UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI

INSTITUTE OF SEISMOLOGY

Annual report 2005

Helsinki 2006

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Cover Isovelocity surface of the Moho boundary beneath Finland

The geological map at the bottom is shown for the reference, the view is from west to east.

Editor Pekka Heikkinen Publisher Institute of Seismology P.O. Box 68 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b) 00014 University of Helsinki Telephone +358 9 191 51605 Fax +358 9 191 51626 www.seismo.helsinki.fi Helsinki 2006

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CONTENTS 1. THE INSTITUTE ____________________________________________________ 5 2. THE YEAR 2005: AN OVERVIEW______________________________________ 5 3. INSTITUTE BOARD__________________________________________________ 7 4. PERSONNEL ________________________________________________________ 7 5. OBSERVATORY ACTIVITIES_________________________________________ 8 5.1. Regional seismicity ________________________________________________________ 8 5.2. Global seismicity __________________________________________________________ 9 6. SEISMOGRAPH STATIONS, SEISMIC DATA CENTRE AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT________________________________________________________ 10 6.1. Seismograph station network_______________________________________________ 10 6.2. Seismic data centre _______________________________________________________ 12 6.3. The electronic laboratory and the workshop __________________________________ 12 7. SEISMOLOGICAL VERIFICATION___________________________________ 12 8. RESEARCH ________________________________________________________ 13 8.1. Research on monitoring seismology _________________________________________ 13 8.2. Structure of the lithosphere ________________________________________________ 13 8.3. Seismicity studies_________________________________________________________ 17 9. VISITS ABROAD____________________________________________________ 19 9.1. Visitors _________________________________________________________________ 20 10. PRESENTATIONS __________________________________________________ 21 11. PAPERS____________________________________________________________ 24 11.1. Articles in refereed journals________________________________________________ 24 11.2. Congress publications and reports __________________________________________ 24 12. MEMBERSHIPS IN SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS____________________ 26 13. TEACHING ________________________________________________________ 27 14. INFORMATION SERVICES __________________________________________ 27 Acronyms_______________________________________________________________ 27 APPENDIX: R-REPORTS (BULLETINS) IN 2005 ____________________________ 29

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1. THE INSTITUTE The Institute of Seismology is an independent research institute directly under the Senate of the University of Helsinki. It was founded in 1961. The main tasks of the Institute are defined in its statutes: 1) to carry out seismological research and observatory activities, 2) to maintain and operate the Finnish seismological network, 3) to take care of the international seismological cooperation in Finland, and 4) monitoring seismology as agreed with the authorities and 5) to support the teaching of seismology within the University of Helsinki.

2. THE YEAR 2005: AN OVERVIEW At the end of 2005, the total number of permanent personnel was 27, five of them part-time employees. One third of the staff (9) are researchers, one third (9) technical staff and one third (9) analysts, research assistants and administrative personnel. The Institute has also provided temporary employment to students working on their PhD or MSc theses - with researchers of the Institute as supervisors - and gaining practical training in seismology. In 2005 the researchers of the Institute have lectured 2 courses in seismology.

The researchers of the Institute worked as experts in the Accident Investigation Commission studying the natural disaster in Asia. Together with the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Finnish Marine Research Institute, the institute participated in planning the Finnish Natural Disaster Warning Centre. The expertise of the Institute was also needed in the Finnish consortium planning the early warning system in Thailand. The researchers have also represented Finland at the meetings of the working group B of the CTBTO.

The main research areas are the structure of the lithosphere, regional seismicity and methods of seismic monitoring. Among the lithospheric studies the most important projects in 2005 were the analysis of the data from the FIRE deep reflection survey, large international seismic surveys DANUBE in Hungary and ALPASS in Austria, and the 3D-visualization project aiming at improved interpretation of the geophysical results of the SVEKALAPKO seismic tomography study and FIRE reflection survey. In monitoring seismology the location accuracy in Fennoscandia has been studied in cooperation with the CTBTO. The main emphasis in seismicity studies has been on historical earthquakes in northern Europe and on the focal mechanisms of the Finnish earthquakes in which new temporary network in Kuusamo will give new opportunities.

The network operated by the Institute of Seismology consists of 14 stations. One of them is the FINES array station (Sysmä) composed of 16 substations. Data from all the Finnish stations, including the three stations operated by the Oulu University in northern Finland, and one in Åland by the Uppsala University, are analysed and archived at the Institute. Seismic observatory activities have been continued for the needs of the international seismological community and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) in Vienna. In 2005 the agreement on the maintenance of the FINES-array with the CTBTO was continued. In 2005 also the instrument enclosures at FINES were replaced with CTBTO funding. A new station was established in Laitila in SW Finland.

The researchers of the institute have given 32 presentations at scientific meetings, published 7 articles in refereed journals and 11 articles in reports or conference proceedings. Due to the tsunami disaster in Asia in December 2004 and devastating earthquake in Pakistan in October, the media and general public have been extremely interested in earthquakes and

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seismology. Besides tens of television, radio and newspaper interviews, the researchers have given several popular presentations on earthquakes.

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3. INSTITUTE BOARD Chairman Juha Karhu, Professor, Department of Geology, UH Vice Chairman Lauri Pesonen, Professor, Division of Geophysics, UH Members Laura Kansikas-Debraise, Counsellor, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Annakaisa Korja, Seismologist, Institute of Seismology, UH Pasi Lindblom, Chief Technician, Institute of Seismology, UH Pekka Nurmi, Professor, Geological Survey of Finland Martti Herman Pisto, Colonel, Finnish Defence Forces Secretary Katriina Arhe, Amanuensis, Institute of Seismology, UH

4. PERSONNEL Heikkinen, Pekka, Ph.D., Director Ahonen, Jari, Electrician Arhe, Katriina, M.Sc., Amanuensis Franssila, Maija, B.A., Leading Analyst Grönholm, Pauli, Research Technician Grönholm, Pirjo, Seismic Analyst Hakulinen, Anja, Financial Secretary Hannula, Aarre, Research Technician Hyvönen, Tellervo, Phil. Lic., Seismologist Juntunen, Anssi, Research Technician Karkkulainen, Kati, B.Sc., Research Assistant Keskinen, Jukka, Computing Coordinator Koivisto, Emilia, M.Sc., Seismologist Komminaho, Kari, M.Sc., Computing Coordinator Temporary employees: Keskinen, Johanna Malm, Marianne Nurminen, Niina Rautioaho, Elisa Vuorinen, Matti Wanne, Kaisa Öhman, Ida Professor Emeritus: Luosto, Urmas

Korja, Annakaisa, Ph.D., Seismologist Kortström, Jari, M.Sc., Seismologist Kosunen, Paula, Ph.D., Researcher Lakio, Antti, Research Assistant Lindblom, Pasi, Chief Technician Mäntyniemi, Päivi, M.Sc., Seismologist Nurminen, Seppo, Engineer Pelkonen, Eva, Leading Analyst Raime, Merja, Seismic Analyst Tarvainen, Matti, Ph.D., Senior Scientist Tiira, Timo, Ph.D., Seismologist Uski, Marja, Phil.Lic., Seismologist Vasamies-Leppänen, Leena, B.Sc., Seismic Analyst Westerlund, Kari, Station Operator

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5. OBSERVATORY ACTIVITIES

5.1. Regional seismicity In 2005, parameters of about 8250 seismic events in Northern Europe were determined. Among them 123 events were classified as earthquakes, the rest were industrial explosions. Of the earthquakes 28 occurred in Finland or surrounding sea areas. The events were weak, with the local magnitude being 0.7-2.3. The greatest quake in Finland with a magnitude of 2.3 took place at Raahe on 10th October. It was preceeded by a foreshock of magnitude 1.4 only three minutes earlier. Two shallow tremors were recorded again in the Wyborg rapakivi batholith, 40 km south-west of the area where the Anjalankoski earthquake swarm took place in May 2003. In addition, unusual sequence of nine earthquakes were recorded between March 7th and April 13th in Kolari-Muonio district, western Finnish Lapland. In addition to the data from the Finnish seismograph station network, the waveform and parameter data from the cooperative agencies in Norway, Estonia, Sweden, Denmark and northwestern Russia were used in the analysis. Waveform data from the Vasula seismograph station (VSU) of the Geological Survey of Estonia and the Åland seismograph station (AAL) operated by the University of Uppsala were also available for the daily analysis. These data improved the detection, location and discrimination capability of the Finnish network, particularly in the Gulf of Finland and northern Estonia. The Liikasenvaara (KU4) substation in Kuusamo was included in the automatic signal detector network of northern Finland. As the recording site is very quiet, the new station clearly decreased the false alarm rate of this network. The degree of quality control was raised in all levels of the seismic analysis. In addition, on-line alert system was developed for monitoring large earthquakes and seismic events in the vicinity of nuclear power plants. As a result of these upgrades, the number of the analysed regional events was nearly 700 more than in the previous year. Preliminary event determinations were placed on our web site within a few days. The final results, in which the parameter data from other agencies were merged into the analysis, were published in the monthly bulletins “Seismic Events in northern Europe” and the annual reports “Earthquakes in northern Europe”. These bulletins were sent by email to seismological institutes in the Nordic countries, International Seismological Centre (ISC) in United Kingdom and upon request to other institutions. The earthquake catalogue for Fennoscandia in 1375-2004 was updated with the data from the annual earthquake report. The earthquake data are available at www.seismo.helsinki.fi. Macroseismic observations were collected using special questionnaires distributed to people living in the vicinity of an earthquake epicentre. Enquiries by individual persons have increased since the macroseismic questionnaire was given out on the web site. In addition to local earthquakes, observations of noise and unusual tremor caused by, e.g. frost shocks, supersonic flights or explosions at construction sites were reported.

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Fig. 1. The regional earthquakes recorded by Finnish seismic stations in 2005.

5.2. Global seismicity

In 2005, about 4200 teleseismic events (distance from the recording station > 1500 km) were recorded and analysed at the Institute. Parameter data of the events were sent to international seismic data centers: NEIC in Denver (USA), EMSC in Bruyeres-le-Chatel (France), RAS in Obninsk (Russia) and the University of Tartu (Estonia). Final monthly bulletins were sent to the International Seismic Centre in the United Kingdom. Significant or other interesting seismic events were reported to the Finnish news agencies.

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A total of 11 earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above occurred in 2005. The strongest one of magnitude 8.7 took place in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, on 28th March, but the deadliest earthquake in 2005 was in Pakistan on 8th October (mb=7.6), where at least 86 000 people were killed, more than 69 000 injured and extensive damage occurred in northern Pakistan.

Fig. 2. The earthquake of magnitude 7.6 in northern Pakistan on 8th October 2005 recorded by Finnish seismic stations. Over 86 000 people were killed in the earthquake.

6. SEISMOGRAPH STATIONS, SEISMIC DATA CENTRE AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT

6.1. Seismograph station network

The Institute of Seismology maintains and operates 14 seismograph stations: 12 of them are three-component stations, one is a small aperture array (FINES) comprising 16 substations, and one (NUR) is used as test facility with no permanent instrumentation. FINES is one of the 50 primary stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS). In 2005 a new station (RAF) in Laitila in SW Finland was established.

At the end of 2005, ten of the stations operated by the Institute were equipped with modern broad-band STS-2 or GÜRALP seismometers. The data were transferred from the stations to the Institute either through fast ADSL or normal telephone lines. In 2005 the station connectivity was improved with some new satellite connections.

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20˚

20˚

30˚

30˚

60˚60˚

70˚

FINES

AAL

JOFKAFKEF

KEVKIF

KJN

KU4

MEF

MSF

NUR

OUL

PVF

RAF

SGF

SUFVAF

VJF

Fig. 3. The seismic station configuration in Finland.

The local temporary network in Kuusamo having five stations was operated throughout the year. One of its substations (KU4) was connected to the Institute of Seismology via internet. Seismic data from three seismograph stations of the University of Oulu, one of the Uppsala University and one of the Geological Survey of Estonia were retrieved and analysed at the Institute of Seismology.

The operation of the temporary station network of four stations around Olkiluoto nuclear power plant continued. The geophysical baseline of the area is under study.

PTS/CTBTO funded the upgrading of the instrument enclosures at FINES. Those actions were completed in November.

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6.2. Seismic data centre

The Institute of Seismology collects and stores recordings from all the seismograph stations in Finland. In late 2005, SeisComp recording system was installed at the Metsähovi (MEF) and Laitila (RAF) stations. Waveform data from the SeisComp stations are distributed in real time to the GEOFON and ORFEUS international data centres. Thus, these stations will be a part of the Automatic GEOFON Global Seismic Monitor earthquake alert system and the Virtual European Broadband Seismograph Network (VEBSN) maintained by ORFEUS.

6.3. The electronic laboratory and the workshop The instruments deployed or to be deployed at the seismograph stations have been repaired and upgraded at the Institute. Also, the inspections, testing, tuning and calibrations of some new instruments are done at the Institute.

7. SEISMOLOGICAL VERIFICATION Seismic methods are the most efficient and fastest way to detect and locate possible underground violations of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. According to this, the monitoring seismology is one of the basic operations and activities at the Institute of Seismology. The monitoring seismology was financially supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The small-aperture array FINES (PS17) belongs to the International Monitoring System (IMS) as one of the 50 primary seismic stations.

In June 2005 the operation and maintenance contract between the Institute and CTBT was extended for a period of 12 months without any proposed changes in the annual budget. Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty continued its work to establish and to commission new monitoring stations. Scientists and technicians of the Institute attended meetings of the Working Group B in Vienna, and the Operation and Maintenance workshop in Baden bei Wien. Employees of the Institute have participated as advisers at the meetings of the Working Groups of the PrepCom.

The 36th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology and a Workshop on CTBT Monitoring Technologies was held in Copenhagen, Denmark; six persons from the Institute attended at the meetings.

In October 2005 the senior scientist from the Institute of Seismology attended the Extended Advance Course 6 (EAC-6) on seismic subgroup in Stupava, Slovakia. The aim of the course was to test and evaluate the operation and feasibility of the seismic inspection team during OSI/CTBT for the oncoming IFE8 (integrated Field Experiment 8) in Kazakhstan in 2008.

In 2005 no nuclear explosions were detected. However, some seismic events located near well-known nuclear test sites were reported to authorities according to mutual contracts.

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8. RESEARCH The research at the Institute focuses on three major areas: seismic studies of the lithosphere, earthquakes in the Fennoscandian Shield and seismic monitoring methods. These are the fields where the Institute can produce significant scientific contribution due to its resources, and geographical location. The first two are also fields, where integration with the efforts of other earth science institutions in Finland enhances the status of the research. One of the main tasks of the Institute is the seismic monitoring for the purposes of national security as well as for efforts in nuclear disarmament. A successful operation in this field requires active research in seismological monitoring methods.

8.1. Research on monitoring seismology

Location accuracy of the Fennoscandian events (Matti Tarvainen and Pasi Lindblom)

Together with IDC/CTBTO a study comparing the location accuracy of the global CTBTO network and Finnish network continued in 2005. One technician attended the NDC evaluation workshop in Rome, Italy.

Project LOSKA (Matti Tarvainen, Pasi Lindblom, Jukka Keskinen, Aarre Hannula, Pauli Grönholm and Seppo Nurminen)

The goal of the LOSKA project is to develop methods for monitoring safety of the repository of the spent nuclear fuel. The project was started in 2003 with STUK (Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland). In 2004 the institute operated a small seismic network (diameter about 10 kilometres) around the potential repository site in Olkiluoto. The project, including data collection, will continue in 2006.

8.2. Structure of the lithosphere

FIRE - deep seismic reflection profiling project (Pekka Heikkinen, Annakaisa Korja & Timo Tiira)

Deep seismic reflection profiles FIRE 1-4 (2165 km) study the structural architecture and evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. The profiles transect all major tectonic units and boundaries of the Fennoscandian Shield in Finland. The project is carried out by the FIRE consortium: the Geological Survey of Finland, the Institute of Seismology of the University of Helsinki, the Institute of Geosciences of the University of Oulu and the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory of the University of Oulu.

Profiles 1, 2 and 2A form a continuous transect running in NE-N to SW-S direction across southern and central Finland. Profile FIRE1 crosses over a major Paleoproterozoic plate boundary in the Fennoscandian Shield – the Svecofennian – Karelian suture zone, where Archean Karelian craton and its cover have been juxtaposed with the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian island arc rocks. Profiles FIRE 2 and 2A study the internal structure of the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen in southern Finland in N-S direction. The profiles transect the boundary between the arc complex of western Finland and the arc complex of southern Finland.

Profiles FIRE 3 and 3A form a continuous transect across the country in E-W direction. The transect studies the internal structure of the western arc complex and its relations to the collisional suture between Svecofennian arc complex and Archean nucleus. FIRE 1 and 3A

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cross on the Central Finland granitoid complex at Karstula enabling 3D interpretations of the Complex.

FIRE 4 and 4A profiles form a continuous transect across northern Finland in N-S direction. Profile FIRE4B makes a spin-off towards the Swedish border in NW direction. The northern part, FIRE4A, images the collision of Karelian and Kola cratons and the closing of the intervening basin (granulite belt). The southern part, FIRE4, images the amalgamation of Archean and Proterozoic terranes to the cratonic margin and FIRE4B the internal structures of western Lapland and its relations to the Karelian craton.

Geological interpretations of the FIRE profiles have been made jointly with the geologists from the Geological Survey of Finland. The upper crustal reflection properties along FIRE 1 and 2&2A have been described and correlated with surface geology. The correlations have been gathered into a geological interpretation or a vertical lithological map of the uppermost 8 km of the crust. Along profiles 4, 4A and 4B a large scale crustal interpretation has been prepared.

Stabilization processes of the Precambrian continental crust (Paula Kosunen, Annakaisa Korja & Pekka Heikkinen)

The central part of the Svecofennian orogen is occupied by the Central Finland Granitoid Complex, which is thought to represent a type locality of stable crust with postcollisional crustal evolution. The complex has an erosional level of 15-20 km. The CFGC is cross-cut by two deep seismic reflection lines FIRE 1&2 and 3, whose preliminary interpretation indicates that the Granitoid Complex was formed on the top of a stack of continental slices as a result of extension.

In 2005 the field work concentrated on the lithological and structural studies of the granitoid complex close to the cross-point of the FIRE 1 and 3. The study group (UH, GSF) was increased with a MSc student from the University of Turku. Additional funding for the field season 2006 was received from Renlund’s Foundation.

SUDETES 2003 – deep seismic sounding (Timo Tiira & Kari Komminaho) The deep seismic sounding experiment SUDETES 2003 covers southwestern Poland, the Czech Republic, parts of Germany, Slovakia and Hungary. It is a continuation of the projects POLONAISE 1997, CELEBRATION 2000 and ALP 2002. The overall scientific objective of the SUDETES project is to investigate the deep crustal structure and geodynamics of the northern part of the Bohemian Massif, the largest outcrop of the Late Palaeozoic Variscan orogen in Central Europe. In addition to targeting this Variscan massif, its relationships with the adjacent Caledonides and TESZ will also be investigated. In the area of investigations 40 shots were fired and their signals were recorded using about 1000 seismic stations. The earlier projects CELEBRATION and ALP 2002 are linked with the SUDETES project. A joint interpretation of the data set will produce a 3-D model of the lithosphere and it seeks to resolve the major plate tectonic features.

ALP 2002 deep seismic sounding (Timo Tiira) ALP 2002 is an international seismic co-operation project, with a goal is to increase knowledge of the structure and evolution of the lithosphere in eastern Alps and neighboring areas. The field work of the project was conducted in June and July 2002. It included an active source refraction sounding along 13 lines and a passive measurement on two of the lines. During the active phase, signals generated from 31 explosive sources were recorded using about 1000 field units. The total length of the lines was about 4300 km. The field

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experiment was realised on the territories of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, Czech Republic, and Germany. Groups from USA, Canada, Denmark, Poland and Finland took part in the field work and the interpretation of the data. The ALP 2002 project was planned to produce data seamlessly fitting with the data set from the previous CELEBRATION 2000 project. Data of these projects offer an opportunity to create a 3-dimensional model of the structure of the crust and upper mantle that will resolve the major plate tectonic features. The results will support planning and interpreting deep seismic reflection lines in the future and help understanding the seismic activity of the region.

CELEBRATION 2000 – deep seismic sounding (Timo Tiira) CELEBRATION 2000 is the largest deep seismic sounding project ever in Europe. The experiment includes 15 lines spreading on territories of Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, Belarus and Russia. Also groups from USA, Canada, Finland, Denmark and Turkey take part in the project. One of the major tectonic problems in Europe concerns the south-west margin of the East European Platform. CELEBRATION 2000 project gives information of the crustal structure and the seismic velocity distribution in the area. The profiles intersect several tectonic units and lines. The results can be utilized in improving tectonophysical understanding of the region by developing geodynamic models under the constraints of the new data, and in the assessment of seismic risk in central Europe on the basis of a better knowledge of the lithosphere. The results help to improve the location of seismic events by establishing local traveltime curves based on the improved seismic velocity-depth model. The data gives opportunity to create a 3-D seismic velocity model of the region. The 2-D interpretation of the main lines is ready. Seismic tomography models have also been computed along several lines.

DANUBE 2004 (Timo Tiira & Kari Komminaho) DANUBE 2004 is an active and passive seismic experiment in southwest Hungary. The aim of the experiment is to provide a link between the near-surface geological features and the structure of the crustal lithosphere. In the passive experiment about 35 seismic stations have recorded seismic events around the Mecsek Mountains, in southwest Hungary, since August 2004. Delineation of the source zones may reveal the tectonically active zones of the region.

ALPASS (Timo Tiira, Kari Komminaho) ALPASS is a passive seismic monitoring experiment mainly in Austria. The field measurements started in spring 2005 and will end in 2006. The aim of the project is to reveal upper mantle, lower lithosphere, and asthenosphere beneath the wider Eastern Alpine region, including the Bohemian Massif, the Carpathians, the Pannonian Basin, and the Dinarides. The main scientific goals of ALPASS are to develop a tomographic image of the P-wave velocity structure of the upper mantle, the lower lithosphere and the asthenosphere down to 670 km and the detection of large scale anisotropy, to calculate receiver functions to resolve the upper mantle discontinuities and the Moho, to invert surface wave dispersion and to evaluate local earthquakes, to obtain precise hypocenter locations and moment tensors in order to delineate active faults and similar geodynamical relevant zones.

Receiver function study using permanent seismic broad-band stations in Finland and neighbouring area (Jari Kortström, Kari Komminaho, Tellervo Hyvönen, Marja Uski & Timo Tiira)

The aim of the study is to obtain crustal thickness and 1D shear wave velocity model at the sites of 15 permanent seismic broad-band stations in Finland. Also data from 5 broad-band

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stations in close areas will be studied. The research is not limited only to the crust but also upper part of the mantle will be studied. The research project is conducted in cooperation with University of Warsaw.

The collection of data was started in fall 2005 covering the entire operating time of each broad-band station. The data set consists of seismograms of strong earthquakes recorded at distances between 30 and 100 degrees. Largest data sets can be obtained from stations KEV and FIA1. The ongoing upgrade process of the Finnish permanent station network has increased the number of available broad-band stations. The latest addition was station RAF (in Laitila) which started operation in December 2005 in South-West Finland.

Moho map of Europe (Timo Tiira & Kari Komminaho) The aim of the study is to compile a crustal map of Europe including P- and S-wave velocities in the crust and just below the Moho boundary and the depth of the Moho. The map will be stored in a digital database that will be easily interpreted, amended, and transmitted. It will be useful for many applications, e.g. for tomographers. Natural source tomography could give valuable additional information, for example, they could form the starting model for tomography or the design of new experiments, or be used for better estimating seismic hazards. The study is a programme of ESC Subcommission-D and Working Group on “Crustal Structure Maps of Europe“.

Visualisation of seismic 3-D data (Timo Tiira, Elisa Rautioaho, Kari Komminaho, Tellervo Hyvönen, & Annakaisa Korja)

An interactive tool for 3-D seismic and other geophysical data visualisation are being developed using OpenDX data visualisation environment. The functions of the visualisation tool include visualisation of 3-D gridded data, comparison of different 3-D data sets by simple mathematical relations, contour, continuous color and color band representation on any plane across the 3-D data set, animation of 2-D slices running across the data set, comparison of different 2-D and 3-D data sets and models.

The visualization of large 3D-geoscientific data in OpenDX-environment and in virtual reality is developed together with CSC (the Finnish IT center for science), the University of Jyväskylä, Helsinki University of Technology and the Geological Survey of Finland.

BABEL Reflection Profiles (Annakaisa Korja & Pekka Heikkinen) The results from BABEL profiles (1989) have been used for constructing evolutionary models of the Svecofennian Orogen. The interpretation has been used as background material for a new plate tectonic model of the Paleoproterozoic of Fennoscandia in the book of the Precambrian of Finland.

Seismic Tomography Project (Tellervo Hyvönen, Timo Tiira, Annakaisa Korja & Pekka Heikkinen)

The study is focused on inverting regional-scale tomographic images of the seismic structure of the lithosphere in Finland. Seismograms of local explosions and earthquakes were analysed to measure P and S wave travel times. Wide-angle reflections of PmP and SmS waves were also inverted to model the Moho discontinuity. The data were recorded by the 1998-1999 SVEKALAPKO seismic tomography station net, receivers along the 1980's and 1990's refraction and reflection profiles and permanent seismic stations. The Jive3D tomography program was applied in inversions, and a 3-D graphical user interface was improved for visualisation of the velocity model.

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8.3. Seismicity studies

Earthquake source mechanisms (Marja Uski, Tellervo Hyvönen & Annakaisa Korja)

Recent crustal movements and the stability of fracture zones are of great interest as the safety of the site for a repository of spent nuclear fuel in Finland is being estimated. Our joint geophysical study is focused on determining source mechanisms for recent earthquakes in Finland, on identifying active faults associated with earthquakes, and on gaining informa-tion on the in situ stresses causing earthquakes. In the pilot study a procedure was developed for determining the source mechanisms of earthquakes recorded by a sparse local network. The database consisted of three earthquakes that occurred in different seismotectonic regions.

The events were relocated using P- and S-phase arrival times from the nearest seismic sta-tions, and velocity models derived for the source areas from deep-seismic sounding results. Fault plane solutions were calculated using P-wave polarities together with SV/P and SH/P phase amplitude ratios. Synthetic waveform modelling was used to constrain the focal and structural parameters. The faults and the fracture sets were identified from high-resolution aeromagnetic data and topographic maps. The focal planes were correlated with these lin-eaments. The results were published in Tectonophysics.

For a profound research on the contemporary state of stress and earthquake triggering mechanisms in Finland, a more extensive database of earthquake mechanisms is needed. The method has been further developed and adapted to several individual earthquakes as well as for the Anjalankoski earthquake swarm in May 2003. In addition, a local seismicity study has been initiated in the Kuusamo region during 2003 and 2004 with the installation of a dense temporary network.

The Anjalankoski earthquake swarm in 2003 (Marja Uski, Timo Tiira & Annakaisa Korja)

In May 2003, the Finnish seismograph network recorded a swarm of 16 microearthquakes (ML=0.6-2.1) at Anjalankoski, SE Finland. A strong surface wave Rg, visible on the records, suggested that the events took place at unusually shallow depths. Although the Anjalankoski swarm was the first one verified by instrument recordings in southeastern Finland, revision of historical data indicated that unusually shallow swarm activity is characteristic to the Vyborg rapakivi area.

The waveforms within the swarm were nearly identical. Thus it was possible to apply relative earthquake location method to better define the geometry of the cluster and to identify the fault associated with the activity. Based on existing refraction studies and earthquake data an optimal velocity model for the Anjalankoski area was constructed. The cluster was relocated using the new velocity model and a relative hypocenter location method HypoDD.

The composite fault plane solution corresponded to dip-slip motion along a nearly vertical fault plane. The relocated epicenters as well as the dip and strike of the nodal plane coincided with an internal intrusion boundary of the Vyborg rapakivi batholith. Relative location together with synthetic waveform modelling of the Rg-wave confirmed that the events were unusually shallow, most likely occurring at 1 to 2 km below the surface.

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Pore pressure fluctuations caused by intrusion of ground water and/or radon gas into the fracture zones was suggested as the governing process behind shallow swarm-type earthquake activity.

Seismicity studies at Kuusamo (Marja Uski & Annakaisa Korja) In a low-seismicity region such as Finland, earthquakes are weak and randomly scattered. However, analysis of microearthquakes (with magnitude less than 2) recorded by a dense local network can provide reliable data on the local stress field and slip pattern as well as on active faults and their geometry.

In the years 2003 and 2004, a temporary network of five three-component stations has been installed at Kuusamo, the seismically most active area in Finland. The Kuusamo region is transected by two major shear zones. One is a NE-oriented zone starting from central Finland and continuing to the White Sea, other one a NW-SE-striking zone bound by Näränkävaara, Iivaara and Mustavaara. Earthquake activity seems to cluster at the intersections of these zones. The Kuusamo network, supplemented with the permanent station at Maaselkä (MSF), is covering the areas of enhanced seismicity.

In 2005, a data base of local earthquakes and explosions has been collected and preprocessed. Preliminary source parameters have been determined for the earthquakes. In 2006, the data base will be used to determine an improved seismic velocity-depth model for the Kuusamo region and in a local tomographic study.

Historical earthquakes in Northern Europe (Päivi Mäntyniemi)

Efforts are being taken to revise historical earthquake data in Northern Europe including the Baltic and Nordic countries. So far only non-instrumental (i.e. macroseismic) data have been under investigation, but also early instrumental data will be studied. Recent earthquakes are occasionally of importance for calibration of intensity-magnitude scaling relations.

One objective of the work is to create an online database of historical earthquakes in Northern Europe. A digital database would be a very convenient means to store, display and disseminate observations associated with historical earthquakes. The rapid growth of computerized information systems has already been utilized for macroseismic data management in several countries world-wide, whereas Northern Europe still lacks such a system.

The work consists of several steps. The investigation of the contemporary records of past earthquakes is essential for compilation of reliable intensity data point collections. The studies conducted so far have shown that there is some scope for improving the samples of original data at hand.

The ultimate aim is to use the improved database to address issues relevant to seismicity assessments such as the quantification of pre-instrumental earthquakes, the long-term behaviour of areas of enhanced seismicity in Northern Europe and return periods of different magnitudes. Also issues such as the effect of local earth structure on intensity values can be investigated with the help of modern methods.

The participating institutions are currently the Department of Information Science, University of Uppsala, Sweden; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Latvian Environment,

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Geology and Meteorology Agency, Riga, Latvia and Geological Survey of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania.

Macroseismic studies (Päivi Mäntyniemi) The mainshock of magnitude around mb5 in the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad on 21 September 2004 was felt in all the nine countries surrounding the Baltic Sea and even further away in Belorussia and Norway. Finland lies on the outskirts of the area of perceptibility; thus, the felt observations obtained here are important for estimating the perceptibility threshold. The earthquake is also of value for historical seismicity studies, because it can be used to calibrate the largest pre-instrumental earthquakes whose macroseismic observations are often scarce and disputable.

A workshop focusing on the Kaliningrad 2004 earthquakes was organized at the University of Tartu (Estonia) in May. Preliminary analyses of the macroseismic data from all the different countries were presented and discussed there.

9. VISITS ABROAD Grönholm, Pirjo

08.-10.06. Copenhagen, Denmark The 35th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology

Heikkinen, Pekka 13.-16.01. Moscow, Russia Planning meeting: Seismic reflection profiles 27.02.-05.03. Vienna, Austria WGB-24 / CTBTO 08.-10.06. Copenhagen, Denmark The 35th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology 28.08.-03.09. Vienna, Austria WGB-25 / CTBTO 07.-09.09. Paris, France EMSC-ORFEUS Joint meeting 11.-14.09. Moscow, Russia Planning meeting: Seismic reflection profiles 21.11. Uppsala, Sweden Planning meeting: NORDSEIS

Komminaho, Kari 30.05.-03.06. Zakopane, Poland Workshop: Geodynamics of Central Europe 05.-14.09. Austria ALPASS field work 20.-25.11. Warsaw, Poland Research Cooperation

Korja, Annakaisa

08.-10.02. Hawaii, USA IODP-Meeting 08.-10.06. Copenhagen, Denmark The 35th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology 11.-13.07. Bremen, Germany IODP-Meeting

Kortström, Jari 08.-10.06. Copenhagen, Denmark The 35th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology 26.-30.09. Thuringia and Bavaria, Seismometer Calibration Workshop; Germany Moxa Observatory and GERES Array

Lindblom, Pasi 08.-10.06. Copenhagen, Denmark The 35th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology 17.-21.10. Rome, Italy Evaluation Workshop / CTBTO

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Luosto, Urmas 30.05.-03.06. Zakopane, Poland Workshop: Geodynamics of Central Europe

Mäntyniemi, Päivi 25.-29.04. Vienna, Austria EGU General Assembly 2005 12.-13.05. Tartu, Estonia Workshop “Kaliningrad earthquake September 21, 2004” Tarvainen, Matti 20.-25.02. Vienna, Austria WGB-24 / CTBTO 05.-09.09. Vienna, Austria WGB-25 / CTBTO 24.-28.10. Stupava, Slovakia 6. OSI / EAC Tiira, Timo

14.-17.03. Budapest, Hungary EUROARRAY meeting 24.-30.04. Vienna, Austria EGU General Assembly 2005 30.05.-03.06. Zakopane, Poland Workshop: Geodynamics of Central Europe 05.-14.09. Austria ALPASS field work 20.-25.11. Warsaw, Poland Research Cooperation 09.12. Phuket, Thailand Disaster Early Warning System Feasibility Study Seminar

Uski, Marja 11.-13.04. Petrozavodsk, Russia Seismological Department, Institute of

Geology of the Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences

08.-10.06. Copenhagen, Denmark The 35th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology

9.1. Visitors Prof. Marek Grad 18.9.-28.10.2005 Institute of Geophysics, University of Warsaw, Poland

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10. PRESENTATIONS

Continental Scientific Drilling 2005, 30.3.-1.4.2005, Potsdam, Germany Korja, A., Rämö, T. and IODP Baltic Sea rift Working Group: Evolution of the Mesoproterozoic

Baltic Sea rift basin system Kähkönen, Y., Korja, A., Rämö, O.T. and FIRE Working Group (incl. P. Heikkinen): The

Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian Orogen; Ideas for scientific drilling in a type example of accretionary orogens

Seismological Department, Institute of Geology of the Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 11.-13.4.2005, Petrozavodsk, Russia Uski, M.: Seismic methods for discriminating quarry blasts from earthquakes European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2005, 24.-29.4.2005, Vienna, Austria Gregersen, S., Mäntyniemi, P., Nikonov, A., Nikulin, V., Pacesa, A., Guterch, B., Wahlstrom, R.,

Schweitzer, J. , Kulhanek, O. and Holmquist, C.: Felt reports at large distances of the earthquakes in non-seismic Kaliningrad, Russia (poster)

Grad, M., Sroda, P., Czuba, W., Guterch, A., Keller, G. R., Janik, T., Hegedüs, E., Vozár, J., Tiira, T.

and Yliniemi, J.: Trans-Carpathian transects from Precambrian platform to Pannonian basin - lithospheric structure beneath CELEBRATION 2000 seismic profiles CEL01, CEL04 and CEL05

Kozlovskaya, E., Yliniemi, J., Janik, T., Grad, M., Karatayev, G. and Tiira, T.: Lithological crust-

mantle boundary in Precambrian areas: constraints from S-wave velocity models and gravity modelling (poster)

Majdañski, M., Grad, M., Guterch, A.and Sudetes2000 Working Group (incl. K. Komminaho, T.

Tiira): Crustal structure beneath the Sudetes from SUDETES 2003 seismic experiment - profiles S02, S03 and S06

Mitterbauer, U., Brückl, E., Behm, M., CELEBRATION 2000 & ALP 2002 Working Group (incl. K.

Komminaho, T. Tiira): Constraints on lithospheric structures of the Eastern Alps from gravimetry (poster)

Pedersen, H.A. and SVEKALAPKO STWG (incl. P. Heikkinen, T. Hyvönen, K. Komminaho., A.

Korja): S-wave velocities in the crust from noise analysis Sroda, P. and CELEBARATION 2000 Working Group: Seismic anisotropy of the upper crust near

East European Craton margin in SE Poland? (poster) Tiira, T., Hyvönen, T., Komminaho, K., Korja, A. and Heikkinen, P.: Crust-scale tomography in

Finland based on earthquake and explosion data (poster)

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Conference – Workshop: Geodynamics of Central Europe, 29.5.-3.6.2005, Zakopane/Tatra Mountains, Poland Grad, M., Janik, T., Guterch, A. and EUROBRIDGE & POLONAISE’97 Seismic Working Groups

(incl: K. Komminaho, T. Tiira): Lithospheric structure of the western part of the East European craton investigated by deep seismic profiles

Grad, M., Środa, P., Czuba, W., Guterch, A., Keller, G.R., Tokarski, A.K., Janik, T., Ślączka, A.,

Rauch, M., Hegedűs, E., Vozár, J., Tiira, T., Yliniemi, J. and CELEBRATION 2000 Working Group (incl. K. Komminaho): Trans-Carpathian transects from Precambrian Platform to Pannonian Basin based on CELEBRATION 2000 seismic data

Hegedûs, E., Keller, R.G., Fancsik, T., Guterch, A., Grad, M., Brueckl, E., Tiira, T., Kovács, A. Cs.,

Török, I., Csabafi, R. and Świeczak, M.: DANUBE 2004 seismic experiment in S-Hungary Kozlovskaya, E., Yliniemi, J., Hjelt, S.-E. and SVEKALAPKO STWG (incl. P. Heikkinen, T.

Hyvönen, K. Komminaho., A. Korja): Structure and composition of the upper mantle beneath the SVEKALAPKO seismic array in Finland: main results of seismic studies and implications for future passive seismic experiments

Kozlovskaya, E., Yliniemi, J., Janik, T., Grad, M. and Tiira, T.: Lithological crust-mantle boundary

in Precambrian areas: constraints from S-wave velocity models and gravity modeling Malinowski, M., Hegedűs, E. and CELEBRATION Working Group (incl. K. Komminaho, T. Tiira):

The uniqueness of the Pannonian Basin crust as imaged along the CEL07 and CEL08 seismic profiles.

Środa, P. and CELEBRATION 2000 Working Group (incl. K. Komminaho, T. Tiira): Upper crustal

seismic anisotropy near the East European Craton margin in SE Poland The 35th Nordic Seminar on Detection Seismology, 8.-10.6.2005, Copenhagen, Denmark Korja, A., Heikkinen, P. & FIRE Working Group: Crustal Structure along FIRE Deep Seismic

Reflection Lines Lindblom, P.: Upgrading of the Seismic Stations in Finland, Never Ending Project Uski, M., Korja, A. and Lindblom, P.: A local seismicity study in Kuusamo, NE Finland Workshop: Kaliningrad Earthquake September 21, 2004, 12.–13.5.2005, Tartu, Estonia Gregersen, S., Mäntyniemi, P., Nikonov, A.A., Aptikaev, F.F., Aleshin, A.S., Assinovskaya, B.A.,

Pogrebchenko, V.V., Guterch, B., Nikulin, V., Pacesa, A., Wahlstrom, R., Schweitzer, J., Kulhanek, O., Holmquist, C., Heinloo, O. and Puura, V.: Felt reports at large distances of the earthquakes in non-seismic Kaliningrad in west Russia

Mäntyniemi, P., Husebye, E.S., Nikonov, A.A., Gregersen, S., Nikulin, V.G., Pacesa, A. and

Christofferson, A.: A digital macroseismic databank for northern Europe: First steps

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XXII Geofysiikan päivät, 19.-20.5.2005, Helsinki, Finland Heikkinen, P., Pesonen, L.J., Korja, A., Virtanen, H. ja Beckmann, A.: Sumatran luonnonkatastrofin

geofysiikkaa Kozlovskaya, E., Yliniemi, J., Janik, T., Grad, M., Tiira, T. and Karatayev, G.: Lithological Moho

boundary in Precambrian shields: constraints from P- and S-wave velocity models and gravity modelling

Kuusisto, M., Kukkonen, I., Heikkinen, P. ja Pesonen, L.J.: Maankuoren koostumuksen

kivilajitulkintaa Fennoskandian kilvellä seismisten aineistojen avulla Mäntyniemi, P.: Isä ja poika Moberg sekä Hjalmar Gylling: Suomen maanjäristystutkijat 1800-

luvulla 33rd General Assembly of IASPEI, 2.-8.10.2005, Santiago, Chile Gregersen, S., Mäntyniemi, P., Nikonov, A.A., Guterch, B., Nikulin, V., Pacesa, A., Wahlström, R.,

Schweitzer, J., Kulhanek, O., Puura, V., Aronov, A.G., Assinovskaya, B.A., Aptikaev, F.F., Aleshin, A.S., Pogrebchenko, V.V., Ponomareva, O.N., Wiejacz, Debski, W., Sliaupa, S., Grunthal, G., Holmquist, C., Vall, T., Kalle, A., Talts, K., Veske, A., Kestlane, U, Seroglazo, R.R., Aronova, T.I., Karpinsky, V.V. and Heinloo, Olga.: A 100-Year Earthquake in North Europe – Kaliningrad 2004 (poster)

American Geophysical Union 2005 Fall Meeting, 5.-9.12.2005, San Francisco, USA Brueckl, E., Behm, M., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Hegedus, E., Keller, G.R., Komminaho, K., Kovacs,

A., Kozlovskaya, E., Lambrecht, A., Mitterbauer, U., Oreskovic, J., Rumpfhuber, E., Sumanovac, F., Tiira, T., Velasco, A. and Wilde-Pi¢rko, M.: ALPASS - Passive seismic monitoring in the Eastern Alps

Guterch, A., Grad, M., Keller, G.R. & POLONAISE'97, CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002, and SUDETES 2003 Working Groups (incl. K. Komminaho, U. Luosto and T. Tiira): Lithospheric structure beneath Central Europe from the POLONAISE'97, CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002, and SUDETES 2003 seismic refraction experiments

Hegedus, E., Brueckl, E., Csabafi, R.,Fancsik, T., Grad, M. Guterch, A., Hajnal, Z., Keller, R., Kovacs, A.C., Komminaho, K., Kozlovskaya, E., Tiira, T., Torok, I. and Yliniemi, J.: DANUBE 2004 Lithosphere Research Program

Krüger, F., Pedersen, H.A. and SVEKALAPKO STWG (incl. P. Heikkinen, T. Hyvönen, K.

Komminaho and A. Korja): Influence of the seismic noise characteristics on noise correlations

Pedersen, H.A., Bruneton, M., Maupin, V. and SVEKALAPKO STWG (incl. P. Heikkinen, T. Hyvönen, K. Komminaho and A. Korja): Azimuthal and Radial Seismic Anisotropy Beneath the Baltic Shield

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11. PAPERS

11.1. Articles in refereed journals Husebye, E.S., Mäntyniemi, P., 2005. The Kaliningrad, West Russia earthquakes on the 21st of

September 2004 - Surprise events in a very low-seismicity area. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 153 (4), 227-236.

Janik, T., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Dadlez, R., Yliniemi, J., Tiira, T., Keller, G.R., Gaczyński, E. and

CELEBRATION 2000 Working Group (incl. K. Komminaho), 2005. Lithospheric structure of the Trans-European Suture Zone along the TTZ–CEL03 seismic transect (from NW to SE Poland). Tectonophysics, 411(1-4), 129-156.

Korja, A. and Heikkinen, P., 2005. The accretionary Svecofennian orogen - insight from the BABEL

profiles. Precambrian Research, 136 (3-4), 241-268. Lahtinen, R., Korja, A. and Nironen, M., 2005. Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution. In: M. Lehtinen,

P. Nurmi, and O.T. Rämö, (Eds.), Precambrian Geology of Finland - Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 481-532.

Mäntyniemi, P.: A Tale of Two Earthquakes in the Gulf of Bothnia, Northern Europe in the 1880s.

Geophysica, 41(1-2), 73-91. Tsapanos, T.M., Mäntyniemi, P., Kijko, A., 2004. A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for

Greece and the surrounding region including site-specific considerations. Annals of Geophysics, 47 (6), 1675-1688.

Yliniemi J., Kozlovskaya E., Hjelt S. E., Komminaho K., Ushakov A., and the SVEKALAPKO

Seismic Tomography Working Group (incl. P. Heikkinen, T. Hyvönen and A. Korja), 2004. Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath southern Finland revealed by analysis of local events registered by the SVEKALAPKO seismic array. Tectonophysics, 394(1-2), 41-67.

11.2. Congress publications and reports Accident Investigation Commission (incl. P. Heikkinen, M. Tarvainen), 2005. The natural disaster in

Asia on 26 December, 2004. Accident Investigation Board of Finland, Investigation report, no. A 2/2004 Y (published also in Finnish and Swedish), 228 p.

Heikkinen, P., Pesonen, L.J., Korja, A., Virtanen, H. ja Beckmann, A., 2005. Sumatran

luonnonkatastrofin geofysiikkaa. In: A. Viljanen and P. Mäntyniemi (Eds.), XXII Geofysiikan päivät Helsingissä 19.-20.5.2005, 45-49.

Korja, A., Heikkinen, P. ja Karkkulainen, K., 2005. Miksi maapallo tärisee?. Dimensio, 4/2005, 6-

10. Korja, A., Pesonen, L.J. ja Beckmann, A., 2005. Indonesian luonnonkatastrofi – tietoa

maanjäristyksistä ja hyökyaalloista. Geologi, 57, 37-46. Kozlovskaya, E., Yliniemi, J., Janik, T., Grad, M., Tiira, T. and Karatayev, G., 2005. Lithological

Moho boundary in Precambrian shields: constraints from P- and S-wave velocity models and

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gravity modelling. In: A. Viljanen and P. Mäntyniemi (Eds.), XXII Geofysiikan päivät Helsingissä 19.-20.5.2005, 101-104.

Kuusisto, M., Kukkonen, I., Heikkinen, P. ja Pesonen, L.J., 2005. Maankuoren koostumuksen

kivilajitulkintaa Fennoskandian kilvellä seismisten aineistojen avulla. In: A. Viljanen and P. Mäntyniemi (Eds.), XXII Geofysiikan päivät Helsingissä 19.-20.5.2005, 105-110.

Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriön 16.2.2005 asettama työryhmä (mukana: Heikkinen, P.), 2005.

Luonnononnettomuuksien valvontajärjestelmä (LUOVA). Liikenne- ja viestintäminteriön julkaisuja, 29/2005, 28 s.

Mäntyniemi, P., 2005. Isä ja poika Moberg sekä Hjalmar Gylling: Suomen maanjäristystutkijat 1800-

luvulla. In: A. Viljanen and P. Mäntyniemi (Eds.), XXII Geofysiikan päivät Helsingissä 19.-20.5.2005, 151-154.

Mäntyniemi, P., 2005. Maanjäristysseismologia, kurssimoniste, 170 s. Mäntyniemi, P., 2005. Planeetta Maan luonnonilmiöistä ihmiskunnan katastrofiksi.

LeijonanNsanomat 14.2.2005, s. 19. Piispa, E., Öhman, I., Karkkulainen, K., Tammenmaa, J., Pesonen, L.J. ja Jokinen, T., 2005.

”Kerkkoo 2004”: Kiinteän maan geofysiikan kenttäkurssi. In: A. Viljanen and P. Mäntyniemi (Eds.), XXII Geofysiikan päivät Helsingissä 19.-20.5.2005, 175-180.

Tarvainen, M., 2005. Maanjäristysten voimakkuus. Dimensio, 5/2005, 36-37. Viljanen, A. and Mäntyniemi, P. (Eds.), 2005. XXII Geofysiikan päivät Helsingissä 19.-20.5.2005.

274 p.

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12. MEMBERSHIPS IN SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS Heikkinen, Pekka European Seismological Commission Representative of Finland EUROPROBE / SVEKALAPKO planning group of the project, principal investigator of the reflection seismics IASPEI / Finnish National Committee chairman ILP / National Committee chairman IUGG / National committee member Hyvönen, Tellervo EUROPROBE / SVEKALAPKO Deep Seismic Tomography Group member ORFEUS working group on BB siting and station standards member Korja, Annakaisa ILP/ Finnish National Committee secretary NorFA/NORDPLUS – Advanced studies in seismological studies in Nordic countries coordinator IODP/SMP/ECORD member IODP/ESSAC alternate member IODP/Finnish National Support Group member Nordisk Vulkanologisk Institut (NORDVULK) alternate board member Geophysica member of the editorial board Mäntyniemi, Päivi Geofysiikan seura / Geophysical Society of Finland secretary Tiira, Timo European Seismological Commission, Sub-Commission D secretary

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13. TEACHING

Members of the staff have given lectures and supervised students in seismological MSc- and PhD- theses at the Division of Geophysics of the Department of Physical Sciences. The teaching is supported by the use of seismic data collected at the Institute. The Institute has actively supported the students of geophysics and geology in their studies and theses. In addition, students have been working as trainees at the Institute in analysis work and research projects.

Course Lecturer_________Seismology in practice Tellervo Hyvönen Earthquake seismology Päivi Mäntyniemi Doctoral theses in preparation at the Institute _____________________________________Tellervo Hyvönen: Three dimensional lithosphere structure solved by seismic phases of SVEKALAPKO array in southern Finland Päivi Mäntyniemi: Aspects of seismicity and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in a low-seismicity region: Examples from Fennoscandia, especially Finland Marja Uski: Source parameters of seismic events in the Fennoscandian Shield MSc-theses in preparation at the Institute Kati Karkkulainen Antti Lakio

Universities of Helsinki, Uppsala, Bergen, Aarhus and Iceland have formed a network for promoting nordic co-operation in post-graduate education in seismology. The network is co-ordinated at the Institute of Seismology.

14. INFORMATION SERVICES

The Institute of Seismology provides information to the general public and mass media on significant seismic events. Several TV-, radio- and newspaper interviews were given during the year. The aim is to give rapid and reliable information on the size, location and other relevant data about such events. The scientists of the Institute have given popular presentations on earthquakes and tsunami hazard.

The personnel of the Institute were informed of current events and issues by e-mail, at staff meetings and informal gatherings. Two seminars on developing management systems and quality control were organised, one for the analysts and one for the technical staff.

Acronyms BABEL Baltic and Bothnian Echoes from the Lithosphere

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CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty CTBTO Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization EGU European Geosciences Union ESC European Seismological Commission EMSC European-Mediterranean Seismological Center EPSI Earthquake Parameters and Standardized Information for a European-

Mediterranean Bulletin, EU-project ESF European Science Foundation EUROBRIDGE EUROPROBE project EUROPROBE Research program of ESF FINES Regional seismic array, Sysmä FIRE Finnish Reflection Experiment GGT Global Geotransects IASPEI International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior IDC International Data Center (CTBTO) ILP International Lithosphere Program IRIS Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology IUGG International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics IMS International Monitoring System (CTBTO) IODP/ESSAC Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/ECORD Science Support and Advisory

Committee IODP/iSSP/ECORD Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/intermit Site Survey Panel/ European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling ISC International Seismological Center IUGG International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics JOF Seismic station, Ilomantsi KAF Seismic station, Kangasniemi KIF Seismic station, Kilpisjärvi KJF Seismic station, Kajaani MSF Seismic station, Kuusamo NARS Network of Autonomously Recording Seismographs NEIC National Earthquake Information Center, USA NORSAR Norwegian Seismic Array NUR Seismic station, Nurmijärvi OSI On-site inspection (CTBTO) OUL Seismic station, Kiiminki ODP/SSP/ECORD Ocean Drilling Program/Site Survey Panel/European Consortium for Ocean

Research Drilling ORFEUS Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology PTS Provisional Technical Secretariat (CTBTO) PVF Seismic station, Pernaja RAS Russian Academy of Sciences SDF Seismic station, Sodankylä SGU Geological Survey of Sweden SUF Seismic station, Sumiainen SVEKALAPKO EUROPROBE project UH University of Helsinki VAF Seismic station, Ylistaro WGB Working Group B of CTBTO

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APPENDIX: R-REPORTS (BULLETINS) IN 2005 M. Uski and E. Pelkonen, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, September 2004. University of

Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-215 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200409.pdf), 172 p.

M. Uski and P. Grönholm, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, October 2004. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-216 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200410.pdf), 162 p.

M. Uski and M. Raime, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, November 2004. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-217 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200411.pdf), 135 p.

M. Uski and L. Vasamies-Leppänen, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, December 2004. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-218 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/ list/pdfbul/ bulletin200412.pdf), 120 p.

M. Uski and E. Pelkonen, 2005. Earthquakes in Northern Europe 2004, University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-219 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/catalog/ annual2004.pdf), 166 p.

M. Uski and E. Pelkonen, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, January 2005. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-220 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200501.pdf), 130 p.

M. Uski and P. Grönholm, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, February 2005. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-221 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200502.pdf), 127 p.

M. Uski and E. Pelkonen, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, March 2005. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-222 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200503.pdf), 161 p.

M. Uski and M. Raime, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, April 2005. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-223 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/ bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200504.pdf), 131 p.

M. Uski and L. Vasamies-Leppänen, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, May 2005. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-224 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200505.pdf), 178 p.

M. Uski and M. Franssila, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, June 2005. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-225 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200506.pdf), 151 p.

M. Uski and P. Grönholm, 2005. Seismic events in northern Europe, July 2005. University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Report R-226 (www.seismo.helsinki.fi/bulletin/list/pdfbul/ bulletin200507.pdf), 131 p.

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