University of Nigeria Virtual Library

Serial No

Author 1

ONAH, Fab. O.

Author 2 ASADU, Charles L. A.

Author 3

OKORJI, Eugene E. C.

Title

Gashim Buffer Dam Project (Taraba State): Land Use, Demography and Infrastructure Surveys

Keywords

Description

Gashim Buffer Dam Project (Taraba State): Land

Use, Demography and Infrastructure Surveys

Category

Social Sciences

Publisher

Water and Darn Services Company

Publication Date

July, 1994

Signature

a . . . GASHIM BUFFER DAM PROJECT

- (ADDENDUM TO THE KATSINA-ALA CATCHMENT STUDIES, LAKE

NYOS THREAT 'TO NIGERIA)

TARABA STATE

FINAL REPORT . , ON

LAND USE, DEMOGHAPtiY AND INFRASTRUCTURE S U W E Y S

WATER AND DARN SERVICES COMPANY 126 Bode Thornas Street

S~rrtr lere, Lagos.

BY Dr. Charles L.A. Asadu Dr. E u g c n e C. Okorji Dr. Fab. 0.Onah

University of Nigeria, ~ s b k k a .

June, 'I 994.

a*, 0 ..- a * .

IN'LYiDbIjGPION n o . . e m e.. ma.

METIi ODOLOGY e . 0 4 0 . e 6 1 4s. ~ d e n t i f i c a t i o u of t a r g o t v i l l a ~ o Intoryretu$iou o f f i u ~ i n g s * yaba preasntati.on. ... a.0 m e * PIN3111;G.S * a 4. 0,. m k 0 + * a ~oreut/grusuland 6 9 4 a * , Fa l low laad e b b 0 8 6 gul t iva$ed 1ai1.d w e n o 1 6 4 a 0 ( J j l t u r ~ 1 yrac :ice& e r n * 0 . b O ~ C

3Srosion menaao a w e , P e e a h # , W L I ~ u s e 001i:j (;:c&.utn * i d @ n o mnd use doCentic.1,~ =, , . *. . RECil~l l? $NDATI GR.C --• r + e e o e

SWfi'lAHY RW1) W N G L U S I Q M erne C - a

&(:~rc!exlt id s i z e of ycipuluLi.on t u be dj.s,k)luced . . . . ...

&iu.ca-tionaJ- l.eve.1 of' pupu . J . a~ . i . ux l

' t a b l e 4: P o y u l u t i o n 01 the v i l l a g e s that a re l i k e l y t o be disyl.ac:ed ..

pla.t;e 5: 'The exposed root ; s of f i g t r e e s by bank e r o s i o n ...

YlaLe 12: l\iewr Manga where .t;he pa throad is e h t i r e l y on r o c k o u t c r o p 73

l ) l o Le A? : k{ivcr KE, L3ina-aJ.o :;prves e l l l l ~ , j ~ r ' meexis of t ranspor*ts t i .ou i l l , t h c a r e a . . . ... ... . . . 74

Land use, demography and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e survey8

were conductod i n the Gaehim a r o a of Taraba S t a t e

around where a b u f f a r dam yroJeu t is proposed, The

b u f f e r d m i s meant t o ward off danger t h a t could

arise from the t h r e a t oi' Lake N ~ O S i n Cameroon.

The main o b j e c t i v e s of the surveys i nc lude t o

o b t a i n i n f o . m a t i o n on the p r e s e n t l a n d u s e , p o t e n t i a l

land u s e , p o p u l a t i o n pa t te rns and d i s t r i b u t i o n and

infrastructural de~re3.opwn-t of ' the area as wel l as

the mu&.tade of i n f r h s t r u c t n r a l demol i t ion and

r e l o o a t i o n th&t could a r i s e fron y r ~ j e c t implementa-

.tion. The survey c o v e r e d t h i r t u c a v i l lagea /hamlets

spread o n e i the r side o f t h e gatsinn- la River ,

The rnain land use types i n c l ~ d e , ~ A f o r e s t /g rass l and used f o r graz ing , f a l low l m d ,

c u l t i v a t e d area, r e s i d e n t i a l and p u b l i c cen t res . I

- - yome p a r t o f t h o arou is rooky ana is not p r e e e n t l y

,used. Assessmerl t of the land use p o t e n t i a l s p l a c e s

t h e area . i n t o two capabilit-y u n i t s of Olaes 11 l and

and Class VIII of ' the ~ n i b e d ~ t a t e s Land c a p a b i l i t y

~ l a s s i f i c a t i o n systen~.. The nnn-arable

lund was recomtacnded f a r e v t a b l i ~ h n e n t

centre -or gmnc roaefve.

The mnjor i ' ty mf Lhu pcoy l e l i v i n g

p a r t of the

of a . touris t

i n t h e a r e a

u.re the Jukuns tmd t;he aggregate popu la t ion i s , {

about 26,542, only five v i l l u g e o i,, Manga, men,

population,-?lay haw:! t o b e dfisplaced. The bulk of '-

t h e populdt ion (8Yb) w e i l l i t e r u t e s and would

need t o be tu lkcd t o t h r o u & ~ t h e i r v i l l a g e heads.

The r e s e t t l e m e n t s l ~ e should n o t be f a r from the

~atsinu- la ~ 1 ~ 0 ~ u n l e s s a1.L season roads, t h a t Y

could rep lace t h o use 9f t h c ~ i v c r BS a major means

of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,are provided. The r i v e r a l s o ,Y

sustains oconorui .~ l i f e o f t he people e s p e c i a l l y I . : \ . I, I . ( I,

through t h o f i s h 2nd water it provides them.

generally poor , r l o s t of t h e b u i l d i n @ s have mud ' i '

wiill:; and t l ia to luc roolo unuully kc& il t almost

displaced. lloaa no t.rrork is very poor c o n s i s t i n g

of few k i l o m e t r o a o f s u r t h r o n d , moborable only

d u r l n g l-he dry ; j C i l L U l l , ~ i l d yztha. Th3 oril.3 t a r r e d

it iu likelj h a t the es t ima te would go up, as new X,

An allowance of a% least 10 percen t is recommended.

of a buffer dam .

i o s h y l y to wurr?-off cimrgor that could a r i ~ a from

uaexpectcd f l o o d from the upl;re,m oL u rivGor,

H e m s such projects ura gonezally cost e f fea t ive

in t h e senso that aw result-ant flood d i s a s t e r

u r i n i n g I r o a l u c k of such u b u f f e r dun does n o t

only d~unugc y r o y o r t l o u but- vcry often claims lives.

~ h o damago doue i s often i r r e y a m b l e .

Gsnerul.Zy, a Suuctional, reliable and cost

ef feative engineering designs noodcd for uuoh c a p i t a l

y r o J e c t ~ a r e only r e l i u b l o whon a y y r o y r i n t o d a a i gn

yarumebsrs yreclic6ed on bho analysis of f i e l a survey8

have beau oa tab l i ahed , ~ i ~ . * & c t uoquioit ion o f relevant

uatw from f i u l d s u r v u y s mrv bo coa t l y , but- t h a t is t h o o ~ r l y wny 1110~1; r e l - i c ~ b l o d a b t i ofin be obt;ainad.

$!fie f i e l d durveys that a.ro relevant in this case

inc luc lo .tlloao on;

i) Land use'

ii) Demography, hnd

iii) Inf rns bruc t u r o

9neoo throe oouyuneuts oP Lho survey deal dixeotly

of populati .on chn rac to r i s t i cs i n torma of s i z e ,

s t r u c t u r e anrvcy ~; ives onc the idea o f t h o l eve l of

physicnl acvclopment i n the area which enables

e s t i m a t i o n of compensation needed in the area.

pho tub;ruphs a:; t l c l l i:o nuf 02uuLion f m m 1)reliminnry

t o kilo axton6 t;l.i.r\t; these iaf luunce go-tential f o r .

the uoil arid t l ~ u u~xlorlyj .n& ~ o o l o g t , the h y d r o l o q

t h e phctxlb a l c i an im4. y opulr. t i on . It; a l s o K

iucludoa t-110 r w u l c a ui' i u o ( ; rind present lzunaan

no bed, Piotlarn u o . i l aoxii~orvaf;iorx according t o

the f i r s t s t e p towards sound land use and s o i l

conservation is l a d evaluat ion and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

ghis i s probably because t he txot iv i t ios of man

i n an attempt t o use the land d i s t u r b s t he d e l i o a t e

balance of t e r r e s t r i a l ecosystems and induce

accelera ted erosion.

$80 (1976) i nd i cu t e s t h u t what c o n s t i t u t e r u r a l

land uee a r e ra in fod ag r i cu l tu re , i r r i g a t e d agr icu l -

t u r e , graeslmd for ru~ichinf; , f o r e s t r y , waterahed

mnnagomunt , nu tioanL p t r K o r r eorea t ion , na ture and game reserves. La r l i e r Barlow (1972) has given

ten possible a l t e r n a t i v e uses of land inaiuding:

I

2.

3

'+ . 5

6.

7.

a. 9.

10.

1n

includo

r e s i d e n t i a l lands;

commaroial and i n d u s t r i a l lands;

crop lands;

paature and g raz ing lands;

f o r sa t landn ;

mineral lands;

r e c r e a t i o n l a d s ;

t r anspor t a t i on lands;

service lands ;

barren and waste lands.

this land use survey, t h e main objectives

tor .4..

a) ool loc t information on the preaent l and

use of th% pro jec t area;

b) aasens the p o t e n t i a l land uBe of the

yro joc t a r ea using information der ived

from t h e s tudy of v u i o u s land uae

f nctors/conutr t i int i d e n t i f i e d , and

c) produce u land c a p a b i l i t y map based

on anulyoia o f p o t o n t i u l -.land c a p a b i l i t y

clanaificution.

yi l i t e ) sho t i n l9'7;j viere consul ted , t he information

ubtqincjd was only used as n guide f o r actual f i e l d

survey because most of t h o hamle lx /~e t t l ements were

nek and d i d not show i n the pho~ograyhs, The

oetimtrl ;es were inu.tic It'roru d : i r sc t informwtion obtained

from the furmers n i u c e soma of the cu l t i va t ed and

g a y h i c miip of thc u r e a was SO c o n ~ u l t e d even

though i t w a s t h u t produced i n 2967 and du.6 t o t h a t ,

most of the v i l l u ( p a could nut; also appear. 'phe - .

lock of up-to-date adequate l in form~t ion from these

sources lnade t;he f ' i c ld survey r a t h e r ' tedious and

' J . , , . IN TLHE'HLTATIOI'J 'OF E ' I N U I l J G l j

The inCorrnution obtained w a s a o l l a t e d and

cmalysed us ing simy.le s t a t i u t;ics such 8 8 means,

standard dev ju t ion and c o e f f i c i e n t of va r i a t i ons

(c.v. ).

TO ~ i s c c r t n i n the spread of the c u l t i v a t i o n

of ten most p o p u l m c r o p i n t h o t h i r t e e n v i l l a g e s ,

t h e c r o p were ranked. ~ h e r c a crop i a ranked

as the most irnyortrmt c r o p , a s c o r e o f 10 was

~ ~ s s i c n e d - to i t w h i l e where it wtna ronkod u s t h e

tenth crop R score QI I wnu assigned. Xf a crop

was not grown i ~ i t h e v i l l a b e , a score of zero waa

ansigned t o it. The scores obtained by each o r p p .

i n a l l t he v i l l a g e s w\lers smlmed up and the moans,

standard dev ia t ion and c o e f f i c i e n t of var ia t ion.

obtained. The mean i n d i c a t e s t he pos i t i on of t h e

crop i n ove ra l l importance i n a l l the v i l l age8

whi le the standard dev iu t ion uxld c o e f f i c i e n t of

vnriut ion (c.v.3 i nd i cu t e how conaia tent t h e

asseeamerlt of t h e c rop ' s importarme by t h e farmers

i n t h e villages,

r,. ,-, 5 -DATA 111W3UNTATION The data obtained e r e presented i n T ~ b l e s ,

pigurcc , Mnpa and ~'hotograyho. These are referred

t o under th? T : ~ i o u s sect ions dea l ing with findings,

I t . ; r'INYU!iGS

The laud use t3pes i d e n t i f i e d i n tho a r e a i n

decreasing order o f land a r e a occupied are:

I ~ o r e s t / g r n s a l a n c i (virgin) f o r grazing/

! . o ~ ~ ; i n g ;

2. c u l t i v a t e d lrmd f o r present y e a r

c u l b i v i ~ t i o n ;

3. full.ot\r l a n d port1.y g ruzed ;

4. r o s ~ d a n t ~ u l a x o n u c l u d i n g roads, paths

5. rocky t e r r a i n not yrosently uaed!

oil

10- other f r u i t c r o p s - mango, o k u g e s , o f t e n grown around r e s iden t i a l areas.

!This is n mixed vegetation rnude of nome f o r e s t

:~.)i.lowod t h u t bhey arc of t o n no t as high and t h i c k

when ma-turc as rmout of t h o s e found i n rainforest

sono. ~ h o y a-,Ti;en d.o n o t grow t a l l e r than 20 m high

with I~lrgi;oat- ~ i r t b c i rcuuferonco of l eas t han (AH)

BarAssus palms i. e, Bortisaua p lmae. The palm i 8 .. 7

widely e x p l o i t e d between Bawuru and Manga. Plate 1

y e a r s b e f o r e sel;u~;.,rring t o them f o z cu.l t ivat ion,

Thoot? t h a t iuclicated tlwt khejr yi.'o.ct;ico s h i f t i n g

c u l t i v a t i o n leave t h e i r :hu.nds f o r m.ore than t e n

years under fa l lowc

I n f ive of t h e thirteen villages, some formers

indicated thw.t; they yruc t i c e conl'inuouu cu l t i va t ion .

The reason they guve wus tuat. t h e i r lands were

ganar~lly f e r t i l e and t uey w e r e still getting: as

much y i e l d aa t h e y ware gotbin(: when t h e y s t a t e d

c u i t i v ~ t - i n g the laud. licnce i lzstuud o;L' c loming

new v i r g i n luud o r TL.LI~:~:lw J..i1nd hlaicn. vould cost more

cropping.

One p o b l e n i about i d u n t i f y j - n g f ~ l l o w lands

especially from aerial photo i n t e r p r e t a t i o n is t h a t ,

weedy cultivated laud. m a y be i n t e rp re t ed , as a f a l l o w

luud esyea ia l ly i f croyyod with such crop un ouesava.

~ o s t farmers because of the inheren t nature

of oassava, f ~ i l to keep most cassava f ' i e 1 d . s that

a r e beyond one year o l d weed-free. ihua t he ceasava

i n tho f i e l d grows w i t h both shrubs and grasses

depicting t h e h p r e a s i o n of a fa l low land, This , 1 ' ;

may lead t o i n t e r p r e t i x ~ caamva f i e l d s as fa l low b.1 _ lp f i r [J . Y'

lauds; This i f no t confirmed by f i e l d v i s i t leads

t o great error i n e s t i m a t i n g the hectarage of -*.

cultivated and fal low luucis.

The vege ta t ion of land^ under fal low i n t h e

e reas include a l so the f ire-sosistant grasses and

some shrubs including siim weed Chloromelanae

odoratum. me farmers ind ica ted t h a t they o f t e n

in t e rp re to , l ux i an t growth of Chloromelanae t o I n c x i l,c O \ - ,/ imply t h a t t he f e r t i l i t y of the s o i l has been

-1'. , , replenished, . thus t h e end of the fa l low period.

It was a l s o observed t h a t grazing- ,k .I I . 0

done i n some of the fal low lands e spec i a l l y i n ' the 1 . 1

. d i s t a n t farms, This a l s o poses t he problem of

d i s t ingu ish ing between grazing land and fa l low land,

he general impression i a t h a t the mlanis of t e n

dr ive t h e i r c a t t l e , sheep and goats through any

f i e lds , t h a t a r e not ca r ry ing any crop, f o r grazing. , '

gometimes even when the c a t t l e break loose , o r is

.. not prbyerJy under ' -control , .they tr'e^syaus i n t o

cassava f i e l d s and t h i s o f ten causes some qua re l l . . ... , .

between the l o c a l farmers and the pulanis ,

3.3 ~ L t i v a t e d Land

The s w v e y r e s u l t s show t h a t 10Wk of the

respondents interviewed i n a l l t he vizlageo ranked

farming as t h e i r most important occupation, his

l.8 followed by t rad ing , f ishing and c i v i l se rv ioe

employment. Hence most o f the inhab i t an t s of t h e

surveyed a reas are fazpers.

Crops @?own:

The croys grown i n the areas i nc lude :

Rice - Oryza s a t i v a .

Guinea corn - snghurn b i c o l o r

plantain

Tobacco - ~ i c o t i a n a tobacum Bambara nu t - ~ o a n d z e i a sbbterrena

- c i t r u s w.

Ground nu t - A ~ G C ~ ~ S hygogaea -

Table I ahows t h e o v e r a l l r snking of the t e n

rhost impor tant crops i n t h e t h i r t e e n v i l lages /hamlets

from the farmers p0in.b of view. The a n a l y s i s shows

t h a t grain crops namely maize, r i c e and guinsa corn/

m i l l e t are t h e most impor tant c roys i n %he area.

he main reasons g iven by the farmers i n dec reas ing

order of frequency of mention are high cash earn ing ,

o r a v a i l a b i l i t y of market , fami ly food and h igh

y i e l d due t o f e r t i l e s o i l .

Table I r The overall-position of the 10 most impor tant crops i n the 13 v i l l ages bnved on farmers porsyoativo

Tot a1 P o s i t i o n crop ~ a m e , No* -of Mean ' a.d. c ..Y. of

score score (% ) importance

(.iuhea c o r d m i l l e t 13 8.2 1,405 17 3rd

cas sava 13 6-4 1.609 25 4th

plant a h / banana 13 4.3 1.044 21 5th

O i l palm 13 3.5 3.04 88 6th

~ r u i t t 3 (oranges ) 13 0-9 1,498 162 10th

The h p o l ' b i ~ ~ l c t . iJI C i t . j ~ j d V i ~ . ah tl food s e c u r i t y

c rop has been noLed by d o r r y (1993j who indicated that

c t ~ s s u v r ~ ' L; Luler'cluce 1 ur d r u ~ ~ d l b , p o o r 9 0 i l 8 , and low

I-cibour ~ . n l ) u t , together 1Vibh i t b ~ o l f storing capacity,

n o t ouly make i t at impor tan t source o f food s e c u r i t y

f o r f a r m o r s , but a l s o contr ibute t o income s t a b i l i t y . -.

plantain &xi bu'nmla a re tho f i f t h most important ,

crops i n the areas, Thsy are generally consumed us .

houoeh.old food, llowever, some farmers who have m a n y

stands on the farms and around t h e i r r e s i d e n t i a l

areas a l s o do sell part uf t;k.~eis harveat .

svery v i l l a g e f h o m l e t v i s i t e d was observed t o

have a t least few s tands o f o i l palm t r e s s . ~t

fa rmers ut p1alip;u i n d i c a t e d b l ~ n t the pain o i l produced

i o s o l d t o the neighbouriug v i l l u g e o i n Cemeroon. a

Manga vi l lage also pow:; a lot o f bush mango

( ~ r v i n g i a gabonausis) ( p l g t e 2 ) which is a source

of income Lo must of Lilo P U u ~ i l i e s , The fr-*rmers

also chew tho f l c d h y yl.tlnt raw. yiun occupies the

yosi t i o n t h e important

bank m a r G u ~ u v u , juuc ol' L L ~ O

tobaccu w u l e soue GroLi it f o r

Ground3uL i; suotho~ c ~ u p

8aL'z. ~ v o n tizoab:~ the ltrrmera

at d n h l ~ scale.

and f o r household use. I n . e ~ c h of the villages one

t h a t the farncr~, rank in^ 01 the crops l a lnost p r ec i s e

ornone; the Sirs% f ~ v e crop:; nrwiely m a i z e , rice,

yhis i s because l r o m t;hc v a l u e s of t h e s tunut i rc i

d e v i h t i o n arid. l u l l , c c e f f i c i e n . t of' v a r i a t i o n (c .v . ) , t h e farmers i x l u.l.l t h e vi.11-aceti we1.e l u v r e c o n s i s t e n t

1- Jlich occupies tlic b t h p o t l ~ L i o n t o lruits which

i m j ) ~ r t : i l x c : o i tii-L:: 1:!:3c ( ~ ; r o u j ) u.C crop:: vc~ri.co widely

t h e Most f i e l d s j.nP!rea ilro t i l - l e d be fo re the

In a.J.1 o ther v i l l u & a s md . f u r m o k j t other a r a b l e

crop" mmoundn/hctips, ridyl;ils m d . beds were observed

t o be used by tnu f u r m c r u .

~ u l c h i n g wzo o b s e r v e d over yruu lllouncls i n a l l

!;he v i l l a g e s . 3110 mulch which is d.ry grass i s used

m o s t l y as 3 cap on t o p of -the mourluu t o y r o t e o ' t t h e

3n.mU Prom sol;-i_r* h e a t ( p l a c e '4).

0n.L~ h r e e v i l l a.k!,en, P'Jangu , Ynwuru and Kashimbila r e p o r t e d t k t ; &hey u p l ~ l y c~:lemical L e r t l l i z e r s i n

heir fields. O t h e r s n e i t h e r use chemical f e r t i l i z e r

4. :.5 ~ r o s i o n Menace

&ro: j i .o~~. moaace, t h o u & no L y e t aggravated, was

~ g b a n , Rirma a d ~ashimbila. cause i s e s s e n t i a l l y 7

due t o the rooky mountains wh iuh encourage su r faoe

r u n - o f f e syoc iu l ly iu Lhe first t h r ee village^.

cr.,;, t;c>rld l-llsf. w-i t t i t; ileirb ~ o ~ r l f i l u ~ l ~ i . labour, tihe t r u 03

- c;;Il 1 ) ~ .fell.r:Li o l l uproc,t;c.d Lo mkke r . 1 i . i ~ 1,'cj.r the road

7 Land Use p o t i n t i a l a

p igure 2 i s a may ahowing t h e l a n d use o a g a b i l i t y

. o l ~ s a e s proposed based on t h e yhysicaS'1and o o n s t r a i n t a

observed i n t h e area. The two main cl.assea w e 11

And V I I I based on United Yta tes Department of

~ ~ r i c u l t u r e lnnd o a y a b i l i t y o l n s s i f i o a t i o n syatorn.

The c l n s n i f i a a t i o n here i s only baaed on t h e p o t e n t i a l

of the l and f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l purposes. m y h a s i g h e r e

i s a l s o on yhya ica l c o n s t r a i n t s l i k e s l o p e and rock

out crops. ~ c c o r d i n g t o ~ l i n g e b i e l and Montgomery

(1y61), t h e m ~ i n ooncept of t h e U S D A l and c a p a b i l i t y

c l ~ g o i f i c a t i o n i s t h a t of l i m i t a t i o n s which i n c l u d e

permanent l i n i i t u t i o n s e.6. ulopo angle, o o i l depth and '

olimate, and temporary limitations which can be

nmelioratod by land munugoment e.g. n u t r i e n t a t a t u s

and i n some CASeS >nor drainage.

The e s t i m a t e s rnrttio ahowed t h a t a g r o a t e r p a r t ' 1 / , L , , ) l 2

of the surveyed a r e a (about; 203 km 1 i s a r a b l e whi le % the r e s t i s no t becauae o f t h e rocky sur faoe , BCm

the area t h a t is a r a b l e , what i s r equ i red i s just .. f b r . a planned wise use of t h e l a i d so t h a t t h e s o i l

p roduc t iv i ty would be sus ta ined . The ~ y s t e m

' of fa l lowing adopted by t h e farmers i s emourag ing

though with i n c r e a s e i n popu la t ion i n t h e area, t h e

aystom may not be s u s t a i n e d , However, whatever i s

ths case the farmers should be encouraged, even if i i

1 they a r e doing cont iauous cropping, t o use organic

nnnure , bdith high organio m a t t e r level i n t h e s o i l ,

00il produc t iv i ty 1s always maintained. .. - -. .--

The p a r t of t h e area t h a t i s non-arable

( c l a s s VI I I ) is mucio up o f rocky t e r r a i n and moun-

tainn. This area can b e developed f o r tour ism o r

RS a game reserve.

~ o u r i a r n bus iness i s most l i k e l y t o flourish

t;hare s i n c e the m e & i a uC tho boarder with Cameroon. ,

For the fact, t h a t v i l l a g e s on e i t h e r s i d e of t h e

c o u n t r i e s are near t o each, o t h e r , k o ~ r i s t a from both

c o u n t r i e s would want t o spend t h e i r ho l idays t h e r e .

The mountains can a l a o u e surveyed and mountain

r a c e compet i t ion h e l d on annual b a s i s as i t i s done

i n Buea a r e a o f Cameroon. This w i l l a t t r a c t . a l o t

It i s a l a o p o s s i b l e wi*h the b u f f e r dam t o

c o n t r o l t he f low 01 water i n the r i v e r s o t h a t fa rmers

oould explore t h e p o f i s i b i l i t y of ~11-year-round crop

produotion by druwing i r r i g a t i o n water from the River.

~f such becomes a p o a a i b i l i t y , c e r t a i n crops l i k e

r i o e ~ n d ~ a i z e would be grown Xor t h r i o e a', year and

t h i ~ moans th roe t i m e s t h e i r tmrlual income i n a year.

phis w i l l increase t h e atcmiard of l i v i n g o f t h o s e

people m d nlake f o r h i ~ h e r p r o d u c t i v i t y and b e t t e r

l i v i n g f o r all .

4, IL RECOMMENDATIONS

For t h e obvious $ac t t h a t the occupat ion of

the m a j o r i t y of t;be yeoyle i n a l l t he 13 v i l l a ~ e s

surveyed ia farming, i t i s recommended t h a t !

I. dl-season r o d be provided t o l i n k a l l

t h e v i l l a g e s w i t h the Kasimbi1a.-Takwn

road, his w i l l iu~yrove t r e m e n d o u ~ l y

the f u r m i u g na wall es business a c t i v i t i e s

i n t h e area.

XI. It i s a l s o w i n g recommended that another

s%udy t o concen t ra te a y s c i f i c a l l y on

d e t a i l e d s o i l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . and c l a s s i -

f i a a t i o n b e conducted. ~ h i o w i l l enable

more s p e c i f i c reaommendation on s o i l

f e r t i l i t y nlanagernent for auatainable crop

product ion t o bo mado, 1-1; w i l l a l s o servo

as a reference p o i n t when t h e impact of

t h e reoomnlended lund use or present l a n d

u s e eypes would be a s s e s s e d i n future.

III. Before tho a a t u a l work o f t h e dam construatioa

begins, there .should be general d i s a u s s i o n

invo lv ing a l l t h e v i l l a g e headar This

w i l l enable t h o o n t i r e people t o be involved . .

and be b r i e f e d 80 t h a t they would g i v s t h e i r '

f u l l aupyort and co-operation.

4.5 BUMMALiX AND CONOLUSIONlj \

The l and use survey carried o u t i n the 13 v i l l a g d s /

hamlets i d e n t i f i e d t h e present l and uao i n the area

t o includet 3

- f o r c o t / g r a s s l a ~ ~ d f o r grps3ing and timber harvest

- f a l low land. a l s o p a r t l y grazed - cu l t i va t ed land for t h e c u r r a n t y e a r - residential a r e a i nc lud ing roudn., paths

m d p u b l i c Y quures/centrss/buildinga

- rocky t e r r a i n ~ n d mountaim aw a n a t u r a l "

- f i a h i n g along t h e rivam - y l a n t a t i o n s o f o i l palm, I r v i n g i a and cashew - o t h e r f ru i t crops occupying surrounding o f

b u i l d i n g s in a l l ,the v i l l a g e s .

he p o t e n t i a l land use c l u s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t e s thaC , !

p n r t of the nscn i : 3 u r c ~ b l o while the o t h e r part; i8 ..

non-arable, Tlie non.-urabl6 l u n d s a r a - t h e roaky

. . . t e r r a i n s and mountains which can be developed aa I . . , '

. .

t o u r i s t centres o r gurna refiorvas, Tho numerous types

of oroys grown by -t;ho farmers and tho high y i e l d

t h e y o b t a i n show that t he s o i l s of the a r e a w e both

f e r t i l e and productive. fur thar improvement

on the p r o v i s i o n o f fmm i n p u t s i n c l u d i n g i r r i g a t i o n .

water will boost a s i c u l t u r a l product ion in the area.

prov i s ion o f such i a f ' r a s t r u c t u r e as roads and

e l e c t r i c i t y w i l l a l s o enaourage the f a m e r a t o

produce more.

5 IMTRODUCTION ~t the a s n t r e of every planning a x e r c i m ia

pdyu l a t i on . Thero i s - no meaningful development-

p lanning a c t i v i t i e s without aonaidering popula t ion , .

Th&, demographic dabtx ( i n i ' o r m ~ ~ t i o n ) collsctian,

cvu1ur-l t i o n und, t i u r ~ l y ~ ~ i ~ ~ have us~umect r'ronh importanoe

i n ruoent tlmea. '

p h i s a,sl ,oct of L'he rn.u:vdy is concorned with the

tquanti 1;at;i.w study of the himan po.pula'tion. :(he

basio maber ia ls f o r demography are comuses, vikal

s t a t i u t i c s , and, i n ~ ~ e a s i n g l y , a m p l e surveys.

q!he l u h r m a t u r i u l wus uaed i n surveying the yoyula-

t i o n s ' t ructure of the v . i l lugus i n the proposed , -

p r o j e c t area regurdiug ago, sex axxi m a r i t a l uomposi-

$ion. I n addition t o t h e above variables, the aiae,

d b t r i b u t i o n on.d s e t t l ~ i n u n t pak'cern wore a l s o

The survey a l s o att'emed t o o ther B O C ~ O -

educa t i on , occupation and m i g r a t i o n .

~ e a k i n fo rmat ion ou domograyhy o f Nigeria and @ 474 n*L--

e~pecially ~ l l l ~ . f r ; t 3 ~ is difficult t o obtmin Y" bscauae o f ua,suceesui'yl censuses, from which such

i n f o m a t i o n could be s i f t e d . However, t h e 1990

mong o thers that the yopulabion is made up of

t h n t a b o u t one-htt1.f of Hie population hns received

formal. uducutioal 43 percent 01 males and 58 peroent

of f o m d c s havo never boon t o school. 'The population

nf yersonn with no ed.u.oation is much higaer in the

.. rural-aroao t h m in kne urban and that ru ra l residents'

~ r 9 twice as likely t o have rzevcsr nhtended ichoal . A .

( 5@%) as u r b a i r e s i d e n t a (28%) (BLBIS', 1990). . .

For a projec t of this nature , aspects that affect . ,

i nhab i t an to should be o f primary concern to government,

hence t h s indepth inveseigation i n t o the character

o f t h e popu la t i on . Gonerally theref ore, go&rnment

proJect;s are memt t o in lprovo the w e l f a e oS the

p z o p l e , and, the Geshjm d u f f e r Dm is a tgpica.1

example.

One of the o b j e c t i v e s of the demograyhie survey

i s t o look a t t h e ageregate and disaggegate

c h n r u c t e r of t h e p o y u . l u t i i i ~ , of' the inhabi tants of

the v i l l a g o 8 ir, the proposed project area , ~asbim.

Thore uru bhir teeu (13) vi.l.l.ugsa in a l l whiah are

l . i k a l y t o experieuce t h e ef f'ec'c of the buffer dm.

~11s o t h e r o b J m t i v o i~ t o u ~ s %he information eo -

pathored t o determine the possible ef fec t s of: the '1

dam projoct on t he population. P a r t of the object

of the survey w a s a l s o b e to make recommendations

~ i n i o - t r y o f Lun.d and Survey wtcs used and the affected

~nnny v i l l n g e ~ 3 i d o n t i fi s d chming *he nc tual f i e l d work

ware not conbained i n t l i o map. Tho v i l l a g e s appear

to hrive sprane, up a I t e r the y r e p r i r a t i o n of the nay

in the . L l i t s ~nxt ' l ( :s . However, t he map wljs very helpful

in t h o whole exercise.

5.3.2 ~ u e s t i o n n a i r o C o u s t s u c t m n

A d e t a i l e d structured questionnaire was

oons Lructcd. to e l i c i t i n f o r u n t i o n from a s t r a t i f i e d

rand.orn sample of 100 households in t-he proposed

pro jec t araa . IPhe quest;i.onn covsrctd the fo l lowing '

themes :-

i>

ii)

i j . i )

i v ) ,

pnt t ; e rn o f dir;t:ribu-l;ion of populat ion

type of t!uildini; and sc t t lement pat terns: 7

ex ia t snce wil. type oi' educat ional

v i ) a t t i t u d e t o v ~ r d s displaceolent as a result

of t h e p ro i j c a t ;

v i i ) po:s.i b l e orf:.l:; i;f re-set t l enen t if

d i s p l c c e d ;

v i i i ) ~ f x i s t e n z e of uui L l . '~r i t u

i n 1 ; i . l ~ quest lonnb.irc. htbd ut.hm f a c t 8 on the ground.,

It; wus cl%ao aimed a b covering o t h e r area8 n o t

ksu.uu;les in t h e proposed p r o j e c t a r e A would

be per t inent t o the surve,y, nl1 the houees

5.3.4 , m t n ~ n n l y s i ~

In view 02 1;he m t u r e of the datn, a measure of

c s n t r ~ i tendency, a~rne1.y MI+? mean was u ~ c d in analysing

t h e inf 'ormi~ tiorr. gathorchd. The yorcentage p r o p o r t i o n

wns 8 1 ~ 0 emp1o;yed in. reactline; at .vn.rious conclusions ,

in the nurvey.

on -tnz ~ri ts.- i i la-~~. la n iver u:ulk atld depend heavily on

t h o r i v c r f0.v t~.ansyo.rl;d t;lo 1.1 nad o ther I n a a m of

'. l i ve l ihoor i , lhe,y l.ive 'i.u t h ~ t c h e d h0118es b u i l t

2-3 metres ma.y Lrom each o t h e r (see plate 6).

l lownvur., 0110 C J ~ the Q i l l . i 3 ~ 5 ~ : ~ , nuu~ely Gmovu has

a c a t t o r o d ~ e t Llcmcut p a t t e rn w i t h f tuni l ias more or

loas i s o l a t o c l from one mother .

prom {;he R U ~ T O J , t110 followinr, villages are

respecl;ive yopu1at io .n n i x o is uontained in Tnble .4.

yheoe vi.llup;e:, , 1.1s rnontioned e a r l i e r , s e t t l e

likely t;o be di.ar!l$icea r c p r a s o n t 1 2 prrrcent o f the

The reaction of' the l~.ouse.tloltl$ iintorviewad was

o o s t of r e b u i l d i n [ , L b c i T. hou:~es. The ren la in i r rg eight .

(Oh) percent nvo.iclad l;he qiiost%on and said it was

for t h e i r v i l l a g e heads/chiefs to decide,

T a b l e 3 ; Sa-b,Llomun% p a t t e r n and p o ~ : m l ~ t . i o l ~ distribution i n Gashin Area ,

~ ~ o p u l a t i o n s i z e

:lirz-lclhmr_ln) (.l.{;!l;;.L3) I n ncitlit ion, considers law and

or " lumpy".

f n c i l j . t n t e t h c crset i .cn of u t i 1 i t l . e ~ .

R s t r a t a e i a r o l s

'-

t o o t h e r improvemeftto in p r o c o a e i n ~ and teuhnology

trano.fer. L~rocluctivity o P renourco i n p u t is

tlina Xn those ~ X t l i ~ u t ~ A p r Z : from t t v existenca of

numerous cot: t:nqe l.ndus t r i m , rural alcc trif i c a t i on

an educated labour force and improvecl agr icul tural

incranscxl cconornlc arid sr.:clal activit:i.c~rp, improved .

wclf nlrc and s tnnd,ard of living i r r gc?ncral (Goclc'lard

G*2 OUJLCTXVl,>

Zr, broad terms, the objr?cf:ivcs include to 0btali.n

ph:,toqrr~!.rh s ancl rw;murernr.*nErr. Socnndilrry d n tn, on the

I f tors turcs on i.nfra3 t ructurea.

tJuc3kionnalt-cn wcro a d m i n i s tend to forty perccn t

of tho housohclds : m l c c t ~ c I Prcm ondl of tho study

arcao. T h e community loaders wore a1 .m f nterviewed

C U ~ . ~ : . % V ~ I L i on t + ~ k . f , j 111 ..w:c? h c ? t t l dul: l n:] !:he rainy and

h o s p i t a l s , h e n l t h centre::, s c i i oo l s , community cen t res ,

electricity and. wa tex' s ~ p j ; l . i o s . The di:~l ;r ibut ion of

these inf r u t r u c t u r e a srrioni;; t he study commu~.ities is

.- shown in 1pab1.e 5.

are roofed with i r o n shee t m s t a i s , and they are found C

i n only ri-?.rrc c o ~ ~ m u u i t i e s (Table 5j* Generally, the ,-x buildings cons i s t o f one o r two r o o m wi th very f e w

the s i z e of thc r o o m rungc o e t ~ e o n b m2 snd 12 m 2

from i.i?,OOC) t o ~ 5 , 0 0 0 f o r the mud and grass houses, , . .,

and f r o m ~ 8 , 0 0 0 to ~ 2 0 , 0 0 0 f o r the mud a d a i a c

houses, The grasa roofs are ueual ly replzced on I

year ly b a s i s at an estimated aost of between ~300 and

6,4,4 3tore.ee houses

Thooo n r o u s u a l l y uued f o r the H kornge of (r,ruine

and cassava dry chips. They m e ' c y l i n d r i ~ ~ l in shape ' , - . .

nndrnsde of mud.. fie t o p i s roofed with grkss while

6.4.5 Marke,b s t a l l a

i~ Tj42 waa not very much in u-so, &wl;her mazket T : ,

communi t i e n market t ; r m o t ~ c t i o n s t nke plncc in the

open square aud nt t h e homes of bhe j.nhabi'taxnts. 1

Fresh f i s h n r e often s o l d kit $ha bonks o f the river

farmers ' homes,

Manga

Eden

iionga

~ a n k i

Ganruvu

,Knnge-Klmge

Birama '

BaWm

~aehirnbila -- T o t a l *

1

Grass roo f o u. liill d

with the oxceytion of Kaghimbi la which i a l inked

to ~akum by a earrod road , a c c s s s i b i l i t y t o all the

o t h e r comrnun.itiea, compounds a r o ooaneoted mostly by

path roads (p la te 17). Two of the vj.IXages have

road. The earth rouda firc a c c o s n i b l o only during the

dry season.

~ o m m u n L t i o ~ are l i n k e d , t o one another DI€dZIly

through t h e r iver . Yootpatha, however, run along the .-

r iver banks connectinp; t h e oommunitiea. In t h e rainy

season, most of L-hese f o o t p a t h s are flooded, l e a v i w o n i q I cr -;\

t h e r i v o r rout;as AS the o n l y meam of communiaatioa -

f m m p o o r a c c e ~ s i b i 1 i . S ; ~ exp la ins ,why trad.era and

middlernorl v i s i t " t h e areas m i n l y during the dry seneon

when they could ge t *o t h e co.mmunit;ies on foob and

6.4.10 15s t i m a t i o n of rnugn.5 tude of i n f r e n t r u a t ~ m a l demolition , and r g l o a a t i o n Z s i s i r S ~ from proJ e c t tl.scpl.emcnt;atf on

r1.s mclinly because such s t r u c t u r e s cs reaidont;ial

bv.il.riingo which are yredomhan1;ly made of m d "with . .

gr8SF3 roofs undergo repa i r s a.nnually (plate 9 ) f o r

which c u r r e n t c o s t a of m a t e r i a l s and l n b o u r arc 7

incured. ~ l s o i 'or nuch other s t ruc tures as market

V%QW o f (;I;@ r h i rlq and unprcdicdabl~ magnitucla ai:

tho in . l l a t3 onixry krcncl In thc cn i~ntry .

XnEnrmatSon on cnnto of construction of prRvate A .

nt;rucki.trfir, ?='ere obtminc*c-1 d i r r c t l y from the owners of

'en timnkcd GO::: t: of :.MO ,OOO Thcr t l W a r Q ~ W O S C ~ O O ~ B

modern cchntrl rrno bull t $y thc qovarnrncnt a t on

$able '7 : Types find average vnluos of: infrastructural f n o i l i t i a s in the su.rvey villa go^

ijait ~ o t d cos t COB t ~ u m b o r ( H I . (it )

' ~ e s i d s n t i a l :

m d ~ n d grass 3,000 1,678 5,034,000

" Piud olid a i n o 20,000 . '87' 1, ,740,000

S t o r ~ g e huts 400 121 40,400

Eqarke t 100,000 1 100,000

200,000* 2 206,000

80 ,OOO* * 3 140,000

Note: *me l o c a l uchool. wt! s b u i l t nt a a o s t of about; I__

t16,000. It is a small 2-gmtment made o f mud wall and grass r o o f .

**?he first was built at ~50,000 while the ssoond was bui l t at f f lO,OOO.

xable ' 7 : Types ~ n c l average vnlues of inIrastructural f n o i l i t i o s I n the survey v i l l a g e s

S to rage h u t s

Health Centre

Water ~aservoir

Note: *The l o c a l school. wun b u i l t at a a o s t of about; - ~16,000. It i s a small cyurtuient made of mud wall and grass roaf.

**The f i r s t was built a t pt5O ,000 while the second was b u i l t at N10,000.

eutimatod t o t a l uos t s of all the stmct;ures iu the

atudy areaa arnount to a b o u t #7,303,400. ' !Chore were

1it;t;le or no perulmia l c r o p s o r p Z u n t ~ ~ t i 0 1 1 ~ i n t h e

stuqy areas which would be dsrnolished during projeot ,

irnylementution. Lvaluubiun of the Low oconomic trees

. and farm sL-ruo.l;ures (farm s ludeo , stora~e houses) on

the basis o f replauernent costs (Hurruy, 1969) gives

a .bobal vh1ut1 01 ~ 5 5 , 6 0 0 f o r the study araae. Imple-

montation of L-ho yroJeol; in the s t u d y arecm would

and aband.oamenf of: khe f w m ausets a l l of which Eire

valued at about k3, IW,O6O or 1 ~ 3 . 2 n~ uiroad over

Vulues were uob cumpu$ed for road8 because with

implementation; a11 o the r roads which w i l l bo ~ f f e o t e d

by the projeot are pathways and earth roads oonatnrcbd

land has l i t t l e or no oppor tuni ty ca3 t outaide farming

in tha etudy axon. Ploreover, ltmd f o r reloc.at;ion

01 r e o o t t l o i n e a t wouLb he o b t a i n e d f r e e of charge from 7

the government under the Land Use A G ~ .

c z n t r w a rc nwn axj.ntcnt I n most of khe villagas. Road

natwor.-k 23 very poor, cona l s t i n9 mostly of pathraadn

nnd' f ow m r t n r o i > i i S * The only karrmi road hi tho area - -

A c I w * ~ ~ ~ . ) A, A , j t ~ i O r A b ~ r d ~ . ? c f ~ C 1993) q F ~ p t i l r ~ t : J l ~ f l Inforrna t lon t-lnnngamcw!n k IJtJ!JP F'L: ktJrIy Hatpa

hhmscl, R e hnd C, Imnovan ( 1 9 9 2 ) r J B O U C ~ of. 3~nfm- ~ t r t ~ k u m j . ~ ~ v c l o p m e ~ z r : ~ A aynkhcsia uf the litoxrntum* ZnCnt-n;~tj.milI Fmxii uol.%.cy Resanrch J,nnt$.kt.!kcr WashlngZ:rm DaCq

tl;.rRaq, C , { 1972) fmpr-ovhg t h n ~cmnrnlc J m l x l ~ C af Fnmlng ' ;ystcma R(xmn,rct\, A ~ ~ $ . c I Survey Syskm

.. 32 S 10(7~-2213~

&pryp $ ,s+ (1993). Socla-~cannmia Anpacdm of CWNMVs CuIkkv~nkSoar and Uao i n hfrl,cab J.n)>2.2crsk2ans~ for the k v ~ ! . o ~ ~ r m o f ~ p p r o ; x l.n te TachrrlwT.nqy c COSCA. \rlark incj Papor Nun 13+ Zntbrt1ndir~r'1;7jl 3nn t % h t k c ~ rlrd Trop?.ca% AgrSculkurc, Zbmlcnu

E'onti ;ind A ~ r i c u : l . t u x . a l . C1rgan:i.sati o n A ( w';.'b). A. Pramework f o r Lurxi J.Gv~liuatior.1.

- . S o i l s i j u l l o t i u 5 2 ; Kome, Italy.

i n , U. . ( lgC3y) . Jiconumic i)eveJ.opmc r l t , lJew Y o r k , Norton.

~ n ~ c r n a t j . o n u 1 Sociut-y o f Soil. j c i c n ~ c , i i a~nuu~ .*y , PRG .

p l a t e 3: The drying o f cc:usava chips a l o n a yakurn- K a s h i r n b i l o . r o a d .

- I . .

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