillincreasetheposiFonto
bargain.Furthermore,trustandcredibilityenhanceaparty’sabilitytobargainaspromiseswillbe
more believable. Reliability can be strengthened by ongoing relaFonships, while short-term
responsibiliFesokendotheopposite. Itshouldbenotedthatgoodfeelingsanddeedsareoken
reciprocated. Game theory can therefore be used as an instrument to analyse negoFaFon
strategies. 72
2.3.3Lesscompe''veapproachestonego'a'on
CriFcismofcompeFFvebargainingresulted intheadopFonofnegoFaFontechniquesa@empted
at creaFng a bargaining atmosphere based on cooperaFon and mutual benefit. Principled73
bargaining has also been referred to as ‘bargaining on the merits’ and has been described by
Fischer and Ury. According to these authors, posiFon-based negoFaFon is not effecFve, and74
operatesat theexpenseof therelaFonshipsbetweenparFes.ThechangingofposiFons induces
‘ego’ into negoFaFons, which has the effect that parFes will defend their posiFon to avoid
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 70
Ombudsmen (2016) 41
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 71
Ombudsmen (2016) 41
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 72
Ombudsmen (2016) 42
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4-573
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 574
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humiliaFon.ThisthenleadstoastandsFllinnegoFaFons. FischerandUry’smodelproposesthat:75
• thepeopleshouldbeseparatedfromtheproblem;
• thefocusisontheinterestandnotontheposiFon;
• mulFpleopFonsaregenerated;and
• anobjecFvestandardisconsultedforthesoluFon. 76
Fischer and Ury further emphasises six different elements that help to facilitate the process of
negoFaFon, namely, communicaFon, understanding, raFonality, reliability, persuasion and
acceptance. 77
PrincipledbargainingfollowsthestrategytobeuncondiFonallyconstrucFve,whichissupposedto
increase the effecFveness even in the light of disagreements. The other strategic choice is to
separate the people from the problems. PersonaliFes and people’s backgrounds are oken
different,whichalreadyprovidesabasisfordisagreement.Wheredifferentpeopletrytoresolve
issues, their personaliFes and differences can get in the way and make it more difficult to
determinetheactualissues. Thepeopleinthedisputemustthereforebeclearlyremovedfrom78
theissuesathand.TheparFesmustbetreatedintermsofthesixelementsmenFonedearlier.This
isaimedathelpingtheworkingrelaFonshipbetweentheparFes,andmakingnegoFaFoneasier. 79
The problemsmust be discussedwith a focus on the interests of the parFes. Fischer andUry80
highlightsthatflexibility is important. TheparFesshouldbeopenandcreaFve infindingviable81
soluFons to the problem and to the benefit of both parFes. A tool that can be used is BATNA,
which stands forBest AlternaJve To a NegoJated Agreement. BATNA can provide the parFes82
withastandardagainstwhichtomeasuretheagreement,sothatanyonepartydoesnotaccept
anythingthatisunfavourabletothem. 83
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4-575
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed pg 19576
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4-577
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4-578
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4-579
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 580
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 20681
more on BATNA can be read in Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 82
208-209
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4-583
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Target-specific bargaining is another approach to negoFaFon. It recognises that negoFaFon84
involves people compeFng but at the same Fme,while at the same Fme also emphasising the
importance of informaFon and problem solving. It is aimed at avoiding tacFcal games such as
bluffing, and is focused on finding a soluFon to the problem. A facilitator is involved in the85
processandhelpstheparFesduringthejointproblemreviewandexplanaFonstagestoformulate
the problems. The problems are then grouped and labelled and expert knowledge can be86
consulted, so that in the end the data is presentable. Before the actual negoFaFon starts, the
parFes will agree on the process, which includes due dates, commi@ees and the role of the
facilitator. The negoFaFon itself is characterised by each of the previously determined issues87
beingdealtwithonitsown. 88
2.3.4Factorsinfluencingthesuccessofnego'a'on
A number of factors have been idenFfied that have a posiFve influence on the success of
negoFaFon. Having something in common is usually beneficial for parFes. Whether this is a89
common-orshared/jointgoaldoesnotma@er-whatisimportantisthefactthattheparFesare
workingtowardsasharedbenefitofsomesort. 90
TheastudesoftheparFescanalsocontributetoasuccessfulprocess.Importantfactorsinregard
totheaforemenFonedastudeinclude:believingthattheotherpartycouldcompetebutchooses
to cooperate; viewing differences as helpful and producFve; recognising the legiFmacy of
posiFons;viewingeveryoneasequal;andbelieving inasoluFonandcommongoals. Trustand91
firmnessarealsoimportantfactors. ThesefactorsallowforanopenandconducivenegoFaFon,92
asonepartywillbeabletoexpresshisorherneedsandtheotherpartyhastheopportunityto
understand the posiFon properly. This is also relevant to the sharing of informaFon. Themore
informaFonthatisaccessibletobothparFes,themorebothparFeswillbeabletoemphasisewith
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 214-21684
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 214-21685
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 214-21686
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 214-21687
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4-588
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 175-17889
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 17590
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4 91
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed 17692
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eachother’sposiFon.ThisalsoallowstheparFestocomeupwithmorecreaFvemeanstoresolve
the dispute. CommunicaFon should be clear and accurate, so that misunderstanding does not
occurandideasandposiFonscanbeunderstoodfully. 93
2.3.5Whennego'a'onisnotadvisable
While negoFaFon has many benefits as highlighted above, negoFaFon may not always be
advisableunderallcircumstances.Onesuchcircumstancewouldbewhenthereisanotablerisk. 94
This is thecasewhenonepartywouldbe indangerof losingasubstanFalamountofhisorher
assetsorlivelihood,anotherresoluFonprocedureshouldratherbeconsulted.Furthermore,when
apartyhasnointerestintheoutcome,heorsheshouldnotgetinvolved.Timepressurescanalso
result inskewedresults. ApersonunderFmepressurewill trytogetthema@erresolved ina95
Fmelymannerattheexpenseofafavourableandwell-thought-outresult. Thisshouldtherefore96
beavoided.Moreover,whereapartyclearlyactsinbadfaith,negoFaFonshouldasthesuccessof
anyADRislargelyreliantonhonestyandtrust. 97
InaddiFon,wherepostponinganintervenFonsuchasnegoFaFonmightresultinbe@ermeansof
resolvingthedisputeorfurtheringtheparFes’posiFontonegoFate,suchadvantagesshouldnot
be ignored. Oneexamplewouldbewhereone,orallparFes,arenotyetadequatelyprepared.98
NotbeingproperlypreparedfornegoFaFonswill immediatelyputapartyatadisadvantage. A99
well prepared party is in a be@er posiFon to negoFate and make informed decisions and
agreements.
2.3.6Nego'a'onandethics
Asisevident,negoFaFonsareintricateprocessesthatrelytoalargedegreeontheparFesacFng
Anstey M Managing Change, Negotiation Conflict (2006) 3 ed Chapter 4 93
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 94
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Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 95
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Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 96
Ombudsmen (2016) 12
Lewicki R The nature of negotiation https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/97
42926_1.pdf
Goldberg S et al Dispute Resolution: Negotiation, Mediation and Other Processes (2012) 98
Chapter 2
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Ombudsmen (2016) 13http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
withadegreeofgoodwillandempathyandthedesiretoagreeonasoluFon. However,thewill100
toarriveatasoluFonmustnotresult inapartyacFngunethically.Ethicsare important,as they
requireacertainstandardoftheparFes’acFons.Differenttypesofethicswillbediscussedbelow
in as far as negoFaFons are concerned. This includes ethics as relevant to both the legal and
personalsidesofnegoFaFons.
EthicsrequiretheparFestoactwithintheboundariesofthelaw. Thelaw(parFcularlyinSouth101
Africa),howeverdoesnotsaymuchaboutnegoFaFons.TheremaybesituaFonsthereforewhere
parFesdonotactwithgoodfaith,yettheyareoperaFngwithintheboundariesofexisFnglaws.An
exampleofoperaFngoutsidetheboundariesfthelawwillbewhereapartycommitsfraud.
Fraud is understood as an act of knowingly making a misrepresentaFon of a material fact or
facts. Given this definiFon of fraud, it has to be analysed what the terms ‘knowingly’,102
‘misrepresentaFon’and ‘material fact’mean. ‘Knowingly’ is someFmesdifficult todetermine,as
peopleokenadd,‘Ithink’,whichnegatesaccountability. ‘MisrepresentaFon’normally includes103
non-disclosureoffactsordisclosingfactsthatarenotpresent. Alawyerinacourtoflawhasto104
disclose all relevant facts, not only the facts that support his or her argument. In negoFaFon
however, a party is not held to the same standard as a lawyer and, unless there is a special
relaFonship,apartydoesnothavetodiscloseallfacts.Whethersomethingcanberegardedasa
‘material fact’ depends on the circumstances. It usually is related to the intrinsic qualiFes of a
product or thing; hence,misrepresenFng a car’s age ismaterial,while boasFng about its speed
mightnotbeconsideredmaterial.
Whichapproachaparty takes toethics isapersonaldecisionanddependentonwhatschoolof
thoughtapartyprescribesto.‘Thepokerschool’ approachesnegoFaFonsasagame.Winningis105
the incenFve, though there are certain rules which must be adhered to. A certain amount of
misleadingandtryingtodobe@erthantheother‘player’isallowed,whilehidingcardsortaking
Mnookin RH et al Beyond Winning (2000) 2 ed 4100
Mnookin RH et al Beyond Winning (2000) 2 ed 101
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backtheirproposedbetsisagainsttherules. 106
The‘idealistapproach’ viewsnegoFaFonasanextensionofthesociallife.Thesamerulesthat107
underliesociallifemustthereforebeusedwhennegoFaFng.Thismeansthatifapersonbelieves
that his or her religious codeexpects of himor her tobe relentlessly honest, the same code is
carriedovertonegoFaFon.
The ‘pragmaFc approach’ lies somewhere in the middle, as it views decepFon as part of108
negoFaFon,yetnottothedegreethatmisleadingstatementsareacceptableasthismighthavea
negaFveinfluenceontherelaFonshipbetweentheparFes lateron. Asexample, inasituaFon109
whereone soccer clubwants to buy a player fromanother, the club that follows this approach
mightstatethattheyarenotpreparedtosellacertainplayer,inordertoenFcetheotherpartyto
makeanofferhigherthantheyusuallywould.Despitethis, lyingaboutmaterialaspects,suchas
thehealthofaplayer,isnotaccepted.
Inreality, it issomeFmesdifficult todeterminewhichschoolof thoughtapartytoanegoFaFon
follows.Onewouldneedgreatskillinreadingpeople,andshouldbeabletointerpretcluesinthe
correctmanner.
2.3.7Nego'a'onintheshadowofthelawwithalawyerasnego'ator
NegoFaFon is regardedasaway toarriveata resoluFonofadispute thathappensoutside the
court system. Even though a resoluFon by way of negoFaFon occurs outside of the court110
system, it should be noted that the court system has influence on negoFaFons. Hence, a
relaFonshipexistsbetweenliFgaFonandnegoFaFon. 111
ThereareseveralviewsontherelaFonship,butonerecurringview is thatnegoFaFonhastobe
seenincontext. AcomparisonbetweentheprocessofnegoFaFonandliFgaFoncanbeusedas112
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Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 108
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Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 109
Ombudsmen (2016) 42/43
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 482110
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 482111
Hurder AJ The Lawyer's Dilemma: To Be or Not to Be a Problem-Solving Negotiator (2007) 14 112
Clinical L. Rev. 253http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
an incenFve to urge the parFes to se@le during negoFaFon. LiFgaFon usually consumes more
Fme,isexpensive,andtheparFesforfeittheirrighttoarriveatasoluFonthemselves.Therefore,a
negoFatedagreementmightappealtotheparFes. 113
NegoFaFonsare influencedbythe fact that liFgaFonwill followshouldtheparFesbeunable to
come to an agreement. The threat of liFgaFon lingers over the parFes and thereby exerts
influence.Furthermore,thenoFonofthe ‘shadowofthe law’ is important. Thisdescribesthe114
influence of the courts on negoFaFon. During negoFaFon lawyers are oken represenFng the
parFes.ThiscreatesadynamicthatcontemplatesthepossibilityofaliFgatedoutcome.Precedent
enableslawyerstoassessasituaFonandexpectacertainoutcomeshouldthema@ergoontobe
liFgated.ThiscanputanegoFaFngparty ineitherafavourableoranunfavourableposiFon,and
thereforedictateshownegoFaFonsareconductedandiftheyaregoingtobesuccessful. Thisis115
calledrelaJvepowerandcomparestheresultofadisagreementtotheresultofanagreement. 116
However,thedownsidetothisisthatthepartythatcanexpectamorefavourableoutcomeduring
liFgaFon has a greater degree of power and leverage. In order to gain this advantage or
disadvantage,thelawhastobeclearaswellastheoutcome.Wherethelawisquietonanissueor
wherelawyersareunabletorelyonprecedent,thispowerplaydisappears. 117
Whereonepartyreliesonaquickandcost-effecFvewaytose@lethemanner,andanotherparty
does not have to rely on it, it could also create a power imbalance since one party has to
compromisemorethantheotherinordertoreachaquickresoluFon.Thatiswhy,evenwhenthe
lawisquietorunclearandlawyersareunabletopredictacertainoutcome,powerimbalancescan
sFllarise. 118
NegoFaFons between two parFes that are conducted through their respecFve lawyers present
various issues that are worth considering. Lawyers, as part of the communicaFons, make119
negoFaFonsmore intricate.TheparFescommunicatenotdirectlybut instructtheir lawyers,and
thelawyersthenapproachoneanotherandactasagentsfortheirrespecFveparFes.Theconflict
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createdbythisiscalleda‘boundaryroleconflict’. InhisorherfuncFonasnegoFator,thelawyer120
has to show insight into the ma@er and his or her willingness to compromise, which includes
courtesyandthewillingnesstocometoanagreement.Theclient,however,expectsthelawyerto
seetoitthathisorherexpectaFonsaremetandthatthesoluFonserveshimorher.Fromthisitis
evidentthat,fromtheclient’sperspecFve,aresoluteandfirmlawyerispreferred.Theroleofthe
lawyer is complicated by the fact that it is not always clear at which point firmness becomes
unwillingness to cooperate or when willingness to cooperate becomes yielding in to the
pressure. ThelawyerisputinaposiFonthatmakesitdifficulttofulfilwhatisexpectedofhimor121
herinbothroles. 122
CommunicaFonliesattheheartofnegoFaFons,however,manylawyerstendtodiscouragetheir
clientsfromdirectlyspeakingwiththeotherparty. Suchlawyersacceptthefactsaspresented123
bytheirclientsandmakethesefactsconformtoaproblemin law.Fromthatpointonwardsthe
negoFaFonsarerelianton,andcentredaround,thelawyerasmostclientswillnotbeabletotake
part inorunderstandthe legaldiscussionsbetweenthe lawyers. Thisalsosomewhatexcludes124
the possibility of true reconciliaFon between the parFes, which could occur in a discussion
betweentheparFesthemselves.
Further problemsmight arise from themoFves a lawyermight have in his or her professional
capacityinthenegoFaFons. Bylookingatthefacts,alawyermightdiscoverthathisorherclient125
would most probably lose the case if it goes on to be liFgated. This might blemish his or her
reputaFonofnotlosingcases,andassuchthelawyermightthereforese@leduringnegoFaFons,
evenifitisunfavourabletohisorherclient.Anotherdecisivefactorcanbethatworkingthrougha
largenumberofcasesquicklycanbefinanciallyrewarding.Asaconsequence, thequalityof the
negoFatedagreementmightbecompromised. 126
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 489120
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 490121
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 490122
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 490123
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 490124
Hurder AJ The Lawyer's Dilemma: To Be or Not to Be a Problem-Solving Negotiator (2007) 14 125
Clinical L. Rev. 253
Faris J The Lawyer as a Litigator/Negotiator (2006) 491126
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
2.4Arbitra'on 127
Unlike other ADR processes, arbitraFon is oken a ‘default process’, similar to liFgaFon. This128
meansthattheparFesdonotdecidethema@erthemselves.SimilarlytoliFgaFon,thereisathird,
neutral, party who will decide the dispute and whose decision will be legally enforceable. In
addiFon to that, a closer look at arbitraFon and liFgaFon reveals that they have many
similariFes. Infact,arbitraFon’slikenesstoliFgaFonisoneoftheprocess’smaincharacterisFcs.129
Voethowever listedvarious reasonswhypeoplewouldchoosearbitraFonover liFgaFon. This130
involves the fear of astronomical expenses, the pandemonium that goes with it, as well as
uncertainty and delays. The reasonsmight sFll be similar even though arbitraFon has changed
sincetheFmesinwhichVoetoperated. 131
2.4.1Anintroduc'ontoarbitra'on
ArbitraFoncanbedefinedas–
‘[A]processwherebytheparFestothedisputeenterintoaformalagreementthatan
independentand imparFal thirdparty, thearbitrator, chosendirectlyor indirectlyby
theparFes,willhearbothsidesofthedisputeandmakeanawardwhichtheparFes
undertakethroughtheagreementtoacceptasfinalandbinding.’ 132
ThereareseveralsourcesofarbitraFoninSA.Commonlaw,whichstemsfromtheRomanDutch
Law,usedtobetheauthoritywhenitcametoarbitraFon. However,asearlyas1889,different133
Acts started overriding common law. Where legislaFon is silent common law however sFll
applies. WiththeadventoftheConsFtuFon,thequesFonwasraisedwhetherarbitraFonfalls134
withintheprovisionsoftheBillofRights,andmorespecificallysecFon33,whichprovidesforjust
administraFve acFons. The courts held that arbitraFon does not fall within this category, as
Arbitration in general is discussed below, and as such not all parts of the discussion might be 127
completely relevant with reference to arbitration conducted under the auspice of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995.
Ware SJ Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2ed 10128
Ware SJ Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2ed 10129
Gane P The Selective Voet being the Commentary on the Pandects (1829)130
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 7-8131
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 6132
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 15133
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 15134
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
arbitraFon is not an administraFve acFon but a judicial one. Nonetheless, fairness remains a135
precondiFonfordecisionsmadebywayofarbitraFon. 136
TheonlydedicatedlegislaFoninSouthAfricagoverningarbitraFonistheArbitraJonActof1965 137
andtheInternaJonalArbitraJonAct enactedin2017.TheArbitraFonActisonlyrelevantwhere138
parFes reach and agreement to refer disputes arbitraFon. The InternaFonal ArbitraFon Act
includesarbitraFonmodelsbasedontheUnitedNaFonsCommissiononInternaFonalTradeLaw
(UNICTRAL).TheActincorporatestheUNICTRALModelLawintotheSouthAfricanlegislaFon.The
applicaFonofthismodelrelatesmostlytointernaFonalcommercialarbitraFon.Theobjectofthis
pieceoflegislaFonistounifyandtoadvanceafairandcoherentmannerofresolvingdisputeson
aninternaFonallevel. 139
InSouthAfricaspecifically,arbitraFonisokenusedindisputesthatrelatetocontracts,labour,and
insurance law. ArbitraFon is someFmes described as private adjudicaFon. The term140 141
adjudicaJonreferstotheprocessofathirdpartydecidingama@er(thedisputeisthereforenot
se@ledbywayofmutualagreementbetweentheparFes). WhilearbitraFonandliFgaFonatfirst142
glancesharemanysimilariFes,therearesFllmanydifferencesbetweentheprocesses.
One of the main differences between arbitraFon and liFgaFon is the fact that an arbitraFon
agreementisatthecentreofarbitraFon.LiFgaFondoesnothaveasimilaragreementinorderto
take place. Thismeans that parFes have to come to an agreement about the circumstances in
which,andmannerwithinwhich,arbitraFonisgoingtotakeplace.InliFgaFon,apersoncanstart
court proceedings unilaterally. ArbitraFon is a private process, while liFgaFon is a public143 144
As confirmed in the matters of Total Support Management (Pty) Ltd and Another Diversified 135
Health Systems (SA) (Pty) Ltd and Another 2002 (4) SA 661 (SCA) and Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union of South Africa v Veldspun (Pty) Ltd 1994 (1) SA 162 (A)
Lufuno Mphaphuli & Associates (Pty) Ltd v Andrews and Another 2009 (4) SA 529 (CC)136
The Arbitration Act 1965137
The International Arbitration Act 15 of 2017138
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 23139
Sharpe CW Judicial Review of Arbitration Awards under the New South Africa Labour 140
Relations Act of 1995 (2001) 33 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 277
Ware SJ, Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2 ed 7141
Ware SJ, Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2 ed 6142
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 8143
Paulsson J The Idea of Arbitration (2013) 30144
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
process.Thismeansthatthegeneralpublicaswellasthemediahasaccesstocourtproceedingsas
a general rule.With arbitraFon the parFes are able to choose the arbitrator, while with court
proceedingstheparFeshavenochoiceastowhowillpresideoverthema@er.Courtproceedings
also have a predetermined venue based on jurisdicFon. In arbitraFon the parFes will select a
venueandplace,withjurisdicFonnotplayingarole.Courtproceedingsarealsogovernedbythe
rulesofcourt,whichmeansthattherearespecifiedlegalprocessesthatmustbeadheredto.No
similarprescribedprocessesexistinthecaseofarbitraFon.
InliFgaFon,theadjudicatorisajudgeormagistrateoftherelevantcourtbeforewhichthedispute
is being argued. In arbitraFon, however, the process is private,whichmeans that it takes place
awayfromgovernmentcourts. TheadvantageitholdsisthattheparFeswillbeabletodecide145
ontheprocessandwhether itwillbean informalor formalprocess.Thismeansthatwherethe
parFeschooseaninformalprocess,theywillbeabletomakesimplesubmissionsandhighlightand
extendtheroleofthearbitrator. Undersuchcircumstances,arbitraFonisnotasformalascourt146
procedures, while sFll being more formal than other ADR methods, such as negoFaFon or
mediaFon.
ArbitraFon is however notwithout expenses. High-profile arbitrators are generally expensive as
theyarereFredjudgesorpeoplewhohaveobtainedanoutstandingreputaFoninthelegalworld.
Other costs that need to be considered are those associatedwith legal counsel and the venue
wherethearbitraFonisagreedtotakeplace. Allofthisshouldbeconsideredwhenchoosingto147
do arbitraFon. Even though the process is not in an official court, the repercussions as per
arbitraFonawardcanbeseriousandthecosts,asdemonstrated,canbesubstanFal.
2.4.2Formsofarbitra'on
There are several forms of arbitraFon. Well-known forms of arbitraFon include consensual-,
statutory-,court-directed-adhoc-,and insFtuFonalarbitraFon. ‘ConsensualarbitraFon’refersto
twoparFessubmisngtheirdisputetoarbitraFonwithoutbeingforcedbylegislaFonorclausesin
contracts. ‘StatutoryarbitraFon’,ontheotherhand,referstoarbitraFonwheretheparFesare148
obligatedtogotoarbitraFonbylaw,asexample, intermsoftheLabourRelaJonsAct (LRA)in149
Ware SJ, Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution (2007) 2 ed 18145
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and 146
Ombudsmen (2016) 127
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 6147
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 8-9148
Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995149
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
certainemploymentdisputes inSouthAfrica. Italsohappensthatacourt iniFallyhearsama@er
andthendecidesthatthema@ermustbedeferredtoarbitraFon.Thisokenoccursinfamilylaw
ma@ers. ThistypeofarbitraFoniscalled‘court-directedarbitraFon’. ‘AdhocarbitraFon’refers150 151
toclausesoragreementsthatobligetheparFestogotoarbitraFonratherthantogotocourt. 152
‘InsFtuFonal arbitraFon’ is similar to ad hoc arbitraFon, however, the agreement to arbitrate
specifiesthatthearbitraFonmustbeconductedthroughanagreedarbitraFoninsFtuFon. While153
sucharbitraFoninsFtuFonsaregenerallymoreexpensive,duetothereputaFonandcredibilityof
suchinsFtuFons,theawardsofsuchinsFtuFonsarewellrespected. 154
Apart from the aforesaid forms of arbitraFon, there are also several less-known forms of
arbitraFon.Onesuchless-knownformofarbitraFonis‘documents-onlyarbitraFon’. Thisformof155
arbitraFonisconsideredwheretheparFesagreethatanarbitraFonbasedonoralevidencemight
inconvenience them or is not required, and that documentary evidence, such as affidavits, will
suffice. ‘Fast-track arbitraFon’ refers to an arbitraFon where the parFes agree on a specific
deadlinesothatthema@ercomestoconclusionwithintheparFes’realmofwhattheyregardas
reasonable. ‘Ex parte arbitraFon’ caters for a scenario where only one party a@ends the156
arbitraFon. This is the claimant who regardless of the defendant’s a@endance has to give157
evidenceforhisorhercase,whilethedefendantcansubmitadefencethroughastatement.
FromtheaboveitisapparentthatthereisavarietyofarbitraFonprocessesand,unlessstatutory
arbitraFonmakesaspecificprocesscompulsory, it is for theparFes toselect the formthatbest
suitstheirneeds.
2.5Conclusion
Thechapterservedas introducFontoADRoverallandproceededtoprovide further insight into
theprocessesofnegoFaFonandarbitraFonastwoofthemostcommonlyusedformsofADR.ADR
methodsarecapableofbeingsuitedtotheparFes’needsandofworkingtowardsaprocessthat
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 9150
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 9151
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 9152
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 9-10153
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 6154
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 11155
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 11156
Ramsden P The Law of Arbitration (2018) 2 ed 11157
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catersfortheneedsoftheparFes.Flexibilityaswellasadaptabilitycanplayanimportantrolein
resolvingadisputeinawaythatsaFsfiesthecircumstancesofthedispute.ThisallowstheparFes
to resolve thedispute inamanner that suits theirneeds. Thisdoesnotmean that success is158
guaranteed. However, it allows for a needs-specific response to the dispute and ulFmately the
resoluFonofit.
The following chapter will focus on the process of mediaFon specifically in the South African
context.
Stipanowich T Arbitration: The New Litigation (2010) U. Ill. L. Rev. 1 8158
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Chapter3:Media'oninSouthAfrica
3.1Introduc'on
Havingbroadly introducedADR,notablynegoFaFonandarbitraFon,processes inchapter2, this
chapterwillfocusontheADRprocessofmediaFonspecifically.Thegeneralprinciplesunderlying
mediaFon will be explained as well as different concepts relaFng to mediaFon. MediaFon as
uFlised in South Africa will be considered, specifically with reference to the fields of labour,
company,andfamilylaw.
3.2Backgroundtomedia'oninSouthAfrica
MediaFon as an informal and voluntarymeans of resolving disputes reaches back as far as the
beginningofchronology. ThetermmediaJonisderivedfromtheLaFnwordsmediaJo,medius159
and medius fratris et sororis, which can respecFvely be translated to mean ‘mediaFon’,
‘intermediate’(asadjecFve),and‘beingtheintermediatebetweenbrotherandsister’(asnoun). 160
From the origin of the word the aim of mediaFon can be derived as finding a middle ground
betweenparFes,aswellasdenoFngtheassistanceofferedbyaneutralthirdpartywhohelpsthe
parFesina@emptstoreachmiddlegroundinaconflict. 161
SouthAfricahasalonghistoryoftradiFonalcommuniFesimplemenFngcorrecFveproceduresto
resolve disputes. Of parFcular importance is the Xhosa and Zulu concept of ubuntu. Ubuntu
conveys that a person is a person through other people’. This highlights the importance of162
communityandvalues,suchastolerance,empathy, respect,communicaFonandcompromise. 163
DisputesinsuchtradiFonalcommuniFesareresolvedbyapplicaFonofvaluesinherenttoubuntu.
Likewise,thePediendorsesthatparFesmustfirsta@empttoresolveadisputethemselvesbefore
involvingcommunitychiefsandfamilies. Shouldthisfail,thereisahierarchyoftradiFonalcourts164
thatmust be turned to, where the chief will try to uphold the harmony of the community by
encouragingtheparFestoresolvethedispute. 165
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement Handbuch (2017) 2 ed 42159
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement Handbuch (2017) 2 ed 42160
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement Handbuch (2017) 2 ed 42161
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 1162
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 1163
Boniface AE African-Style Mediation and Western-Style Divorce and Family Mediation: 164
Reflections for the South African Context (2012) 15 Potchefstroom Elec. L.J. 377
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 2165
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
MediaFona@ainedincreaseda@enFoninSouthAfricaduringthe1980swiththeformaFonofthe
Independent MediaFon Service of South Africa (IMSSA) in 1984. IMSSA was formed as an
alternaFvetoaninefficientcourtsystem. DuringtheFmeofpoliFcaltransiFonleadinguptothe166
era of democracy in 1994, the NaFonal Peace Accord determined that African tradiFons with
regardtodisputeresoluFonshouldbeimplemented. TheNaFonalPeaceAccordwascreatedto167
assistSouthAfricawiththetransiFonintoademocraFcstatebyprovidingforstructuresaimedat
preservingpeace. 168
From the above it becomes clear that mediaFon has since as far back as the 1980s already
received support from the legal community and other stakeholders. Its relevance is ever-
increasing, withmediaFonwell provided for in divorce proceedings, family, environmental, and
labourlawinSouthAfrica. 169
3.3Understandingmedia'on
BeforeturningtotheposiFoninSouthAfricaspecifically,thediscussionbelowwillfirstprovidea
briefintroducFonto,andgeneraloverviewof,mediaFonasaformofADR.
3.3.1Introduc'ontomedia'on
MediaFoncouldbeformulatedasexpressingthataconflictisthepropertyoftheparFesandthat
they are generally able to resolve the dispute amongst themselves. This strengthens the170
autonomy and dignity of parFes as encapsulated in the ConsFtuFon. The parFes involved in171
mediaFoncontrol theprocessandtheconclusion to theirconflict.Therefore, it canbesaid that
mediaFonsupportsthenoFonsofbothautonomyanddignity,asitempowersparFestoresolvea
conflicteffecFvely. 172
EncapsulaFng a precise definiFon of mediaFon has however been difficult. MediaFon as a173
Nupen C ADR in South Africa: A Great Tool for a Rapidly Changing Society, (1998) 4 Disp. 166
Resol. Mag. 11
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 3167
https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/168
03lv02424/04lv03275/05lv03294/06lv03321.htm
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 3169
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement Handbuch (2017) 2 ed 44170
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996)171
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement Handbuch (2017) 2 ed 44172
Rabe C et al Mediation: Grundlagen, Methoden, rechtlicher Ramen (2014) Chapter 1.2.8173
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
process in itself can vary vastly, largely due to the different purposes of mediaFon and the
circumstancesinwhichpeoplewishtoimplementit. WhileonedefiniFonofmediaFonmightbe174
suitedtoaspecificinstance,itcouldatthesameFmebedeemedirrelevantorfaultyinadifferent
situaFon.Consequently,theflexibilityofmediaFonprocessesmakesitdifficulttodefinetheterm
in exact words.Mediators themselves also have different understandings ofmediaFon and the
moFves and context ofmediaFon differ. Various theoreFcal approaches tomediaFon exist, but
nonehas been accepted to thedegree that it provides for a clear definiFon. In SouthAfrica,175
definiFons ofmediaFon are essenFally working definiFons - the result of experience and the
contextual use of mediaFon, rather than being founded on a single, universally accepted,
definiFon. 176
There are two approaches of significant relevance, which dictate how mediaFon should be
defined, that is, the conceptualist approach and the descripJve approach. The conceptualist177
approachfocusesontheidealsofaprocess,soastocharacterisetheprocessbyitsidealvalues,
principles andobjecFves. DefiniFonsbasedon this approachhavehoweverbeen criFcisedor178
invalidatedfornotbeinganaccuratereflecFonoftheprocess.For instance,whileadefiniFonof
mediaFon,whichspecifiesthe‘improvementofrelaFonships’ ,mightapplytosomeinstancesof179
mediaFon, this isnot the casewithallmediaFons,parFcularlywhereprotecFng relaFonships is
not thegoalof theparFeswhocontrol theprocess. This research supports theview that the180
conceptualist approach, in focusingon ideals, hinders an accuratedefiniFonofmediaFon since,
deviaFonfromidealsisokenconsideredthenormratherthantheexcepFon.
An approach that looks at the pracFce of a process, rather than ideals, is the descripFve
approach. ThedescripFveapproachfocusesonthereality,mostlydisregardingnormsandrules,181
as it recognises that a flexible process, such asmediaFon, will inevitably lead to inaccuracy or
Baruch Bush RA et al The Promise of Mediation (2005) 174
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 3175
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 3176
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 5177
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 5178
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 5179
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 5180
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 5181
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valuesthatgounnoFced. ThedescripFveapproachishoweveralsonotwithoutshortcomings.182
Onesuchshortcoming isthatdefiniFonsstemmingfromthedescripFveapproachareokenvery
shortandnotoverlyhelpfulordescripFve. 183
AlthoughmediaFon is alreadyuFlised in the SouthAfricanADR landscape in the absenceof an
accepted, clear, definiFon, there are compelling reasons for a@empFng to find an official
definiFon. Should government decide to provide funding for mediaFon it will be important to
knowwhenparFes (thewho quesFon)will qualify forwhat typeofmediaFon intervenFon (the
what quesFon). A single accepted definiFon will also offer increased security and certainty to
peopleusingmediaFon.AdefiniFonshouldalsonotonly setoutwhatmediaFon isandwhat it
does,butalsowhatitshouldnotdo,sothatpeopleorinterestgroupscanbepreventedfromusing
mediaFonforownbenefitattheexpenseofsomeoneelse. 184
Notwithstanding the fact that no official definiFon of mediaFon exists, there are some core,
secondary, and variable features that have been idenFfied as underlying most mediaFon
processes.Core features provide thatmediaFon is a ‘decision-makingprogress, inwhichparFes
are assisted by a third-party, the mediator, who a@empts to improve the process of decision
making,andtoassisttheparFesreachanoutcometowhicheachofthemcanassent’. Itshould185
howeverbenotedthatmediaFonremainsadisputeresoluFonprocessandthatnotalldisputes
will ulFmately be resolved. As the parFes involved inmediaFon are acFvelyworking towards a
decision,BoulleaptlyarguesthatmediaFonisthusmoreaccuratelytobereferredtoasadecision-
makingprocess. 186
Secondary features relate to thevaluesandmoFves thatunderliemediaFon. Thesearemore187
idealisFc than core features andwill not necessarily be present in every instance ofmediaFon.
However,thenatureofmediaFonandthetheoreFcalbasisforitrecognisethatthesefeaturesas
desirable. MediaFon ideally brings clarity in order for the dispute resoluFon process to be
streamlined and to make it possible to decide on those issues that are most important. 188
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 5182
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 5183
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 6–7184
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 7–8185
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 8186
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 8-9187
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 8-9188
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MediaFon should also enhance the communicaFon between parFes and idenFty needs and
interests. Theprocess should take theparty concernsandapprehensions regarding the issues189
into account andwork on the premise of improving the relaFonship, rather than hampering it.
MediaFon should also support and assist the parFes to take a stand and make a decision
themselves.Inordertoachievethis,asecondaryfeaturemeansthattheprocessideallyequipsthe
parFeswithtechniquestodosoandtoturntheirfocustofindinganacceptablesoluFon. 190
VariablefeaturesarefeaturesthatlargelyrelatetotheparFesthemselvesand,differentfromcore
andsecondaryfeatures,cannotberegardedasanintrinsicpartofmediaFon. Variablefeatures191
includerelianceonthelawinmakingadecision,thechoiceofthemediator,andthestandingof
themediatedoutcome. 192
3.3.2Key(core)featuresofmedia'on
EventhoughmediaFonisorganisedtosomeextent,itlargelyremainsafairlyflexibleandinformal
processastheparFesareabletodecideonissues,suchaswhowillbeallowedtoa@end,which
issueswillbediscussed,andwheretheprocesswilltakeplace. Certainfeaturesarehoweverso193
significant to any mediaFon process that they may be classified as key, or core, features of
mediaFon.Whilesuch featuresarenot rigid, theyare ideally tobe regardedasguidelines tobe
followedas far aspossible. These featuresmaybe changedandadjustedby theparFcipaFng194
parFessothatthemediaFonbestsuitstheirneeds.Thisadjustabilityservesthepurposeofmaking
mediaFonsmoreaccessiblefortheparFesandlessinFmidaFng. 195
Thefirstof such core featuresofmediaFon is that theparFcipaFonofall parFes isessenFal. 196
ParFes canexpress themselves tooneanotherand to themediator,while retaining the right to
bargainandnegoFate.InaddiFon,parFesowntherighttomakeadecision. Thismeansthatthe197
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 8-9189
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 8-10190
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 9-10191
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 9192
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 24193
Ade J et al Mediation und Recht (2017) 19194
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 24195
Hösl G Mediation die erfolgreiche Konfliktlösung: Grundlagen und praktische Anwendung 196
(2006) 3 ed location 592
Beer EJ The Mediator’s Handbook (2012) 4 ed197
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decision remains in the hands of the parFes. This conforms to the idea that parFesmust take
responsibilityfortheirchoicesaswellastheirdignityandautonomy.ParFcipaFonissaidtocreate
outcomesthatarebe@erreceivedbytheparFes,becausetheyhaveasenseofbeingresponsible
fortheoutcome.Inreality,however,parFcipaFonoftheparFesisnotalwaysasexpected. This198
canbetheresultofvariousvariablefactors,suchasignoranceoradvicefromlawyers.Generally,it
isdesirableforthelawyerstoencourageacFveparFcipaFon. 199
Secondly, inmediaFon any se@lement should be based on voluntary agreement. In reaching200
suchanagreement,legalrulesandnormscanbeconsulted;however,iftheparFesdecidenotto
considertherulesoflaw,thatremainswithintheirdiscreFon. DuringmediaFonparFesarealso201
able to consider and examine each other’s points of view, so decisions in mediaFon have the
potenFaltobefinelytunedtotheparFes’interests. 202
Thirdly,mediaFonisperson-centered. ThisisdifferentfromliFgaFonwhichiscentredaroundan203
actforwhichsomeonecanbeblamedandbeheldaccountablefor.MediaFondoesnothavethe
toolstoascertainwhathashappened;therefore,theparFesarenotencouragedtoconvincethe
mediator of certain facts. MediaFon rather concerns itself with the people and their current
situaFonasregardstotheircurrentneedsandinterests.Hence,these@lementshouldreflectan
improvementoftheinterestsandneedsoftheparFes. 204
Fourthly,and inaddiFonto theabove,mediaFon isalsorelaFonal. Thismeans that there isa205
human dimension to it. Ideally, mediaFon is aimed at improving the relaFonship between the
parFes.MethodsuFlisedduringmediaFonshouldincludetakingintoconsideraFontheemoFons
oftheparFesandacknowledgingthese;creaFngawarenessofeachparty’sneeds;implemenFng
construcFve negoFaFon; and humanising the management of conflict. Such a relaFonal206
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 35198
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 35199
Nolan K Mediation (2013) 39 Litig. 59200
Rabe C et al Mediation: Grundlagen, Methoden, rechtlicher Ramen (2014) Chapter 2.4201
Rabe C et al Mediation: Grundlagen, Methoden, rechtlicher Ramen (2014) Chapter 2.4202
Rabe C et al Mediation: Grundlagen, Methoden, rechtlicher Ramen (2014) Chapter 2.6203
Baruch Bush RA et al The Promise of Mediation (2005) Chapter 1204
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 34–39205
Boulle L et al A Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 37206
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
approachalsoindicatesthatmediaFonhasafuturefocus. ThisallowsforsomecreaFvefreedom207
with regard to the se@lement, e.g. tesFng an opFon for a while and then only deciding later
whether thisopFon is feasible.TheparFes thenhave thechoice toverify theagreement,make
amendmentsorcreateacompletelynewagreement. 208
Fikhly, and finally, mediaFon is private and confidenFal. Unlike an open court system,209
discussionsduringmediaFonarenotentered intopublic record,andmediaFonproceedingsare
notopenforthepublictoa@end,unlesstheparFesagreeotherwise.MediaFonisalsodoneona
‘withoutprejudice’basis,whichmeansthattheparFesmaynotuseinformaFonobtainedduring
mediaFoninacourtoflaw. However,confidenFalityisnotadefiningfeatureofmediaFonasthe210
legislaturemaysetlimitstowhenitisappropriate. 211
3.3.3Approachestomedia'on
There are generally three approaches to mediaFon that are most commonly used, namely,
transformaFve, facilitaFve, andevaluaFvemediaFon. Even though thereare slightdifferences212
betweenthethree,itdoesnotmeanthatamediaFoncannotuFlisemorethanoneapproach.This
isalsoinlinewiththefeatureofmediaFonbeingaflexibleprocess.
TransformaJvemediaJon isaimedathelpingparFestransformingtheirrelaFonship. Thefocus213
insuchaprocessisontheparFesandtheirneeds,asopposedtotheactualdispute.Theaimisfor
the parFes to engage with one another and to express themselves with the assistance of a
mediator.InSouthAfrica,transformaFvemediaFonismostcommonlyusedinsesngsthatinvolve
familymembers,communiFes,workrelaFonshipsandworkplacemediaFon. 214
FacilitaJvemediaJon is focused on finding a process that best suits the respecFve parFes and
their circumstances inorder toachievea se@lement. Themediatorwill choose theplaceand215
process;however,heorshedoesnotacFvelyinvolvehim-orherselfintheprocess.Themediator
Rabe C et al Mediation: Grundlagen, Methoden, rechtlicher Ramen (2014) Chapter 2.4207
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 34–39208
Marnewick C Mediation Practice in the Magistrates’ Courts (2015) 14–16209
Marnewick C Mediation Practice in the Magistrates’ Courts (2015) 14–16210
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice(1997) 39211
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 21-24212
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 21-24213
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 21-24214
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 21-24215
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
merelysetsthegroundrules,butlimitshisorherroletothatofafacilitator. 216
EvaluaJvemediaJon sees themediator taking an acFve role in the process. Themediator is217
usuallyanexpertinthefieldoflawwithinwhichthemediaFonisconducted.SuchexperFseplaces
themediatorinaposiFontocommentandguideontheissues.Beinganexpert,themediatorwill
provide recommendaFons and guidance, aswell as an indicaFon regarding the posiFons of the
parFes. His or her experFse enables the mediator to evaluate arguments and point out
weaknesses and strengths. All of this assists the parFes in reaching an agreement. This type of
mediaFonisokenfoundinthebuildingandconstrucFonprofessions. 218
3.4Media'oninSouthAfrica
In South Africa, mediaFon can be either statutory or voluntary. Statutory mediaJon refers to
mediaFon that is required by law and regulated by statute.VoluntarymediaJon in turn, as the
namesuggests,happenson theparFes’ownaccord. TheparFesarenotcompelledby lawto219
mediate,andtheprocessitselfiscompletelywithinthehandsoftheparFes.
3.4.1Voluntarymedia'on
VoluntarymediaFon isdependentontheparFesandtheirrespecFvechoices.Theprocess itself,
the appointed mediator and the surrounding circumstances can be freely selected by the
parFes. Thishoweveralsomeansthatsincenopartyiscompelledtomediate,theycanabandon220
themediaFonprocessatanystage.
The decision tomediate is an important one, and the parFes should be aware of not only the
benefitsofmediaFon,butalsoofthedifferentastudesandapproachestowardssolvingdisputes.
ItshouldbeunderstoodthatmediaFonisastrategicprocessofworkingtogether,asopposedto
thewin–loseoutcomeofliFgaFon.
Aker it has been decided thatmediaFon is going to take place, the first step in the voluntary
mediaFonprocessisthepreparaFonphase. Thisphaseusuallyinvolvesstepstosetthetoneof221
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 21-24216
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 21-24217
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 21-24218
Zylstra A The Road from Voluntary Mediation to Mandatory Good Faith Requirements: A Road 219
Best Left Untraveled (2001) 917 J. Am. Acad. Matrimonial Law. 69
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 67220
Beer EJ The Mediator’s Handbook (2012) 4 ed221
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
the mediaFon and decisions regarding the form it is going to take. Ideally, this step should222
increasethechancesofreachinganagreement. IncludedinthisstageisthattheparFeshaveto223
appointamediator.InvoluntarymediaFontheparFesarefreetochooseamediator;however,itis
recommendedthattheytakeintoconsideraFontheexperienceandqualificaFonofthemediator.
InaddiFontoappoinFngamediator,theparFescanconcludeamediaFonagreementinwriFng.
WhilesuchmediaFonagreementisnotarequirement,itmightprovebeneficialasitlaysoutthe
groundrulesrelaFngtothemediaFon,andtheparFescanreferto itata laterstage.MediaFon
agreements can set out Fme frames, make provisions regarding the degree of confidenFality,
regulatethepowersofthemediator,setoutthedate(s)andFme(s)forthemediaFonprocess,the
venuewhere theprocesswill takeplace, aswell as theduFesof theparFes. The agreement224
might alsomake reference to informaFon exchange,whichmeans that it regulates that certain
documentsmust be sharedby the respecFveparFes asmeans of encouraging opendiscussion.
WhereparFesareunwillingtodiscloseinformaFon,anopFonwouldbetodiscloseinformaFonto
the mediator directly. PreparaFon could also involve preliminary meeFngs, which are largely
focusedonthemediaFonagreementandinformaFonexchange.IftheparFescannotagreeona
mediaFon agreement or choose not to make use of it, then organisaFonal ma@ers should be
agreeduponwiththehelpofthemediator. 225
BecauseofthebenefitsthatmediaFonpresents, itmightbetempFngtosuggestthatmediaFon
shouldbeusedforeverysortofdispute.Suchaviewhashoweverbeenheldtobetoofacile. 226
WherevoluntarymediaFonissuggestedbyonlyoneoftheparFes,itwouldbeprudentforlegal
counsel to advise the other party whether to agree to mediaFon based on the client’s best
interest. Althoughtheremightbeaclashofinterestbetweenthelawyerandtheclientinterms227
of legal fees (early se@lement during liFgaFon is generally associated with lower legal fees in
comparisontoprolongedliFgaFon),alawyerhasaprofessionaldutytoactinthebestinterestof
the client. It is therefore advisable for the parFes to analyse circumstances and to decide228
Beer EJ The Mediator’s Handbook (2012) 4 ed222
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 68223
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 68224
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 70225
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 24226
see: Van den Berg v Le Roux ([2003] ALL SA 599 (NC) or Brownlee v Brownlee: 2008/25274227
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 56228
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
whetherthedisputeissuitableandripeformediaFon. 229
WhetheradisputeissuitableformediaFonisdependentonthesurroundingcircumstances.Most
disputes have the potenFal to be resolvedby agreement between the parFes, although certain
disputesremainbe@ersuitedformediaFonthanothers.WhenadisputeconcernsarelaFonship,
theconFnuaFonofwhichisimportant,parFesideallywanttostayincontroloftheoutcome. In230
addiFon, when both parFes have a good reason for the dispute, meaning that no party is
inherentlywrong and the dispute is largely due tomiscommunicaFon,while there is no power
difference,thenthema@erislikelytobesuitableformediaFon.Otherfactorsthatcouldinfluence
onthesuitabilityofthema@erformediaFonarema@erswhereaquickresoluFon is favoured, ,
wherecomplexissuesareinvolved,andwherecaselawhassetaprecedentwhichparFeswould
liketoavoid. 231
Ripeness refers to the best Fme for a dispute to be resolved by mediaFon. In voluntary232
mediaFon parFes are able to decide themselves when to mediate. MediaFon can generally
commenceeitherbeforeorakerformalcourtproceedingshavebeen insFtuted. It ishowever233
favourable to commence the process before the commencement of legal proceedings as that
would result in lower costs. On the other hand, it can be argued thatmediaFon benefits from
somesortofpreviousadversarialconflict.ThisallowsforparFestoridthemselvesofhardfeelings
thathaveaccumulatedoverFme.SuchanapproachmighthoweverbecounterproducFvewhereit
reinforcesthehardfeelingsbetweentheparFesandincreasesemoFons.InaddiFon,atthisstage,
parFesmightbemoreawareof theconsequencesrelatedto liFgaFonasopposedtomediaFon,
whichcouldpromptthemtobemoreagreeable. AriskassociatedwithproposingmediaFontoo234
earlycouldbethattheotherpartymightseeitasasignofweaknessandthattheproposingparty
expectstoloseincourt.ThiscanthenhaveanegaFveinfluenceonmediaFon,astheotherparty
might have high expectaFons for an agreed se@lement. Therefore, in order to determine235
whethertheFmeisripe,oneneedstotakevariousfactorsintoconsideraFon.
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 56229
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 57230
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 57231
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 59232
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 59233
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 60234
Brand J et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 60/61235
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
3.4.2Statutorymedia'on
There are currently around 50 Acts of Parliament that refer to mediaFon in South Africa. 236
Mandatory(orstatutory)mediaJonrequiresparFestogothroughmediaFonfirstbeforetheycan
approach a court. Should no agreement come from this, then there is nothing prevenFng the
parFesfromgoingtohavetheirdisputeresolvedincourt. 237
Whatwillbediscussedbelow isstatutorymediaFonasprovidedfor inSouthAfrican labour law,
familylawandcompanylaw,threeareasoflawinwhichmediaFonismostcommonlyencountered
inSouthAfrica.
3.4.2.1TheLabourRela'onsAct66of1995(LRA)andtheCommissionforConcilia'onMedia'on
andArbitra'on(CCMA)
MediaFon is regarded as a form of conciliaFon under the LRA. In parFcular, secFon 135(3)
prescribesmediaFonasoneofthreewaysinwhichaconciliatormaydecidetodealwithama@er
thathasbeenreferredforconciliaFon. Assuch,mediaFonasaformofconciliaFonconducted238
undertheauspicesofsecFon135(3)isdiscussedbelow. StatutorymediaFonhastheadvantage239
of compelling parFes to engage in mediaFon, with the result that parFes might be more
commi@edtofindingasoluFon.
The CCMAwas created through the LRA as a result of the shortcomings experienced with the
formerindustrialcourts. Whiletheformerindustrialcourtswereoriginallyintendedtobeeasily240
accessibleandtoresolvedisputesatafastpaceandatlowcost,thoseobjecFveswerenotmet. 241
Thelegislaturea@emptedtoaddresssuchissuesbyprovidingforthecreaFonoftheCCMAunder
theauspicesof theLRA.Consequently, theCCMA isa creatureof statuteandmayonlyoperate
underprescribedcondiFons. 242
StatutoryconciliaFonisregulatedbytheCCMAonlywheresoprovidedforintheLRA.Issuesthat
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 88236
Brand J Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2ed 47237
Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 section 135(3)238
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 107239
South Africa 22 Ann. Hum. Rts. Rep. Submitted to Cong. by U.S. Dep't St. 316 (1997) 326240
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 241
31 ILJ 809 810
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 242
31 ILJ 809 809http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
fall under the jurisdicFon of the CCMA for purposes of conciliaFon are, amongst others, the
disclosure of informaFon; issues relaFng to the interpretaFon of applicaFon of a collecFve
agreement if agreed and the procedure fails; enforcement of a council’s collecFve agreement;
dismissalinthecontextofaclosedshopagreement;unfairdismissal;andunfairlabourpracFcesin
relaFontoprobaFon. 243
Forama@ertobeconciliatedbeforetheCCMA,thedisputemustbeone intherealmof labour
lawasprovidedforintheLRA.AstheCCMAisacreatureofstatute,thejurisdicFonoftheCCMA
flows from the fact that a ma@er is one involving an employment relaFonship. This bears the
noFonthataconciliatormustfirstestablishwhetherthema@ertobeconciliatedfallswithinthe
jurisdicFonoftheCCMA.Thishastobedoneearlyonintheprocess. 244
TheaimofconciliaFonisfortheparFestose@letheirdisputebyreachingamutuallyacceptable
agreement through theassistanceof theconciliator. Theconciliatorhoweverdoesnothaveany
power to force the parFes to se@le ama@er. At the end of a conciliaFon process in which no
se@lementwas reached, a cerFficateof outcomewill be awarded,which shows the exact issue
thatwasdiscussedandthatthea@empttose@lewasmeaningful. 245
Different to privatemediaFon, the parFes do not agree on amediator and date, as the CCMA
provides for those issues. An advantage however is that the costs are usually covered by the
CCMA.DespitethefactthatthegoalissimplicityandeffecFveness,thefactthattheconciliatorhas
tomakeafindingontheemploymentrelaFonship,couldhoweverbecomeproblemaFc. Itmay246
rendertheprocessmoreformalthannormallyassociatedwithmediaFon.
3.4.2.2CompaniesAct71of2008
StatutorymediaFonisalsoprovidedforintheCompaniesAct. ThattheCompaniesActprovides247
formediaFonandcanbelinkedtoafindinginthe’GuidelinesforCorporateLawReform’, which248
recognisesthattheforegoingrulesregulaFngcorporaterightswereintricate. Inordertoremedy249
Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 section 133(1), 9, 21, 24, 69, 86243
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 244
31 ILJ 809 813
Bosch C The Conciliation and Arbitration Handbook (2004) 70 – 80 Chapter 7245
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 246
31 ILJ 809 813
Companies Act 71 of 2008247
http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/bills/040715companydraftpolicy.pdf248
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 95249
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
thestatusquo,itwassuggestedthatalessformalisFcapproachshouldbetaken,inordertoallow
parFesamorereadilyavailablemannertofindrecourse. InaddiFon,theInsFtuteofDirectors in
SouthernAfrica(IoDSA)includedparagraph81inthe‘CodeonCorporateGovernance’ .Itstates250
that it is essenFal for directors and execuFves that disputes be resolved in a manner that is
effecFve,expediFousandefficient. Theneeds,interestsandrightsofemployeesmustbetaken251
intoconsideraFon,andadisputeresoluFonsystemshouldnotworkinamannerthatexhauststhe
finances of the company. Paragraph 84 of the Code provides insight on how this can be
implemented,andexplainsthatreferraltoacourtortoarbitraFonmaynotbethebestmanner
concerningtheabove-menFonedfactors.Theparagraphhighlights the importanceofmediaFon,
andthat ithastheabilitytoenhancetherelaFonship. TheCompaniesAct, whichcameinto252 253
effectin2008,tookthisintoconsideraFonandallowsfordisputestoberesolvedthroughADR. 254
TheActalsospecifiesinsecFon15(6)thattheMemorandumofIncorporaFon(MOI)isbindingon
the parFes. Therefore, theMOI could be used as the basis for using mediaFon in commercial
disputes.As longastheMOIprescribesthatmediaFonmustbeusedbeforeanyothermeansof
dissolvingthedispute,thiswillbeenforceable. 255
Furthermore,secFon156oftheCompaniesActprovidesthatcorporatedisputescanberesolved
through dispute resoluFon as an alternaFve to going to the Companies Commission or the
court. According to the Act, a party to a dispute could approach the Companies Tribunal, an256
accreditedenFtyoranyotherperson. TheparFesarethenrequiredtomediate;however,there257
isnoprovisionintheActwhichrequirestheparFestotakepartinthemediaFoningoodfaith. 258
WhenthemediatordoesnotseeanymeritinthemediaFonorcomestotheconclusionthatone
oftheparFes isnottakingpart ingoodfaith,acerFficatehastobeissuedbyhimorherstaFng
www.iodsa.co.za250
Brand et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2ed 7251
Brand et al Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2ed 7252
Companies Act 71 of 2008253
Wiese T The use of alternative dispute resolution methods in corporate disputes: The 254
provisions of the Companies Act 2008 (2014) SAMLJ
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 98255
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 95256
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 95257
Companies Act 71 of 2008 section 166(1) 258
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
thatthemediaFondidnotresolvethedispute. 259
ThewordingintheCompaniesActspeaksofmediaFonasanalternaFvetocourtproceedings.This
suggeststhat,wherethemediaFonwasunsuccessful,theparFesarebarredfromapproachingthe
Tribunalorthecourts. However,thisisunlikelytohavebeentheintenFonofthelawmaker,asit260
would mean that non-cooperaFon would result in a situaFon where the ma@er remains
unresolved, which could even be the result of bad faith or non-engagement in the mediaFon
process. Amore likely interpretaFonwouldbeonethat is similar to theapproachof theLRA.261
ParFescouldmediatepriortogoingtothecourts,butwherethemediaFonisnotsuccessful,the
parFescango to thecourts. Despite that, theCompaniesAmendmentBillof2018states that262
wherethemediaFonprocesshasbeenunsuccessful,oneoftheparFescouldreferthema@erto
arbitraFon,whereitwillberesolvedbywayofafinalandbindingfindingofthearbitrator. 263
3.4.2.3Familymedia'on
MediaFoninfamilylawhasbecomeincreasinglyrelevantinSouthAfricasincethe1990s. There264
havebeenanumberofdecisionsbythecourtswhichareworthtakingnoteof.InTownsend-Turner
vMorrow, thecourtwasapproachedtograntanorderfortherightofaccess.TheapplicaFon265
wasmadebythegrandmotherandherhusbandregardingtheirgrandchild.Thechild’smother–
whowasthegrandmother’sdaughter–diedofcancer,whichresultedinthechildgrowingupwith
the father. Thepresidingofficer ruled that theapplicaFon shouldbedismissedandordered the
[email protected] jusFfiedthisdecisionbymenFoningthatmediaFonwouldassist
theparFesindealingwithfutureconflictsandtohandleit inamannerthatdoesnotjeopardise
thebestinterestofthechild. 266
TheTownsend-Turnerma@erwasdecidedpriortothecommencementoftheChildren’sAct. The267
Companies Act 71 of 2008 section 166(2) 259
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 95-96260
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 95261
Wiese T Alternative Dispute Resolution in South Africa (2016) 98262
Companies Amendment Bill 2018263
MacNab DS Mowatt JG Family Mediation – South Africa's Awakening Interest (1987) 20 De 264
Jure 41
Townsend-Turner and Another v Morrow (524/2003, 6055/2003) (2003) ZAWCHC 53265
Townsend-Turner and Another v Morrow (524/2003, 6055/2003) (2003) ZAWCHC 53266
Children’s Act 38 of 2005267
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Children’sAct(secFon7(1))nowprovidesthataChildren’sCourtcanreferama@ertomediaFon
wherethecircumstancesallowforit.Thema@ercanalsobedirectedtomediaFonwheretheissue
inquesFoniswhetheranunmarriedbiologicalfatherhasfulfilledtherequirementsintermsofs
21(1)oftheAct. IntermsoftheAct,themediatorhastobeasuitablyqualifiedperson,asocial268
serviceprofessional,orafamilyadvocate. TheActfurthersFpulatesthatco-holdersofparental269
responsibiliFesandrightsfirsthavetotrytoagreeonaparenFngplanbeforeproceedingtocourt.
Ina@empFngtoagreeonaparenFngplan,theparFeshavetogotomediaFon. Thisdoesnot270
meanthattheyhavetocompletethemediaFonsuccessfully;however,theActemphasisesthatan
a@empthastobemade. Acourtalsohasthepowertodoapre-hearing,wheretheya@emptto271
mediatebetweentheparFes.
AkerthecommencementoftheChildren’sAct,therehavebeennumerousdecisionsbythecourts
thatrefertomediaFon.InBrownleevBrownlee, theJohannesburgHighCourtimposedthecosts272
of liFgaFonontheparFes’ lawyers,as theyhad failedtoadvise theparFes tomediate. InMBv
NB, thepresidingofficercommentedthatthemoneyspentbythedispuFngparFesona@orney273
fees could have been put to be@er use, indicaFng that it could have contributed towards the
educaFonofthechildreninquesFon.Thepresidingofficerstated:
‘IaskedherwhethertheresoluFonofthecasethroughmediaFonhadbeenmootedby
her legal advisers. She said it had not, but shewent on to explain that she thought
mediaFonwouldhaveservednopurpose.ThoughthiswasherresponsetoaquesFon
putbyme,itisulFmatelyama@eronwhich,notbeinganexpert,shecanentertainno
informedbelief.’ 274
Thepresidingofficerruledthathebelievedthatthelegalcounselfailedtomaketheclientsaware
The requirements for the father to acquire full parental responsibilities and rights in respect of 268
the child are that: I) that the unmarried father lived with the mother at the time of the child’s birth or that he II) consents to being identified as such III) contributes or has attempted in good faith to contribute to child’s upbringing for reasonable period III) contributes or has attempted in faith to contribute towards expenses in connection with the maintenance of the child for a reasonable period
Boniface A Family Mediation in South Africa: Developments and Recommendations (2015) 78 269
THRHR 397
Children’s Act 38 of 2005 S32(2)270
Boniface A Family Mediation in South Africa: Developments and Recommendations (2015) 78 271
THRHR 397
Brownlee v Brownlee (2008) 25274272
MB v NB (2008/25274) (2009) ZAGPJHC 76; 2010 (3) SA 220 (GSJ)273
MB v NB (2008/25274) (2009) ZAGPJHC 76; 2010 (3) SA 220 (GSJ) para 50274
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
of thebenefits thatmediaFonwouldhavegrantedthemandthat theclients’best interestshad
notbeenserved.Hethenwentontolimitthefeesofthelawyersasaconsequencefortheirfailure
toinformtheclientsproperly.
TheaforesaidcasesrepresentthechangethatneedstotakeplaceinthelegalworldinSouthAfrica
inasfarasADR,andinparFcularmediaFon,isconcerned.ManyresourcesandFmeareneedlessly
spentonliFgaFon,whenmediaFoncouldbeconsultedfirst.ItalsoshowshowmediaFonreceives
endorsement from the courts. This could gradually lead to changes. As stated by Brassey in
commenFngontheMB v NB judgement:“mediaFonwasthebe@eralternaFveanditshouldhave
been tried.” Referring to itas thebe\eralternaJvedemonstrates that family law isespecially275
suitableformediaFon.
TheaforesaidviewwasalsosupportedinSvJ. ThepresidingofficernotedthatliFgaFonshould276
nothavebeenthefirstchoiceinthema@erandthatliFgaFonisnotautomaFcallythebestwayof
resolvingfamilydisputes.Accordingtohim,liFgaFonresultedinthema@erbeingprolonged,while
alsocreaFngburdensomecoststhatcouldhavebeenavoided.HereferredtosecFon6(4)ofthe
Children’s Act to enforce the view that legal pracFFoners should opt for the dispute resoluFon
mechanismthatavoidsconfrontaFonandsupportsconciliaFon. Thesecasestouchontheissue277
thata@orneyssomeFmesarenotadvisingtheirclientstopursuemediaFon.
Bonifacerecommendsthat,inordertobringaboutchanges,itwouldbebeneficialtosetupfamily
relaFonshipcentres,asthoseopposedtocourt-annexedmediaFonwouldtakeawaytheurgency
to go through courts and lawyers to resolve a dispute. It could also contribute to a legal278
environment thatdoesnotnecessarily view the courts as thefirst pointof call. A good starFng
pointwouldbetosetupthesecentresatplacessuchaslegalaidclinicsanduniversiFes,asthose
places are accessible and already well known to the public. SuchmediaFon centres could also
serve as training faciliFes for mediators, while encouraging pro bono work from psychologists,
lawyers and social workers. The benefits would include dispute resoluFon to lower-income279
MB v NB (2008/25274) (2009) ZAGPJHC 76; 2010 (3) SA 220 (GSJ) para 59275
S v J (695/10) (2010) ZASCA 139276
S v J (695/10) (2010) ZASCA 139 para 54277
Boniface A, Family Mediation in South Africa: Developments and Recommendations (2015) 78 278
THRHR 397 406
Boniface A, Family Mediation in South Africa: Developments and Recommendations (2015) 78 279
THRHR 397 406http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
groups,whilealsoprovidinganalternaFvetoprivatemediaFonforhigher-incomegroups. 280
3.5Conclusion
This chapter discussed some of the key characterisFcs of mediaFon as well as the different
approaches tomediaFon. The chapter a@empted to demonstrate how the theoreFcal basis for
mediaFon isapproached inSouthAfrica.TherearemanyadvantagestomediaFon,suchas, that
thesoluFonreachedisokenmoreinlinewiththeneedsandwantsoftheparFes.Theprocessis
flexible,andconsequentlyamediaFonprocesscouldbeheldinawayandataFmethatsuitthe
conflictandtheparFes.Furthermore,mediaFonisconfidenFalandhasahumandimension,which
thecourtsystemdoesnothave.ThisenablesmediaFontoapproachconflictinamannerthathas
thepotenFaltoreconciletheparFesandmakethemagreeable.
MediaFonisappliedwithdifferingdegreesofsuccess invariousfields inSouthAfrica,notably in
family-, company-, and labour law. From the few cases discussed, it however seems as if legal
professionalsandthegeneralpublicalikeremainlargelyunawareofthebenefitsofmediaFon,and
in fact the availability of mediaFon as an alternaFve to liFgaFon. Simply on that account,
mediaFon centres as suggested by Boniface in the realm of family law would present an281
opportunity to educate and inform the public, so that they are more aware of the opFon of
mediaFon.
The next chapter will focus onmediaFon in Germany. Similar to this chapter, chapter four will
discussthe lawsandrulesrelaFngtomediaFon inGermany,aswellas thefields inwhich ithas
beenimplemented.
Boniface A, Family Mediation in South Africa: Developments and Recommendations (2015) 78 280
THRHR 397 406
Boniface A, Family Mediation in South Africa: Developments and Recommendations (2015) 78 281
THRHR 397 406http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Chapter4:Media'oninGermany
This chapterwilldiscuss theprocessofmediaFonand itsapplicaFon in selectedfieldsof law in
Germany.
4.1Briefoverviewofdevelopmentofmedia'oninGermany
MediaFoninGermanyhasbeenpracFcedasfarbackasthe14thcentury. TheearliestmediaFon282
projectsthatwereimplementedinGermanyoccurredduringthe1980s.TheyweremostlyuFlised
indivorceproceedingsaswellas ina@empts toachieveaTäter-Opfer-Ausgleich,which refers to
creaFng a se@lement between the perpetrator and the vicFm. This stems from the idea of283
restoraFve jusFce. Also, the Jugendgerichtsgesetz (Juvenile Criminal Code) of 1953284 285
incorporatedintothelawaprovisionthatwouldallowtheprosecuFontostopformalprocedures
wheretheperpetratorwasopentoreconciliaFonwiththevicFm. 286
In 1992 the first mediaFon associaFons, i.e., the Bundesverband MediaJon and the Bundes-
Arbeitsgemeinscha`fürFamilien-MediaJon,wereestablished. Fouryearslaterin1996another287
mediaFon associaFon, the Bundesverband MediaJon in Wirtscha` und Arbeitswelt, was
established, mostly focusing on commercial and labour mediaFon. The aforesaid associaFons
worked closely together in order to create a certain standard of quality for mediaFons and
mediators alike. However, numerous smaller mediaFon associaFons were subsequently288
founded,eachwith itsownapproachandvoice towardsmediaFon.Recently therehashowever
been an upsurge in the effort by the original three mediaFon associaFons towards the
establishmentofaunifiedstandardof,andapproachto,mediaFon. 289
Hoffmann A Mediation in Germany and the United States (2007) 9 Eur. J.L. Reform 505282
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69283
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69284
Jugendgerichtsgesetz 1953285
Hoffmann A Mediation in Germany and the United States (2007) 9 Eur. J.L. Reform 505286
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69287
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69288
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69289
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Amendments were effected to the Strafprozessordnung (Code of Criminal Procedure) ,290
Strafgesetzbuch (Criminal Code) and the Jugendgerichtsgetz (Juvenile JusFce Act) in the291 292
1990s,whichprovidedfordisputeresoluFonoutsideofthecourtsinthefieldsofcriminalandcivil
law. In 1999 the Einführungsgesetz zur Zivilprozessordnung (Introductory Act to the Civil293
ProcedureCode)was also amendedwith federal statebeingafforded thediscreFon toestablish
obligatorydisputeresoluFon.Paragraph15oftheEinführungsgesetzzurZivilprozessordnunggives
thefederalstatethepowertoreferdispuFngparFestonegoFaFonoutsideofthecourtroom.The
Actishoweveronlyapplicabletodisputesthatdealwithamonetaryamountupto750euros. 294
In 2001 an amendment to theZivilprozessordnung (Codeof Civil Procedure) came into effect295
which allowed the courts the right to suspend an acFve case so as to afford the parFes the
opportunitytose@letheirdisputesoutsideofthecourtroombywayofADR. AnevaluaFonwas
donetodeterminetheeffecFvenessofthesenewprovisions, which evaluaFonfoundthatthe296
provisions had very li@le impact in pracFce and did not bring about the intended and desired
changes.Itwasfoundthattheprovisionswererarelyusedanddidnotmeaningfullyincreasethe
possibilityofase@lementoutsideofcourtproceedings. 297
Between 2002 and 2012 some federal states pracFcedmediaFon in the courts (gerichtsinterne
MediaJon). AlthoughmediaFonsby the courts indicatedhigh rates ofma@ers that hadbeen298
dealtwithinthisway,mediaFoninthecourtsremainscontroversial.Ithasbeenarguedthatthis
typeofmediaFon isunable todiscussandanalyse the conflict fullydue to factors suchasFme
pressure and the expectancy of the court to work through a certain number of disputes in a
prescribed Fme. This had a negaFve effect on the ability to analyse and assess the underlying
problemsonwhichthedispute isbased. For theaforemenFonedreasons ithasbeenargued299
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stpo/StPO.pdf290
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/291
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/jgg/BJNR007510953.html292
Einführungsgesetz zur Zivilprozessordnung 1877293
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 70294
Zivilprozessordnung 1877295
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 70296
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 70297
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69-71298
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69-71299
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
thatmediaFonsbycourtsarenotcomprehensiveinthattheyfailtocomprehensivelydiscussthe
causesandissuesofthedispute. 300
In 2009 the Gesetz über das Verfahren in Familiensachen und in den Angelegenheiten der
freiwilligenGerichtsbarkeit (Actontheprocedureinfamilyma@ersandonma@ersofvoluntary301
jurisdicFon) came into effect which promoted the use of ADR, especially in respect of ma@ers
involvingfamiliesandchildren. ThecourtshavethedutytoadvisetheparFesonthepossibiliFes302
ofADR [email protected], thecourtshave thepower toorder the families toa@end
eventseducaFng themaboutmediaFon. TheActhoweverdoesnot createanobligaFonon the
parFestoa@endmediaFonitself. 303
In 2012, the MediaJonsgesetz (MediaFon Act) was passed which specifically regulates304
mediaFoningeneral,regardlessofthefieldoflawwithinwhichmediaFonistakingplace. 305
4.2Selectedissuesonmedia'oninGermany
ThediscussionbelowwilldealwithsomeissuesthatareofrelevancewhendiscussingmediaFonin
Germany.
4.2.1WhomayworkasamediatorinGermany?
In Germany the term Berufsrecht (professional law) refers to the laws that prescribe who is306
allowedtopracFceinacertainfieldandtherulesthatapracFFonerhastouphold.Thishasthe
effect that justasnoteveryonecan simplydecide tobeadoctorora lawyer,noteveryonecan
simplydecidetobeamediator. ApersonhastobesufficientlyqualifiedinordertopracFcein307
thesefields. 308
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 69-71300
Gesetz über das Verfahren in Familiensachen und in den Angelegenheiten der freiwilligen 301
Gerichtsbarkeit 2009
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 71302
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 71303
Mediationsgesetz 2012304
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 72305
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/brao/306
Berning D Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 452307
Berning D Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 452308
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
The quesFon arises whether mediaFon should be considered legal advice for purposes of the
Berufsrecht. IntermsoftheBerufsrechtpeoplewhoarenot lawyersarenotallowedtorendera
legalservice. ThismeansthatifmediaFonisconsideredalegalservice,thenonlylawyerswould309
beallowedtorendersuchservice.Claritywasbroughtonthisma@erbywayoftheLegalServices
Actof2008, whichsFpulatesthatmediaFonandothertypesofADRdonotconsFtutea legal310
service.Amediator’sduFesaretofacilitateandsupporttheparFes,ratherthanrenderingalegal
service. 311
While clarity in respect of the above was welcomed, the downside was that, technically, any
personwas consequently allowed to call him- or herself amediator inGermany. In 2012 the312
legislatureintroducedthetermcerJfiedmediator(zerJfiziertermediator)intoGermanlawbyway
of theMediaJonsgesetz of 2012 (MediaFon Act). This was largely in an a@empt to create a313
universalapplicablestandardtomediators.Noteverymediatorisallowedtocallhim-orherselfa
cerJfiedmediator.InordertobecomecerFfiedonehastocomplywiththerelevantcriteriaasset
out inZerJfizierte-Mediatoren-Ausbildungsverordnung (CerFfiedMediatorTrainingOrdinance). 314
This includes an educaFonal course that requires the parFcipant’s a@endance for at least 120
hours. This course shouldnotonlybe theoreFcalbutalso containpracFcalelements, suchas315
roleplays.AddiFonally,apersonhastodoonemediaFonwithinayearofcompleFngthecourse
andthismediaFonhastofallwithinthedefiniFonofamediaFonintermsoftheMediaJonsgesetz
of2012(MediaFonAct). OncesocerFfied,apersonmustspend40hoursonfurtheringhisor316
herlevelofexperFseandeducaFonovera4-yearperiodinordertoretaincerFficaFon. 317
Lawyerswhowanttoactasmediatorsfurtheralsohavetocomplywiththeprofessionalconduct
of lawyers, which is codified in the Berufsordnung der Rechtsanwälte (Professional Code of318
Hoffmann A Mediation in Germany and the United States (2007) 9 Eur. J.L. Reform 505309
Rechtsdienstleistungsgesetz 2008 310
Rechtsdienstleistungsgesetz 2008 311
https://www.in-mediation.eu/wer-darf-sich-mediator-nennen/312
See discussion of this Act under 4.3.1 below.313
http://188.210.44.216/zmediatausbv/BJNR199400016.html314
https://www.mediatorenausbildung.org/zertifizierter-mediator/315
See discussion of this Act under 4.3.1 below.316
https://www.mediatorenausbildung.org/zertifizierter-mediator/317
Berufsordnung der Rechtsanwälte 2017318
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Lawyers). TheAct prescribes that a lawyerwhowishes to act as amediator alsohas to receive
suitable training, which equips him or her with enough knowledge to be in command of the
principlesofmediaFon. 319
4.2.2Roleofthemediator
Ithasalreadybeenestablishedthatthemediator’sroleisthatofintermediary,whostructuresthe
procedure and guides the parFes. This involves creaFng the surrounding circumstances that320
facilitate successfulmediaFon to take place, and using tools such as seaFng arrangements and
encouraging construcFve communicaFon. A mediator’s role is ulFmately to establish an321
atmosphere andprocess to enable parFes to engage in communicaFon, so that theparFes can
cometoanagreementoveranissuewhichtheywerepreviouslyunabletoreachagreementon. 322
Themediatorshouldideallybeatrainedandknowledgeablepersonwhokeepsaneyenotonlyon
immediateneedsoftheparFesinvolved,butalsoonfuturerequirements. 323
Theunderstandingofwhatagoodmediatoriscandiffervastly.Whatisclearisthatitfallsoutside
ofthepowersofamediatortodecideonama@er. Agoodmediatorhastheabilitytoguidethe324
parFes towards a common denominator, so that both sides to the dispute can appreciate the
posiFonand interestsof theotherside. Somepeoplemightgo tomediaFonwithoutanyreal325
expectaFons;othersunderstandthemediator’sroleasoneofago-between;yetotherexpectthe
mediator to listen to both sides and then make a recommendaFon, while some might view a
mediatorasaneutralpersonwhoshouldnotgivehisorherviewbutsimplyfacilitate. Noneof326
theseviewsarewrongperse.Itcomesdowntothechoicesthemediatormakesandwhatheor
shethinkswillbenefitthemediaFonmost.Theprocessthatamediatorchoosesatthebeginning
of the mediaFon does not even necessarily need to be kept the same since it is a dynamic
process. 327
Berufsordnung der Rechtsanwälte 2017319
Proksch S Mediation: Die Kunst der Professionellen Konfliktlösung (2018) chapter 3320
Ade J et al Mediation und Recht (2017) 53321
Kreuser K et al Mediationskompetenz: Mediation als Profession Etablieren (2012) 69322
Purver EM The Mediator's Responsibilities (1958) 9 Lab. L.J. 800323
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 87-88324
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 87-88325
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 88326
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 88327
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Riskin proposed a grid that a@empts to idenFfy different mediaFon styles and within which
circumstances a specific style would be best suited. The Riskin grid contains four styles of328
mediaFon:evaluaJvenarrow, facilitaJvenarrow,evaluaJvebroad,and facilitaJvebroad.Based
on these, the grid can be used to place amediaFon to see whether the problem definiFon is
narrow or broad andwhether themediator’s role should be evaluaFve or facilitaFve. It should
howeverbeunderstoodthattheidenFfiedstylesareidealisFcversionsofmediaFonstyles.
EvaluaJve narrow is similar to the way in which judges and lawyers operate. The mediator329
focusesontheinterpretaFonoflawsandfactualquesFons.HeorshewilllistentotheparFesand
thenexplainhisorhertakeonthema@er.Heorshecanbeseenasasortofrefereewhoisoken
anexpertonthema@erspresented.Themediatorwillalsoexplaintheweaknessesandstrengths
of the posiFons that the parFes take. This contributes towards a soluFon as the mediator330
providesaneutral,butinformed,insight.
EvaluaJvebroadreferstoasituaFonwheretheparFesrequirethebiggerpictureofthedisputeto
betakenintoconsideraFonandwantthemediatortomakeasuggesFonforaresoluFonbasedon
allcircumstancesandfactors. ThisapproachevaluatestheinterestsoftheparFesfullyandthen331
proceedstoa@emptfindingasoluFonthatindicatesanappreciaFonoftheinquiry.Inorderforthe
mediatortomakeawell-informedsuggesFonwithregardtoase@lement,heorshehastobewell
informedandinvolved. 332
FacilitaJvenarrowmeansthatthemediatordecidesnottomakeasuggesFonwithregardtothe
se@lement. Asthenamesuggests,themediatorhastofacilitatebetweentheparFes.Heorshe333
actsasafacilitatorbetweentheparFesandinordertodojusFcetothatrolethemediatorwillask
quesFonsthatassistinthediscourse. CreaFnganenvironmentthatisconducFvetomediaFonis334
thereforepartofthemediator’sduty.
Riskin L Decisionmaking in Mediation: The New Old Grid and the New New Grid System (2003) 328
Notre Dame Law Review Volume 79 Issue 1
Riskin L Decisionmaking in Mediation: The New Old Grid and the New New Grid System (2003) 329
Notre Dame Law Review Volume 79 Issue 1
Riskin L Decisionmaking in Mediation: The New Old Grid and the New New Grid System (2003) 330
Notre Dame Law Review Volume 79 Issue 1
Riskin L Decisionmaking in Mediation: The New Old Grid and the New New Grid System (2003) 331
Notre Dame Law Review Volume 79 Issue 1
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 89-90332
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 89-83333
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 89-93334
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
FacilitaJve broad goes further than the facilitaJve narrow ideal and requires the mediator to
analyse the dispute with the parFes fully. The mediator has to assist the parFes by asking335
quesFons that lead them to examine their posiFons and interests. Furthermore, the mediator
facilitates between the parFes by prescribing a process that is goal-oriented and presents
opportuniFestocometoanagreement.
InpracFcethedifferenFaFonbetweenthevarioustypesofmediaFonstylesisnotalwaysclear.It
isactuallyasignofagoodmediatortoseewhatthesituaFonandprogressrequiresandtoemploy
morethanoneofthesestylesduringvariousstages.AnevaluaFonwitharecommendaFoncanbe
thestarFngpointforfurtherdiscussion,inwhichthemediaFonengagesasafacilitator. 336
Aside fromunderstanding thedifferent approaches to, or styles of,mediaFon, there are certain
characterisFcsamediatorshoulddisplay.Amediatorhastoshowempathyforandacceptanceof
theparFes. ThosevalueswillindicatetotheparFesthattheyarebeingtakenseriously. This337 338
contributes towards building trust and confidence with the parFes which is regarded as an
imperaFve to successful mediaFon. Tools that the mediator could use to build more trust are
showingconcern,providingasserFons,andexplainingtheprocess. SuccessofmediaFonisalso339
largely dependent on trust between the parFes and the mediator. Nonetheless, during
proceedingsitcanoccurthatthemediatorisperceivedasbiasedbyoneoftheparFes. Itisthen340
necessaryforthemediatortorecFfythesituaFonandtrytoexplainhisorherrole,aswellasto
account forhisorher imparFality. Themediator shouldnot take sides,but should treatboth341
parFesequal. This canalsobe reflecFveofopen-mindedness concerning factsand the interests
andneedsoftheparFesinvolved. 342
GoodawarenessisanothercharacterisFcofbeingagoodmediator. ParFesmayfindthemselves343
inaposiFonwherethesuperior intellectorabilityofonepartytopresenthisorhersideofthe
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 89-93335
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 91336
Ade J et al Mediation und Recht (2017) 54337
Ade J et al Mediation und Recht (2017) 54338
Ade J et al Mediation und Recht (2017) 53-54339
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 184340
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 114341
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 184342
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 126343
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
conflictwillputthatpartyinabe@erposiFon,notduetofactuallybeinginabe@erposiFon,but
only due to personal skills and techniques. Awareness of these differences in personaliFes344
allowsthemediatortoempowerthepartythatcannotexpresshim-orherselfproperly.Although
themediatorinsuchasituaFonhastoaddressthepowerimbalance,heorshehastobecareful
not to breach imparFality. Paying a@enFon to equal speaking Fme, enforcing the same345
mediaFon guidelines, having separate meeFngs and exchanging informaFon can be used to
protectandstrengthentheweakerparty. 346
Themediatorregulatestheprocess,opensthemediaFonsessions,andsFpulatesguidelinesand
rules with which the parFesmust comply. Hence, the role of themediator is also that of a347
coordinator.He or she also has to be able to analyse the posiFons, needs and conflict that are
beingdealtwith.Beyondthat,amediatorneedstobeabletolistenacFvely,reframe,understand,
reflectandfindtherightFmingtotransiFonfromonephasetothenext.Itisokenrequiredand
helpful if the mediator has a certain knowledge and educaFon in various fields, such as law,
mediaFon, conflict and acFve communicaFon. In some circumstances, such as commercial
mediaFon,itishelpfulandrequiredofthemediatortohavevastexperienceandknowledgeina
field,suchascontractsinthebuildingindustry. 348
Mediators clearly require a variety of skills, and the skills and techniques appropriate in one
mediaFonmightnotnecessarilybeappropriate inanother.Nonetheless, it seemsapparent that
themediator’sroleisinformedbytheconceptoffairness.
4.3Medita'oninselectedfieldsinGermany
ThediscussionbelowwillfocusonmediaFoninselectedfieldsinGermany.Thiswillcontributetoa
latercomparisonbetweenmediaFoninGermanyandSouthAfrica.
4.3.1Media'onActof2012
In2012theMediaJonsgesetzwasenactedinGermany.TheActgovernsmediaFoninGermanyas
a whole; therefore, it is applicable to all fields of law (even those fields where mediaFon is
legislaFvelyrequired).ThewayinwhichtheActworksisthatitsetsaspecificstandardwhichhas
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 126344
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 126345
Boulle L et al Mediation: Principles Process Practice (1997) 126346
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 184347
Trenczek T et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 184348
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
tobemet.ItdoesnotnecessarilyprescribewhenmediaFonhastobeused,butratherregulates
thesurroundingcircumstancesandduFes,suchastheduFesofthemediator. 349
According to secFon 1 of theMediaJonsgesetzmediaFon is a structured process,which assists
parFes with communicaFon and negoFaFon. This does not howevermean that mediaFon is a
flexibleprocess,sinceaflexibleprocesscansFllhavecertainstructuralcharacterisFcs. However,350
secFon1placesthedutyonthemediatortoinformtheparFesaboutthecontent,theprocessand
the goals ofmediaFon. Themediator also has the duty to exert his or her influence on the351
mediaFon agreement, so that ruleswith regard to the parFes’ conduct and communicaFon are
included. In addiFon, a mediator contract is required which is expected to encapsulate the352
expectaFonsoftheparFesandthemediator,aswellasconfirmingthemediator’sprofessionalfee
andconfidenFality. ConfidenFalityisincludedasitallowstheparFestoshareinformaFonthat353
theyotherwisewouldbereluctanttoshare.Therefore,itisimportantthattheActspecifythatitis
aconfidenFalprocess. 354
InGermanytherighttoself-determinaFonisanimportantelementofmediaFonand,assuch,the
ActspecifiesthatmediaFonisavoluntaryprocess. There isanargumenttobemadethatthis355
eliminatesthepossibilityforcourtstodirectparFestomediaFon. TheActalsoprescribesthat356
lawsthatpreviouslymademediaFoncompulsoryremain intact,providedthatthese lawsdonot
prevent the parFes from having access to courts. The first secFon also includes provisions357
concerning theautonomyof theparFes. It sFpulates thatanyagreement reachedat theendof
mediaFonmustbefinalisedbytheparFesthemselves-themediatorisnotallowedtoinduceor
coercetheparFestocometoanagreementinanyrespect.Furthermore,theActprovidesthatthe
mediatorcanbechosenbytheparFes. Again,therightofself-determinaFonfindsexpressionby358
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 484349
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485-486350
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485351
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485-486352
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485 353
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485-486354
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 486355
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485-486356
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 486357
Mediationsgesetz 2012 s 1358
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
lesng theparFesmake thatdecision. This doesnot exclude the ability ofmediaFon centres to
provideamediator,astheparFesareallowedtoacceptasuggestedmediator. 359
AsthemediatoriscentraltothesuccessofthemediaFon,theActisquiteprescripFveastowho
maymediateandthecharacterisFcsandfuncFonsofamediator. AlthoughtheActprovidesthat360
theparFesmaychooseamediator,itsFllprovidessomegroundrulesofwhowouldberegardeda
suitablemediator.AccordingtosecFon5oftheActthemediatorhastoensurethatheorsheis
sufficiently qualified and maintains this standard by furthering his or her educaFon. The361
mediatorneedstopossesstheoreFcalknowledgeaswellasthepracFcalexperienceinordertoaid
the parFes in a skilfulmanner. The Act further regulateswhen amediatormay be regarded as
cerFfied. A cerFfied mediator is someone who has completed training that complies with the
direcFvesoftheFederalMinistryforJusFceandConsumerProtecFon. Furthertotheaforesaid,362
theActalsolistscharacterisFcsamediatorisrequiredtopossess. Importantly,amediatorneeds363
tobeindependent.TheActalsorequiresthatthemediatorsbeimparFal,andexpresslymenFons
thatthemediatordoesnothaveanypowertodecidethema@er. 364
Asthemediatorisresponsiblefortheprocess,itistheresponsibilityofthemediatortoinformthe
parFesabouttheprocedureandprinciplesofthemediaFonprocess. TheinformaFonthatthe365
mediatorprovidesputstheparFesinaposiFonwheretheycanmakeaninformeddecisionabout
whether or not they actuallywish tomediate. Themediator also has to assure him- or herself
about the voluntariness of the parFes’ parFcipaFon in the process. Where the mediaFon was
prescribedbyanylaw,themediatorhasthedutytolettheparFesknowthattheydonothaveto
cometoanagreementandthattheiraccesstocourts isnotcurtailedbyanyparFcipaFoninthe
mediaFonprocess. ThesecondsecFonoftheActalsotouchesonthecommunicaFonbetween366
theparFes,andprescribesthatthemediator’sduFesincludefacilitaFngcommunicaFonbetween
theparFes.
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 486359
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 486-490360
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 486361
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 486362
Mediationsgesetz 2012 s 2, 4, 5363
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 486364
Mediationsgesetz 2012 s2(1)365
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 487-490366
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
TheActalsoprovidesthatbothparFesmustbeintegratedinthemediaFoninafairandsuitable
manner. SecFon2 furtherprovides that themediatorhasanacFveduty to serve theparFes,367
rather than just being neutral. This can be done by way of separate meeFngs between the368
mediatorandtheparFes.TheActevengivestheparFesthediscreFontoallowforthirdparFesto
becomepartofthemediaFon. 369
SecFon 3 obliges mediators to explain their professional background as well as educaFon and
experience in mediaFon, should the parFes request it. This is done to keep the standard of
mediatorshighandtogivetheparFesadegreeofcontroloverwhomediatesthema@er.SecFon3
also requiresmediators tomenFonanything to theparFes that couldbring their independence
andimparFalityintodispute. 370
DuetothenatureofmediaFonasavoluntaryprocess,theparFescanendthemediaFonatany
Fme.SecFon2alsogives themediator thepowertoendthemediaFon.WhentheparFeshave
cometoanagreement,themediatorhastoensurethattheparFesunderstandthecontentofthe
agreement. The mediator also has to inform the parFes that they can have the agreement
inspectedbyadvisers.Thenthemediatorcanrecordtheagreement. 371
4.3.2Familylawmedia'on
Family mediaFon has been regarded as the type of mediaFon that is most commonly used in
Germany. Furthermore,familymediaFonisoneoftheearliestfieldsthatmediaFonhasfound372
applicaFon. 373
Family mediaFon in Germany can be organised into different types of family conflicts. What
resemblesmostwiththeSouthAfricanpercepFonoffamilymediaFonismediaFoninthefieldof
divorceandfamilyconflicts.OtherconflictsthatGermanyrecognisesaspartoffamilylawinclude
generaFonal conflicts, elder mediaFon, successions, internaFonal family conflicts and conflicts
concerningco-habitaFon. 374
Mediationsgesetz s2(3)367
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 489368
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 487-490369
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 492370
Mediationsgesetz 2012371
Hoffmann A Mediation in Germany and the United States (2007) 9 Eur. J.L. Reform 520372
Carl E et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 509373
Rafi A et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 518374
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GermanliteratureonfamilymediaFonidenFfiesthreemainreasonswhymediaFonissuitablefor
divorce:adesiretoresolvethema@erinaharmoniousandcivilmanner; toensuretheoutcome375
issuitedtotheindividualneedsandcapabiliFesoftheparFes ;andfortheparFestoretainmore376
controlovertheprocessandtheoutcome. 377
MediaFonentailsthattheparFescancometotheirownagreement. However,inafieldthatis378
well regulatedby law, suchas family law, it isokenhelpful forparFes tobeawareofwhat the
courtswouldpossiblyhavedecided in theirdispute. Experts canoken clearly indicatewhat the
courts would have decided if the ma@er proceeded to court. That could be used as379
encouragementtose@[email protected]
parFes’percepFonoffairness.ThegoalshouldbeforhimorhertoguidetheparFestowardsan
agreement that deviates from the law in all aspects where the parFes’ percepFon of fairness
dictatesadifferentarrangement. 380
Divorce agreements as a result of mediaFon are generally final, especially with regard to how
propertyistobedivided.Theagreementsarebindingandareconcludedwithamemorandumof
understanding,whichincludesnotonlytheagreedtermsbutalsoaspectssuchastheautonomyof
theparFes,howthemediaFonwasconducted,andthevoluntarinessoftheprocess. Although381
the results of divorcemediaFonmight be similar to the court’s decision, the advantage is that
mediaFon takes itsFme.TheparFesdiscuss facts and soluFons together, aswell aswishesand
ideas. This can ideally produce a be@er relaFonship between the divorcees. Not only will the
childrenbenefitfromthisbutalsofamilymembersandfriends. 382
Ripke L et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 520-522375
Ripke L et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 520-522376
Ripke L et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 520-522377
Walk S Familienmediation: Eine Methode des familiären Konfliktmanagement im Blickpunkt 378
(2015) chapter 1
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Ripke L et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 525-526381
Ripke L et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 525382
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4.3.3Media'oninsports(football)
AnotherareaoflawinwhichmediaFonisokenuFlisedissportdisputes. InGermany,ma@ers383
thathavebeenmediatedinfootballokenhadtodowithracism,theprevenFonofviolence,the
prevenFonofdiscriminaFonandconflictmanagement. 384
Withover80000footballmatchestakingplaceeveryweekend,football isthedominantsportin
Germany.Thereisalargenumberofmatches,andwhilemostoftheFmenoconflictarises,there
areinstanceswhereconflictescalates.Asmostofthegamesarenotplayedinprofessionalleagues
butrathersmall local leagues,theopponentsokenknowoneanother.SomeFmesthisresults in
teams being called derogatory names, which are mostly related to their ethnic background
(especiallyTurkishandMiddleEasternminoriFeslivinginGermany) .385
Theway inwhichthesemediaFonsoccur is that theparFes involved inan incident,oreventhe
whole team, is invited to the sports court. At the court, the parFes have the opportunity to386
a@end mediaFon in exchange for a lesser punishment. The mediaFon is conducted by two
experiencedmediators.ThegoalofthemediaFonistoensurethatinfuturesuchconflictswillnot
occuragain.Regardingtheprocess,thereareusuallythreemeeFngs:thefirsttwoattherespecFve
clubs and then a joint one at a neutral locaFon. The first two meeFngs serve the purpose of
blowing off steam and for themediator to familiarise the a@endeeswith the process and gain
someinsight. 387
A typical agreement obtained throughmediaFonbetween two teams could prescribe that both
teamsarriveearly for theirnextmatchagainstoneanother, so that theycangreetoneanother
beforethegameinordertoestablishrespect. Oneofthemediatorswilla@endthematchasan388
overseer. The agreement can also determine that,where verbal abuse takes place, the coaches
have the duty to take the players in quesFon off the field, even if the referee missed such
Ribler A et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 610383
Ribler A et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 610384
In games, such terms are also often used in order to provoke a player into committing a foul 385
that will result in being sent off the pitch. The provoking player is not punished, as it is difficult for the referee to detect the provocation. These provocations and escalations of violence on the football pitch can be related to the world of politics. It has been observed that games often have a symbolic meaning that transcends the sport and deals with the conflicts of society. Ribler A et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 612.
Ribler A et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 613-614386
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Ribler A et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 614388
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behaviour.Thespiritof‘fairplay’[email protected]
anydisturbancearise,theplayersofateamhavethedutytocalmtheirteammates.Thereferee
hastobeanexperiencedrefereeandhisdecisionsshouldbemetwithacceptance. 389
4.3.4Media'oninGermanschools
Schools in Germany have adopted mediaFon as part of their pedagogical approach. In the390
1990s, the discussion surrounding violence amongst school children gained momentum, so
mediaFon was chosen as a suitable process to prevent it. Even though no laws specifically391
prescribeformediaFoninschools,schoolsinGermanyhaveintroducedwhatisgenerallyknownas
peermediaJon. PeermediaFon is a systemwhere some learners are taught aboutmediaFon392
and conflicts. Usually, teachers or social workers educate and train the learners. Oken this393
trainingandpeermediaFonareinspiredbyonlyafewenthusiasFcteachers.Theseteachersthen
incorporate it into the school as an aker-school acFvity. Equipped with this knowledge, these
learnersthenassistotherlearnerstoresolvetheirconflicts.
ThebenefitofthistypeofmediaFonintheschoolsesngisthattheparFesinconflictaswellas
themediatorbelongtothesamegroup-theyarealllearners.ThereisthereforeiniFallyafeeling
of belonging to the same group. In addiFon, there is a considerable degree of trust amongst
learners,whichcanhelp individualsopenupandmightmakeeffecFvecommunicaFoneasier. 394
TheobjecFveofthefirstpeermediaFonprojectswastocombatviolenceamongstschoolchildren.
PeermediaFonwasthereforealsointendedtoteachlearnersthattheythemselvescouldaidtheir
fellowlearnerstosolvetheirdisputes. 395
MediaFon in schools normally follows a system that consists of five disFnct phases. The first396
phaseistheintroducFonphase.ThemediatorexplainsthegroundrulestotheparFesandsetsout
thegoalsforthemediaFon.ThesecondphaseisconcernedwiththeconflictfromtheperspecFve
Ribler A et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 614389
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 596390
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 596391
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 597392
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 596393
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 597394
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 597395
Schubarth W Gewaltprävention nach Erfurt und Pisa: zur Wirksamkeit von 396
Präventionsprogrammen am Beispiel der Schulmediation. Sozialwissenschaften und Berufspraxis (2003) 26(2), 203. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-38032
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
oftheparFes.EachparFcipantgetstheopportunitytopresenttheconflictfromhisorherpointof
view.Followingthisphase,theparFesareencouragedtoexplainhowtheacFonsaffectedthem.
ThisphasehighlightsthefeelingsoftheparFes.Thefourthphase isaboutfindingsoluFons.The
fikhphase is the conclusionof themediaFon, andusually contains awri@enagreement,which
statesthesoluFonornon-soluFonwithwhichtheparFescameup. 397
Thebenefitsof schoolmediaFonare that conflict is construcFvely solved, teaching the learners
thatnoteveryconflictneedstoberesolvedin‘winnerorloser’manner.Thisisalsofavourableasit
introducesmediaFon to the learners early,who then later in lifemight remember the benefits
mediaFonhasbroughtthem,andtheymightchooseitasanalternaFvetocourtproceedings.This
creates and furthers a culture of communicaFon and interacFon. Furthermore, it emphasises
values such as equality, parFcipaFon and non-violent conflict resoluFon. It empowers children
earlytobeabletoempathisewithothersandgainadifferentperspecFveonconflict. Theycan398
understand conflict be@er and experience first-hand how specific factors can contribute. School
mediaFonalsohasapsychologicalbenefitasitprovidesanopportunitytointerveneandrecFfya
situaFonwithouthavingtopunishorignore–bothofwhichforceapersontoloseface.
However,schoolmediaFonisnotalwaysanappropriateprocess.Thesuccessisdependentonthe
supportthatpeermediaFonhasbythoseinauthority. Iftheprincipalandteachersthereforedo399
not support it, the necessary influence will be missing. Furthermore, if the learners are not
properlytrained,theymightbeoverwhelmedwiththesituaFon,whichisdetrimentalnotonlyto
themselves but also to the parFes to the conflict. Hence, the quality of the training has to be
consistentlyhigh,whileintegraFngpeermediaFonasameanstoresolveconflictinandaroundthe
school.Thisideallyinvolvesparents,teachersandlearnersalike. 400
StudieshavebeenconductedinordertoassesswhypeermediaFonhasbeenasuccessatsome
schoolsbutafailureatothers.Astudythatwaspublishedin2006 didquanFtaFveresearchat401
about 1 455 schools throughout Germany. The results concerning violence prevenFon and
construcFve conflict solving were posiFve. Learners involved showed improved communicaFon
Schubarth W Gewaltprävention nach Erfurt und Pisa: zur Wirksamkeit von 397
Präventionsprogrammen am Beispiel der Schulmediation. Sozialwissenschaften und Berufspraxis (2003) 26(2), 199-212. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-38032
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 598-599398
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 598399
Will H et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 598400
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 401
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andsocialskills. TheresearchfurtherfoundthatschoolandmediaFonaretwoseparatesystems402
that both operate ondifferent underlying principles. WhilemediaFon relies on voluntariness,403
autonomy of the parFes and an equal fooFng for all parFes, schools are characterised by
principles,suchthehierarchicalorderofteacherandlearner,thesystemoforderandcommand,a
strictly organised schedule, and the evaluaFon of individuals. This demonstrates the stark404
contrastbetweenthetwosystems.ThiscouldalsoexplainwhydifficulFesmayarisewhentryingto
introducemediaFonintotheschoolenvironment.
For theeffecFve implementaFonofamediaFonsystemat school, certain factorsareneeded to
facilitateasuccessfulintroducFon.Thefirstfactoristoembraceothercomplementaryprojectsin
relaFon to violence prevenFon and to incorporatemediaFon into the school programme. By405
doingso, learnersarebeingtaughthowtopreventviolenceandgrowinsocialsituaFons–allof
that will be encouraged by mediaFon. This relates to changing the dynamics of the school406
environmentasawhole.The raFonale is thatmediaFonwillbemoreeffecFve if it isembraced
fully.SchoolsthatdevisedfurtherstrategiestosupportmediaFonhadamuchhighersuccessrate
thanschoolswhodidnotdevise furtherstrategies.Suchstrategies includeprogressively training
more teachers who can serve as supervisors. The promoFon of peer mediaFon at schools is
anotherimportantpoint. TeachersshouldencouragemediaFonandinformlearnersthatsucha407
projectexists. Itwasalso found tobehelpful toassignpeermediators tospecificclasses. For408
theseclasses,theywillactasamentors.Schoolsthatconductedworkshopswithafocusonsocial
competenciesobservedthatmediaFonwasmorereadilyacceptedandulFmatelysuccessful.This
indicates that it is not only important to educate the learner mediators, but also the other
learners.Again,thiscanberelatedtochangingthedynamicsoftheschoolsystem.InaddiFon,it
hasbeenobservedthattheinvolvementofschoolsocialworkershasbeenacontribuFngfactorfor
successful implementaFon. Their advisory funcFon is essenFal, especially in the beginning409
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 402
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 403
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 404
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 405
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 406
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 407
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 408
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 409
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stages of introducing mediaFon, as they have a deeper knowledge and therefore can assist
teachersandlearnermediatorsalike.
It has also been submi@ed that the decision at the school to establishmediaFon to deal with
conflictshadaneffectonthesuccess. WheretheprincipalalonedecidedtolaunchamediaFon410
project,theimplicaFonsweresomeFmesnegaFve,whileadecisionmadebylearners,parentsand
teachers together aker informaFon had been presented to them generally had higher success
rates. This has its source in the element of acceptance. Teachers, learners and parents all
contributetowardsthesuccess.WhereadecisionisthereforeannouncedwithoutconsulFngwith
them,thereisthelikelihoodthattheywillnotbeasaccepFngastheymighthavebeenotherwise.
Lastly,thesuccessofmediaFonprojectsatschoolsislinkedtoestablishingaconflictmanagement
system from the start. This system is ideally the result of careful consideraFon, and answers411
quesFonsabouthowaconflictmakesittomediaFon,whattheprocessofmediaFonis,andwhich
conflicts could possibly bemediated by learner mediators. Another aspect is whether conflicts
betweenlearnersandteacherscanbemediated. Thisshowsthat,beforelaunchingamediaFon412
project, it is advisable to have proper consideraFon of the relevant factors and difficulFes that
mightariseandtothinkofwaystodealwiththem.PreparaFonandplanningareessenFalforthe
successofthissystematschools.
4.3.5Commercialmedia'on
The implicaFons of legal proceedings on businesses can be far-reaching. As example, in 2001
Lukhansa (theGerman naFonal airway) announced that strikes for a be@er salary had cost the
airlinemorethan190millioneuroduringthatfinancialyear. Ithasbeenfoundthatemployees413
spend12percentof theirFmeatworkonconflicts.Companieswithmorethan500employees
canrecordevenhighernumbers. 414
Inlightofexamplessuchastheabove,itwouldbedesirableforcompaniestohaveproceduresin
place that enable more effecFve and efficient conflict management, so that damages and
consequencescanbeavoided.Differenttypesofconflictscanarise inacompany.Generally,one
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 410
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) 411
Behn S et al Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweiter Evaluation (2006) location 2950412
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 12-13413
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (8/7/2002) 17414
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can differenFate between internal and external conflicts. Furthermore,most conflicts can be415
categorised as material conflict, conflict of value, strategic conflict, distribuFonal conflict,
relaFonshipconflictorinnerconflict. ThecategorisaFonhasthebenefitthatcertainapproaches416
tomediaFonaremoresuitedforcertainconflicts.Bycategorisingitassuchitbecomesapparent
earlyonwhichapproachshouldbeused. 417
Generallyspeaking,ithasbeenobservedthroughtheresearchthatcommercialmediaFonadheres
largely to acceptedmediaFon theory.MediaFon consists of three phases: the preparaFon, the
mediaFon and the implementaFon phases. The preparaFon comprises making contact, the418
analysis of the conflict and agreeing to mediate. For conflicts happening within the company,
contact is mostly made through a phone call or a high-ranking employee. The mediaFon is
regulatedandpaidforbyanenFtythatlegiFmisesmediaFonwithinthecompany,butwhoisnot
directly involved in the company. Themediator is contracted to this enFty, and the contract419
detailstheprofessionalfees,thedefiniFonofmediaFon,thegoals,rules,funcFonsandtheroleof
the law and confidenFality. Themediator also enters into a contract with the parFes to the420
mediaFon.ThiscontractexcludesprofessionalfeestosaFsfytherequirementofindependence. 421
ThecontactstagebetweencompaniesusuallystartswithoneoftheparFessuggesFngmediaFon
totheotherparty.Contractsbetweenthecompaniescanalsocontainclausesthatreferama@er
tomediaFonfirstbeforegoingtocourt. 422
ThemediaFonphasestartswithreadingthemediaFoncontractandsesngbehaviouralrulesfor
theduraFonofthemediaFon. Thetopicsaredecidedonandinterests,moFvesandneedsare423
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 14-17415
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 16416
Duve C et al Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 16417
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 418
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und 419
Methoden zur Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und 420
Methoden zur Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 421
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 422
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 423
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
explored.Followingthat,asoluFonhastobegeneratedandoneofthesoluFonshastobechosen.
The last step would be to take down the soluFon in wriFng. The implementaFon phase is
concernedwithmakingsurethattheagreementisrespectedbytheparFesandthemediatorhas
toreflectonthemediaFon. ThisinvolvesthedrakingandsigningofamediaFonagreement.The424
agreementcancontainamediaFon-clause,whichprescribesthatshouldtheparFesencounterany
difficulFeswiththeimplementaFonoftheagreementtheyareobligedtoapproachthemediator
toresolvethedifficulFes.ThisispreferableasthemediatorisalreadyfamiliarwiththeparFesand
circumstances. AnotheraspectoftheimplementaFonphaseistheevaluaFonofthemediaFon425
by themediator. Themediatorwill compile a file documenFng the feedback received from the
parFesbut also the techniques thatwereused in themediaFon aswell as a descripFonof the
case.Compilingthisdataisbeneficialasitallowsthemediatorandotherstogaingreaterinsight
intothemediator’swork. 426
Itisdesirableforcompaniestoestablishaconflictmanagementsystem. Thedecisionabouthow427
a conflict is dealt with should ideally be based on its merits and check lists, which refers to a
process for a certain type of problem. The processes should not be arbitrary and need to have
certainqualiFes,suchastransparency,certainstandardsanduniformity. Thiscanbeachievedby428
incorporaFngmediaFon rules into the company’s guidelines or using external rules. Companies
shouldmakeuseof qualifiedpersonnel to regulatemediaFons.Ahuman resourcesdepartment
couldbecomprisedofsuchpersonnel.Otherwise,companiescouldalsouseexternalmediatorsor
personalfromtheirlegaldepartment. 429
InGermanystepshavebeentakentoimproveandpromoteconflictmanagementsystems.In2008
theRound TableMediaJon und Konfliktmanagement (RTMKM)was founded. It is a coaliFon of
about80companiesthatareacFveinavarietyoffields.ThisincludesinfluenFalcompaniessuch
asDieDeutscheBahn,whichisaGermanrailwaycompanythatisstate-ownedandwasthebiggest
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 424
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 425
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 426
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed chapter 5
Nöldeke M Konfliktmanagement: Wie Wissenschaft und Praxis sich bereichern (2011) 427
Spektrum der Mediation Ausgabe 44
Gläßler U et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 555-558428
Gläßler U et al Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 555-558429
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railwaycompanyintheworldintermsofrevenue. ThiscoaliFonofcompanieswasintendedto430
increaseinnovaFonbyprovidingalargepoolofexperiencesthatcanbeshared.TheulFmategoal
wastoopFmiseandimproveconflictmanagementsystemsbycreaFnganexchangebetweenthe
praxisandtheory. RTMKMmemberstakepartinstudiesandacademicfuncFons.Between2014431
and2015theywereinvolvedin40funcFonsandatleast25publishedarFcles.TheRTMKMcanbe
regardedasasuccessbecause itwasresponsible foravarietyof improvedconflictmanagement
systems. Themembercompaniestestednewconflictmanagementstructureswhichbridgedthe432
gap between theory and praxis. The insights together with the data collected enabled the433
adapFon and modificaFon of conflict management models so that they could be successfully
used. 434
A study conducted by the European University Viadrina Frankfurt focused on the changes that
happenedbetween2005and2015atGermancompanieswithregardtoconflictmanagement. 435
Onascale from1to4,with4meaning ‘always’anda1meaning ‘never’, thecompanieshadto
indicate how oken they used courts and other ADR methods to resolve conflicts. In 2005
negoFaFonappeared tobe themost commonmeans to resolvean issue.NegoFaFonwasused
veryoken,scoring3.3,while10years later itremainedhighat3.0.MediaFonwasalmostnever
usedin2005(1.2),whilein2015itscored2.1. Eventhoughitmaynotseemverysignificant,a436
changefrom‘never’to‘rarely’isgoodasitshowsthatmediaFonhasbecomemorerelevantand
https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featureengines-of-trade-the-ten-biggest-rail-430
companies-by-revenue-4943955
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf431
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf432
According to German legal theory, a conflict management system should document conflicts. 433
The focus of the documentation should be on the techniques that were used and the effect it had. This helps to improve mediation and also serves as a quality check. Another important component is communication. A conflict management system in companies can only be utilised if the system is known and accepted. In order to achieve that, the system has to be accessible, transparent and readily understood. Establishing a functioning conflict management system does not only require to have all of the above-mentioned in place. It also requires an entity that has a coordinating function, which connects the single elements, guarantees that they work together and oversees the system as a whole. Furthermore, the coordination must be based on rules and should be structurally incorporated into the company.
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf434
Konfliktmanagement in der deutschen Wirtschaft - Entwicklung eines Jahrzehnts accessible 435
on: https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf436
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sFllhas thepotenFal tobecomeevenmorerelevantwith increasedexposure. Thesamegoes437
for‘arbitraFon’,whichwentfrom1.3to2.3.AtthesameFme,‘courtproceedings’droppedfrom
2.3to1.9.
Inmyopinion, thestudyshowed that there ismerit inmediaFonand thatcompanies recognise
this. At the same Fme, the study revealed that companies may not know how to incorporate
mediaFon. In conclusion, this means that, while mediaFonmodels and the theory are already
quitedeveloped,moreemphasisshouldbeplacedonhelpingcompaniesandthepublictouFlise
thisknowledge.
4.4Recep'onofmedia'oninGermany
AkerhavingdiscussedthetheoreFcalbasisandthevariousareaswithinwhichmediaFoncanbe
uFlised,thediscussionisnowgoingtofocusonhowwellmediaFonhasbeenreceivedinGermany.
Paragraph1oftheMediaJonActobligedtheGermanfederalgovernmenttoreporttothefederal
parliament by 26 July 2017 on the impact that theMediaJon Act had on the development of
mediaFoninGermany. Forthereport,morethanathousandmediatorswerequesFoned,who438
providedanswersand insights.OfthequesFonedmediators,67%statedthattheyhad lessthan
five (many in fact had none)mediaFons in 2016. Only 7% of themediators hadmore than 20
mediaFonsperyear. 439
TheselownumbersmakesenseinthecontextofmediatorsmostlydoingmediaFonasasecondary
occupaFon (42%),whileonly17%of the interviewedmediatorsviewedmediaFonas theirmain
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf The study also looked at how companies 437
perceive the different possibilities to resolve conflicts. Even though people rarely utilised mediation in 2005, it was perceived as the second most beneficial possibility to resolve disputes. It was perceived as the second most beneficial dispute resolution method again in 2015. In my opinion, this is significant, as it presents the notion that even though people have not really had much exposure to mediation, they still recognise its potential benefits. The study goes on to describe what a ‘corporate pledge’ is. A corporate pledge is the promise of a company to try to resolve a conflict first by way of an alternative dispute resolution. The corporate pledge was invented by the International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution in New York, and since its inception, more than 4 000 companies have joined.
The German Federal Government Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Auswirkungen des 438
Mediationsgesetzes auf die Entwicklung der Mediation in Deutschland und über die Situation der Aus- und Fortbildung der Mediatoren (2017) 2
The German Federal Government Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Auswirkungen des 439
Mediationsgesetzes auf die Entwicklung der Mediation in Deutschland und über die Situation der Aus- und Fortbildung der Mediatoren (2017) 5
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
occupaFon. ThemediatorsfurtheridenFfiedseveralfactorsthat,accordingtothem,impedethe440
development of mediaFon. They most commonly menFoned public awareness, but also the
existence of alternaFve mediaFon providers, such as telephone mediaFon and arbitraFon
boards. The professional groups that act as mediators are for the most part consultants or441
coaches (42%) and lawyers (20%). In Germany mediators pracFce in businesses or enterprises
(23%) or other organisaFons (20%) such as schools, churches and hospitals. Other fieldswhere
mediatorsareacFvearefamilyandpartnershipmediaFon(22%),followedbybusinessmediaFon
(12%)andneighbourhoodmediaFon(10%). 442
The Roland Legal Report from 2018 found that 73% of the people who took part in the
representaFvesurveyhadheardaboutmediaFonbefore.Thisisincomparisontotheonly57%of
people who had heard about mediaFon by 2010. This shows that the public is becoming443
increasinglyawareofmediaFonasanalternaFvetocourts.
Nonetheless, the low numbers of mediaFons might also be influenced by the trust that the
Germanpublic places in the courts and laws.According to theRoland LegalReport, 68%of the
peopleaskedstatedthattheyhada‘greatdealoftrust’oratleast‘quiteabitoftrust’inthelaws,
while64%had‘agreatdealoftrust’or‘quiteabitoftrust’inthecourts. 444
4.5Conclusion
ThischapterprovidedinformaFonaboutmediaFonandthemediator’sroleinGermany.MediaFon
in Germany has become especially relevant in recent years, resulFng in the enactment of the
MediaJon Act in 2012. This Act provides certain requirements that need to be met during
mediaFon.Forinstance,amediatorneedstobesuitablyqualifiedorheorsheneedstogivehisor
her professional background upon request. In addiFon to that, this chapter discussed themost
commonfieldsoflawinwhichmediaFoninGermanyisimplemented.Infamilylaw,mediaFonhas
beendescribedassuitable,asitfocusesonharmoniousandcivildialoguewithasoluFonthatcan
The German Federal Government Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Auswirkungen des 440
Mediationsgesetzes auf die Entwicklung der Mediation in Deutschland und über die Situation der Aus- und Fortbildung der Mediatoren (2017) 5
The German Federal Government Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Auswirkungen des 441
Mediationsgesetzes auf die Entwicklung der Mediation in Deutschland und über die Situation der Aus- und Fortbildung der Mediatoren (2017) 6
The German Federal Government Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Auswirkungen des 442
Mediationsgesetzes auf die Entwicklung der Mediation in Deutschland und über die Situation der Aus- und Fortbildung der Mediatoren (2017) 6
Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach Roland Rechtsreport 2018 (2018) 22443
Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach Roland Rechtsreport 2018 (2018) 11444
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
beinaccordancewiththeneedsoftheparFes.InconclusionitcanbestatedthatmediaFonhas
becomeakeyfeatureoftheGermanlegallandscape.
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Chapter5:Conclusion
5.1Introduc'on
This concluding chapter will provide a brief summarised overview of the differences and
similariFesbetweenmediaFoninGermanyandSouthAfricainthefieldsoffamily-, commercial-
andlabourmediaFon.Indoingthis,theresearcherwilla@empttoconsiderwhatSouthAfricacan
learn from the approach to mediaFon in Germany in the respecFve fields, and perhaps, what
GermanycouldlearnfromtheSouthAfricanapproach.SportsmediaFonwillnotformpartofthe
comparison,simplyforthereasonthatitdoesnothaveacomparablecounterpartinSouthAfrica.
SchoolmediaFonisalsonot included,as ithasbeendiscussedat lengthinthepreviouschapter,
andsimilarlydoesnothaveacomparablecounterpart inSouthAfrica.MediaFon inGermany in
these two fields will however be referred to in as far as determining some best pracFces on
mediaFonintheSouthAfricancontext.
5.2Comparingmedia'oninGermanyandSouthAfrica
To date, South Africa and Germany have both used mediaFon to varying degrees. In South445
Africa,mediaFonwas first encountered as part of tribal culture and expressed throughubuntu,
whilemediaFoninGermanycanbetracedbackasfarasthe14thcentury. Whatbothcountries446
haveincommonthoughisthatalternaFvewaysofresolvingdisputes,suchasthroughmediaFon,
tradiFonally played a secondary role, with adjudicaFon before courts being the primary way
throughwhich toaddressdisputes.TheuseofmediaFonhashoweverbeenon the rise inboth
Germany and South Africa. The comparison between mediaFon in Germany and South Africa
mightprovideinsight intohowmediaFoncanbeuFlisedtoa largerextenttoresolvedisputesin
bothcountries.
5.2.1Familymedia'on
InSouthAfricaandGermanyalike,afieldinwhichmediaFongainedearlypopularitywasthatof
family law. In South Africa, mediaFon in family law received early a@enFon, such as where447
judges directed parFes to undergo mediaFon before returning to court. Since 2005 the448
Children’sActhasalsopromotedmediaFon in familyma@ers inSouthAfricabyprovidingcourts
See Chapter 3 445
Hoffmann A Mediation in Germany and the United States (2007) 9 Eur. J.L. Reform 505446
Wiese T The use of alternative dispute resolution methods in corporate disputes: The 447
provisions of the Companies Act 2008 (2014) SAMLJ
Townsend-Turner and Another v Morrow (524/2003, 6055/2003) [2003] ZAWCHC 53448
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
with thepower to referaconflict tomediaFon. Legalexpertsand judgesalikehaveremarked449
thatmediaFoninfamilyma@ersisokenthebestalternaFvetocourtproceedings. Despitethe450
aforesaid, mediaFon is sFll not uFlised sufficiently, with the public sFll viewing courts as the
starFngpointforresolvingissues. 451
FamilymediaFoninGermanyoccursinmoreareas,andmorefrequently,incomparisontoSouth
Africa. Outside of divorce proceedings, family ma@ers that have been mediated in Germany
include successions, eldermediaFon, generaFonal conflicts and internaFonal family conflicts. 452
Germanfamilylawiswellregulatedandfollowsclearrules;therefore,inmanycircumstances,itis
predictablewhatthecourtswilldecide. Knowledgeofwhatthecourtswilldecidecanthenbe453
used as a starFng point or guide for mediaFon over the issue. According to secFon 1 of the
MediaJon Act, mediaFon is understood as a voluntary process in Germany. Even though454
mediaFonisvoluntary,secFon156oftheGesetzüberdasVerfahreninFamiliensachenundinden
Angelegenheitender freiwilligenGerichtsbarkeit (Act onProceedings in FamilyMa@ers and in455
Ma@ersofNon-contenFousJurisdicFon)givesthecourtsthepowertoorderparentstotakepart
in an informaFon session about mediaFon. Taking part in mediaFon remains voluntary in456
accordance with the Act, but the parFes can be forced by the Act to consider it (by way of
informaFonsessions).
MediaFon in Germany also works on the premise of informing both parFes of the emoFonal
situaFonandeconomicandsocialdifferencesbetweentheparFes,inordertocreateafeelingof
fairness. It is the view of the researcher that this is important as it opens the door for457
empatheFc decision-making. Extensive use of mediaFon in German family law arguably also
Children’s Act 38 of 2005449
MB v NB (2008/25274) (2009) ZAGPJHC 76; 2010 (3) SA 220 (GSJ) and Brownlee v Brownlee 450
(2008) 25274
Brand J et al. Commercial Mediation A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 2451
Rafi A Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 518452
Ripke L et al. Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 522453
Mediationgesetz 2012454
Gesetz über das Verfahren in Familiensachen und in den Angelegenheiten der freiwilligen 455
Gerichtsbarkeit 2008
Gesetz über das Verfahren in Familiensachen und in den Angelegenheiten der freiwilligen 456
Gerichtsbarkeit 2008
Ripke L et al. Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 525457
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
indicatestothegeneralpublicthatmediaFonisaviablealternaFvetocourtproceedingsunderthe
rightcircumstancesandifdoneproperly.
However,promoFngmediaFoninvolvesmorethansimplydirecFngparFestomediaFon.Thereare
morebenefitsa@achedtoamediaFonprocesswhenpeoplegotomediaFonontheirownaccord
astheyarelikelytobemorewillingtoengagefully.
SimilartoGermanywheremediaFonisalsovoluntary,theprovisionsoftheChildren’sActinSouth
Africamerely create an opportunity for the courts to send the conflicFng parFes tomediaFon,
whichtheparFesmaychoosenottoinvoke.
5.2.2Commercialmedia'on
IntermsofcommercialmediaFon,SouthAfricahastheCompaniesAct71of2008inplacewhich
permitsresoluFonofcertaindisputesthroughmediaFon. ItalsosFpulatesthatamemorandum458
ofincorporaFonisbinding,whichisrelevantbecauseitmeansthatwherecompanieshaveagreed
previouslytose@leconflictthroughmediaFonfirst,suchmediaFoniscompulsory. TheCodeon459
Corporate Governance also highlights the importance of resolving disputes through ADR and460
encouragestheinclusionofmediaFonclausesincontracts.
In Germany, on the other hand, the appeal for commercialmediaFon seems to stem from the
pracFcalstandpointthatresourcesandmoneyareokenwastedonconflictintheworkplaceand
the implicaFons thereof. A study conducted in 2015 by the European University, Viadrina461
Frankfurt, has shown that even though mediaFon is recognised by German companies and
recognisedforholdingmanybenefits,itisnotusedasmuchasitcould. However,thestudydid462
reveal that an increasing number of conflicts within German companies are resolved through
mediaFoncomparedtotenyearsago. 463
The researcher is of the view that similar studies, representaFve of both bigger and smaller
companies, could provide be@er insight into the effecFveness of mediaFon in terms of the
CompaniesActandthestatusofmediaFon inSouthAfricancompanies ingeneral.Muchcanbe
Companies Act 71 of 2008458
Brand et al Commercial Mediation: A User’s Guide (2016) 2 ed 7459
King Report on Corporate Governance South Africa 2009 accessible at https://460
www.iodsa.co.za/page/kingIII
Duve C et al. Mediation in der Wirtschaft (2011) 12–13461
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf462
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf463
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
learned from theGerman theory on commercialmediaFon.GermanmediaFon theory suggests
that rather than only endorsingmediaFon, amore comprehensive conflictmanagement system
shouldbe created.A conflictmanagement system is able toprovide suitable circumstances and
condiFons formediaFon to funcFon ina commercialenvironment. Contrary towhathappens464
whenmediaFon is simply introduced on its own at a company, a conflict management system
consistsofnumerouselements. Suchelements includeadesignatedcontactperson,accepted465
andclearmediaFonrulesthatareincorporatedintothecompany,qualifiedpersonneloverseeing
mediaFon and proper documentaFon of conflicts. Proper documentaFon helps to assesswhich
processesworkforwhichtypeofconflict. 466
Germany a@empted to promote and improve conflict management systems by creaFng the
RTMKM,whereexperiencesandknowledgeweresharedinordertopushforquickerinnovaFonof
improved conflictmanagement systems.A larger pool of experiences enablesquicker andmore
accurate conclusions concerning the effecFveness of mediaFon in the commercial context.
Something similar could be implemented in South Africa as all companies that take part could
actually benefit from the shared knowledge and improvements. A well-thought-out conflict
managementsysteminconjuncFonwiththedecisionsbycourtsthathavebeenmadewithregard
tomediaFon,togetherwiththelegislaFoninplaceinSouthAfrica,couldprovidetherighttypeof
environmentformediaFontobemorereadilyacceptedandused.
Even though mediaFon in Germany is voluntary (in accordance with the MediaJon Act), a
corporatepledgeenforcedbytherightauthoritycouldalsoencouragecompaniestomakeuseof
mediaFon more oken. A corporate pledge is the declaraFon by a company to commit to467
mediaFonbeforetakingthema@ertocourt.TheRTMKMalsoacFvelyassistscompaniesinsigning
suchacorporatepledgebyprovidingadviceonthecontentandwordingofthepledge. 468
ThemajorityofcompaniesthattookpartinastudyregardingacorporatepledgeinGermanyrated
it as a useful measure. Nonetheless, more than 50% of the parFcipants found the469
Nöldeke M Konfliktmanagement: Wie Wissenschaft und Praxis sich bereichern (2011) Spektrum 464
der Mediation Ausgabe 44
Koschany-Rohbeck M Praxishandbuch Wirtschaftsmediation: Grundlagen und Methoden zur 465
Lösung innerbetrieblicher und zwischenbetrieblicher Konflikte (2018) 2 ed Chapter 5
Gläßler U et al. Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 556466
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf467
Gläßler U et al. Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 560-561468
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf469
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
implementaFonofsuchapledge‘difficult’. ShouldSouthAfricadecidetoimposesomethingofa470
similarnature,itwouldbebeneficialiftherecouldbeaprofessionalbodyassisFngthecompanies
thatarewillingtojointhepledge.IntheSouthAfricancontext,acorporatepledgemightworkin
conjuncFonwiththememorandumofincorporaFon.AmemorandumofincorporaFonthatstates
thatcompanieshavetomediatefirstwouldbeaviableopFon.Therefore,thepledgecouldsimply
work by giving further emphasis to the memorandum of incorporaFon within a company and
makingsuchacommitmentcommonknowledgeamongstemployees.
5.2.3Labourmedia'on
InSouthAfrica,theCCMAwascreatedto,amongstothers,addresstheproblemsoftheprevious
slowandinefficientindustrialcourtssystem.TheCCMAisacreatureofstatute,meaningthatitcan
onlyperformthefuncFonsassFpulatedintheLRA. ThisaddscomplexitytothejurisdicFonof471
theCCMAasitisnotalwaysclearwhichma@ersfallwithinthefuncFonsprovidedforintheAct. 472
It also presents the problem that people who have labour disputes are prevented from using
CCMA mediaFons. In the course of any mediaFon (conciliaFon or arbitraFon) the relaFonship
betweentheparFeshastobedetermined.WherenoemploymentrelaFonshipexistsinthelegal
sense,theCCMAdoesnothavejurisdicFon.
IntermsoftheLRA,mediaFon(typically intheformofconciliaFon) iscompulsoryundercertain
circumstances. It isonlywheremediaFondoesnotproducearesultthatthema@ercanthenbe
referred toarbitraFon. This LRAdriven system isbeneficial in the sense thatpeoplehave the473
chance to have theirma@er resolved by less expensive (when compared to court proceedings)
mediaFon,conciliaFonorarbitraFon.
InGermanythereisnosimilarActtotheLRAoranorganisaFonsimilartotheCCMA.MediaFonin
labour law is also governed by theMediaJon Act as discussed under 5.2.1 above. Labour law
mediaFon oken also forms part of internal conflict management systems. These conflict
management systemsassistbothemployeesandemployersandhavegained the supportof the
RTMKM. 474
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf470
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 471
31 ILJ 809 809
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 472
31 ILJ 809 813
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 473
31 ILJ 809 809
https://www.ikm.europa-uni.de/de/Studie_V.pdf474
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
WhilemediaFonattheCCMAasprovidedbytheLRAis important,thefactthatanemployment
relaFonshiphastobeestablishedinordertoaccesstheservicesoftheCCMApresentsasourceof
difficulty. Itwouldhavebeenmorebeneficial toworkersandemployers ifanenFtysimilar to475
theCCMAexistedwhichcatersforalldisputesthatoccurinaworkenvironment.Thatwaymore
workerscangainthebenefitsofmediaFon,suchasindependentcontractors.
Incontrast,theGermansystemreliesontheincenFvesofawell-funcFoningconflictsystemthat
can improve the way a company runs. In addiFon, it is important to give support to labour
mediaFon,whetherthesystemreliesonvoluntaryorcompulsorymediaFon.AniniFaFvesuchas
the RTMKM, which has the means to improve the system and encourage research, can be
effecFve.
5.3Observa'onsandrecommenda'ons
One of themore apparent differences betweenmediaFon in Germany and South Africa is that
GermanyhasaMediaJonActthatregulatesmediaFoningeneral–thatis,beingapplicabletoall
areasoflaw. TheActextensivelyregulatesissuessuchastheroleandduFesofthemediator,a476
mediator’s qualificaFons and training, and requirements related to having sufficient theoreFcal
andpracFcalknowledgetoactasamediator. Themediator isresponsiblefortheprocessasa477
whole, including having to inform the parFes about what mediaFon entails and the effect of
decisionsreached. TheMediaJonActalsocatersforthemediatorhavingtolaydownhisorher478
credenFalsuponrequest. InaddiFon, theActmakesmenFonof the imparFality requirement,479
which could be impaired due to professional cooperaFon for example. From the research it480
appears as if theMediaJon Act largely codifies what is already common pracFce concerning
mediaFoninGermany.
In SouthAfrica therearevariousActsdealingwithmediaFon indifferentfieldsof law.TheActs
deal with mediaFon in their respecFve fields and mostly allow for mediaFon to be used in a
specific set of events or scenario,whether it be voluntary ormandatory. TheChildren’s Act for
Bosch C, ‘Abantu Badidekele – When must an applicant prove that he is an employee?’, (2010) 475
31 ILJ 809 813
Carl E et al. Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485–486476
Mediationsgesetz 2012 section 2477
Mediationsgesetz 2012 section 3478
Mediationsgesetz 2012 section 3(5)479
Carl E et al. Mediation und Konfliktmanagement (2017) 2 ed 485–486480
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
examplemakesprovisionforreferringama@ertomediaFonintherightcircumstances. Thereis481
noActhoweverthatregulatesmediaFonorsetsouttherulesandstandardsthathavetobemet
asisthecasewiththeMediaJonActinGermany.
TherearequiteafewlessonsSouthAfricacantakefromtheGermanMediaJonActshouldSouth
AfricadecidetoenactasimilarAct.First,thereisadisFncFonbetweenamediatorandacerJfied
mediator, with the cerFfied mediator having to comply with more stringent formal and
professionalrequirements.Suchanapproachhastheadvantageofenablingalargerpoolofpeople
to act as mediators, while sFll maintaining a specialised group of cerFfied mediators. Such a
disFncFonisimportantincasesdealingwithissuesofaverytechnical,andmoredifficult,nature.
ThisalsoprovidesprotecFontotheparFeswhoa@endmediaFon.AccordingtotheMediaJonAct
parFesmayaskthemediatorforhisorhercredenFals.
Secondly,intermsoftheGermanMediaJonActthemediatorhasthedutytoservetheparFesto
an equal degree – a requirement that seems to stretch further than merely requiring
imparFality. This highlights the posiFon of themediator as the facilitator but also places an482
acFve duty on him or her to assist both parFes. There are also provisions that deal with
circumstanceswhenmediatorsaredeemednottobeimparFal andtheduFesofthemediator483
arealsoclearlydefined. 484
Thirdly,theGermanMediaJonActlaysdownsomegroundrulesregardingmediaFonandthereby
setsaspecificstandardthathastobemet.
Fourthly, having a single Act regulaFngmediaFon in general also providesmore certainty over
when andhowmediaFon is to take place andprovides easier recourse tomediaFon. For these
reasons, it is believed that a single, comprehensive, MediaFon Act would ulFmately be
advantageousformediaFoninSouthAfrica.
Thatishowevernottosaythatsuchanapproachwillnothavesomeshortcomingsordifficultyin
SouthAfrica.OnesuchissueistherequirementofmediatorcerFficaFon.DifferentfromGermany,
SouthAfricahasa largenumberofruralareaswheremediatorsmightnotbeabletoobtainthe
prescribedtraining,letaloneprescribedaccreditaFon.AnyMediaFonAct(orsimilarAct)inSouth
Children’s Act 38 of 2005 section 71(1)481
Mediationsgesetz 2012482
Mediationsgesetz 2012 section 2(5), 3(2)483
Mediationsgesetz 2012 section 2484
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Africashouldtherefore ideallyalsocaterformediaFoninruralareasandtake intoconsideraFon
thedifferentcircumstancesoftheparFesinvolved.
AproblemobservedthroughtheresearchwithmediaFoninbothGermanyandinSouthAfricais
thateventhoughmediaFoniscateredforinbothcountries,theprocessseemstobeunder-uFlised
inmany instances. As such it is important to keep anyMediaFonAct as simple inwording and
meaningaspossible,sinceanoverlycomplexActcoulddeterthepublicfrommakinguseofitand
might create more quesFons than answers. One soluFon could be to teach people about
mediaFon from a young age – in line with themodel ofmediaFon in schools uFlised in some
Germanschools. Suchanapproachhasmanyadvantages:first,peoplearefamiliarisedwiththe485
conceptofmediaFon,andthatconflictscanbesolvedinsuchaway,fromayoungage.Secondly,it
equips young people with the right tools to resolve disputes in a producFve manner. An
introducFontomediaFonatayoungagecouldchangethelegallandscapeandthinkingofpeople.
Principles and approaches tomediaFon should be taught to learners by competent teachers or
skilled outside mediators. The quality of the training is essenFal, because only then will the
learners be in a posiFon to dealwith conflict rather than being overwhelmed thereby. Lawyers
whoareeducated inmediaFoncouldmentorschoolsaspartof theirprobonowork inorder to
guaranteeacertainqualityofmediaFonaswellasoverseeingtheprogrammefromaprofessional
perspecFve. 486
5.4Conclusion
Toconclude,itcanbesaidthatmediaFonisaverypromisingalternaFvetocourtproceedings.The
benefitsareplenFfulandcouldcreatebothcreaFveandsaFsfactoryoutcomes.Thecomparison
betweenGermany and South Africa showed how innovaFve and versaFle the use ofmediaFon
couldbe. Thechallengehowever remainsas tohowto reap thebenefitsofmediaFon,which487
goeshandinhandwiththequesFonofhowtoimplementmediaFon.
What is important to those that stand to benefit from mediaFon is certainty around when
mediaFonwillbeusedandtheprocessitself,andbeingabletoalmostimmediatelyreceivesome
benefitfromtheget-go.IfmediaFononlyrevealsitsbenefitsduringlaterstagesoftheprocessit
mightnotbeenFcingenough.Courtsarewellknowntopeople;therefore,inorderformediaFon
toplayalargerpart indisputesithastomoreenFcingintermsoftheimmediatelyfeltbenefits,
suchasaccessibilityandpricing.
Larsson L Begegnung Fördern: Mediation in Theorie und Praxis (2009) Chapter 1 485
Behn S et al. Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweite Evaluation (2006) location 2950486
Behn S et al. Mediation an Schulen: Eine bundesweite Evaluation (2006) 487
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
ThecomparisonbetweenGermanyandSouthAfricahasshownthatintroducingmediaFonismore
thansimplypassinglegislaFonwhichpromotesmediaFon.LegislaFonthatforcesmediaFonmight
not create the same outcome and astude towardsmediaFon as voluntarymediaFon and also
seemstobeatoddswiththecharacterisFcsofmediaFon.CreaFngafuncFonalmediaFonsystem
that is accessible to thepublic is a complex task,which involves various factors. The success of
mediaFoninvolvescreaFnganenvironmentthathasconfidenceinmediaFonasawaytoresolvea
dispute. This iswhere theGermanmodel in thefieldsof sports and schoolmediaFonbecomes
important. In sports, insteadof forcingparFes toa@endmediaFon, theparFeshaveachoice to
a@endforamore lenientpunishment.Since lengthybansareokenfearedbythesportsparFes,
theymakethechoicetoa@endmediaFonthemselves.ThegoalofsportsmediaFon istoensure
that the type of conflict under consideraFon does not happen again. Introducing mediaFon488
programmes in schools couldhelp todevelop confidence and awareness; however, it shouldbe
borneinmindthatconfidencecanonlybegainedifthemediaFonprogrammesinschoolsarewell
thoughtoutandimplemented.Nonetheless,mediaFonprogrammesareagoodstarFngpointboth
toincreasetheatmosphereinschoolsandtochangethepercepFonofmediaFon.
InaddiFon,asuccessfulsystemofmediaFondependsoncreaFngbodiesandenFFes,suchasthe
CCMAinSouthAfrica,thataretrustworthy,reliableandaccessible.MediaFoncentresoutsideof
onlytheCCMA(andthebargainingcouncils)inSouthAfricacouldbeadvantageousinthisregard.
Suchcentresshouldideallybelocatedinareaswherepeoplehaveeasyaccess.Staffhastobewell
trained,professionalandethical. InthisregardtheGermanexamplecouldbebeneficial inSouth
Africa,sincetheMediaJonActdictatesruleswithwhichamediatorhastocomplyandcreatesa
verifiedsystemofmediaFon.
UlFmately,mediaFon isaviableopFon inawiderangeoffields,provided ithasbeengiventhe
necessary amount of thought and resources. MediaFon has the ability to replace and relieve
overburdenedandexpensivecourtsystems,whileatthesameFmeencouragingthepublictoview
disputesinadifferentlight.ItisdefinitelyworthpursuingfurtherinSouthAfricaandhasalready
yieldedsomeposiFveresultsinthefieldoflabourlawspecifically.
WordCount:29996
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WareSJPrinciplesofAlternaJveDisputeResoluJon(2007)2ed
WieseTAlternaJveDisputeResoluJoninSouthAfrica:NegoJaJon,MediaJon,ArbitraJonand
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SouthAfrica
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union of South Africa v Veldspun (Pty) Ltd 1994 (1) SA 162 (A)
BrownleevBrownlee(2008)25274
Lufuno Mphaphuli & Associates (Pty) Ltd v Andrews and Another2009(4)SA529(CC)
MBvNB2010(3)SA220(GSJ)
Occupiersof51Oliviaoad,BereaTownship,and197MainStreet,JohannesburgvCityof
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PepStores(Pty)LtdvLakaNO&othersLC(J011/97)
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March2007)
SvJ(695/10)(2010)ZASCA
SvM(CCT53/06)[2007]ZACC18;2008(3)SA232(CC);2007(12)BCLR1312(CC)(26September
2007)
TotalSupportManagement(Pty)LtdandAnotherDiversifiedHealthSystems(SA)(Pty)Ltdand
Another2002(4)SA661(SCA)
Townsend-TurnerandAnothervMorrow(524/2003,6055/2003)[2003]ZAWCHC53(8October
2003)
VandenBergvLeRoux([2003]ALLSA599(NC)
Conven'ons
h@p://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/2ArbitraFon.html
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EuropeanUnionDirecFves:
DirecFve2008/52/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof21May2008
Germany:
BerufsordnungderRechtsanwälte2017
EinführungsgesetzzurZivilprozessordnung1877
GesetzüberdasVerfahreninFamiliensachenundindenAngelegenheitenderfreiwilligen
Gerichtsbarkeit2009
Jugendgerichtsgesetz1953
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
MediaFonsgesetz2012
Rechtsdienstleistungsgesetz2008
Zivilprozessordnung1877
SouthAfrica:
Children’sAct38of2005
CompaniesAct71of2008
TheArbitraFonAct1965
TheInternaFonalArbitraFonAct15of2017
LabourRelaFonsAct66of1995
TheConsFtuFonoftheRepublicofSouthAfrica1996
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03lv02424/04lv03275/05lv03294/06lv03321.htm
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companies-by-revenue-4943955
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contract-law-essay.php
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DixitAetalGameTheoryh@p://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GameTheory.html
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42926_1.pdf
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Reports
CamererSReflecJonsontheDeliveryofJusJceinSouthAfricaoverthelast20years2014The
JournaloftheHelenSuzmanFoundaFon
FrankfurterAllgemeineZeitung(8/7/2002)
InsFtutfürDemoskopieAllensbachRolandRechtsreport2018(2018)
KingReportonCorporateGovernanceSouthAfrica2009
NgcoboSCJEnhancingAccesstoJusitce:TheSearchforBe\erJusJce2011
[email protected]'tSt.316(1997)
TheDisputeResoluFonDigest(2015)Juta
TheGermanFederalGovernmentBerichtderBundesregierungüberdieAuswirkungendes
MediaJonsgesetzesaufdieEntwicklungderMediaJoninDeutschlandundüberdieSituaJonder
Aus-undFortbildungderMediatoren(2017)
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/