UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA, ITALY

SICILY SUMMER SCHOOL FOR GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICAL HERITAGE

SYLLABUS

Greek Elementary Level This elementary course is intended to provide beginners with a basic knowledge about declensions, conjugations, complements and the main syntactic constructs. The study of the lexicon is arranged according to semantic fields, in order to highlight the regular patters of association of lexical items falling within the same range of meanings.

Unit 1. The alphabet: letters and pronunciation; classification of sounds; breathings; elision and crasis; genuine and spurious diphthongs; Accentuation: acute and circumflex; rules of accentuation; enclitics. Unit 2. Parts of speech; nouns and prepositions; general overview about the declensions; the article; O-declension nouns; usage of prepositions (I). Unit 3. A-declension nouns (I): long-vowel feminine nouns; usage of preposition (II); simple phrases. Unit 4. General overview about the verb (voices, moods, clause and predication); ω-verbs and µι-verbs; present active Indicative of ω-verbs. Unit 5. A-declension nouns (II): short-vowel feminine nouns and masculine nouns; usage of prepositions (III). Unit 6. Vowel-declension adjectives: attribution and predication; attributive adjectives; substantival usage of article plus Attribute; predicative adjectives; predicative nouns; possesive genitive; identification of adjective forms. Unit 7. Sentence and clauses; general overview about conjunctions and pronouns; relative clauses; the Imperative mood; second person Imperative; usage of prepositions (IV).

Unit 8. Present Infinitive (active and passive); usage of the Greek Infinitive; Vowel-declension adjectives with two endings. Unit 9. The Verb ειµι: present and use of the infinitive εἶναι; some uses of the genitive and dative; Unit 10. Middle and Passive Voices; Present Middle/passive Indicative; Present Middle/passive Infinitive; Present Middle/passive Imperative (second Person); idiomatic meaning of the Middle Voice. Unit 11. Adverbs; coordinating conjunctions: καί, τε (and), δέ (and, but), γάρ (for, because), ἀλλά (but, but rather); usage of pronouns; pronominal usage of the article; pronoun αὐτός; usage of prepositions (V). Unit 12. General overview on the contract Verbs; verbs in -έω; demonstratives: ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (this, referring to something very near, usually present or in sight), οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο (this, the nearer, relatively close to the speaker, but not so close as something referred to by ὅδε); ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο (that one there, the more distant; usually pointing to something relatively distant from the speaker); Position of Demonstrative Adjectives. Unit 13. Consonant Declension Nouns (I); Labial and Velar Plosive Stems; Dental Plosive Stems; masculine nouns with stem in –ντ-; neuter nouns with stem in –τ-; the Suffix -µατ-; Unit 14. Interrogative Pronouns; Indefinite τις; Uses of the Accusative: Accusative of the object of a verb; Internal accusative with adjectives; Accusative of respect or specification; Adverbial accusative; Accusative subject of the infinitive; usage of two Accusative complements with one verb. Unit 15. Consonant Declension Nouns (II); consonant Stems Ending in a Liquid (λ, ρ) or Nasal (ν); Irregular Stems in ρ; Stems in Sigma; Primary and secondary tenses; Imperfect Indicative: augment (syllabic and temporal); imperfect indicative of verbs in –έω; Imperfect Indicative of εἰµί; Imperfect Indicative of χρή and οἴοµαι. During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course organizers.

A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Greek literary texts about Greek civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature, myth and religion, archaeology and iconography). All the texts will be read in English translation.

Greek Advanced Level The attendance of the advanced level of the course is designated for students who have already been trained in the basic elements of the language and aim to acquire a full knowledge of the verbal system and syntax. Unit 1. Future indicative, active and middle; Future of to be; The meaning of the middle voice; Indefinite and interrogatives words; Nouns like τριηρης; Nouns like πατήρ. Unit 2. First aorist indicative, active and middle; Verbal aspect; Nouns like ὀφρῦς. Unit 3. Second aorist indicative, active and middle; Interrogatives: τί (what?, why?); Indirect speech; Some particles (αλλα; δέ; δη). Unit 4. Present infinitives, active and middle; Irregular present infinitives: εἰναι, ιεναι, ειδεναι; Verbs taking infinitives (e.g. βούλοµαι, δει, δοκέω); Comparative and superlative adjectives, regular and irregular. Unit 5. First aorist participles, active and middle; Aspect in participles; Past of οἰδα: ἤδη ‘knew’; Present and past of φηµί ‘say’. Unit 6. Second aorist participles, active and middle; Pronouns: αυτός, ο αυτός, αυτόν; εµαυτόν, σεαυτόν, εαυτόν/αυτόν; The verb δύναµαι. Unit 7. The genitive case and its uses; Further comparative and superlative adjectives (αγαθός; κακός); Present optative, active and middle; ἄν + optative; The dative case and its uses; Time phrases (throughout; within; on); Principal parts (present, future, and aorist) of verbs like ερωταω, λεγω and λανθανω. Unit 8. Aorist infinitives, first and second, active and middle; Aspect in the infinitive; Aorist imperatives, first and second, active and middle; Present imperatives: ειµί, εἰµι, οἰδα, δυναµαι, ανίσταµαι; ἐξεστι; The adjective δεινός; Vocatives; Adjectives: πας. Unit 9. Third person imperatives, present and aorist, active and middle; Future infinitive and its uses; Root aorists: ἔβην, ἔγνων; ἐπίσταµαι ‘I know’; Principal parts (present, future, and aorist) of verbs like αιρεω, πασχω, φερω and πείθω. Unit 10. Aorist optative, active and middle; Verbs: διδωµι, γιγνωσκω; Adjectives: αµελης, γλυκυς; Relative pronoun (‘who, which, what’); Present and imperfect passive; Genitive absolute; Comparative adverbs and two-termination adjectives; Optative of φηµι ‘I say’

Unit 11. Aorist passive; Verbs: ἱστηµι, καθιστηµι; Infinitives in indirect/reported speech; The verbs τίθηµι ‘I place, put’ and δείκνυµι ‘I show, reveal’; Conditional sentences (with ἀν): ‘Would-should’ conditions (future ‘remote’ and present ‘contrary to fact’); Wishes: ‘Would that/O that ...’; ὁπως + future indicative ‘see to it that’; Optative forms of ειµι ‘I am’, εἰµι ‘I shall go’, οἰδα ‘I know’. Unit 12. Participial constructions in reported speech; The future passive; Aorist infinitive passive; Future participles active, middle and passive; ως + future participle; πρίν + infinitive; Conditional clauses: past ‘unfulfilled’; ‘mixed’; and ‘open/simple’ (no ἄν). Unit 13. Gerunds (verbs used as nouns): το + infinitive; The perfect indicative active, ‘have -ed’; The aorist optative passive; The use of the optative in indirect speech; Sequence of tenses; The future optative; More forms of the perfect (perfect indicative middle and passive; perfect infinitive; perfect participle); Some irregular perfects. Unit 14. The subjunctive mood: present, aorist and perfect; Indefinite constructions with ἀν; The future perfect. The pluperfect ‘I had -ed’; Imperatives using µη + the aorist subjunctive; Verbs of ‘fearing’: φοβουµαι µη + subjunctive; Verb-forms in -τεος, expressing necessity. Unit 15. The accusative absolute; ὡς + the superlative; ἱνα or ὁπως + subjunctive or optative; The perfect optative; ‘Jussive’/‘Hortatory’ subjunctive; ἑως ἀν ‘until’; φοβοῦµαι µή + optative; ὡστε clauses ‘so as to, so that’ + indicative and infinitive; Numerals; Aorist passive imperatives; Root aorist imperatives; Middle verbs which take passive forms in the aorist. During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course organizers. A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Greek literary texts about Greek civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature, myth and religion, archaeology and iconography).

Latin Elementary Level The Latin course for beginners aims to ensure a basic knowledge about declensions, conjugations, complements and main syntactic constructs. The study of the lexicon is organized in semantic fields, hypernimy, hyponymy and synonymy referring to a specific subject also according to European languages. Unit 1. Why learn Latin? The importance of the discovery of the roots of European citizens. - How to study a language: diachronic perspective and synchronic perspective.- Phonetics: alphabet and pronunciation; classification of vowels and consonants; diphtongs- The syllable and its weight. Knowing the way Latin words are divided into syllables- As you read the Latin: the rules of accent. - Enclitics: the effect of enclitics on the accent of words.- Phonetic changes: vowel changes (Indo-European apophony and Latin apophony) and consonant changes (rhotacism). Morphology. The structure of the word; the case. The structure of the verb: tenses and moods. Parts of speech.- Declination and conjugation. Unit 2. The first declension. The lexicon of agriculture; Latin and European languages: the life of the fields in time and space; feminine adjectives in -a; the verb sum/ possum: present tense, imperfect and future; predicate nominative. The dative of possession. The four active conjugations: present tense indicative, imperative and infinitive; the attribute and the apposition. The structure of the Latin sentence. Unit 3. The second declension; the first class adjectives . The lexicon of slavery. Latin and European languages: slavery in space and time. Main complements. Latin possessive adjectives; the four conjugations active: the imperfect indicative and Future. Unit 4. The four conjugations active: the indicative perfect. The lexicon of the school and education. The language of education in time and space: the Latin and European languages. Unit 5. The third declension; second class adjectives; the four conjugations active/ sum: the indicative perfect, pluperfect and future perfect. Unit 6. Main complements. The lexicon of religion in latin and in modern Europe.- The four conjugations active/ sum: the subjuntive mood ( all tenses). Unit 7. Cum + subjunctive. Latin temporal clauses.- The fourth declension. Ut clauses of purpose, result and indirect command. Negative ut clauses. Unit 8. The lexicon of domus in Latin and Europe.- The fifth declension; the word res in latin and Europe. Latin personal pronouns.- Infinitive mood. The infinitive and subjective clauses.

Unit 9. The lexicon of the war in Latin and Europe.- The four conjugations active: present and future participle. Active periphrastic. Unit 10. Passive Voice: indicative and subjunctive simple tenses. Lexicon of identity and kinship in latin and Europe. Unit 11. Passive Voice: the Perfect-Passive system. The past participle. Impersonal Passive in Latin. Lexicon: the roman marriage. Unit 12. Latin gerund and gerundive. Passive periphrastic. The degrees of adjectives: comparative and superlative. Unit 13. Latin absolute ablative. Latin defective and invariable nouns. Defective verbs. The roman mos maiorum: basic lexicon. Latin numeral pronouns and adjectives. The roman calendar. Unit 14. Latin verbs in -Ǐo. The latin magical words.- Determinative and demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. Latin indefinite pronouns and adjectives; latin relative pronouns; relative clause.- Latin interrogative pronouns and adjectives; forms of interrogative sentences. Unit 15. Latin lexicon of food. Deponent and semi deponent verbs. Irregular verbs. During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course organizers. A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Latin literary texts about Latin civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature, myth and religion, archaeology and iconography). All the texts will be read in English translation.

Latin Advanced Level The attendance of the advanced level of Latin language demands the knowledge of Latin morphology elements (noun, adjective and pronoun declensions; verb conjugations) and of Latin syntax elements (cum + subjunctive; active periphrastic; passive periphrastic; ablative absolute). Unit 1. Syntax of the cases: concordances; the nominative (double nominative, videor, verba dicendi, verba vetandi); the vocative. Unit 2. The accusative (accusative taken by verbs, impersonal verbs, double accusative, complements by accusative). Unit 3. The genitive (genitive taken by substantives, genitive taken by adjectives and participles, genitive taken by verbs, interest and refert). Unit 4. The dative (dative of possession, dative of purpose, dative taken by adjectives, dative taken by verbs, double dative). Unit 5. The ablative (complements by ablative, ablative taken by adjectives, ablative taken by verbs). Time and place complements. Unit 6. Syntax of the verb. The indicative mood. The subjunctive in independent clauses. Unit 7. The infinitive; sequence of tenses (consecutio temporum). Unit 8. Syntax of the sentence. Parataxis and hypotaxis; substantive clauses (infinitive with subject accusative). Unit 9. Substantive clauses (indirect questions). Unit 10. Attributive clauses (relative clauses). Adverbial clauses (final clauses) Unit 11. Adverbial clauses (consecutive clauses). Unit 12. Adverbial clauses (causal clauses, concessive clauses). Unit 13. Adverbial clauses (conditional sentences).

Unit 14. History of Latin language. Indoeuropean and Latin; Latin and Indo-European apophony; rhotacism. Noun formation; verb formation. Unit 15. Prosody and Metric (syllables, quantity and accent; feet and versification; scansion; the hexameter; the pentameter). During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course organizers. A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Latin literary texts about Latin civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature, myth and religion, archaeology and iconography).