UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY Y · C Industrial Inorganic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Environmental Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Anal. of Natural and Residual Waters 3|0|0 6.5 Organic

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UUNNIIVVEERRSSIITTYY OOFF AAVVEEIIRROO

DDEEPPAARRTTMMEENNTT OOFF CCHHEEMMIISSTTRRYY

Socrates-Erasmus Information Package 2002

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DRAFT VERSION

The final version will be available soon

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Structure of Undergraduate Degree Programs at the Department of Chemistry In this section you will find information about the organization of the undergraduate degrees from the Chemistry Department, and on the contents of the individual courses. General information:

• At the beginning of this section you can find several tables giving a detailed overview of the distribution of the courses during the Chemistry / Chemical Engineering degrees.

• You can then lookup at the contents of individual courses, which have been organized alphabetically. (Laboratorial courses contents can be found at the end of the document.

• Lectures are in Portuguese

Scientific areas of the courses: B Biology BC Biochemistry CE Chem. Engineering EC Environmental Science I Informatics

M Mathematics ME Management/Economics MS Material Science P Physics

Optional Courses:

• The optional courses made available might have variations every year. You can contact the local Socrates Co-ordinator to get more detailed information.

• Free option: Students are expected to choose a course from a scientific (or other) area distinct from their specialization. A list of courses made available for all University students will be renewed every year. Other courses can also be admitted as free options provided the Departmental Co-ordinator gets the agreement of the responsible for the specific course

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Chemistry 1st Semester 2nd Semester

Area Course T|TU|P ECTS Area Course T|TU|P ECTS M Calculus I 2|3|0 7.0 M Calculus II 3|3|0 8.0 M Linear Algebra and Anal. Geom. 3|2|0 7.0 P Mechanics 2|1|2 7.0 P Elements of physics 2|1|2 5.5 C Chemistry II 2|1|2 6.0 C Chemistry I 2|1|2 5.5 I Introduction to C Programming 2|0|3 5.0 I Software Tools for Sci. & Eng. 2|0|2 5.0 Free Option 1.5|0|0 4.0 1s

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24 30 21 30 M Numerical Methods and Statistics 3|0|2 7.0 C Organic Chemistry II 3|1|0 6.5 P Electricity and Magnetism 2|1|2 6.0 BC Principles of Biochemistry 3|1|0 6.5 C Organic Chemistry I 3|1|0 7.5 C Physical Chemistry II 3|1|0 6.5 C Physical Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.5 C Inorganic Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.0 C Laboratory Q1 0|0|3 3.0 C Laboratory QF1- QO1 0|0|6 4.5 2n

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21 30 22 30 C Free Option (Chemistry) 3|0|0 6.5 C Analytical Chemistry II 3|0|0 6.5 C Analytical Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.5 C Analytical Quality Control 3|0|0 6.5 C Inorganic Chemistry II 3|0|0 6.5 C Inorganic Chemistry III 3|0|0 6.5 C Physical Chemistry III 3|0|0 6.0 C Advanced Organic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.0 C Laboratory QF2-QI1 0|0|6 4.5 C Laboratory QA1-QI2 0|0|6 4.5 3r

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19 30 18 30 C Inorganic Chemistry Option 3|0|0 6.5 C Project 0|0|16 17 C Organic Chemistry Option 3|0|0 6.5 C Analytical Chemistry Option 3|0|0 6.5 C Spectroscopic Methods 2|2|0 6.5 Physical Chemistry option 3|0|0 6.5 C Laboratory QO2-QA2 0|0|6 4.5 Free Option II 6.0 4t

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16- 30 22 30 5th Professional Work Placement (Optional) 60

Inorganic Chemistry Option Analytical Chemistry Option

C Pigments and Dyes 3|0|0 6.5 C Chemometrics 3|0|0 6.5 C Radiochemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Chemical Sensors 3|0|0 6.5 C Bioinorganic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Electrochemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Industrial Inorganic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Environmental Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Anal. of Natural and Residual Waters 3|0|0 6.5 Organic Chemistry Option Physical Chemistry option

C Natural Product Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Mass Spectrometry 3|0|0 6.5 C Pesticides and Life 3|0|0 6.5 C Applied Thermodynamics 3|0|0 6.5 C Catalysis 3|0|0 6.5 Free Option (chemistry) Free Option I and II

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Any of the former List of choices renewed every year

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Industrial Chemistry and Management 1st Semester 2nd Semester Area Course T|TU|P ECTS Area Course T|TU|P ECTS

M Calculus I 2|3|0 7.0 M Calculus II 3|3|0 8.0 M Linear Algebra and Anal. Geom. 3|2|0 7.0 P Mechanics 2|1|2 7.0 P Elements of physics 2|1|2 5.5 C Chemistry II 2|1|2 6.0 C Chemistry I 2|1|2 5.5 I Introduction to C Programming 2|0|3 5.0 I Software Tools for Sci. & Eng. 2|0|2 5.0 CE Principles of Chem. Eng. 0|2|0 4.0 1s

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24 30 23 30 M Numerical Methods and Statistics 3|0|2 7.0 C Organic Chemistry II 3|1|0 6.5 P Electricity and Magnetism 2|1|2 6.0 BC Principles of Biochemistry 3|1|0 6.5 C Organic Chemistry I 3|1|0 7.5 C Physical Chemistry II 3|1|0 6.5 C Physical Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.5 C Inorganic Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.0 C Laboratory Q1 0|0|3 3.0 C Laboratory QF1- QO1 0|0|6 4.5 2n

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21 30 22 30 ME Economics for Organizations 2|2|0 6.5 ME Quality Management 2|2|0 6.5 ME Organizations Management 1|3|0 6.0 ME Marketing 2|2|0 6.5 C Analytical Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.5 Free Option 3|0|0 6.0 C Inorganic Chemistry II 3|0|0 6.5 C Analytical Chemistry II 3|0|0 6.5 C Laboratory QF1-QI1 0|0|6 4.5 C Laboratory QA1-QI2 0|0|6 4.5 3r

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21 30 20 30 C Industrial Inorganic Chemistry 3|1|0 6.5 C Project 0|0|16 17.0 C Spectroscopic Methods 2|2|0 6.5 C Industrial Organic Chemistry 3|1|0 6.5

ME/C Option I 3|0|0 6.5 ME/C Option III 3|0|0 6.5 ME/C Option II 3|0|0 6.0

Laboratory QO2-QA2 0|0|6 4.5 4th

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Option I and II Option III

C Catalysis 3|0|0 6.5 C Electrochemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Pigments and Dyes 3|0|0 6.5 C Applied Thermodynamics 3|0|0 6.5 C Physical chemistry III 3|0|0 6.5 C Analytical Quality Control 3|0|0 6.5 C Pesticides and Life 3|0|0 6.5 C Inorganic Chemistry III 3|0|0 6.5 ME Operations Research I 2|1|2 7.0 C Advanced Organic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 ME Information Systems for Managem. 2|0|2 6.5 ME Operations Research II 2|1|2 7.0 ME Operation Management I 2|1|2 7.0 ME Operation Management II 2|1|2 7.0

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ME Human Resources Management 2|2|0 5.0 Free Option

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Biochemistry and Food Chemistry 1st Semester 2nd Semester Area Course T|TU|P ECTS Area Course T|TU|P ECTS

M Calculus I 2|3|0 7.0 M Calculus II 3|3|0 8.0 M Linear Algebra and An. Geom. 3|2|0 7.0 P Mechanics 2|1|2 7.0 P Elements of physics 2|1|2 5.5 C Chemistry II 2|1|2 6.0 C Chemistry I 2|1|2 5.5 I Introduction to C Programming 2|0|3 5.0 I Software Tools for Sci. & Eng. 2|0|2 5.0 BC Introduction to Food Science 1|1|0 4.0 1s

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24 30 23 30 M Numerical Methods and Statistics 3|0|2 7.0 C Organic Chemistry II 3|1|0 6.5 P Electricity and Magnetism 2|1|2 6.0 BC Principles of Biochemistry 3|1|0 6.5 C Organic Chemistry I 3|1|0 7.5 C Physical Chemistry II 3|1|0 6.5 C Physical Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.5 B Food Microbiology 2|0|2 6.0 C Laboratory Q1 0|0|3 3.0 C Laboratory QF1- QO1 0|0|6 4.5 2n

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21 30 22 30 C Food Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Analytical Chemistry II 3|0|0 6.5 C Analytical Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.5 C Analytical Quality Control 3|0|0 6.5 C Natural Products Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 BC Food Biochemistry I 3|0|0 6.0 C Applied Inorganic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.0 CE Unit Operations 3|1|0 6.5

BC-C Laboratory B1 - QI1 0|0|6 4.5 BC-C Laboratory QA1-B2 0|0|6 4.5 3rd

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19 30 19 30 BC Food Biochemistry II 3|0|0 6.5 C-BC Project 0|0|16 17.0 BC Food Biotechnology 3|0|0 6.5 C Food safety and Quality 3|0|0 7.0 B Molecular Biology 3|0|0 6.0 C Option 2 6.0 C Laboratory QO2-Al1 0|0|6 5.0 Option 1 6.0 4t

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18-19 30 22 30 5th Professional Work Placement (Optional) 60

Option 1 Option 2

C Spectroscopic methods 2|2|0 6.5 C Chemometrics 3|0|0 6.0 C Bioinorganic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.0 BC Food Technology 3|0|0 6.0 C Pesticides and Life 3|0|0 6.0 C Advanced Organic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.0 O

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Free Option 6.0 Free Option 6.0

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Chemical Engineering 1st Semester 2nd Semester Area Course T|TU|P ECTS Area Course T|TU|P ECTS

M Calculus I 2|3|0 7.0 M Calculus II 3|3|0 8.0 M Linear Algebra and Anal. Geom. 3|2|0 7.0 P Mechanics 2|1|2 7.0 P Elements of physics 2|1|2 5.5 C Chemistry II 2|1|2 6.0 C Chemistry I 2|1|2 5.5 I Introd. to FORTRAN Programming 2|0|3 5.0 I Software Tools for Sci. & Eng. 2|0|2 5.0 CE Principles of Chem. Eng. 0|2|0 4.0 1s

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24 30 23 30 M Calculus III 3|2|0 4.5 M Statistical Methods 2|0|3 6.0 M Numerical Methods 2|0|3 3.0 C Instrum. Methods of Analysis 3|0|0 6.5 CE Fluid Flow and Multiphase Systems 3|2|0 7.5 C Physical Chemistry II 3|1|0 6.5 C Physical Chemistry I 3|1|0 6.5 CE Heat Transfer 2|2|0 7.0 C Laboratory Q1 0|0|3 3.0 C Laboratory QF1-QM 0|0|6 4.5 2n

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21 30 22 30 C Applied Inorganic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.0 C Heterogeneous Catalysis 2|1|0 5.0 C Organic Chemistry 3|1|0 6.5 CE Chem. Reaction Engineering I 2|2|0 7.0

CE Chem. Processes Thermodynamics 3|2|0 7.0 EL Principles of Electrotechnics 2|0|2 5.5 CE Mass Transfer 2|2|0 7.0 CE Separation Processes I 3|2|0 8.0

C/CE Laboratory QF2-EQ1 0|0|6 4.5 C/CE Laboratory QO1-EQ2 0|0|6 4.5 3rd

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19 30 19 30 CE Chem. Reaction Engineering II 2|2|0 7.0 CE Corrosion of Materials 2|1|1 5.5 CE Instrumentation and Process Control 2|2|0 6.0 CE Chem. Process Model. & Simul. 2|0|2 7.0 CE Separation Processes II 3|2|0 4.5 Option I 3-4 6.0 ME Principles of Economics 2|2|0 5.0 C Industrial Organic Chemistry 3|1|0 6.5

Laboratory EQ3 0|0|5 4.0 CE Laboratory EQ4 0|0|6 5.0 4th

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15 - 30 19 - 30 Option II 3-5 6.0 Option V 3-5 6.0 Option III 3-5 6.0 Option VI 3-6 6.0 Option IV 3-5 6.0 Option VII 2-4 6.0

C Chemical Process Design (anual) 1|0|9 12.0 Chemical Process Design (anual) 1|0|9 12.0 5th

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15 - 30 19 - 30

Options I, V, VI, VII Options II, III, IV CE Process Integration 2|2|0 CE Advanced Process Control 2|2|0 CE Multi-component Mass Transfer 3|0|0 CE Chemical Reactions Eng. III 3|0|0 CE Chemical Ind. Instrumentation 2|1|0 CE Separation Processes III 3|0|0 CE Chemical Process Utilities 2|0|0 CE Food Biotechnology 3|0|0 CE Industrial or Research Seminar II 0|0|4 CE Industrial or Research Seminar I 0|0|4 CE Industrial Biotechnology 3|0|0 C Agro-Forest Materials Chemistry 3|0|0 CE Agro-Forest Materials Technology 3|0|0 B Microbiology 2|0|2 CE Laboratory EQ5 0|0|6 P Polymer Physics 3|0|0 BC Principles of Biochemistry 3|1|0 CE Polymer Technology 3|0|0 Q Chemical Sensors 3|0|0 ME Operation Management I 2|1|2

MS Polymers 3|1|0 ME Operations Research I 2|1|2 ME Quality Management 2|2|0 ME Human resources Management 2|2|0

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ME Operation management II 2|1|2 EC Energy and Environment 2|1|0

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Section 5 – Course Units Advanced Organic Chemistry Objectives

To study advanced methods in organic synthesis. To develop skill on the development of synthetic strategies for the synthesis of complex molecules.

Contents PLANNING AND STRATEGIES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. Formation of C-C bonds, cyclization reactions, redox reactions, protective groups in organic synthesis, solid phase synthesis, CHEMISTRY OF SOME GROUPS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS.

Assessment Written exam at the end of the semester

Advanced Process Control Objectives

Detailed student instruction on advanced control methods (that complement the classical feedback control) an presentation of computer-based multivariable control techniques.

Contents

Revisions on process simulation and control, system dynamics and transfer functions; Process analysis in the frequency domain; Bode, Nyquist and Nichols diagrams; stability and sensitivity; Revisions on conventional control; tuning of controllers; Advanced process control methods – relative, cascade, feed-forward and adaptive-predictive control; Process identification: step tests and auto-tune variation; Introduction to multivariable control.

Bibliography

W. L. Luyben, Process Modelling, Simulation and Control for Chemical Engineers, McGraw-Hill EUA (1990); B. Ogunnaike, W. H. Ray, Process Dynamics Modelling and Control, Oxford EUA (1994); D. E. Seborg, T. F. Edgar and D. A. Mellichamp, Process Dynamics and Control, J. Wiley & Sons EUA (1989);

P. W. Murril, Fundamentals of Process Control Theory, ISA, Res. Triangle Park, NC, EUA, (2000). Agro-Forest Materials Chemistry Objectives

Instruction to the basic structure and chemistry of wood and its components and of the chemistry involved in the processing of wood to produce pulp and paper.

Contents Structure and chemistry of wood; Chemistry of pulping processes – kraft and sulphite processes; pulp bleaching; Chemistry of papermaking processes.


Bibliography J. Gullichsen and H. Paulapuro (eds.), papermaking Science and Technology. Book 3. Forest Products Chemistry, Fapet Oy, Helsinki, Finland (2000); E. Sjöström, Wood Chemistry. Fundamentals and Applications, Academic Press Inc. (1993); J. C. Roberts, The Chemistry of Paper, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (1996).

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Agro-Forest Materials Technology Objectives

General presentation of the industries dealing with the processing of agro-forest materials, with emphasis on the pulp and paper industries (main processes, material and energy balances, process variables and control, and relevant equipment operation and design);

Contents

Introduction to the wood processing industries; Wood preparation for pulp production; Kraft pulping – process (incl. bleaching), variables, kinetics and equipment; material and energy balances; chemicals and energy recovery; Sulphite pulping - process (incl. bleaching), variables, kinetics and equipment; Paper technology – process, variables and equipment; energy balance. Pulp and paper quality.


Bibliography

G. A. Smook, Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists., Angus Wilde Publ., Vancouver (1992); J. Gullichsen and C.-J. Fogelho (eds.), Chemical Pulping., Books 6A and B, Faret Oy, Helsinki (1999); J. Gullichsen and H. Paulapuro (eds.), Papermaking, Parts 1-3. Faret Oy, Helsinki (2000); C.W. Dence and D.W. Reeve (eds.), Pulp Bleaching. Principles and Practice, Tappi Press, Atlanta (1996).

Analysis of Natural and Residual Waters Objectives

The main objective of the unit is to provide understanding of the application of the principles of Analytical Chemistry to the analysis of water samples.

Contents

General concepts of natural and polluted waters. International, European and Portuguese legislation concerning the water quality. Water sampling. Determinations and effects of the most important pollutants in waters: oxygen consumers, nutrients, inorganic and organic compounds, radioactive materials and sediments. Principles of water and wastewater treatment: objectives and techniques.

Assessment

2-written exams. References

Stumm, W. and J. J. Morgan. Aquatic Chemistry. An Introduction Emphasising Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters. J. Wiley, New York, 1981. Stoker, H. S and S. L. Seager. Environmental Chemistry: Air and Water Pollution. Scott, Foresman and Co., 1976. Mahahan, S. E. Environmental Chemistry. Lewis Publishers, 1991. Schroeder, E. D. Water and Wastewater Treatment. McGraw-Hill, 1977. Sawyer, C. N. and P. L. McCarty. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill, 1978.

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Analytical Chemistry I Objectives

The unit seeks to provide a sound physical understanding of the principles of Analytical Chemistry and to show how these principles are applied in Chemistry and related disciplines.

Contents The analytical problem. Data handling. Gravimetric analysis. Volumetric analysis: titration curves. Acid-base, complexometric conductometric, spectrophotometric and precipitation titrations. Turbidimetry and nefelometry. Redox titrations. Coulometry and electrogravimetry. Sampling.


References

D. C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 3rd Ed., W. H. Freeman, 1991 G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 5th Ed., Wiley, 1995 D. A. Skoog and D. M. West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Holt-Saunders Japan, 1982

Analytical Chemistry II Objectives

The unit will be mainly taught through lectures. The teacher’s schedule accommodates tutorial hours for helping the students to overcome problems. The matters developed in the lectures will be supported by reading material selected according to the needs of the students.

Contents SIGNALS AND NOISE. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS: Atomic spectroscopy: absorbance, emission and fluorescence. Atomization: flames, furnaces and plasmas. Instrumentation. Analytical methods. Interferences. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Gas chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography. HPLC. Ion exchange chromatography. ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS: Voltammetry. Polarography. Normal and differential pulse polarography. Linear sweep and square wave voltammetry. Stripping voltammetry.


References - D. A. Skoog, F. J. Holler and T. A. Nieman, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Saunders College Publishing, USA, 1992. - G. D. Christian and J. E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Ed.., Allyn & Bacon, 1986 - D. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W.H.Freeman & Co., 1991. - G. Brunner, Gas Extraction, Springer New York, 1994

Analytical Quality Control Objectives

The students should become aware of the importance of the quality control in analytical chemistry and to implement it in the laboratorial work. They should also become able to select and to use the adequate data handling and statistical treatment procedures for treating and ensuring quality of analytical data.

Contents Introduction: General structure of an analytical procedure; Evolution of analytical quality control in chemical laboratories; Concepts of Quality, Object and Sample. Sampling: Objectives and classification of objects, samples and sampling strategies; Sampling quality parameters; Quality control in various sampling procedures.

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Analysis: Quality parameters in the detection method (precision, accuracy, calibration function, detection limit, sensitivity, safety, cost, selectivity and specificity); Quality control of the analytical results: roughness test, control charts, Youden plots, ranking test; Quality control of laboratory services (analytical water, air, reagents, solvents, gases, glassware, power). Data Processing: Data treatment (normality tests, data reduction); Autocorrelation and covariance techniques; Analysis of variance and cluster analysis.


References

G. Kateman and F. W. Pijpers, Quality Control in Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981 J. C. Miller and J. N. Miller, Statistics for Analytical Chemistry, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1984 T. F. Hartley, Computerised Quality Control: Programs for the Analytical Laboratory, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1987

Applied Inorganic Chemistry Objectives

In this course the fundamental principles necessary for the knowledge and understanding of structure, properties and applications of inorganic substances are studied. At the end, students are expected to be familiar with basic chemical properties of some inorganic compounds and to be able to interpret and systematize factual knowledge with the aid of current bonding and structure concepts and periodic properties of the elements.

Contents

SOLIDS. Structure and energetic of solid formation. Precipitation and solubilization. Important applications of solids (e.g., semiconductors, batteries, catalysts). COORDINATION CHEMISTRY. Electronic structure and properties of complexes. Reactivity. Organometallic compounds. Examples of applications of coordination compounds (water treatment, hydrometallurgy, industrial and biological catalysis, medicine, etc) PROPERTIES OF SOME CLASSES OF SUBSTANCES. Metals and other elements. Oxides and compounds with oxygen. Compounds with N, P, S and halogens. Relationships between chemical behaviour and position of the elements on the periodic table. Industrial, environmental and biological applications.

Assessment

The ability to describe, interpret and apply fundamental principles will be assessed as well as problem-solving skills. Marks are based on the result of one 2.5 hours test.

References

W. Swaddle, Inorganic Chemistry: an industrial and environmental perspective, Academic Press, 1997 Ana M. V. Cavaleiro, Química Inorgânica Básica, Universidade de Aveiro, 2ªed., 1999 D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins, C. H. Langford, Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1994

Applied Thermodynamics Objectives

To show the usefulness of Thermodynamics in real situations, to stimulate the student to further consolidate the knowledge previously aquired. To stimulate a critical ability and a sensibility to choose adequate thermodynamical models for problem solving.

Contents Determination of physical properties of pure fluids. Const proprerties; PVT properties. Applications; discussion and comparison of concepts. Properties of mixtures. Mixture rules. Residual functions and excess functions. Corresponding states: pseudo-critical method. Interaction parameters. Applications; discussion and comparison of concepts.

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Phase equilibrium. Fugacities and activities. Excess functions. Activity coeficient models. Applications; discussion and comparison of concepts. Solubility of gases and solids in liquids. Phase equilibria in polymeric systems. Phase equilibria in supercritical systems.

Assessment

Mini-projects (P) carried out during the lecture period complemented with a final examination (EX). Final Grade = P x P1 + EX x P2 where P1 e P2 are weight factors.

References R. C. Reid, J.M. Prausnitz and B. E. Poling, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1988. J. M. Prausnitz, R.N. Lichenthaler and E.G. Azevedo, Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Phase Equilibria, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall International Series, 1999. J. W. Tester and M. Modell, Thermodynamics and its Applications, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall International Series, 1996

Bioinorganic Chemistry Objectives

An introduction to the interface between inorganic chemistry and biology. To understand the modes of interaction between metal ions and biological macromolecules and how they are used for element selection in biology. Detailed understanding of some of the more important physical methods used in bioinorganic chemistry. To provide specific examples from various areas of bioinorganic chemistry to illustrate concepts introduced in the course. An introduction to literature searching and writing/presenting scientific reports

Contents Bioinorganic Chemistry: interface between inorganic chemistry and biology. The chemical elements in biology. Natural selection of the elements. Bio-availability. Introduction to: proteins; DNA/RNA; Lipids; Polysaccharides. Coordination chemistry of ions by biomolecules. Physical and computational methods in bioinorganic chemistry. Calcium and triggering. Zinc containing proteins. Iron: transport and storage. Transition metals in biological redox reactions. Metals in Medicine

Assessment

Grades are based on a 2.5 hour exam (80%) and on the short report and presentation (20%). Knowledge, understanding and application of basic principles and problem solving abilities are considered in the grading.

References S. Lippard, J. B. Berg, Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1994 J. J. Fraústo da Silva, R. J. Williams, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements (The Inorganic Chemistry of Life), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991 M. N. Hughes, The Inorganic Chemistry of Biological Processes, J. Wiley, 2ª ed., 1980 R. W. Hay, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ellis Horwood Series (Chemical Science), 1987 DF. Shriver, PW. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1999. J. J. Fraústo da Silva, Introdução à Química da Vida, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e de Tecnologia, Lisboa, 1985 W. Kaim, B. Schwederski, Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life (An Introduction and Guide), A Textbook Series, J. Wiley, 1st ed., Chichester, 1994 M. Ridley, Genome, Gradiva, 2001. D. Voet, J.G. Voet, C.W. Pratt, Fundamentals of Biochemistry, J. Wiley, 1999.

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Calculus I Objectives

To obtain the basic knowledge in Mathematical Analysis necessary for continuation of studies in Science and Engineering. To get the capability for analysis of real functions of one real variable; capability for determining of the approximation of a function using Taylor polynomial with estimate for the remainder; capability for calculate areas using integration.

Contents

Real functions of one real variable (limits and continuous functions). Bolzano and Weierstrass Theorems. Inverse functions. Differentiation (Chain rule and derivate of inverse functions). Rolle, Lagrange and Cauchy Theorems (l’Hopital’s rule). Local extrema. Sketches of graphs of real functions. Taylor´s Theorem. Integration (Riemann’s integral). Integration techniques. Improper integrals.


References Vírginia Santos, Manuscript Notes of Calculus I (old curricular) J. Stewart, Cálculo, Vol I, 4ª Edição, Pioneira, 2001. R. Ellis, D. Gulick, Calculus, Saunders, 1991. H. L. Guidorizzi, Um curso de cálculo, Livros Técnicos e Científicos, 1986. N,Piscounov, Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, Vol. I, Edições Lopes da Silva, Porto, 1983. Ia.S.Bugrov, S. M. Nikolski, Matemática para Engenharia, Vol.2. Princípios de Análise, Editora Mir, Moskovo, 1984

Calculus II Objectives

Extend the basics knowledge’s of Mathematics to make its concepts and techniques to be the main tools of Calculus used in Science and Engineering. The students should get: Capability for resolve ordinary differential equations and systems of equations; Capability for analysis of numerical series (their convergence or divergence) and for calculation of their values in the case of convergence. Approximation of real functions by series of Taylor and by trigonometric series (series of Fourier).

Contents Numerical series. Functional series. Power series. Fourier series. Ordinary differential equations of the first order. Differential equations of higher order and systems of equations. Resolution of differential equations and systems of differential equations using Laplace transforms.


References Vírginia Santos, Manuscript Notes of Calculus II (old curricula) Stewart, Cálculo, Vol II, 4ª Edição, Pioneira, 2001. N. Piscounov, Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, Vol. I, Edições Lopes da Silva, Porto, 1983 Erwin Kreyszig, Matemática Superior, Vol. 1, Vol3, Vol. 4, Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora S.A., 1977 M. L. Krasnov, A.I. Kiseliov, G.I. Makarenko, Equações Diferenciais Ordinárias, Editora -McGraw-Hill de Portugal, LDA, 1994. J. Carvalho e Silva, C.M. Franco Leal, Analise Matemática Aplicada, Exercícios, actividades, complementos e provas de avaliação, Mc-Graw Hill, 1996.

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Calculus III Objectives

Study and expansion of the conceptualising tools and calculus used in science and engineering but with a generalised appliance. To develop the capacity of analysing real functions of several real variables (study of the continuity, differentiability and determination of extremes). To develop the capacity of determination of multiple integrals, of line integrals and surface integrals. Capacity of solving problems of flux in vectorial fields.

Contents Real functions of several real variables (limits, continuity, partial derivation). Taylor formula for functions of several variables. Conditioned local extremes. Multiple integration (double and triple integral). Elements of vectorial analysis (lines and surfaces). Line and surface integrals. Green theorem, Stokes theorem and Gauss theorem. Differential partial integration of second order.

Assessment

Written exams

Catalysis Objectives

To give a solid knowledge on the principles of catalysis and an overview of the most important catalytic systems

Contents INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CATALYSIS. Basic concepts on catalysis; homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS: 1. acid-basis catalysis. 2. Electron transfer catalysis. 3. Organometalic catalysts. 4. Metal complexes as catalysts in hydrogenation. Isomerization of unsaturated molecules. Arylation and vinylation of olephyns. Metathesis polymerisation and hydroformylation of alkenes. Hydrocyanation, carbonylation of alcohols. Oxidation. 5. Stereospecific synthesis catalysts. HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS: 1. characterisation of catalysts and surfaces. Structure of solids and surfaces. Adsorption. Spectroscopic techniques for solids and surfaces characterisation. 2. Surface catalysis: Metal oxides surface catalysis. Metal surface catalysis. Supported metal catalysis. Metal sulphide catalysis.3. Porous materials catalysis: molecular sieves and lamellar solids. CASE STUDIES: 1 Catalysts on cars. 2 Catalysts for solar energy conversion. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis at industrial level.

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester Chemical Industry Instrumentation Objectives

Presentation of the main types of instrumentation used in the operation and control of chemical processes (where valves play a prominent role), with emphasis on the their functional characteristics.

Contents Generalities on chemical process instrumentation; Pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical and electronic signals transmission and conversion; Analogical-digital conversion; Principles, operation and applications of temperature, pressure, flow, level, humidity, pH, electrical conductivity, density, viscosity and gas concentration sensors (TCD and FID detectors, oxygen paramagnetism and infrared analysis); Industrial P, PI and PID controllers; digital controllers – SLC and PLC controllers; Final control elements - actuators and control valves; sizing of valves.

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Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester References

C. L. Albert and D. A. Coggan, Fundamentals of Industrial Control, ISA, Res. Triangle Park, NC, EUA (1992); D. M. Considine,. Process/Industrial Instruments & Controls Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Singapore (1993); A. Creus, Instrumentación Industrial, Marcombo, Barcelona, España (1979).

Chemical Process Design Objectives and Contents

Introduction to the theoretical principles and practice of relatively complex chemical process evaluation, selection and design.

Chemical Process Modelling and Simulation Objectives

Introduction to the methods of formulating chemical process models; Selection and numerical solution of chemical process models using traditional, computer library-based, packages and commercial object/block simulators.

Contents Mathematical formulation and (concentrated and distributed parameter) modelling of physical-chemical problems in chemical engineering from fundamental laws and equations; Application of ODEs and ADEs in chemical engineering; numerical solution of initial value problems; use of commercial numerical libraries (IMSL, NAG and Matlab) and public domain libraries (Netlib); model implementation in programming languages like Fortran77/90, C/C++ and Matlab; Solution of boundary value problems by different methods; multistage chemical processes; Numerical solution of parabolic and elliptic PDEs by different methods; use of equation-oriented programming with the gPROMS simulator; Unit, plant and complex chemical process computer simulation; steady- and unsteady-state simulation and optimisation using the Hysys commercial software; introduction to programming with Simulink.


References R. G. Rice and D. D Do, Applied Mathematics and Modelling for Chemical Engineers, John Willey and Sons, Inc., (1995); R. L. Burden and J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, ITP, USA (1997); R. Aris, Mathematical Modeling: A Chemical Engineer’s Perspective, Vol.1, Academic Press, USA (1999); Hysys.Plant 2.0 User, Tutorials & Applications Manual, Hyprotech Ltd., 300 Hyprotech Centre, Alberta, Canada(1998).

Chemical Processes Thermodynamics Objectives

Following the students’ instruction on the principles and main tools of thermodynamics (within the courses on Physical Chemistry), the main objectives are: Application of thermodynamic analysis to chemical processes (including non-equilibrium ones); Deeper understanding of the concept of non-ideality of mixtures and of its translation by equations of state and models of the systems’ Gibbs free energy; Instruction on methods to calculate phase equilibria, with emphasis on flash separations.

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Contents Thermodynamic analysis of chemical processes (energy balances on continuous processes, entropy and exergy, and process thermodynamic efficiency); Concepts of activity and fugacity and (Gibbs free energy and equation of state) models for their evaluation; Algorithms for the calculation of boiling and dew temperatures and pressures, and flash calculations by solution of the Ratchford-Rice equations; LVE, LLE and SLE phase diagram correlation and prediction in binary and ternary systems; Introduction to irreversible process thermodynamics.


References

J. R. Elliot and C. T. Lira, Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Prentice.Hall (1999). Chemical Process Utilities Objectives and Contents

Acquaintance with the production and distribution of the main process utilities.

Chemical Reaction Engineering I Objectives

Introduction to the basic concepts, namely the different types, selection and sizing of homogeneous chemical reactors; Reactor modelling and optimisation of chemical reaction operations; Steady-state and transient operation of chemical reactors; Integration of chemical reactors in complex industrial processes.

Contents

Basic concepts and mass and energy balances over chemical reactors; Introductory sizing of homogeneous continuous and batch chemical reactors; series and parallel reactor sets; Ideal Batch reactors – isothermal and non-isothermal operation; reactor optimisation and control; Ideal Continuous flow reactors (CSTR and PFR) – isothermal and non-isothermal operation; thermal stability and state multiplicity; reactor optimisation and comparison; Unsteady-state operation of chemical reactors; semi-continuous reactors; Non-ideal behaviour of chemical reactors – residence time distributions, modelling of real reactors and conversion prediction.

Assessment


H. S. Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Prentice Hall Int. (1999); O. Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley & Sons (1999).

Chemical Reaction Engineering II Objectives

Introduction to the basic concepts of catalytic chemical reactions, namely the types, operation, sizing and optimisation of steady-state catalytic reactors.

Contents Introductory sizing of heterogeneous reactors – flow, phases interaction and mass transfer effects in catalytic reactors;

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Fundamental concepts of heterogeneous catalysis; Kinetics of solid-catalysed reactions; Analysis and sizing of two-phase (fluid-fluid and fluid-solid catalyst) and three-phase (fluid-fluid-solid catalyst) reactors.


References J. L. Figueiredo and F. Ramôa Ribeiro, Catálise Heterogénea. F. Calouste Gulbenkian - Lisboa (1989); H. S. Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Prentice Hall Int. (1999); O. Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley & Sons (1999).

Chemical Reactions Engineering III Objectives

Introduction to unsteady-state chemical reactor operation, multiphase chemical reaction engineering and integrated reaction/separation processes.

Contents

Analysis and design principles of two- and three-phase non-catalytic reactors; Enzymatic reactions and biological reactors; Polymerisation reactions and polymerisation reactors; Introduction to membrane reactors, reactive distillation and reactive extraction; case studies.

Assessment

Written final exam

Bibliography O. Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley & Sons (1999). G.F. Froment and K.B. Bischoff, Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, J. Wiley & Sons (1990) R.W. Missen, C.A. Mims and B.A. Saville, Chemical Reaction Engineering and Kinetics, John Wiley & Sons (1999) L.D. Schmidt, The Engineering of Chemical Reactions, Oxford Univ. Press (1998)

Chemical Sensors Objectives

A general overview of the Chemical Sensors, classified by the type of transducer is presented. Fundaments and most relevant analytical applications for each of class of transducers are discussed.

Contents MASS SENSORS: piezoelectricity; the quartz crystal microbalance; the passive method; the surface acoustic wave devices. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS: potenciometric sensors (ion selective electrodes and field effect transistors), amperometric sensors, conductivity sensors and chemical resistors. OPTICAL SENSORS: optode; optical fibres; optical sensing techniques (absorbance, reflectance and luminescence measurements); membranes and reagent immobilisation. THERMAL SENSORS: thermistor; catalytic sensors; pyroelectric sensors; thermal conductivity detector.

Assessment

Written final exam and a written report on a research conducted by groups of two students about chemical sensors found in real word (a very restricted field, which can go from medicine to environment or an industrial plant is chosen for each group of two students).

Bibliography

Janata, J. Principles of Chemical Sensors; Plenum Press: Nova York, 1990. Edmonds, T. E. Chemical Sensors; Backie and Son Ltd.: Glasgow, 1988.

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Göpel, W.; Hesse, J.; Zemel, J. N. Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey, vol. 2; VCH Verlagsellschaft mbH: Weinheim, 1992. Cattrall, R., W. Chemical Sensors; Oxford University Press Inc.: Nova York, 1997. Sberveglieri, G. Gas Sensors; principles, operation, and development; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1992. Blum, L. J.; Coulet, P. R. Biosensor Principles and Applications; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: Nova York, 1991.

Chemistry I Objectives

The unit consists of lectures (2h/week), tutorials (1h/week) and laboratory classes (2h/week). The basic principles are explained in the lectures, whilst the tutorials use student-centred problems that illustrate the chemical principles. Laboratory classes consist of inquiry-based experiments that address simple chemical concepts, can be performed using simple equipment, do not require a list of procedural steps and are planned by the students.

Contents CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Chemical energetics. Enthalpy. Spontaneous transformations. Entropy. Gibbs energy. Chemical equilibrium. Water and aqueous solutions Elemental composition of water. Structure of water. Physical properties. WATER AS A SOLVENT. The hydrophobic effect. Osmosis. Purification of water. Acid-base reactions in aqueous solutions. MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE: STRUCTURE, SHAPE AND ORGANIZATION. FROM LEVELS TO BANDS. Atomic orbitais and the periodic table. The chemical bond. Functional groups. Molecular shape: local molecular geometry and conformational degrees of freedom. Chirality. Molecular organization: coloidal systems. Positional and orientational orders: liquid crystals. From levels to bands. Conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

Assessment

Assessment is carried out in the laboratory classes (35%) and in written tests (65%). In the laboratory classes, the basic element of continuous assessment is the students log book. In the written evaluation, each student opts between two tests during the lecturing period or a single final test carried out during the examination period at the end of semester. Students who attain a written assessment mark equal or greater to 16 out of 20, should answer a “16+” test for assessment above 16. The lecture material for this test is covered in three “lecture-conferences” delivered by the Coordinator of the unit during the semester.

References Jones and Atkins, Chemistry – Molecules, Matter, and Change, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1999.

Chemistry II Objectives

The unit consists of lectures (2h/week), tutorials (1h/week) and laboratory classes (2h/week). The basic principles are explained in the lectures, whilst the tutorials use student-centred problems that illustrate the chemical principles. Laboratory classes consist of inquiry-based experiments that address simple chemical concepts, can be performed using simple equipment, do not require a list of procedural steps and are planned by the students.

Contents ACIDS AND BASES Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. Equilibrium fractions of HA and A- at different values of pH. Buffer solutions. Weak polyprotic acids. Acid-base indicators. Lewis acids and bases. REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY Galvanic cells. The significance of standard potentials. Standard potentials, free energy, and equilibrium constants. The Nernst equation. Fuel cells. Corrosion. CHEMICAL KINETICS Reaction rates and concentrations. The dependence of concentrations on time. Reaction mechanisms. Reaction mechanism and rate. Effect of temperature on reaction rates. Kinetics of catalysis.

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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Mass-energy relationships in nuclei. Binding energy of nuclei. Nuclear decay processes. Kinetics of radioactive decay. Radiation in Biology and Medicine. CARBON-BASED MATERIALS Hydrocarbons. Functional groups. Substitution and elimination reactions in alcohols. Condensation of fatty acids with glycerol. Addition polymerisation. Condensation polymerisation. Amino acids and proteins. Biopolymers.

Assessment Assessment is carried out in the laboratory classes (35%) and in written tests (65%). In the laboratory classes, the basic element of continuous assessment is the students log book. In the written evaluation, each student opts between two tests during the lecturing period or a single final test carried out during the examination period at the end of semester. Students who attain a written assessment mark equal or greater to 16 out of 20, should answer a “16+” test for assessment above 16. The lecture material for this test is covered in three “lecture-conferences” delievered by the Coordinator of the unit during the semester.

References Jones and Atkins, Chemistry – Molecules, Matter, and Change, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1999.

Chemometrics Objectives

The unit is taught only through lectures (3). The basic principles are explained in most of the lectures (aproximately 75%). The remaining 25% of the lectures are used to solve specific problems with data refering to papers found in the literature.

Contents Optimization in Analytical Chemistry. Experimental design. Principal Components Analysis. Factor Analysis. Pattern Recogniton techniques. Introduction to Neural Networks.

Assessment After each chapter each group of two students must work on a specific problem, with data refering to papers found in the literature, and present the results in a seminar (graded) for the whole class.

Bibliography Miller, J. C.; Miller, J. N. Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, Ellis Horwood Limited, 4ª ed. Chichester, 2000. Massart, Desiré, L.; Dijkstra, Auke; Kaufman, Leonard, Evaluation and Optimization of Laboratory Methods and Analytical Procedures, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1978 Massart, Desiré, L.; Vandeginste, B. G. M.; Deming, S. N.; Michotte, Y.; Kaufman, Leonard, Chemometrics: a textbook. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1988

Corrosion of Materials Objectives

To give a solid formation in the principles corrosion, its consequences andin the methods used for protection against corrosion.

Contents FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION (revisited): Oxidation andreduction concepts. Oxidation numbers. Electrode reactions and potentials. The Nernst law. Buttler-Volmer and Tafel equations. Polarization. Multipleelectrode reactions. METAL CORROSION IN AQUEOUS MEDIA: Immunity conditions, passivation and corrosion. Pourbaix diagrams. Geometry and aeration effects. Metalurgic and mechanical factors affecting corrosion. Corrosion survey: in situ and laboratorial methods. Galvanometric and potentiometric methods. Cyclic voltametry. Impedance spectroscopy. Chrono potentiometry METAL CORROSION IN OTHER MEDIA: in concrete, in soils, in chemical industry, in molten salts. PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION: cathodic polarization and depolarization. Passivation. Cathodic protection. Cationic and anionic inhibitors. Coatings. METAL OXIDATION IN GAS PHASE.

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CORROSION AND DURABILITY OF OTHER MATERIALS: refractory materials in metallurgy and glass industry. Glass. Polymers


Economics for Organizations

Not Available

Electricity and magnetism Objectives

To give an understanding of the basic laws of Electromagnetism and relate them with some of the most common and relevant applications in general use. The unit is taught by lectures, tutorials and laboratory classes (2:1:2). The basic principles are explained in the lectures, whilst the tutorials use student-centred problems which focus on simple case studies.

Contents ELECTROSTATICS: Coulomb Law. Electric Field. Gauss Law. Insulators and conductors. Electric potential. The electric field on matter. Applications: Van der Graff Generator, cathode ray tube, xerographic printer, laser printer, electrostatic separator, electrophoresis (physical principle), shielding. ELECTRIC CURRENT: Electrical resistance and Ohm’s Law. Energy dissipation in resistors. Electrical circuits. Kirchoff’s Laws. Capacitance. Energy stored in capacitors. RC circuits. Applications: Wheatstone bridge, temperature sensors, timer circuits, power supply, transmission line. MAGNETISM: Magnetic field and magnetic force. Ampère and Biot-Savart Laws. The solenoid. The Hall effect. APPLICATIONS: Electric motor, mass spectrometer, velocity selector, particle accelerator, galvanometer. MAGNETISM ON MATTER: Diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. Magnetic permeability. Permanent magnets. INDUCTION: Faraday Law and Lenz principle. Self induction and mutual induction. The inductor. RL circuits and LC circuits. “Eddy” currents. Applications: Generator, transformer, induction furnace. AC CIRCUITS: RLC circuits in sinusoidal steady state conditions. Impedance. Fasors. Applications: Resonant circuits, filters.

Assessment

Laboratory work (reports) and written tests or exams Bibliography

R. A. Serway, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Saunders College Publishing, 2000. S. K. Mendiratta, Introdução ao Electromagnetismo, Edição da Fundação Gulbenkian. A. Kip, Fundamentals of electricity and magnetism, 2ª Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1969

Elements of Physics Objectives

During one semester the subjects are taught in lectures, problems and laboratorial classes (2:1:2). The basic principles are explained in the lectures, complemented by problems. Laboratory classes include an introduction to laboratory work, measurements and data treatment, followed by a series of practical works on experiments related to the subjects discussed in the lectures: waves, optics, modern physics.

Contents

PHYSICS AS A SCIENCE: The Universe and the Fundamental Forces of Nature. The Character of a Physical Law. Conservation Laws and Symmetries. Measurements. Time, Space and Mass standards. Dimensional Analysis. International System of Units. Physical Models. Order of magnitude estimates.

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WAVE PHENOMENA AND OPTICS: Introduction to wave phenomena. Harmonic Waves. Superposition, Sanding waves, resonance. Doppler effect. Light and geometrical optics. Reflection and refraction. Optical devices: mirrors and lenses. Interference and diffraction INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL RELATIVITY: Galileo and relativity. Special Relativity: coordinate and velocity transformations. Energy and Momentum INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM PHYSICS: Historical. Energy Quanta and photons. Photoelectric and Compton effects. Wave and corpuscular nature of matter. Wave functions and quantization. Applications NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS: Radioactive decay. The Nucleus. Phenomenology .Radioactivity applications. Elementary Particles: introduction

Assessment

Laboratory work (reports) and written tests or exams Bibliography

R.A. Serway, Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 2000, Saunders College Publishing. J. Dias de Deus e outros. Introdução à Física, 2000, Mc-Graw-Hill D. Halliday e R. Resnick, Fundamentos de Física, 1993, Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora. P.A. Tipler, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 1999, 4th ed., W. H. Freeman and Company D.C. Giancoli, Physics, Principles with Applicaions, 5th ed., 1998, Prentice-Hall P.A. Tipler, R. A. Llwellyn, Modern Physics, 1999, 3rd ed., W. H. Freeman and Company M.C. Abreu, L. Matias, L.F. Peralta, Física Experimental-Uma Introdução, 1994, Presença Docentes da disciplina, Apontamentos de Física I1, Guia de Trabalhos práticos, 2000/2001.

Electrochemistry Objectives

To give a solid knowledge on the principles of electrochemical processes, their thermodynamical basis Contents

POTENTIALS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF CELLS: Free energy and cell e.m.f. Half -reaction and reduction potentials. Chemical reversibility. Thermodynamic reversibility. Reversibility and Gibbs free energy. Nernst equation. Experimental measurement of cell potentials. IONS AND IONIC INTERACTION: Conductance. Transport numbers and mobility. Equivalent ionic conductivities. Liquid-junction potential. Minimising liquid-junction potentials. Ions in motion: linear flux, migration, diffusion and convection. Fick’s laws for planar diffusion. Effect of adding supporting electrolyte. Debye-Huckel theory – limiting Law and General Law. Experimental determination of activity coefficients. ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER: Thermodynamics of the double layer. Electrocapillary equation. Potential of zero charge. Differential capacitances. Relative surface excess. Models for the double layer structure. Specific adsorption. KINETICS OF SIMPLE ELECTRODE REACTIONS: Nernstian reactions. The steady-state voltammogram. Limiting current and the Nernst diffusuion layer. Non- Nernstian reactions: Model based on free energy curves. Transfer coefficient. Exchange current. Butler-Volmer equation. Tafel plots. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY: The electrochemical cell: three electrode systems vs. two electrode systems. Working electrodes: materials, conditioning and preparation of working electrodes. Solvents and supporting electrolytes. Working potential windows. Cyclic voltammetry for reversible systems. Diagnosis tests. Capacitive current and its minimization. Applications. APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Electrolytic processes: The industrial cell. Energetic efficiency and its maximisation. Ohmic looses. Examples of industrial processes: the production of Cl2 and sodium hydroxide: types of cells, efficiencies and electrodes. Electrochemical energy conversion: Bateries and fuel cells. Efficiencies.

Assessment

Timed coursework assessments - 2x2 hours. References

Allen J. Bard and Larry R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods, 2nd ed. John Wiley, N.Y., 2001. A. M. O. Brett and C M. A. Brett, Electroquímica, princípios, métodos e aplicações, Oxford Univ.press, 1996

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Energy and Environment

Not Available

Environmental Chemistry Objectives

To understand some of the most important chemical processes which occur in the atmosphere To develop previous knowledge about chemical equilibria, speciation and interface phenomena through the study of chemical processes which occur in aqueous systems in the environment

Contents INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: The stucture and composition of earth. Matter cycles. Energy dynamics. Human impact and pollution. CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE: Chemistry of the stratosphere: the ozone layer. Chemistry of the troposphere: redox reactions and reactivity principles; photochemical smog; acid rains; particles in atmosphere. Greenhouse gases and global warming CHEMISTRY OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS: Introduction: the importance of speciation and phase equilibria Chemistry of dissolved CO2. Solid/solution equilibria: solubility behaviour of simple mineral salts and metal oxides, hydroxides and oxohydroxides; the coexistence of multiple solid phases and multiple solid predominance diagrams. The solid-solution interface. Metal/ligand chemistry in aqueous systems. Redox reactions in aqueous systems: pe and EH

Bibliography C. Baird, “Environmental Chemistry”, Freeman, 1995 S. E. Manahan, “Environmental Chemistry”, 6th edition, Lewis Publishers, 1994 J. F. Pankow, “Aquatic Chemistry Concepts”, Lewis Publishers, 1991

Fluid Flow and Multiphase Systems Objectives

Presentation, development and use of the principles of the flow of simple Newtonian and non-Newtonian (introductory) fluids and of solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and gas-liquid two-phase systems.

Contents

Elementary fluid statics and manometry; Inviscid fluid flow; Drag in unidimensional Newtonian fluid flow – laminar and turbulent flow; Head losses in various piping geometries; pipe sizing; Positive displacement and centrifugal pumps – characterization and selection; Flow around submerged objects/particles; Solid-fluid, liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems; co-current and counter-current gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flow; Flow of (one or more) fluids in porous media; basis of filtration; Solid-liquid and solid-gas fluidisation; Agitation and mixing; Introduction to non-Newtonian fluid flow.

Assessment


N. de Nevers, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, McGraw-Hill International Editions (1991).

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Food Biochemistry I Objectives

To study the foodstuffs of animal origin, its components and biochemical and chemical modifications during processing and storage.

Contents

FOODSTUFFS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. Types of milk. Physical and physicochemical properties. Composition. Casein micelle and fat globule models. Processing of milk. Evaporated and sweetened condensed milk. Dehydrated milk. MILK PRODUCTS. Cream, butter, cream separation and souring, churning. Cheese, classification. Curd formation, curing processed cheese. Fermented milk products: sour milk, yoghurt, Kefir and Kumiss. MEAT Structure of muscle tissue. Composition and functions. Proteins of the contractile apparatus. Contraction and relaxation. Soluble and insoluble proteins. Post-mortem changes in muscle. Rigor mortis. Defects (PSE and DFD meat). Ageing of meat FISH. Sea and fresh water fish. Skin and muscle tissue structure. Composition. Proteins. Free amino acids, peptides. Other N-compounds. Other constituents. Post-mortem changes. EGGS. Structure, physical properties and composition. Shell. Egg white and egg yolk. Functional properties, thermal coagulation, foaming ability, emulsifying effect. Changes during storage. Egg products.

Assessment One final written examination (2.5 hours)

References H. D. Belitz and W. Grosch, Food Chemistry, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1986. N. A. M. Eskin, Biochemistry of Foods, Academic Press, San Diego, 1990 Additional references: Luquet FM, (1985) (Trad. port. 1990) O Leite. 2 vols. Publicações Europa-América, Mem-Martins Pennfield MP, Campbell AM (1990) Experimental Food Science. Academic Press San Diego Pearson AM, Young RB, (1989) Muscle and Meat Biochemistry. Academic Press San Diego Eck A. (1987) (Trad. port. 1990) O Queijo. 2 vols. Publicações Europa-América, Mem-Martins

Food Biochemistry II Objectives

The objective is to present the vegetal products, as food and as raw material for processing. The discipline seeks the understanding of the biochemical and physical-chemical changes in composition of the different vegetal products during ripening, harvesting, processing and storage.

Contents VEGETAL FOODSTUFFS: Composition, physical-chemical and biochemical characteristics from cereals, fruits, leguminosae and oleaginous. Transformed products (flour, bread, beer, wine, fat and oils, etc.). Modifications occurred during ripening, harvesting, processing and storage.

Assessment One final written examination (2.5 hours)

References H. D. Belitz and W. Grosch, Food Chemistry, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1986. N. A. M. Eskin, Biochemistry of Foods, Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. Additional references: Alais C, Linden G (1991) Food Biochemistry. Ellis Horwood. New York. Cheftel JC, Cheftel H, Basançon P (1977) Introducción a la Bioquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Vol I e II. Ed. Acribia, Zaragoza. Fennema OR (1982) Introducción a la Ciencia de los Alimentos. Vol I e II. Ed. Reverté S.A. Barcelona.

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Food Biotechnology Objectives

Study of the main food biotechnologies.

Contents FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY. ENZYME TECHNOLOGY. ENZYME ENGINEERING. MICROBIAL AND PLANT CELL PRODUCTION OF FOOD INGREDIENTS. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING TECHNIQUES. GENETIC ENGINEERING IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY BIOSENSORS FOR BIOPROCESS MONITORING.

Assessment Written exam at the end of the semester (2.5 hour)

References B H Lee, Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology, John Wiley & Sons, 1996 R G Berger, Aroma Biotechnology, Springer, 1995 H W Blanch and D S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 1996

Food Chemistry Objectives

The chemical principles related to selected food constituents are explained in the lectures, as well as introductory principles to food colloidal systems. This unit, together with related units in the area of food chemistry, seeks to provide a physical-chemistry understanding of the food system. The unit is taught mostly through lectures. Educational tools will be used, within the WWW-based programme of the University of Aveiro.

Contents

WATER. Physical properties of water. Water as a food constituent. Water-solute interactions. Water activity and relative vapor pressure. Sorption isotherms. Water activity and food stability. Molecular mobility and food stability. ENZYMES. Classification and nomenclature. Activity and Active centre. Catalysis and kinetics. FOOD ADDITIVES. Acids, bases, buffer systems and salts. Antioxidants. Antimicrobial agents. Flavor enhancers. Aroma substances. Sweeteners. Food colors. Stabilizers and thickeners. Fat replacers. DISPERSED SYSTEMS. Colloid and interfaces. Colloidal Interactions. Dispersions and gels. Emulsions. Foams.

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester Essay on up to date developments on taught topics: will test the student’s ability to survey and elaborate a brief review.

References O.R. Fennema (Ed.), Food Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Marcel Dekker, 1996. H.-D. Belitz & W. Grosch, Food Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, 1999. Additional bibliographic resources: D.J. McClements, Food Emulsions: Principles, Practice, and Techniques, CRC Press, 1998. H. Levine & L. Slade, Water Relationships in Food, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ., 1991. A.L. Branen, P.M. Davidson, S. Salminen & J.H. Thorngate, Food Additives, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker, 2001.

Food Microbiology Objectives

The course comprises acquisition of knowledge on the factors that affect the microbial growth, the major groups of food-borne microorganisms and the interaction between microorganisms and food.

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Contents

Introduction. Preservation and hygiene of food products. The quality control system, criteria for the microbiological assessment of foods. Food spoliage: food poissoning and foodborne illness. Bacterial toxins, mycotoxins. Microbial growth. Factors affecting the micobiological activity. Types of microorganisms found in foods. Food preservation: heat treatments, drying, irradiation, use of antibiotics. Food transformation by lactic and alcoholic fermentation. Molecular aspects of microorganisms identification, methodologies. Laboratorial practice

Assessment One final written examination (2.5 hours) 70%. Practical 30%

References Ketchum, P., 1988. Microbiology. Concepts and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. Pelczar Jr., M., E. Chan & N. Krige, 1986. Microbiology. McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y. Frazier W.C.; Westhoff, D. C.1988 Food Microbiology, McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y Thatcher, F.S. and Clark, D.S., 1968. Microorganisms in foods: Their significance and methods of enumeration, Ed. University of Toronto Press. Slanetz, L.W. et.al 1963. Micorbiological Quality of foods, Ed. Academic Press Speck, M.L. 1976. Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, Ed. American Public Health Association. Alcamo, 2001. Fundamentals of Microbiology. 6th Edition, Jones and Bartlett.

Food safety and Quality Objectives

The course comprises acquisition of knowledge on: 1) methodology for implementation of Quality Systems in Agricultural/Food Industries. 2) analytical methods and regulations for quality/hygiene control of foodstuffs, 3) notions of food toxicology and implementation of specific methods for control of toxicology problems, 4) industrial reality of today (through invited lectures given by industrialists on up-to-date e.g. the situation of some national industries, industrial organisation, implementation of quality systems and quality control of processes and products.

Contents NATIONAL QUALITY POLICY AND ITS ROLE AT BOTH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS; concepts and strategies for quality/quality assurance; organisation/documentation in quality/quality assurance; ISO 9000 regulations; applications domains; definitions; the 20 requirements of the Quality System. ISO 9000-9004 = EN 29001-29004. THE HACCP SYSTEM (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points)–hazards and control critical points (CCPs); principles, hazard evaluation and control; CCPs identification; safety of products/processes; HACCP planning; process flux diagrams; measures for prevention and correction; validation. Portuguese and EC legislation. BASIC CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY; pesticides; drugs and additives in animal feed; heavy metals contamination; microbiological food safety; sources and occurrence of residues in foods; analytical methodology; specific legislation; processing technologies and toxicology hazards. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR FOOD ANALYSIS: humidity and sorption isotherms, quantification of minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, protein and additives. SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS FOR FOOD ANALYSIS: atomic absorption and emission spectrometry, VIS/UV spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy (MIR, NIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Concepts and methods of sensorial analysis.


References Normas portuguesas. Coultate, T.P., Food: the Chemistry and its Components, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2nd Edition, 1992. Alais, C., Linden, G., Food Biochemistry,Ellis Horwood Ltd.,Chichester,1991 Holme, D. J., Peck, H., Analytical Biochemistry, Longman Scientif. & Technical, 2nd.ed., London, 1993. Baltes, W. (editor), Rapid Methods for Analysis of Food and Food Raw Material, Hamburg: Behr, 1990.

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Pomeranz, Y., Meloan, C.E., Food Analysis- Theory and Practice, 3rd Ed., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1994. J. De Vries, Food Safety and Toxicity, CRC Press, 1996

Food Technology Objectives

The subject contents and methodology envisage to give the students a general as well as specific understanding of the main food technologies actually used and of new promising technologies. The knowledge acquired will enhance students’ skills to deal with production processes at the industrial level.

Contents FOOD PRESERVATION AND DEGRADATION. Kinetics of microbial inactivation and nutrient losses. Quantification of processing impact on foods. PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF FOOD PRESERVATION: freezing, chilling, blanching, pasteurisation, sterilisation, dehydration, extrusion, modified/controlled atmosphere, irradiation, microwaves and infrared radiation, ohmic heating, high pressure, electromagnetic fields, light pulses, ultrasound and high field electric pulses. PRODUCTION OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED FOODS and combined preservation technologies (the hurdle approach). TECHNOLOGY OF READY-TO-USE PRODUCTS. PACKAGING AND FOOD PRESERVATION. ACTUAL HOT TOPICS IN FOOD PROCESSING/PRESERVATION.

Assessment One final written examination (2.5 hours), 80% plus a written bibliographic work (maximum 20 pages), 20%

References Peter Fellows, Food processing technology: principles and practice, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1993 M. Shafiur Rahman, Handbook of food preservation, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999 Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas and Grahame W. Gould, Innovations in food processing, Technomic, Lancaster, 2000 Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas, Preservation of foods with pulsed electric fields, Academic Press, San Diego, 1999

Heat Transfer Objectives

Presentation, development and use of the mechanisms and principles of heat transfer, including an understanding of the characteristics and operation of the main types of heat transfer equipment.

Contents

Mechanisms of heat transfer – conduction, (natural and forced) convection and radiation; Detailed quantitative presentation of the principles and formulations of heat transfer by conduction and forced and natural convection; Types and operational characteristics of heat exchangers for single phase heat transfer; Heat transfer boiling and condensation operations; Heat transfer in fluidised beds; Simultaneous heat and mass transfer operations; Heat losses in real chemical processes.

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester

References F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley and Sons (2001).

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Heterogeneous Catalysis Objectives

The main objective is to trace the emergence, application, study and interpretation of heterogeneous catalysis.

Contents

Introduction, with definitions and illustrations of catalysis and a brief review of kinetics. Catalysts: selection, preparation and properties. The selectivity of catalysts. Characterising catalysts and their surfaces. The solid-state and surface chemistry of catalysts. The fundamentals of adsorption. Spectroscopy in catalysis. Catalysis on surfaces of inorganic solids. Introduction to the surface science of single-crystals. Catalysis on: metal surfaces, supported metals, metal oxides and metal sulphides. Catalysis within the molecular-scale cages of zeolites and other molecular sieves. Steric and transport effects: molecular sieving and shape-selective catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis: examples and case histories.

Assessment Grades are based on the result of one 2 hour test. Factual knowledge, understanding and application of basic principles and problem solving abilities are considered in the grading.

References

B. C. Gates, Catalytic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992. M. Bowker, The basis and applications of heterogeneous catalysis, Oxford Chemistry Primers, Oxford University Press, 1998. J. M. Thomas, W. J. Thomas, Principles and practice of heterogeneous catalysis, VCH, Weinheim, 1997. Insights into speciality inorganic chemicals, Ed. D. Thompson. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1995.

Human resources Management

Not Available

Industrial Biotechnology Objectives

Student instruction on bioprocesses (with some emphasis on the food and environmental areas), the relevance of mass transfer in systems with and without immobilized biocatalysts and of heat transfer in microbial reactions, and on the separation and purification of the products of such processes.

Contents

BIOPROCESSES: mass transfer phenomena with and without biocatalysts immobilization; microbial reaction and heat transfer; separation and purification of products; INTEGRATION OF BIO-REACTION/PRODUCT SEPARATION PROCESSES; APPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY.

Assessment


H. W. Blanch, Biochemical Engineering, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1996); S. A. Berger, W. Goldsmith, E. R. Lewis, Introduction to bioengineering (1996); A. S. Grandison and M. J. Lewis, Separation Processes in the Food and Biotechnology Industries: Principles and Applications, Woodhead Publ. Co., U. K. (1996).

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Industrial Inorganic Chemistry Objectives

This course considers the production and uses of some inorganic commodities, namely inorganic acids and bases and other industrially important inorganic products. At the end, students are required to know how selected substances are produced, and to understand the chemical aspects relevant to the production processes. Quantitative aspects will be discussed throughout the course.

Contents INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Elements occurrence on earth. Natural sources of inorganic chemicals. HEAVY CHEMICALS. Sulphuric acid and related chemicals. Ammonia and nitric acid production. Phosphoric acid and phosphate industries. Soda ash production. Chloro-alkali industry. Aluminium chemicals. FERTILIZERS. Main components and formulations. BLEACHING AGENTS. Hydrogen peroxide and peroxocompounds. Chlorine and chlorine compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE INORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Atmospheric pollution. Effluents and solid wastes. SPECIAL TOPICS. Variable on an annual basis.

Assessment

Grades are based on the result of one 2 h test (60%) and individual work on a selected topic (40%). The examination assesses factual knowledge plus understanding and application of basic principles. The ability to select and understand literature information and the capacity to transmit the collected knowledge are considered in the assessment of the individual work

References

R. Thompson (ed.), Industrial Inorganic Chemicals: production and uses, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995 W. Buchner, R. Schliebs, G. Winter, K. H. Buchel, Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, VCH, 1994 A. Heaton (ed.), An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry, Blackie Academic, 3rd ed. 1994 H. L. White, Introduction to Industrial Chemistry, Wiley, 1986 P. A. Cox, The elements on earth, Oxford University Press, 1995

Industrial or Research Seminar I and II Objectives and Contents

Guided student work, at the university or in industry; on specific small industrial or research projects linked and important to real industrial practice.

Industrial Organic Chemistry Objectives

To give an overview of the major industrial organic processes Contents

ENERGY: Forms and sources. Environmental and political problems. Raw materials: coal, oil, natural gas; renewable sources: biomass. MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY RESOURCES: raw materials and strategies. INDUSTRIAL GASES: Acetylene and olefin industries Methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid industries Other industries (polymers, detergents, agrochemicals)


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Information Systems for Management Objectives and contents

To approach the information systems (IS) problematic, considering the dynamics of evolution of the technologies and applications related with them and the several organizational factors that mold them. To emphasize the necessary connection between IS and business strategy and to enhance the competitive advantages of its adoption. To present an approach based on objects for the development of software, based on the modeling of objects from the “real” world and the posterior use of that model in the development of a project, independent of the programming language, organized around those objects. To show the use of the concept in the whole software development life cycle, from the analysis to the project and implementation. To introduce UML (Unified Modeling Language), as an effort to simplify and consolidate the large number of object-oriented development methods that have been emerged. To develop competences in the use of applications to implement static Web pages (FrontPage) and in the implementation of databases (Access), seeking the introduction of the ASP (Active Server Pages) technology for development of dynamic pages.

Inorganic Chemistry I Objectives

In this course the structure, properties and reactivity of inorganic substances are studied at an introductory level. It is expected that, at the end, students have gained knowledge on the chemical behaviour of some inorganic substances, have learned to interpret the facts with basis on bonding and structure and are able to apply the acquired knowledge to related situations.

Contents

SOLID STATE. Structure of crystalline solids. Energetic of solid formation. SOLUTIONS AND REACTIONS IN SOLUTION. Solvents and solubility. Reactions in aqueous solution: equilibrium constants and graphical representation of equilibria. THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE CHEMISTRY OF SUBSTANCES. Structure and preparation of the elements. Hydrogen and hydrides. Oxygen and its compounds (oxides, hydroxides, peroxides, oxoacids and oxoanions). Hydrolysis of metal ions. Halogens and its compounds (halides, oxocompounds, inter halogens and related species). COMPLEXES OF D-BLOCK ELEMENTS. General properties. Isomerism. Electronic structure and properties (magnetism, structural properties). Absorption of radiation and electronic spectra.

Assessment

Grades are based on the result of one examination (2.5 h). Factual knowledge, understanding and application of basic principles and problem solving abilities are considered in the grading.

References Ana M. Cavaleiro, Química Inorgânica Básica, Universidade de Aveiro, 2ªed., 1999 D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins, C. H. Langford, Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 3rd ed., 1999

Inorganic Chemistry II Objectives

Following the formation started in Inorganic Chemistry I The student will acquire a wide knowledge on the characteristics of inorganic and organometallic compounds and their applications

Contents

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS. Description of complex structures. Structure of oxides: simple and mixed oxides. Layer structures. Intercalation. Disorder and defects. Non-stoichiometry. Electrical conductivity in solids. CHEMISTRY OF SOME ELEMENTS OF THE P BLOCK. Nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and carbon: natural cycles, production, compounds and reactions.

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. Essential elements. Chemistry and biochemistry of iron. Co-ordination chemistry of O2. Oxygen transport and storage. Redox reactions: Fe-S proteins, cytochromes. Copper proteins. Nitrogen fixation. Zinc enzymes. Metal ions in medicine. ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY OF MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS. Types of compounds, methods of synthesis and characteristic reactions. ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS. The 18-electron rule. Hapticity. d-block metal carbonyls. Other -acceptor complexes. Alkyl derivatives. Complexes with -donor ligands. Metal complexes in homogeneous catalysis. Examples of catalytic processes (alkene hydrogenation, hydroformylation, Wacker and Monsanto processes).

Assessment Grades are based on the result of one 2.5 hour test. Factual knowledge, understanding and application of basic principles and problem solving abilities are considered in the grading.

References

D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins, C. H. Langford, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 1998 N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, 1984 M. Bochman, Organometalics, 1 and 2, Oxford University Press, 1994

Inorganic Chemistry III Objectives

To study the synthesis, characterisation, properties and applications of inorganic materials

Mostrar que a micro-estrutura de um material determina em grande medida as suas propriedades físico-química.

Contents

Synthesis and reactivity of inorganic materials (includes introduction to heterogeneous catalysis). Transition metal oxides. Introduction to band theory Dimensionality Defects and non-stoichiometry. Introduction to X-ray diffraction. Advanced materials: case studies (high Tc superconductors and zeolites ).

Assessment

The ability to describe, interpret and apply fundamental principles will be assessed. Problem-solving skills will also be assessed. 1 x 2 hours test: 100% (if students fail, there is the possibility of a second test).

References

T. Weller, Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, 1994. L. Smart and E. Moore, Solid State Chemistry. An introduction, Chapman & Hall, London, 1992. R. West, Basic Solid State Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.

Instrumental Methods of Analysis Objectives

To study the principles of instrumental methods of analysis Contents

CHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION Transducer types. Input and output transducers. Analog and digital signals. Analog to digital and digital to analog conversions. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Atomic spectroscopy: absorbance, emission and fluorescence. Atomization: flames, furnaces and plasmas. ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS :Voltammetry. Polarography. Normal and differential pulse polarography. Linear sweep and square wave voltammetry. Stripping voltammetry. Coulometry. Controlled potential electrogravimetry.

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CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Gas chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography. HPLC. Ion exchange chromatography.

Assessment

Theoretical examinations Bibliography

Wayne, Richard P., Chemical Instrumentation, Oxford Chemistry Series, Oxford, 1º ed., 1994 Daniel C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman and Company, 4ª ed., 1995 Gonçalves, Maria de Lurdes S.S., Métodos Instrumentais para Análise de Soluções. Análise Quantitativa , Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 3ª ed., Lisboa, 1996 R. Kellner (ed.), Analytical Chemistry, Wiley – VCH, 1ª ed., 1998

Instrumentation and Process Control Objectives

The Course consists of an introduction to practical and theoretical aspects related to industrial instrumentation and process control. The Student is expected to achieve the basic knowledge required to understand the roles of the different instruments used in process control, and procedures for the optimisation of controller parameters.

Contents Concepts and definitions. Open-loop and closed-loop control. Instruments and functions. Symbols (ISA). Linearization of functions and Laplace transform. Control diagrams. Process dynamics. 1st and 2nd order systems. System response to step, constant rate and sinusoidal forcing. Two-positions, proportional, integral and derivative control. Stability. The Routh test. Effect of controller parameters on stability. Optimum controller settings. Root locus method. Instruments for the measurement of pressure, temperature, flow, level, and other variables. Valves. Instrumentation used in typical industrial processes. Communication between instruments and computers. Control and management.

Assessment

2 Hours written test References

Pollard, A., Process Control, Heineman Educational Books, London, 1981; 2 – Creus, A., Instrumentacion Industrial, Boixaneu Editores, Barcelona, 1978

Introduction to Food Science Objectives

Introduction into the fundaments of Food science. To initiate the students in the bibliography search on specific topics in Food science and into the elaboration of scientific monographs.

Contents

Cell, tissues, organs, organisms. Plants and animals as foodstuffs. Nutrients and food. Carbohydrates, polysaccharides, dietary fibber; Proteins and biological value. Vitamins and minerals. Dietary requirements. Foodstuffs: composition and physical-chemical phenomena associated to processing Relevant and actual topics in Food Science.

Assessment

One final written examination (2.5 hours) (80%). One short monograph (10-15 pages) 10% and an intermediate assessment (10%).

References

Cheftel JC, Cheftel H, Basançon P (1982) Introducción a la Bioquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Vol I e II. Ed. Acribia, Zaragoza. Fennema OR (2000) Quimica de los Alimentos . Acribia, Zaragoza/ Ou O.R. Fennema (Ed.), Food Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Marcel Dekker, 1996

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Introduction to FORTRAN Programming Objectives

To supply solid foundations about programming. To get a clear understanding of the computer basic functioning and components and how they work and interact;To develop strategies for problem specification; To establish methods for detailed and rigorous descriptions of the solutions able to be implemented in a computer; To learn a programming language – FORTRAN 90;

Contents

THE COMPUTER AS A PROBLEM SOLVING TOOL: Notions of a computer and kind of problems it solves; Notion of program PROBLEM SOLUTION: algorithmic description; Formulation and complete specification; Description metalanguage and grammatical rules; Decomposition INTRODUCTION TO FORTRAN 90: Language basic elements; First approach to data types; Program organization; Constants and variables; Basic statements MODULAR PROGRAMMING:Information hiding; Subroutines and functions; Communication mechanisms; Modules and interface blocks; Global and local objects STATIC DATA STRUCTURES: Arrays; Sorting algorithms; Complex data structures. FILES: Organization; Types; Operation types.

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester; laboratorial work Introduction to C Programming Objectives

The main objective is to supply a solid ability in the development of programs, of small average and complexity. They are equally object of attention basic principles of Engineering of Software, related with the legibility, the documentation and the maintenance of the programs, as well as with its test

Contents

The computer as a tool in the problem resolution. Algorithmic description of a problem solution. Operands; Operators; Expressions; Basic Statements; Functions; Pointers; Structures; Input/Output;

Assessment

Laboratory work and written tests or exams Bibliography

Luís Damas, Linguagem C, FCA, 1999. Pedro Guerreiro, Elementos de Programação com C, 2001. B. Kernighan, D. Ritchie, The C Programming Language. Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 1988.

Linear Algebra and Analytic Geometry Objectives

The aim of this unit is to give the basic mathematical knowledge in Linear Algebra and Analytic Geometry for studies in Science and Technology.

Contents

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Complex numbers. Matrices. Determinants. Linear systems. Vector spaces, subspaces, direct sums, linear independence, finite dimensional vector spaces (bases and dimension). Linear maps, kernel, image, matrix of a linear map, change of basis, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalization. Quadratic forms. Euclidian spaces (inner product, orthonormal bases), external product, mixed product. Analytic Geometry (second degree surfaces in IR3).

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester Bibliography

A. Steinbruch and P. Winterle, Álgebra Linear, Makron Books, McGraw-Hill, 1987. A. Steinbruch and P. Winterle, Geometry Analiítica, Makron Books, McGraw-Hill, 1987. A. Monteiro, Álgebra Linear e Geometria Analítica, McGraw-Hill, 2001 C.G. Cullen, Linear Algebra with Apllications, Addison-Wesley, 1997.

Logistics

Not Available

Management for Organizations

Not Available

Markting Objectives

To provide a general knowledge about marketing philosophy and processes, considering the most common methods used in strategic and operational marketing.

Contents

As an academic discipline, emphasis is given on the comprehension of the concept, the understanding of its methods and their scientific fundaments. The knowledge and understanding of basic concepts, their inter-relationships and concrete relevance is the concern of the theoretical component of the discipline. The fundaments of marketing are discussed in the domain of consumer behaviour as well as the functioning of the organisational market. Diverse strategic options suggested by marketing, the planning and management system of marketing and the marketing techniques used in the context of the “Marketing-Mix” are topics to be developed. In the more practical classes, cases are studied, in which the marketing concept is applied to specific situations, which should enhance the understanding of the concrete relevance of the marketing approach in modern organisations.

Assessment:

Students are evaluated via final examination, in which they have to prove their knowledge, understanding and capacity of integration and application of concepts, as well as during classes in case discussions.

References Kotler, Philip, Gary Armstrong, John Saunders e Veronica Wong, 1999, “Principles of Marketing”, 2nd European edition, Prentice Hall Europe Pride and Ferrell, 1997, “Marketing, International Edition”, Boston/ Mew York: Houghton Mifflin Company Lendrevie et al., 1993, “MERCATOR- Teoria e Prática do Marketing”, Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote Dibb, Simkin, Pride, Ferrell, 1997, “Marketing –Concepts and Strategies”, 3rd European Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company Guiltinan, J.P. and G. Paul, 1994, “Marketing Management- Strategies and Programs”, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill

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Lambin, Jean-Jacques, 2000, “Marketing Estratégico”, 4ª edição, McGraw-Hill Kotler, Philip, 1997, “Marketing Management- Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control”, 9th edition, Prentice Hall International Hoyer, W. and D. MacInnis, 1997, “Consumer Behavior”, Houghton Mifflin Company

Mass Spectrometry Objectives

The unit will be taught through lectures and whenever necessary student oriented problems will be discussed to focus on the understanding of fundamental principles.

Contents History of Mass Spectrometry. General features of Mass Spectrometry: Sample introduction. Electron impact ionisation. Magnetic and electric analysers. Double focusing mass spectrometers. Type of ions formed in the mass spectrometer. Isotopes and isotope patterns. Accurate mass measurement. Resolution. Detectors. Theory of unimolecular decompositions: Quasi-equilibrium theory. Thermodynamics of fragmentation reactions. Basic aspects of fragmentation mechanisms: Molecular ion. The nitrogen rule. Even electron rule. Factors that influence the abundance of fragment ions. Stevenson’s rule. Radical and charge location. σ dissociations, α-cleavage and ι-cleavage. Retro-Diels-Alder reaction. McLafferty rearrangement and “McLafferty+1” rearrangement. Characteristic fragmentations of organic compounds: Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols and Phenols. Amines. Ethers. Ketones and aldehydes. Carboxylic acids and esters. Ionisation methods: Chemical Ionisation. Californium-252 Plasma desorption. Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry. Fast Atom Bombardment Mass spectrometry. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry. Field Ionisation and Field Desorption. Electrospray and Thermospray. Ion analysers: Quadrupole. Ion trap. Time of Flight Analyser. Ion Cyclotron Resonance- Fourrier Transform mass spectrometry. Metastable Ions and Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Unimolecular decompositions and collision induced decompositions. Scanning methods for double focusing mass spectrometers. Kinetic energy release. Applications to ion structural studies and reaction mechanisms. Tandem Mass Spectrometers and analytical applications. Coupling of Mass Spectrometry to Chromatographic techniques: GC/MS. LC/MS, TLC/MS and CZE/MS.

Assessment

1 examination, to test the fundamental principles and the ability to select the most appropriate mass spectrometric technique to solve structural, mechanistic and analytical problems.

References W. McLafferty and F. Turecek Interpretation of Mass Spectra, University Science Books, 4th ed., 1993 J. R. Chapman Practical Organic Mass Spectrometry, John Wiley and Sons, 2nd Ed., 1993

Mass Transfer Objectives

Detailed quantitative presentation, development and use of the mechanisms and principles of single component mass transfer in two-phase systems.

Contents

Steady-state diffusion in binary or pseudo-binary gaseous, piqued or solid mixtures; Total and partial fluxes; equimolar counterduffusion and unimolecular diffusion; Unsteady-state diffusion; Mass transfer coefficients; models of interfacial mass transfer – Two-resistamnce, penetration and interface renewal theories; Overall mass transfer coefficients in gas-liquid and liquid-liquid systems; Convective mass transfer in laminar and turbulent flows; transfer analogies; correlations for mass transfer coefficients; Mass transfer in solid, liquid and gaseous particulate systems; High driving force mass transfer;

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Introduction to mass transfer in reactive systems; General presentation of the limitations of classical single component mass transfer in multi-component systems.

Assessment


E. L. Cussler, Diffusion MassTransfer in Fluid Systems, Cambridge University Press (1997). Mechanics Objectives

The main objective is the development of Newtonian mechanics concepts (in vector and integral forms). The unit is taught through lectures, problem-solving classes and laboratory classes (2:1:2).

Contents

Kinematics (revisited) Vector analysis. 1-D, 2-D and 3-D equations of motion in integral form. Forces. Newton laws. Linear momentum. Motion of a system of particles. Gravitation. Work and Energy. Conservation of energy and momentum. Collisions. Static equilibrium. Rotation of a rigid object. Kinematics, dynamics and energy of rotation. Angular momentum. Laboratory work Determination of acceleration of gravity; Projectile motion; Torsional pendulum; Physical pendulum; Determination of moments of inertia; Collisions.

Bibliography

Serway, R.A. Physics For Scientists And Engineers With Modern Physics, 5th Edition Saunders Golden Sunburst Series, 1992 J. Dias Deus et al., Introdução à Física, McGraw Hill, 4ª Edição 1999 Halliday, Resnick & Krane, PHYSICS, VOL. 1 & 2, EXT. VERSION, 4th edition, J. Wiley, 1994.

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Microbiology Objectives and Contents

Diversity of micro organisms and their interactions. Role of the micro organisms in the recycling of organic matter and as biomass producers. Bacteriology-morphology, structure, growth, metabolism and systematics of the Procariotae. Virology - morphology, structure and replication of bacterial, plant and animal viruses. Case studies of viruses of clinical interest. Mycology - morphology, structure and growth of moulds and yeasts; characteristics of the major taxonomic groups.

Assessment

Theoretical and practical examinations.

References Ketchum, P., 1988. Microbiology. Concepts and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. Pelczar Jr., M., E. Chan & N. Krige, 1986. Microbiology. McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y. Can, A., 1993. Principles of Molecular Virology. Academic Press, N.Y. Field, M. & Kniep, D.M., 1991. Fundamental Virology. Raven Press. N.Y. Alexoupoulos, C.J. & C.W. Mims, 1979. Introductory Mycology, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, N.Y.

Molecular Biology Objectives

This course aims to teach the basic concepts of molecular biology, here defined as the study of the molecular mechanisms that govern gene structure and function. The course focus on the study of the structure and function of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation apparatus and on the regulatory mechanisms that govern gene expression. It is expected to provide an integrated view of how the intimate link between gene structure and function supports life, introduce the concept of normal and abnormal (disease) function and how provide insights on how organisms sustain and adapt to environmental challenges.

Contents

TRANSCRIPTION IN PROCARIOTES: The transcription apparatus of prokaryotes; RNA polymerase, promotores, transcription initiation, elongation and termination. Control of gene expression in prokaryotes: The Operons lac, ara, mal, and tr. TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES: Eukaryotic RNA polimerase. Promoters Enhancers and silencers.General transcription factors. Transcription activators. Cromatin structure and its effects on transcription. POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS IN EUKARYOTES: Splicing. Capping and polyadenilation. Other events. TRANSLATION: Mechanism of initiation in prokaryotes. Mechanism of initiation in eukaryotes. Control of Initiation. Mechanism of elongation and termination. The ribosomes and transfer RNAs. Structure and evolution of the genetic code.

Assessment

One final written exame; 2.5hrs, 100%.

References Weaver, R. F. Molecular Biology. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2002. Lewin, B. Genes VII. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers, 2000.

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Multi-Component Mass Transfer Objectives

To acquaint the student with the real complexities and somewhat unexpected mass transfer behaviour of multi-component systems and show the limitations of the classical (two-component) theory of mass transfer.

Contents

Fundamentals and development of the Maxwell-Stefan equations for ideal gases and non-ideal fluids – binary, ternary and multi-component systems; Generalized matrix formulation of Fick’s first law for multi-component systems; diffusion coefficients; Linearized theory and effectice diffusivity method in the solution of multi-component diffusion problems; Mass transfer coefficients and two-resistance theory in multi-component systems; Summary of applications in distillation, condensation, liquid-liquid extraction, membrane processes, adsorption, etc. and in processes with driving forces other than concentration gradients.

Assessment


J. A. Wesselingh, R. Krishna, Mass Transfer in Multicomponent Mixtures, Delft University Press (2000); R. Krishna, R. Taylor, Multicomponent Mass Transfer, Wiley (1993).

Natural Product Chemistry Objectives

To study the structure, biological role, reactivity of the major families of natural compounds. Contents

STRUCTURES, REACTIVITY AND SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS. CARBOHYDRATES: Monosaccharides- Structure and nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides: structure, nomenclature, properties and reactions. LIPIDS: Fatty acids, fats and oils- Nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Industrial applications. Auto oxidation of unsaturated acyllipids. Antioxidants. Waxes. Phospholipids. TERPENES: Structure and classification of terpenes. Carbon-carbon formation in terpene biosynthesis. Synthetic approaches to terpenes. Carotenoids: Chemical structures and occurrence. Carotenes and xanthophylls: Physical and chemical properties. STEROIDS: Structure and nomenclature. Partial synthesis of steroids. PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS: Compounds derived from shikimic acid- structure. Flavonoids, anthocyanins and isoflavonoids-structure, occurrence and synthesis. PORPHYRINS: Occurrence and biological importance. Synthesis physical and chemical properties ALKALOIDS: Occurrence, biological importance and synthesis.

Assessment


D. Belitz, W. Grosh, Food Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1987 J.M. Tedder, A. Nechvatal, A. W. Murray, J. Carnduff, Basic organic Chemistry, part 4, John Willey & Sons, London, 1972 A. Geissman, D. H. Crout, Organic of Secondary Metabolism, Freeman, Cooper & Company, 1969

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Numerical Methods Objectives

Study of the fundamental numerical techniques used in engineering, applied mathematics, computer sciences, and the physical and life sciences.

Contents

Numbers, errors and arithmetic; Polynomial interpolation and other approximation methods; Numerical integration and differentiation; Solutions of nonlinear equations of one variable; Direct and iterative methods for solving linear systems; Numerical solution of initial-value problems.


Operation Management I Objectives

To improve students skills in: decision-making in operations management; analytical approaches to problem solving; using computers to support decision making

Contents

Introduction: Manufacturing systems and production strategy. Types of production systems Manufacturing process planning Technology selection Work mesurement Capacity planning Location and distribution Facilities layout planning Assembly lines

Assessment Final exam: 60% Assignment: 30% In-lab computer assignments 10%

References: Heizer, J and Render, B; Principles of Operations Management, Prentice Hall, 2001. Dilworth, J.B.; Operations Management: Providing Value in Goods and Services; International Thomson Publishing; 2000. Tompkins, J.A. et al; Facilities Planning; John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Operation Management II

Objectives To improve students skills in: Decision-making in operations management; Analytical approaches to problem solving ; Using computers to support decision making

Contents Operations scheduling. Flexible Manufacturing Systems Cellular Manufacturing/Group Technology MRP OPT and synchronous manufacturing Just-in-time manufacturing

Assessment Final exam: 60% Assignment: 30%

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In-lab computer assignments 10%

References Heizer, J and Render, B; Principles of Operations Management; Prentice Hall, 2001. Dilworth, J.B.; Operations Management: Providing Value in Goods and Services; International Thomson Publishing; 2000. Askin, R.G. and Stanridge, C.; Modeling and Analysis of Manufacturing Systems; John Wiley, 1993.

Operations Research I

Not Available

Operations Research II

Not Available

Organizations Managment

Not Available

Organic Chemistry Objectives

Introduction to the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry relevant for chemical engineers Contents

Major families of organic compounds: structural aspects, isomerism and stereoisomerism. Physical properties and nomenclature. Major methods of structural Characterisation Major chemical transformations and mechanisms Relevant industrial processes

Assessment Written exam at the end of the semester Organic Chemistry I Objectives

The aim of the course is to introduce the chemistry of nomenclature, chemical and physical properties of some families of organic compounds and also basic concepts on synthesis, purification and characterization techniques and chirality.

Contents

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Nomenclature, isomerism and functional groups. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods, namely proton and carbon-13 NMR, IR, UV-vis and MS. TYPICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND MECHANISTIC FEATURES of hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated), alcohols, ethers, aromatic compounds, alkyl halides, aldehydes and ketones. CHIRALITY AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY

Assessment


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R. Morrison and R. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, 1975. F. A. Carey, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. T. W. Solomons, Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Organic Chemistry II Objectives

To study the chemical and physical properties of some functional groups (amines, carboxylic acids and derivatives) and several groups of biomolecules.

Contents

Typical transformations and mechanistic features of amines, carboxylic acids and derivatives: structure and nomenclature; physical and chemical properties. Spectroscopic characteristics CARBOHYDRATES: Mono and polysaccharides. The structure of glucose. Glycosides. The reactions of monosaccharides. The glycosidic linkage. Oligo and polysaccharides. Starch and cellulose. AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS: Structure and properties; pKa and pKb. Polypeptides. Synthesis of aminoacids and peptides. Analysis of peptides. LIPIDS: Triglicerides. Terpenes and terpenoids; essential oils. Steroids, phospholipids and waxes. PERICYCLIC REACTIONS: Electrocyclic reactions; Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Cycle-additions; Diels-Alder reactions.

Assessment


T. W. Solomons, Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. F. A. Carey, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.

Pesticides and Life Objectives

To study the chemistry of the main families of pesticides their mode of action, and analysis Contents

BIOCIDES FOR A BETTER LIFE. Pesticides: types, industrial development and sales law. Vital functions and pesticide action. NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES. Organochlorinated, pyrethroids, organophosphorus and carbamate compounds: synthesis and structure-activity relationship and metabolism. FUNGICIDES AND HERBICIDES: biological structural requirements, synthesis and mode of action. Plant growth regulators. Other biocides. PESTICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Analytical methodology. Future developments. Significance of natural compounds. Pheromones. Genetic “manipulations” and the biotechnology approach..

Assessment


J. Cremlyn, Agrochemicals, Preparation and mode of Action, J. Wiley, 1991 S. Y. Chau (ed.), Analysis of Pesticides in Water, C. R. C. Press, 1982

Physical Chemistry I Objectives

To create an understanding of Physical and Chemical phenomena, stressing their importance in connection with other areas of Chemistry and the Sciences of Nature. To create an understanding of Physical-Chemical aspects of matter (structure and proprerties) and to develop an capacity to perform calculations on same aspects.

Contents

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Thermodynamics. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Gibbs and Helmoltz functions. Perfect and real gases. Mixtures. Ideal solutions and real solutions. The concept of Activity. Phase diagrams. Chemical Equilibrium. Thermodynamic definition of Equilibrium Constant. Chemical Kinetics. Diferential equations of rate laws; rate constantnt. Measurement of reaction rates and determination of rate laws. Reaction mechanisms. Complex reactions: chain reactions; polymerization; photochemistry. Catalysis; mechanisms and kinetics.

Assessment 1 final examination (written text)

References Main textbook: P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 6th Ed, Oxford, 1998 Other texts: I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed, McGraw-Hill, 2000 J.L. Batista, R.F. Silva, Diagramas de Fases, Universidade de Aveiro, 1993 Keith J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, 2nd Ed, McGraw Hill, 1965

Physical Chemistry II Objectives

A complement to Physical Chemistry I. To further the understanding of Physical-Chemical phenomena in a broad scientific and technological context.

Contents

Molecules in motion. Kinetic Theory of Gases. Transport properties. Liquids: transport properties. Difusion; viscosity. Heat transport. Surface Chemistry. Excess surface properties. Surfactants. Surface films. Colloids; macromolecules. Statistical thermodynamics. Partition functions. Boltzmann Distribution Law. Applications. Elecrtochemistry. Solutions of electrolytes. Ionic motion and association. Debye-Hückel Theory. Electode processes and potentials. Electrochemical cells. Corrosion.

Assessment

1 final examination (written text)

References Main textbook: P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 6th Ed, Oxford, 1998 Other texts: I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed, McGraw-Hill, 2000 D. J. Shaw, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, 4th Ed, Butterworth, 1999 Keith J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, 2nd Ed, McGraw Hill, 1965 C.M.Brett and A.M. Brett, Elecrtochemistry, Oxford Sc. Publ., 1993

Physical Chemistry III Objectives

A complement to Physical Chemistry II. Contents

Spectroscopy. Interaction of radiation with matter - Quantum Mechanical aspects. Selection Rules. Vibrational and Rotational Spectroscopy. Scattering. Raman Spectroscopy. Electronic transitions. Theory and applications. Magnetic resonance: NMR and EPR. Chemical Kinetics. Computational methods. Diffusion controled reactions. Molecular Dynamics: Transition State Theory. Surface chemistry: adsorption; Heterogeneous catalysis. Chemical Thermodynamics: real mixtures: excess proprerties. Theory and applications.

Assessment 1 final examination (written text)

References Main textbook: P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 6th Ed, Oxford, 1998 Other texts: I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed, McGraw-Hill, 2000

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D. J. Shaw, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, 4th Ed, Butterworth, 1999 S. R. Logan, Fundam. Chemical Kinetics, Longman, 1996

Pigments and Dyes Objectives

To understand the relationships between colour and structure in inorganic and organic materials, and the different properties of colour. To understand the chemistry, properties preparation and applications of the most important groups of colorants.

Contents

INTRODUCTION, STATE OF ART AND TERMINOLOGY INORGANIC PIGMENTS: Industrial and laboratory preparation of important pigments; Structural and optical properties of pigments; Pigments that produce special effects; Perspectives and development of novel pigments. DYES AND ORGANIC PIGMENTS: Some basic concepts about colour; Correlations between colour and molecular structure; Structure, properties and synthesis of some important families of organic colorants

Assessment

The ability to describe, interpret and apply chemical principles to the pigments and paint film fields will be assessed. Team work, literature search and communication skills will be also assessed. 1.5 hours test (70%) (if students fail, there is the possibility of a second test) + topic seminar (30%).

References G. Buxbaum, Industrial Inorganic Pigments, Wiley-VCH (1998) R. Tilley, Colour and the optical properties of materials, Wiley (2000) R. L. M. Allen, Colour Chemistry

Polymers Objectives

Student instruction on the main types of polymerisation reactions and on the structural, chemical and physical properties and characterization methods of the various families of synthetic polymers.

Contents

Macromolecules, polymers and their technical and economical importance; Fundamentals of the structure-property relationships – elementary molecular dynamics; Main polymerization mechanisms and kinetics; Elementary concepts on polymer solutions, solubility parameters and polymer chemical resistance; Characterization techniques: molar mass measurements (VPO, MO, capillary viscometry and GPC); infrared spectroscopy and NMR in polymer chemical composition characterization.

Assessment


J. M. G. Cowie, Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials, Blackie (1991). Polymer Physics Objectives

Student instruction on the physics of synthetic macromolecular materials, with emphasis on their thermal (glass transition, crystallization, etc.) and mechanical (elasticity and viscoleasticity) behaviour and their foundation on the macromolecular dynamics.

Contents

Fundamental concepts of physical macromolecular statistics; Mechanical behaviour of elastomers; statistical theory; Thermal properties of polymers: phase transitions and crystallization; glass transitions and secondary transitions;

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Viscoelasticity: linear and non-linear viscoelasticity; effect of temperature; Introduction to polymer melt rheology: flow curves, rheometry, elastic effects.

Assessment


L. R. G. Treloar, The Physics of Rubber Elasticity, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1975); F. N. Cogswell, Polymer Melt Rheology, Woodhead Pub. (1981); J. J. Aklonis, W. J. MacKnight, Introduction to Polymer Viscoelasticity, Wiley (1983); L. H. Sperling, Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, John Wiley (1992).

Polymer Technology Objectives

Student instruction on the main topics of polymerization reaction engineering, polymer rheology and processing (with special emphasis on single screw extrusion-based processes).

Contents

Complementary topics on step-growth, radical chain, emulsion and coordination polymerizations; Step-growth polymerization reaction engineering – molar balances; molar mass distributions (relationship with residence time distributions); Radical chain-growth polymerization reaction engineering - molar balances; molar mass distributions (relationship with residence time distributions); Polymer melt rheology – flow curves; rheometry; elastic effects; Summary of polymer processing techniques; Single-screw extrusion – feed, compression and metering zones (process mechanisms, momentum and thermal balances); extrusion dies; extrusion line operational conditions.

Assessment


F. J. Scork, P. B. Deshpande, K. W. Leffew, Control of Polymerization Reactors, Marcel Dekker (1993); A. Kumar, R. K. Gupta, Fundamentals of Polymers, McGraw-Hill (1998); D. G. Baird, D. I. Collias, Polymer Processing, Wiley-Interscience (1998).

Principles of Biochemistry Objectives

To teach the basic principles of biochemistry Contents

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: Prokaryotic and eucaryotic cells; animal and plant cells. Organelles. The origin of life. The cellular environment: water properties and the laws of Thermodynamics. BIOMOLECULES: Aminoacids, peptides and proteins. Protein structures. Enzymes. Vitamins and coenzymes. Enzyme kinetics: the equation of Michaelis-Menten, inhibitions, alosteric enzymes. Sugars and polysaccharides. Structural and reserve polysaccharides. Glycoproteins. Lipids and properties of the lipid aggregates. Biological membranes. Nucleotides and nucleic acids. METABOLISM: Metabolic pathways and thermodynamics of phosphate compounds. Glycolysis: reactions, enzymes, control. Fermentations. The citric acid cycle: reactions, enzymes, control. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Gluconeogenesis. Glucose oxidative degradation: pentose-phosphate pathway. Photosynthesis. Light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Oxygen production and reduction of NADP+. Lipid metabolism: fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. Amino acid metabolism: amino acid deamination. The urea cycle. Nucleotide metabolism. EXPRESSION AND TRANSMISSION OF THE GENETIC INFORMATION: Molecular genetics. Transcription. Translation. DNA replication.

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References

D.L. Nelson e M.M. Cox Lehninger – Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Worth Publisers, NY, 2000. G. L. Zubay, W.W. Parson and D. E. Vance Principles of Biochemistry, WCB, Oxford, 1995. D. Voet and J. G. Voet Biochemistry, 2nd Ed., John Wiley, N.Y., 1995 L. Stryer Biochemistry, 4th Ed. Freeman, San Francisco, 1995.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Objectives

Overall view of what is chemical engineering and of its social and economic importance; Overall view of the chemical engineering course and of its close relationship with the basic sciences (chemistry, physics and mathematics) and some other specialized subjects (transport phenomena, thermodynamics, chemical reaction engineering and separation processes

Contents

The chemical engineering profession; Concept of chemical process and unit operation; Continuous, batch and semi-continuous processes; co-current and colunter-current operations; steady and unsteady states; General operation of the most common chemical process units; Mass balances over steady state processes with and without chemical reactions; Phase diagrams and the lever rule; Elementary fluid flow; Elementary heat and mass transfer; Energy balances.


References R. M. Felder and R. W. Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, John Wiley and Sons (2000).

Principles of Economics

Not Available

Principles of Electrotechnics Objectives

Information about the several types of electrical power generation, transmission, and the different forms of energy utilization ( i.e. protection, measuring, control, signalling and electrical receivers ) in d.c. and a.c. circuits and about the problem concerning contracts for supply of electrical energy. The basic principles are explained in lectures, whilst the tutorials use student centred problems which focus on simple case studies.

Contents

Electrical energy. production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Electrical circuits. Application of Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Law and Thévenin and Norton Theorems. Power and energy dissipation in resistors: Joule’s Law. Measurements and electrical measuring instruments. Technical process. Indirect measurement of temperature of the winding of electrical machines. Association of receivers and generators. Introduction of study of Electrochemistry. Industrial utilization of the electrolysis.Storage Pb and Cd-Ni batteries.

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Study and production of a.c. current.: single and three phase generators. Characteristics of sinusoidal a.c. currents and its mathematic and vectorial representation. Analysis of RLC circuits in series and parallel connections.Ohm´s Law in a.c. impedance Z. Phasor diagrams. Active, reactive and apparent power. Boucherot method for calculation of the active and reactive power and global power factor of the electrical power of electrical power plants. Measuring of active and reactive energy. Power factor correction and energy management. Correction capacitors. Three phase voltage systems. Balanced and unbalanced three phase loads. Analysis of currents in star and delta connection loads. Parallel operation of synchronus single and three phase generators. Portuguese tariff system for the sale of electrical energy to private people and industry.

Assessment

Written tests and/or exams. References

José Rodrigues, Electrotecnia, Corrente Contínua/Corrente Alternada - Didáctica Editora Diogo de Paiva L. Brandão, Electrónica Geral – Edição Fundação C. Gulbenkian Fitzgerald, Basic Electrical Engineering – McGraw –Hill-International Student Edition

Process Integration Objectives

Introduction to general and systematic methods of designing integrated chemical processes, with emphasis on the efficient use of energy and the minimization of effluent flows.

Contents ENERGY INTEGRATION: hot and cold utilities; pinch technology (identification of the pinch temperature and ∆Tmin; synthesis of heat exchangers networks; MASS INTEGRATION: water utilization in industrial processes; water re-utilization with and without regeneration; minimum flow estimates; design for maximum water re-utilization with one contaminant; water re-utilization with multiple contaminants.


References

B. Linhoff, A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy, Gulf Publishing Co. (1994); L. T. Biegler, Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design, Prentice-Hall (1997); M. M. El-Halwagi, Pollution Prevention Through Process Integration, Academic =Press (1997).

Project

Not Available

Quality Management

Not Available

Radiochemistry Objectives

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To give a wide overview of nuclear reactions, radioactivity applications and handling of radioactive materials.

Contents INTRODUCTION. Early history of radioactivity. Radioactive decay. Naturally occurring radioactive substances. Artificially produced radioactive substances. NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES. Nuclear models. RADIOACTIVE DECAY PROCESSES. Instability of nuclei, alpha and beta decays, spontaneous fission and gamma transitions. NUCLEAR REACTIONS. Energetics. Reaction models and mechanisms. Fission and fusion. INTERACTION OF RADIATIONS WITH MATTER. Positive ions. Electrons. Electromagnetic radiation. Neutrons. RADIATION PROTECTION. RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENTS. RADIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS. THE ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS. Nucleosynthesis of the elements.

Assessment

Problem solving skills and the ability to describe, interpret and apply fundamental principles will be assessed. The students have to make an oral presentation and write a five pages monography on a given subject in the problem solving format: 20%, and the remaining 80% of the students assessment will be based on the results of a 2.5 hours written test. The students that failed the first test will have a second written test.

References

G. Friedlander, J. W. Kennedy, E. S. Macias, and J. M. Miller, Nuclear and Radiochemistry, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1981. H. A. C. McCay, Principles of Radiochemistry, Butterworths, 1971. R. M. Harrison (ed.), Pollution – Causes, effects and Control, 3rd edition, The Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1996. J. O’M. Bockris (ed.), Environmental Chemistry, Plenum Press, 1977.

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Separation Processes I Objectives

Quantitative presentation, development and application of the main principles and theory of the most classic separation processes (distillation and extraction), including an understanding of the main operational characteristics and design principles of the relevant equipment.

Contents Separation mechanisms in industrial chemical processes; separation process selection; Multi-component flas vaporization; Continuous binary distillation – McCabe-Thiele method; energy balances; column efficiency; Multi-component distillation by approximate methods; Solid-liquid extraction – equipment and operation modes; algebraic and graphical calculations; Liquid-liquid extraction– equipment and operation modes; algebraic and graphical calculations for immiscible and partly miscible two-phase systems; Extraction column hydrodynamics and behaviour of the continuous and dispersed phases.


References J. D. Seader and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles, John Wiley and Sons (1998).

Separation Processes II Objectives

Quantitative presentation, development and application of the main principles and theory of other widely used separation processes, including an understanding of the main operational characteristics and design principles of the relevant equipment.

Contents Gas absorption; Absorption with homogeneous chemical reaction; Humidification and water cooling processes; Evaporation; Crystallization; Adsorption.


References

J. D. Seader and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles, John Wiley and Sons (1998). Separation Processes III Objectives

Student instruction on complementary or less conventional separation processes involving the combined transfer of mass, heat and momentum.

Contents Rigorous analysis of multicomponent distillation; Supercritical fluid extraction – fundamentals and applications; Membrane separation processes – theory, equipment and applications; Ion exchange separation processes – theory, equipment, design principles and applications.


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References J. D. Seader and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles, John Wiley and Sons (1998).

Software Tools for Science and Engineering Objectives

There is a family of scientific computing applications such as Matlab and Mathematica, that allows to process, analyse and visualize data without having to create complex programs. In this course the students should become familiar with the basic functionality of Matlab. In this way, the students should be able to solve complex problems during their academic and professional life.

Contents This course starts with an introduction to the basic principles of algebra, like the notion of matrix, vector and simple matrix algebra and manipulation. Following an introduction to the Matlab notation and language, there are several exercises where the most basic Matlab capabilities are presented, such as: plotting mathematic functions, polynomial manipulation and visualization, solving systems of equations, 3D plotting, linear regression, and interpolation. After this introduction the students have to solve practical problems with the Matlab learning some more advanced features in order to reinforce their skills.

Assessment

4 Lab. Squizes; 2 Lab. Works; 1 Final exam Bibliography

- Kermit Sigmon, Matlab Primer - Mathworks, Getting Started with MATLAB

Spectroscopic methods Objectives

The course seeks to provide a sound knowledge of the principles, methods and applications of IR, NMR, and MS in the structural analysis of chemical compounds

Contents NMR SPECTROSCOPY: The importance of NMR in several scientific fields. The principles of nuclear magnetic resonance. Types of spectrometers. Practical aspects of NMR signal acquisition. Relaxation processes, Chemical shift. Spin coupling. Coupling constants. Pulsed techniques. 13C NMR. Bidimensional techniques. Introduction to multinuclear NMR. IR SPECTROSCOPY: The principles of IR. Normal vibration modes. Sample preparation and cells used for spectra acquisition. Characteristic vibrational frequencies of organic compounds. Interpretation of IR spectra. MASS SPECTROMETRY: Historical perspective. Methods of sample ionisation. Ion analysers. The interpretation of mass spectra: the molecular ion and isotopic patterns. Exact mass measurements. Fundamental aspects of fragmentation mechanisms in mass spectrometry. Characteristic fragmentations of some groups of organic compounds. Application of Mass spectrometry to the analysis of biomolecules

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester Statistical Methods Objectives

This course provides an introduction to statistical theory and it develops techniques useful for practical data analysis.

Contents

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Probability (general concepts and fundamental results, distribution functions, special parametric families of univariate distributions and approximations). Statistical inference (exploratory data analysis, point estimation, interval estimation, test of hypothesis, and non-parametric statistics). Linear regression. Analysis of variance (experiment design).

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester Bibliography:

Johnson, R. Just the Essentials of Elementary Statistics, Duxbury Press, 1995. Rice, J. Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Duxbury Press, 1995. Souto de Miranda, M. Introdução à Estatística, Universidade de Aveiro, 2000. Siegel and Morgan. Statistics and Data Analysis. John Wiley, 1996.

Unit Operations in Food Industry Objectives

The student must develop some basic knowledge and capacities on mass, heat and momentum transfer in order to learn each unit operation from industrial food processing. The student must be able to make qualitative and quantitative, analyses in order to choose and to design the food processing, for raw materials, according to involved volumes, equipment, investments and security.

Contents

Unit Operations and its integration in food processing technology. Theoretical concerns, basic principles, effects on foods and practical examples. Material and energy balances. Mass transfer: principles, calculations and food industry examples. Heat transfer: principles, calculations and food industry examples. Momentum transfer: principles, calculations and food industry examples.

Assessment

Written exam at the end of the semester (2.5 hour). Course work about one specific food processing. This will test and improve team work skills, communication skills and knowledge of unit operations integration and processing.

References

Earle R.L., 1985, Unit Operations in Food Processing, 2th Ed., Pergamon Press Inc., New York. Grandison A.S., Lewis M.J., 1996, Separation processes in the food and biotechnology industries: Principles and applications, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., United Kingdom. Valentas, K.J., Rotstein, E., Singh, R.P., 1997, Handbook of Food Engineering Practice, CRC Press LLC,USA. Belter P.A., Cussler E.L., Hu W-S., 1988 Bioseparations - Downstream Processing for Biotechnology, John Wiley. Coulson, J.M., Richardson J.F., 1968, Tecnologia Química Vol ll Operações Unitárias - Fundação Calouste Gulbenkien. Y.H.Hui, 1991, Enciclopedia of Food Science and Technology John Wiley, 4 vol.

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Laboratorial Courses With exception of Laboratory Q1 all the laboratorial courses are composed of two modules each one from a different area in Chemistry. In each case you can find the contents of each module following the hyperlinks Laboratory Q1 Objectives

Introduction to basic laboratory safety rules, techniques material and data handling Contents

General rules for safety in a chemical laboratory. Volumetric analysis (acid-basis, complexometric and potentiometric). Simple and fractional distillation. Preparative chromatography. Dialysis. Crystallisation filtration, melting points and yields. Determination of the pKa of an acid and determination of the buffer capacity of a solution. Synthesis and identification of a double salt and a complex salt. Determination of the molecular mass by crioscopic methods.

Assessment:

Reports and a final written exam Follow the hyperlinks to the corresponding modules Laboratory B1-QI1 Module B1 Module QI1 Laboratory QA1-B2 Module QA1 Module B2 Laboratory QA1-QI2 Module QA1 Module QI2 Laboratory QF1-QI1 Module QF1 Module QI1 Laboratory QF1-QM Module QF1 Module QM Laboratory QF1-QO1 Module QF1 Module QO1

Laboratory QF2-EQ1 Module QF2 Module EQ1 Laboratory QF2-QI1 Module QF2 Module QI1 Laboratory QO1-EQ2 Module QO1 Module EQ2 Laboratory QO2-Al1 Module QO2 Module Al1 Laboratory QO2-QA2 Module QO2 Module QA2

Laboratory EQ3 Objectives

Illustration and experimental application of concepts on solid-liquid and liquid-vapour separations and homogeneous chemical reactors.

Contents

EXPERIMENTS ON SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATIONS: sizing of a continuous settler and of a vacuum rotative filter; EXPERIMENTS ON LIQUID-VAPOR SEPARATIONS: batch distillation in packed and sieve-plate column; EXPERIMENTS ON HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTORS: saponification of ethyl acetate in a continuous reactor; residence time distribution of a continuous reactor.

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Illustration and experimental application of concepts on other separation processes (liquid-liquid extraction and adsorption) and process control.

Contents

EXPERIMENTS ON SEPARATION PROCESSES: hydrodynamics and mass transfer in extraction columns; column adsorption; EXPERIMENTS ON PROCESS CONTROL: process dynamics; operation of PID and PLC controllers.


Illustration and experimental application of concepts on polymerisation and polymer characterization, and agro-forest materials characterization and processing

Contents

EXPERIMENTS ON POLYMERISATION AND POLYMER CHARACTERIZATION: batch and semi-batch laboratory polymerisations; sizing of a polymerisation reactor; average molar masses; RMN structural characterization; DSC thermal characterization; EXPERIMENTS ON AGRO-FOREST MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION AND PROCESSING: chemical analysis of wood; sulphate pulping of eucalyptus wood; kraft pulp analysis; kraft pulp bleaching with chlorine dioxide; bleached pulp analysis.

Module Al1 Objectives To introduce analytical techniques for vegetal foodstuffs. Introduction to sensory analysis. Contents

10 experiments will be chosen every year from following list: OILS AND FATS: Quantitative determination of sterols; Determination of oxidised acids; Iodine number: comparison between the chemical and the infrared methods; Acidity value and peroxide value FLOUR: Detection of oxidant agent detection; Degree of sedimentation; Gluten isolation ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES WINE: Determination of the volumic mass and specific gravity (aerometric method); Free volatile acidity determination; Quantification of the sorbic acid ( for the free volatile acidity) BEER: Alcohol quantification and original gravity RUM: Determination of esters VINEGAR: Determination of the oxidation value; Determination of methanol; Determination of alcohol FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FRUITS - FRUIT JUICES: Formol Index; Determination of ºBrix; Determination of volatile acidity; Patulin detection in juices COCOA: Fat determination by the Rose-Gottlieb method SENSORY ANALYSIS: Odour identification; Identification of the fundamental taste; Taste intensity; Triangle assays- taste; Chocolate tasting. Chocolate profile; Coffee and tasting.

Assessment:

The assessment will be done continuously during the semester based on the weekly result reports. A written examination will be made at the end of the semester.

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Module B1 Objectives

To introduce techniques and methodologies to determine the principal components from foodstuffs: water, sugarsand biopolymers (polysaccharides, proteins, DNA).

Contents:

WATER: Determination of the water activity; Determination of the water content in butter by the Dean-Stark method and NMR; Determination of dry matter. ACIDS; Determination of the pKa of acids. Buffer solutions; Vitamin C determination in orange juice by visible spectrophotometry POLYSACCHARIDES: STARCH: Identification of starch origin by microscopy; Dialysis of a reactional mixture starch/amilase; Gelatinization and gelification. PECTINS: Pectin extraction and analysis PROTEINS: Determination of proteins (gelatine and albumin by U.V.; Comparison of two methods: Biuret and Folin-Lowry; Molecular exclusion chromatography; Electrophoresis NUCLEIC ACIDS: Isolation and properties of DNA REACTION BETWEEN COMPONENTS: Maillard reaction (non enzymatic browning)

Assessment:


Module B2 Objectives

To introduce techniques of isolation and characterisation of proteins and enzymes and of analysis of protein rich foodstuffs, namely of animal origin.

Contents

10 experiments will be chosen every year from following list: PROTEINS/ENZYMES: Haemoglobin: a) Isolation, b) Spectral study of haemoglobin and its derivatives; Kinetic study from Invertase; Factors influencing Catalase activity; Separation of a caseine mixture; Peroxidase test in blanched vegetables FISH AND MEAT: Hidroxyprolin determination; H2S detection; NH3 detection: a) Eber reaction, b)Nessler test DAIRY PRODUCTS MILK: Sanitary quality; Determination of the fat content; Butter manufacture YOGHURT: a) Manufacture b) Calcium determination EGGS: Quality control of eggs

Assessment:


Module EQ1 Objectives

Illustration and experimental application of concepts mainly on fluid flow and heat transfer.

Contents FLUID FLOW EXPERIMENTS: head losses in piping; centrifugal pump characteristic curve; laminar flow in a tube; HEAT TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS: natural and forced convection; solid thermal conductivity measurement with different geometries; experimental analysis of different heat exchangers.

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Module EQ2 Objectives

Illustration and experimental application of concepts on mass transfer and multiphase systems flow.

Contents MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS: diffusion coefficients in liquids and gases; overall mass transfer coefficient between two liquid phases and between a solid and a liquid phase; MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS FLOW EXPERIMENTS: flow in porous media; flow in fluidized beds.

Module QA1 Objectives

Experimental application of volumetric and gravimetric methods of analysis. Training of laboratory skills in order to obtain good analytical results.

Contents

SAMPLE PRETREATMENT: use of ion exchange resins to convert salts to acids or to separate cations before analysis) GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS: Precipitation, redox, acid-base and complexometric titrations Application of different instrumental methods for detection of the titration equivalence point (ex: condutimetric and potentiometric titrations)

References D. C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 4ª edição, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1996 Vogel, A. I., Vogel´s Textbook of Quantitative Analysis, revisited by G. H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham and R. C. Denney, 5ª edição, Longman, 1989

Module QA2 Objectives

Experimental application of instrumental methods of analysis studied in the discipline of Instrumental Analysis Application of the methods of calibration and calculation most used in Instrumental analysis. Application of data treatment methods for calculation of confidence intervals of the analytical results

Contents Sample pre-treatment (ex: solubilization of solid samples) Spectrophotometric methods: U-vis spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy Electrochemical methods: potentiometry and voltametry Chromatographic methods: GC and HPLC

References D. A. Skoog, F. J. Holler, T. A. Nieman, “Principles of Instrumental Analysis”, 5th ed., Saunders College Publishing, 1998 (Biblioteca da UA, 543G.26). D. C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 4ª edição, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1996

Module QF1 Objectives

To illustrate principles and methods on the areas of Thermodynamics and Kinetics, through laboratory experiments that will provide data that, after proper mathematical treatment, will enable the characterisation of the system under study.

Contents

The student will perform a set of laboratory experiments selected from the following topics.

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THERMODYNAMICS: 1. Bomb calorimetry, 2. Vapour pressure and heat of vaporisation, 3. Liquid vapour equilibrium in azeotropic systems, 4. Liquid vapour equilibrium in ternary systems, 5. Liquid-liquid equilibrium, 6. Chemical equilibrium in solution (I2+I-=I3-), 7. Partial molar volume, 8. Activity coefficients of acetone-chloroform solutions KINETICS: 1. Kinetics of halogenation of a cetone, 2. Kinetics of the reaction of crystal violet with hydroxyl ion. A. Effect of temperature, B. Effect of ionic strength, 3. Kinetics of a heterogeneous reaction, 4. Kinetics of an acid catalysed reaction, 5. Kinetics of the solvolysis of t-butylchloride, 6. Kinetics of the reaction between hidrogen peroxide and iodide ion.

Assessment

The final assessment has two components: one corresponding to the combined result of the assessments of the work performed in the laboratory, and one corresponding to a final written examination

References D. P. Shoemaker, C. W. Garland, J. W. Nibler, Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill International Editions. Arthur M. Halpern, Experimental Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 6th ed., Oxford University Press

Module QF2 Objectives

To study the thermodynamics and kinetics of gases, liquids and interfaces through laboratory experiments, which will provide data that, after proper mathematical treatment, will enable the characterisation of the system under study.

Contents

THERMODYNAMICS: 1. Heat capacity ratios for gases, 2. Viscosity, 3. Surface tension 4. Colloids 5. Critical micellar concentration KINETICS: 1. Autocatalysis, 2. Kinetics of a diffusion controlled reaction 3. Adsorption isotherms ELECTROCHEMISTRY: 1. Conductivity of solutions, 2. Thermodynamics of an electrochemical cell

Assessment The final assessment has two components: one corresponding to the combined result of the assessments of the work performed in the laboratory, and one corresponding to a final written examination

References D. P. Shoemaker, C. W. Garland, J. W. Nibler, Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill International Editions. Arthur M. Halpern, Experimental Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 6th ed., Oxford University Press

Module QI1 Objectives

Apply the theoretical knowledge acquired in Inorganic Chemistry I and II (or in Applied Inorganic Chemistry), in the areas of: The chemistry of representative elements; Solution chemistry of transition metals; Transition metal coordination chemistry; Coordination chemistry of inorganic ions with biomolecules

Contents

THE CHEMISTRY OF REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION METALS: Properties of transition metal ions in solution; Chemical speciation in solution COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION METALS IN TERMS OF: Synthesis; Characterisation by different techniques: spectroscopy, thermogravimetric methods; Behaviour of complexes in solution COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC IONS WITH BIOMOLECULES: Metalloproteins: Nutrition

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Module QI2 Objectives

Apply the theoretical knowledge acquired in Inorganic Chemistry I and II (or in Applied Inorganic Chemistry), in the areas of: Chemistry in the solid state, Organometallic chemistry; Material chemistry; Chemical reactivity

contents

SIMPLE SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY: Structural aspects ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY: Synthesis and characterisation of organometallic compounds: Manipulation of air sensitive compounds: a)Vacuum line, b) Schlenk techniques, c) Glove box MATERIAL CHEMISTRY: Synthesis and characterisation of a zeolite; Synthesis of layered materials CHEMICAL REACTIVITY: Catalysis

Assessment

The course consists of practical laboratory classes. Evaluation will be via:Laboratory notebooks; Scientific reports; A practical exam; A final written exam

Module QM

Not Available

Module QO1 Objectives

The student should learn laboratorial techniques specific form organic chemistry, to study and test characteristic reactions of some families of organic compounds, and to carry out some basic synthetic procedures and structural characterizations

Contents Some of the following experimental works (selected every year): LABORATORIAL TECHNIQUES: Isolation of limonene from orange peel. Extraction and purification of caffeine from tea leaves or from coca-cola. Isolation and purification of licopene from tomato pulp. Isolation of β-carotene from carrots. Analysis of analgesics by TLC. Integrated experience of extraction/crystallization/destilation of a mixture of organic components. CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds. Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids and derivatives. Amines. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION: Oxidation/reduction of an alcohol/ketone. Synthesis of 1,3-diphenylpropenone. Bromination of 1,3-diphenylpropenone. Bromination of maleic/fumaric acid. Vanillin: bromination/reduction/oxidation

Assessment

Reports of the experimental work. Final written exam. Module QO2 Objectives

The student should be able to carry on elaborated organic synthetic procedures, study the chemical and physical properties of relevant biomolecules and to use advanced instrumental techniques (RMN, MS, IV and HPLC and GC/ GC-MS) in the qualities and quantitative analysis of organic compounds

Contents

Some of the following experimental works (selected every year): CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES; Analysis of caffeine in coffee/tea by HPLC; Vitamin A: analysis by HPLC; Analysis of analgesics by HPLC; Qualitative and quantitative analysis of an essential oil by GC/GC-MS; Qualitative and quantitative analysis of fatty acids in vegetable oils by GC/GC-MS; Analysis of pesticide residues by GC/GC-MS; Analysis of formaldehyde in cigar smoke by GC/HPLC/ UV-Vis; Chromatographic analysis of amino acids

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CHEMISTRY OF RELEVANT BIOMOLECULES: Carbohydrates; Amino acids; Lipids SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Hypuric acid; aldazines, acetylglycine; azlactones, N-arylmaleamic acids, N-arylmaleimides, Diels-Alder adducts, porphyrins, acetylsalycilic acid; Synthesis of an herbicide, synthesis of flavouring esters

Assessment

Reports of the experimental work. Final written exam.

Documents

UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY Y · C Industrial Inorganic Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Environmental Chemistry 3|0|0 6.5 C Anal. of Natural and Residual Waters 3|0|0 6.5 Organic