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University of Antwerp
What’s in it for us? Contentious encounters
between mining companies and local communities in
South-Kivu , DRC
Sara Geenen, PhD [email protected]
Empirical study of the contentious
encounters between a community
(farmers, miners, elites …) and a
multinational company (Banro Corp.)
2
Community development challenges
University of Antwerp
Presentation based on
• “Disputed access to the gold sites in Luhwindja, eastern DRC”– with Klara Claessens, IOB– Theory of access (Ribot & Peluso)/ legal pluralism– Analysis of mechanisms to gain, maintain and control access
used by various actors
• “Land grabbing by mining companies, local contentions and state reconfiguration in South-Kivu, DRC”– With Jana Hönke, FUBerlin– Book on land grabbing: focus on impact on communities and
positioning of local elites– Argument: local land grabs and struggles around it relate to
broader processes of state reconfiguration
3
University of Antwerp
4
OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDY
2. CONTENTIOUS ENCOUNTERS
3. DISLOCATION AND REINTEGRATION OF THE MINERS
4. RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION OF THE POPULATION
5. CHALLENGES FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
5
DR Congo
Industrial exploitation
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
6
Decline of industrial production 1980s-90s
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
7
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
8
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
•2002 Mining Law
– Industrial exploration/ exploitation permits
– Small-scale exploration/ exploitation permits
– Artisanal: by miner’s cooperatives in ‘Artisanal Exploitation Zones’
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South-Kivu
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
•Reality…
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South-Kivu
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
11
South-Kivu
Twangiza/ Luhwindja
University of Antwerp
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE-STUDY
12
Permis
University of Antwerp
2. CONTENTIOUS ENCOUNTERS
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Resistance
2005… Installation of Banro
University of Antwerp
2. CONTENTIOUS ENCOUNTERS
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• Politicization
• Conflict within the royal family
• Position of local elites• Reconfiguration of state
• Negotiations
• Community Forum• Agreements• Representation
University of Antwerp
3. DISLOCATION AND REINTEGRATION OF THE MINERS
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University of Antwerp
3. DISLOCATION AND REINTEGRATION OF THE MINERS
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University of Antwerp
3. DISLOCATION AND REINTEGRATION OF THE MINERS
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* 6000-8000 miners
* 400 received training from 4 local NGOs contracted by Banro
* 800 hired as day labourers ($4/day), laid off mid-2011
* hundreds of miners reoccupied sites downhill from Mbwega (factory)
University of Antwerp
4. RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION OF THE POPULATION
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Resettlement site: Cinjira
University of Antwerp
4. RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION OF THE POPULATION
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Compensation: issues
University of Antwerp
5. CHALLENGES FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
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University of Antwerp
5. CHALLENGES FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
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THANK YOU
