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University of Copenhagen Issues in Ancient Celtic Writing Celtic Spring · 25 May 2012. Prof. Dr. David Stifter Dept. of Old and Middle Irish School of Celtic Studies NUI Maynooth. I. New Directions in Celtiberian. Ancient Celtic: Celtiberian. ca. 150 B.C. – 0 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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University of Copenhagen
Issues in Ancient Celtic WritingCeltic Spring · 25 May 2012
Prof. Dr. David StifterDept. of Old and Middle IrishSchool of Celtic StudiesNUI Maynooth
New Gaulish Inscriptions 2
I.New Directions in Celtiberian
Ancient Celtic: Celtiberian
ca. 150 B.C. – 0
in central Spain (Ebro valley, Meseta)
in semisyllabic Iberian script
ca. 100, occasionally long texts
Stops (occlusives) can only be written in combination with vowels. In most cases, there is no distinction in writing between voiceless and voiced stops, even though the language made this distinction, e.g.:
v = t/d + u = tu or du
C = k/g + o = ko or go or
f = b + u = bu
Celtiberian Script
a = a
e = e
i = i
o = o
u = u
l = l
r = r
m = m
n = n
s = s
z = z
All other signs stand for single sounds:
v = du and ö = tu
C = ko and G = go
f = b + u = bu
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Celtiberian
Carlos Jordán Coléra, ‘¿Sistema dual de escritura en celtibérico?’, in: Acta Palaeohispanica IX. Actas del IX Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas. Barce lona, 20–24 de octubre de 2004. Ed. F. Beltrán Lloris, C. Jordán Cólera y J. Velaza Frías [= Palaeo hispanica 5], Zaragoza: Institución “Fernando el Católico” 2005 1013–1030.
New Gaulish Inscriptions 6
I.Lepontic Palaeography and Philology
Lexicon Leponticum
ca. 6th-1st c. B.C.for Lepontic and Cisalpine GaulishNorth-Italian Lake District and Po Valleyca. 400 short texts (only few with more than two words)
Lepontic Script
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The Lepontic Script
• taken over from North Etruscan• shared with Venetic and Raetic• omission of heta, qoppa, phi
• alphabetic sequence (Ven. Es 23):
A E V Z Θ I K L M N P Ś R S T U X O
CO·53, ·54: aev
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Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep)
Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung – Austrian Science Fund
Celtic Research Trust (Isle of Man)
http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Main_Page
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Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep)
LexLep: excerpt from CO·48 Prestino
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LexLep: iota
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LexLep: alpha
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Graphic Isolates: qoppa
NO·22 San Bernardino di Briona, ca. 500 B.C.
reading: quormsklp or quormskla
Francesco Rubat Borel, "Annexe 2. Nuovi dati per la storia delle lingue celtiche della Cisalpina", in: Daniele Vitali, Celtes et Gaulois. L'Archéologie face à l'Histoire, 2. La Préhistoire des Celtes. Actes de la table ronde de Bologne-Monterenzio, 28-29 mai 2005. Glux-en-Glenne [= Bibracte 12/2], Bibracte: Centre archéologique européen 2006, 203-208.
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Graphic Isolates: phi and gamma
BG·20 San Capriate San Gervasio, late 5th c. B.C.
reading: ]kiφisi or ]kicrisi
Alessandro Morandi, Celti d'Italia. A cura di Paola Piana Agostinetti. Tomo II: Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d'Italia [= Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 12.2], Roma: Spazio Tre 2004.
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digamma (wau)
v:BG·28.2: va CO·11: ]tiris???v?[ CO·14: mei / va CO·24: ] ma[ CO·31: va [ CO·48: uvamokozis […] < *upmh2o-
uvltiauioposCO·50: ev?[ = alphabeticCO·53: aev [ = alphabetic
CO·54: ]aev [ = alphabeticCO·62: zv ośoris = alphabeticCO·81: ]pa[ MI·12: vat NO·1: § χosioiso v TI·19: iiuioitove TI·32: ]??novi : la[ pVA·4.1: amkouvi???ri VA·4.2: viχu = *uikū? (Etr.)
BG·28.2 Ghisalba
VA·4 Sesto Calende
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Voice Opposition
Venetic inherited no letters for voiced sounds from Etruscan, but utilised ‘empty’ letters to make a distinction in voice:
• pi for /p/, phi for /b/• kappa for /k/, chi for /g/• tau/theta for /t/, zeta for /d/
What about Lepontic?
No phi, therefore no graphic distinction of voicedness in labials.
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Voice Opposition
χ for /g/:
NM·6.1: seχeθu = /sege°/ < *segh- (but CO·57-59 sekezos)NO·1: § χosioiso v = /gotsioiso/ < *ghosti- (but CO·48 -kozis) PV·4: eripoχios = /-bogios/ < *bheg- (but NO·21.1 anokopokios, setupokios)TV·1: pompeteχuaios = /-tenguaios/ < *tnghueh2- (Oderzo 7 = Venetic writing!)TI·13: piraniχeś = /-nigents/ ‘washing’? < *neigu-? (phps. -uiχeś = /-uikents/
‘fighting’?)
χ for /k/:VA·4.2: viχu = /uikū/ < *ueik- (= Etruscan writing?)
χ for /ɣ/:VC·1.2: arkatoko{k}materekos = /argantokomaterekos/ < *h2rgnto-
but teuoχtonion = /dēuoɣdonion/ < *ghdhom-
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Voice Opposition: theta?
θ:CO·48: uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu (ca. 500
B.C.)NM·6.1: seχeθu (1st half 4th c. B.C.)VA·3: ]iunθanaχa (end 7th c. B.C.) (Etr.)
BS·3.2: θomezecuai / obauzana θina (Augustan period, Voltino!)
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Voice Opposition: theta?
in Venetic, theta and tau stand for /t/, zeta for /d/:
θ:1. CO·48: uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu
Etymology: siteś = *sēdns ‘seats’tetu = *dedoh3e ‘has given’ or *dhedhoh1e ‘has put’ uvltiauiopos = ?plialeθu = *-edōn or *-et-ōn?
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Voice Opposition: theta and zeta?
θ:NM·6.1: seχeθu
Etymology: seχeθu < *segh-edōn or *-et-ōn?
z for /d/?:CO·57-59: sekezos
Etymology: sekezos < *segh-edos or *-et-ios?or *-ed-ios?
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sanDavid Stifter, "Lepontische Studien: Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen", in: Karin Stüber, Thomas Zehnder, Dieter Bachmann (Eds.), Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009 [= Keltische Forschungen. Allgemeine Reihe 1], Wien: Praesens Verlag 2010, 361-376.
Normal form of san in Etruscan and Venetic: = Ś2
oldest form in Lepontic area
‘butterfly character’ = normal formattested only in MN·10.2 aśeś (lost!)
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san6
CO·48: siteś
BG·5: aś VB·2: amaśilu
VR·15 kośio VA·16: akeśi
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san4
MI·5: ś →t MI·1: peśu → petu
VB·3.1: naśom → natom or naxom
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san3
CO·38: ś →m NO·26: ]auśi → ]aumi? VC·1.2: atoś → atom or san1?
VB·3.1: natoś (Tibiletti Bruno) → natom or naxom
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san2
JU·1: priś (Montmorot/Jura)
TI·5: ariśai or arimai
TI·7: aśui or amui (from *am- ‘to love’ or *ambi- ‘around’?)
TI·9: reśu or remu (cp. Remi < *preimo-)
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san2
VB·28 Stresa: namu esopnio
namu = short form of Namantobogios ‘enemy breaker’ uel sim.
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The Meaning of san
Venetic: <z> zeta /dz/ → /d/
Lepontic: <z> zeta → /st/ or /ts/ (CO·48 Prestino uvamokozis < *-ghosti-) <ś> san → /ts/ (CO·48 siteś = /-ts/? < *-ns; TI·13 piran/uiχeś = /-ts/? < *-ns;
TI·25 anteśilu < *ande-ted-ti-?; cp. Ven. Es 76 nom. ve.s.ke.ś. < -et-s, beside *Es 121 dat. ve.s.kete.i.)
proportion: zeta = /ts/ + /d/ san = /ts/ + X X = /d/
MI·10.1: meśiolano = MediolanumMI·10.6: śuro = Durus?TI·41 & VB·21: aśkoneti(o) = AdgonnetiusVB·27: aśouni = air. Adomnán?NO·18: aśmina = Adminius
= dagr-rune
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The Final Phase: Latin Influence
early phase late phase
omikron(CO·6; TI·41)
sigma(CO·6; NO·21.1)
mu(TI·30; VR·1)
nu(TI·30; BI·4)
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The Final Phase: Latin Influence
VB·3.1 Ornavasso: naśom (san4) = /naksiom/ ‘Naxian’?
or: natom (tau) ‘of the sons’
or: nax(i)om (ix!) ‘Naxian’?
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Enigmatic Scripts
BS·3 bilingual of Voltino: GR·3 Schnabelkanne (beak-spouted jug) from Castaneda:
Einfluss der camunischen Schrift?
St. Schumacher, ‘Val Camonica’, in: RGA 35, 335
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Acknowledgements
my colleagues in the Lexicon Leponticum-project:Martin BraunChiara DeziMichela Vignoli
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Thank you very muchfor your attention
Prof. Dr. David StifterDept. of Old and Middle IrishSchool of CelticNational University of Ireland Maynooth