UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

VALUE ORIENTATION OF BARANGAY PEOPLE TOWARDS RURAL LIVING: IMPLICATIONS TO

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

LEONORA P. MANERO

FPP 1985 2

This is to certify that we have read this thesis entitlErl ''Value Orientation of Barangay People Towards Rural Living: Implications to Rural Developnent" by Leonora P. Manero, am in our opinion it is satisfactory in tenns of scope, quality and presentation as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science

��'Ph.D. Associate Profesor/oean rt:f aduate Studies

Uni versiti Pertani Malaysia (Chainnan Board 0 Examiners)

, I,

I

, Ph . D.

� ca-� ABOOL HALIN HAMID, Ph.D.

Head, Dept. of Social Sciences Faculty of Frlucational Studies

Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Internal Examiner)

ALI, Ph.D. 'I:IUI!AClte Prof'Jo.b·,.,.. .... /oean

Facult of Frlucational Studies Uni versiti Pertanian Malaysia

(Supervisor)

This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and was accepted as partial fulfi lment

of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Date : Dean�� Studies

VALUE ORIENTATION OF BARANGAY PEOPLE TOWARDS RURAL LIVING : IMPLICATIONS TO

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

by

LEONORA P . MANERO

A thesis submitted in part ial ful f i lment of the requirements for the degree of Maste r of Sc ience

in the Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

August 1985

LOVINGLY DEDICATED TO MY . • .

mother ,

PRESENTACION MEJICA - PAZ

husband ,

ATTILA D . MANERO

and children ,

ALVIN JONATHAN

ATT I LENORE

JANICE

BELEZECHE

ATTICUS ,

the very special people who taught me and with

whom I share the greatest value in life .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This humble piece of work would have not come into form without

the concerted efforts and/or valuable contributions of the fol lowing

people and institutions :

The residents and officials of Barangays La Esperanza

and Sagkungan whose participation provided the base

upon which the the s i s rests ;

The local government officials of North Cotabato Province

and the Municipalities of President Roxas and Tulunan as

well as several agency workers for facilitating things

for the author during her field work ;

Atty . Rogerio Bangoy and company , Ms . Flerida Alvaro ,

Ms . Emy Damag , Ms . Fe Tolentino and other good friends

at the University of Southern Mindanao for extending to

he r their kind assistance ;

Mr . Teresito M . Paz for serving as her research aide

during the actual conduct of the study ;

The Fi lipinos and all other friends at the Universiti

Pertanian Malaysia ( UPM ) for giving her sound suggestions

and criticisms , s incere fel lowship and moral support ;

The lecturers and staff of the Faculty of Educational

S tudies , Universiti Pertanian Mal aysia , most espeCially ,

Dr . Abdul Halin Hamid , Encik Mohd . Majid Konting ,

ii i

Encik Norhalim Hj . Ibrahim , and Cik Armi Sharnsuar , for

unselfishly sharing with her their time , wisdom and

expertise ;

Dr . Nazaruddin Hj . Mohd . Jali , in hi s capacity as Dean

of the Faculty of Educational Studies and as supervi sor

to her , for patiently and inte l ligently guiding her

throughout the completion of the study ;

The office of the Dean of Graduate Studies at UPM for

admitting her to the Univers ity and for attending promptly

to her academic needs ;

Col leagues at RTC-RD , USM for providing her a wholesome

working environment . Special thanks goe s to Wayne for

helping her out in the reproduction of the study's inter­

view schedule and the map s ;

Misses Helen Lupera and Narcisa JaIme for looking afte r

her chi ldren ;

The Phi l ippine Training Centres for Rural Development

( PTC-RD ) , through the Executive Director , Dr . Florentino

C . Librero and USM-based Centre Director , Dr . Virgi l io

G . Oliva , for permitting , encouraging and recommending

her to pursue further studies ;

The Phi lippine Government for granting her permission to

study in Malaysia on official time and with pay ;

iv

- The Bangkok-based Agricultural Development Council , Inc .

(ADC) for awarding her a two-year masteral degree fe llowship

grant and for showing genuine Concern for her welfare ;

- All her loved ones - husband , children , parents , siblings

and relatives - for their unfailing love , understanding ,

support and inspiration; and

- Above all , to the Almighty to WHOM she owes everything

she has .

The author is greatly indebted to all mentione d that she

wished they be absolved completely from blame for any om issions .

and commissions in thi s study .

LEONORA P. MANERO

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACmOWLEDGEMENT. • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS • . • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • • • • • • • vi

LIST OF FIGURES • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ix

LI ST OF TABLES • • • . • . • • . • • • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • . • . x

LI ST OF APPENDICES • • • . • . . . • • . . • . . . . . . • • • • • . • • • . • • xiii

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION . . . . • • . . • . . • . • . • • • • • . . • . . 1

1 . 1 . RAT I ONAtE • • • . . • . • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • • • . • • • . • • 1

1 . 2 • THE PROBLEM • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • . • • . 3

1 . 3 • OBJECTIVES . . . • • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • • . • . • • • • . • 4

1 . 4 . IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5

1 . 5 • HYPOTHESES . . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 9

1. 6. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS • • • • • • • • • 10

CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE • • • • • • • • 17

2 . 1 . THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 7

2 . 1 . 1 . Value s Clarification Theory • • • • • 19

2 . 1 . 2 . The Values C lar ification Process . 2 1

2 . 1 . 3 . Becom ing Aware of Value s . • . • • • • • 2 3

2 . 1.4 . The Acqui sition of Value s . . • . • . . 24

2 . 1 . 5 . The Relat ionship Between Value s and Attitudes ; Att itude and Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . • . . 2 6

2 . 1 . 6 . Theory of Var iation in Value Or ientation • . . . • . . . • • • • . . • . . • . . . 2 8

2 . 2 . EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON VALUES . • • . • . . . • • • . • 2 8

2 . 2 . 1 . General Studies on Values . . • • • . • 28

2 . 2 . 2 . Studies on Filipino Value s and Value Orientation • . • • • • . • • . • • • . • 37

vi

Page

2 . 2 . 3 . The Measurement of Value s • . • • • • . • • • • 43

CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 50

3 . 1 • LOCALE OF THE STUDY • . • • • • • • . . • . . . • . . • • . • . . . . 50

3 . 2 . PRETESTING OF INSTRUMENT 50

3 . 3 . SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS 5 1

3 . 4 . DATA INSTRUMENTATION • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • 5 2

3 . 5 • DATA COLLECTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57

3 . 6 . METHODS OF ANALYSIS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60

3 . 7 . LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3

CHAPTER 4 - THE STUDY AREAS AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 5

4 . 1 . DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 5

4 . 1 . 1 . Geographical Location • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • 6 5

4 . 1 . 2 . Socio-Economic Setting • • • . • • • • • . • . • • 68

4 . 2 . RESPONDENTS ' PROFILE . . . • • • . . . • . • . • • • . • • • . . • • 74

4 . 2 . 1 . Age 74

4 . 2 . 2 . Sex 7 5

4 . 2 . 3 . Education . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • 76

4 . 2 . 4 . Marital /Civil Status • • • • . • • . • • • . • . • • 77

4 . 2 . 5 . Family Size . • . . . • . • • • • • • • . • • . • • . • • • '. 78

4 . 2 . 6 . Numb er o f Dependents • . • • . • . • • . • . • • . • 79

4 . 2 . 7 . Main Source o f Livelihood • • • • • • • . • • • 80

4 . 2 . 8 . Previous Work Experiences/Occupation . 80

4 . 2 . 9 . Re ligious Affiliation 81

4 . 2 . 10 . Migration History For The Past Five year s • • . • • • . • . • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • 82

4 . 2 . 1 1 . Cosmopoli tene ss . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • • . • • • 82

4 . 2 . 1 2 . Member ship in Farmer s ' Associations . . . . . . • . • . . . • . • • • • • . • • • • 84

vii

Page

4.2 . 1 3 . Membership in Othe r Organisations . . . . 85

4 . 2 . 14 . Mas s Media Expo sure 86

4 . 2 . 1 5 . Re spons iveness . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . 9 2

4 . 2 . 16 . Rural Deve lopment (RD ) Programmes and Proj ects Imp lemented at the Study Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4 . 2 . 1 7 . Problems Encountered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4 . 2 . 1 8. Motivat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lU6

CHAPTER 5 - RES ULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

5 . 1 . BARAN GAY PEOPLE ' S VALUE ORIENTATION TOWARDS RURAL LIVING . • . . . • . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . • 107

5 . 2 . BARANGAY PEOPLE ' S RESPONSIVENESS TO RD PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS . . • • • • • . • . • • . • • • . • • 1 10

5 .3 . CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN PEOPLE'S VALUE ORIENTATION AND THEIR RESPONSIVE-NESS TO RD PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS • • • • • . • • • • • 1 1 2

5 . 4 . VALUE ORIENTATION REGRESSION ANALYSI S • • • • • • • . 114

5 . 4 . 1 . Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 20

5 . 4 . 2 . Education • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • , • • • • • . • • • l�l

5 . 4 .3 . Sex • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 2 3

5 . 5 . SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION ANALYS IS • • • . • • • • • • • 1 2 5

5 . 6 . IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY • . • • • • • . • . • • • . • . • • . • 131

CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • . • • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • ·1 34

6 . 1 . SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . 134

6 . 1 . 1 . The Research Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 134

6 . 1 . 2 . Data and Analytical Methods . . . . • . . . • . 135

6 . 1 . 3 . Re suI t s . . . • . . . . . . . • • . . • • . . . . . . . . • . . • . 136

6 . 2 . CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • . • • • • . • • • • • . 13 9

REFERENCES • . • . • • . • • . • . . • • . • . . • . • . . . • • . • . • . . • • • • . . . • • • -1 4 2

APPENDICES . • . • • . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . • • • . . • • . 150

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • • . 180

vii i

Figure

1

2

3

LIST OF FIGURES

Map of the Philippines Showing the Location o f the Area o f Study • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Map o f Mindanao Showing the Location of the Area of Study • • • • • . . • • . • • . • • • • . • . • • • . • • • . • • • • • •

Map of North Cotabato Province Showing the Location of the Area of Study • • • . • • • • • • • . • • . • • . • . • • . • • . • • • . • • . .

ix

Page

69

70

7 1

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

LIST OF TABLES

The Five Value Orientation and Range of Variations Postulated for Each . • . • • • . • . • . • . . • . •

Percentage Di stribution of Respondents According to Age . . . . . . . . • . • • . • • . . • • . . . . . . • . • . . . . . .

Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Sex . . . . . . • . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .

Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Leve l of Education Attained

Percentage Distribution of Re spondents According to Civil or Marital Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage Distribution of Married , Widowed and Separated Respondents According to Number of Liv ing Children . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage Distribution of Married , Widowed and Separated Respondents According to Number of Dependents . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Main Source of Livel ihood • • . . • . • • • . • •

Percentage Distribution of Re spondent s According t o Religious Affiliation . • . • . . • . . • . • . • • .

10 percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Migrat ion Hi story For the

Page

30

74

75

7 6

7 7

78

79

80

81

Past Five Years . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . • . . • . • • 82

1 1 Percentage Di stribution of Respondents According t o Exposure t o One o r More

Metropo litan Areas in the Phi l ippines . . . . . . • . . . . . . 82

12

1 3

14

Percentage Di stribution of Re spondents According to Exposure to One or More Urban Areas in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage Di stribut ion of Re spondent s According to Membership In Farmers ' Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .

percentage Distribution of Re spondent s According to Membership in Other Organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . .

x

83

84

85

Table

1 5 percentage Distribution According to Print Media

of Re spondent s

1 6 Distribution o f Respondents According to Frequency of Reading Local Newspapers

Page

86

In One Year • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . 87'

1 7 Table Showing The List o f Other Printed Materials Read by the Respondents According to the Order of Their Popularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

18 Distribution of Respondents According to Frequency of Reading Other Printed Materials In One Year . • • • • • • . • • . • . . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • 8 9

19 List of Development-Oriented Radio Programmes Familiar/Known to the Respondents by category 90

20 Percentage Distribution of Re spondents According to The Number of Deve lopment­Oriented Radio Programmes They Li stened to in One Year . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

2 1 Percentage Di stribution of Re spondent s According to Frequency of Li stening to Development-Oriented Radio Programmes in One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 92

2 2 percentage Distribution o f Re spondents According to Frequency of Consultation With Technicians or Change Agents in 1983 • • . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . • • . . . • . . . • . • . • • . • . • • . • . • . . 93

2 3 Di stribution of Respondents According to Frequency of Visitation in or Consultation With the Various Government Agencies Directly or Indirectly Servicing Their Barangays in 1 983 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94

24 Distribution of Respondents According to Frequency of Attendance in Barangay Assembly Meetings in 1983 . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . . • . . • . • • . . . • • • • • 95

2 5 Percentage Distribution o f Re spondents According to The Number of Rural Development Programmes and Pro j ects they Adopted or Implemented as of Survey Time . . . • . . • . . . . • . • . . . . . . . 97

26 Percentage Distribution of Re spondents According to the Extent of Contentment or Discontentment with Any of the Various Rural Development Programmes and Proj ects Adopted or Implemented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . 98

xi

Table

27

28

2 9

30

31

32

33

34

35

List of Problems Encountered By the Respondents 'During the Actual Implementation of Specific Rural Development Programmes and Projects

Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to the Type of Motivation Behind The ir Decis ion to Adopt Any of the Various Rural Development Programmes and Pro j ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Degree of Va lue Orientat ion

Total Average Scores of Respondents in Each of the Ten Phases of Rural Living

Respondents ' Genera l Fee lings About Living In The Rural Environment . . • . . . . . • • . • • . . • • • • • • . • •

Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Degree of Responsiveness to Rural Development Programmes and Projects

Contingency Table Showing the Observed and Expected Value of Y ( Responsiveness) and X (Value Orientation) • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • .

Result of the Regression Analys i s of Value Orientation • • • • • . . . . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . . . • . • .

Rokeach ' s List of 18 Terminal Value s and The Ranks or Degrees of Importance Ascribed to Them by Two Different Groups of People and The ir Corresponding Rank Differences . • . • • • . .

Page

101

106

108

109

110

1 1 1

112

1 1 5

1 29

36 Rokeach ' s List of 1 8 Instrumental Values and The Rank or Degree of Importance Ascribed

to Them by Two Different Groups of People and Their Corresponding Rank Differences . . • • • . . 1 30

xii

Appendix

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

LIST OF APPENDICES

Crosstabulat ion of Respondents ' Age , Education and Sex by Value Or ientation . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . .

Percentage Distr ibutions of Respondents According to the Degree of Cosmopo litene ss , Group Membership and Mass Media Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Variable List , Means <lnd Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Correlation Matrix of the Variables Sex , Age , Educat ion , Cosmopolitenes s , Group Membership , Mass Media Exposure ,

Page

1 50

1 52

1 54

and Value Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Step-Down Regress ion Analysis Results of Value Orientat ion . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 1 56

The Interview Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 57

Tabulation Sheet for the Scoring of The Rural Living Opinions . . • • • • • . • • • • • . . 1 7 9

xiii

An abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in partial fulfilment of the

requi rement s for the Degree of Master of Science

VALUE ORIENTATION OF BARAN GAY PEOPLE TOWARDS RURAL LIVING : IMPLICATIONS TO RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

by

Leonora P . Manero

August 1985

Supervisor Nazaruddin Hj . Mohd . Jal i , Ph . D .

Faculty Faculty of Educational Studies

Values are the element s of life prevail ing in a soc iety . They

provide motivat ion and ground for choice . They shape and determine

individual ' s and group's deci sion to l ike or di slike , favour or

disfavour , change or not to change . Thus , knowing people ' s va lue

orientation will guide pl anners , pol icy-makers , and change agent s

in the pl anning and implementation of re sponsive development

programmes capable of evoking maximum affirmative public re sponse .

Conducted to 14 3 randomly sampled household heads from two

barangays �n North Cotabato , Phil ippines , using interview schedule ,

group discus sions , informal interview and partic ipant observation ,

the study aimed primarily at determining barangay people ' s value

orientation towards rural living and its implications to rural

development . Specifical ly , it investigated the assoc iation between

the fol lowing set s of var iabl es : value orientat ion and age , sex

xiv

cosmopoliteness , mas s media exposure , and group membership; value

orientation and responsivene ss to rural development programmes; and

two different group s ' rank-ordering according to importance of Rokeach ' s

Terminal and Instrumental values .

Re sults revealed that : ( 1 ) Majority of the respondent s ( 94

percent ) had a fai rly positive or favourable value orientat ion towards

rural living ; ( 2 ) Over 16 percent o f the variations in respondents '

value orientation were explained by the s ix independent variables

mentioned; ( 3 ) Education had positive s tat istically s ignificant

effect on value orientation at one percent level ( 4 ) Sex and group

membership were negatively correlated with value orientation , whi le

age , cosmopol iteness and mass media exposure were positively but

not significantly correlated ; ( 5 ) Value orientation was pos itively

correlated with responsivenes s at f ive percent s igni ficance level;

and ( 6 ) Two di fferent group s ' ascriptions of importance to Rokeach ' s

Terminal value s were negatively correlated while their Instrumental

values were positively correlated at five percent s ignific ance level .

The study concludes that bilrangay people uphold fai rly favourab le

value s towards rural l iving and development . That these values

influence , in varying degrees , the ir individual and group deci sions

as evinced by the positive correlation between value ori entation

and responsivene ss. That education contributes significantly to the

formation of positive value s . Like knowledge and personality , value s

vary among populations .

xv

Penyelia

Fakulti

Abstrak te sis d ikemukakan kepada Senat Univer siti Pertanian Ma lay sia bagi memenuhi

sebahagian daripada syarat- syarat I j azah Sarj ana Sains .

ORIENTASI NILAI DALAM MASYARAKAT BARAN GAY TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN DESA' : IMPLlKAS INYA

KEPADA PEMBANGUNAN DESA

o leh

Leonora P . Manero

Ogos 1985

Nazaruddin Hj . Mohd . Jal i , Ph . D .

Fakul ti Pengaj ian Pendidikan

Ni lai adalah unsur-unsur kehidupan yang l az imnya terdapat dalam

se suatu masyarakat . I a memberikan motiva s i dan a sas bagi pilihan .

Ia membentuk dan menentukan keputusan indiv idu dan kumpulan sarna

ada suka atau t idak suka , setuju atau t idak setuj u , dan sarna ada

sedia berubah atau seba1 iknya . 01eh itu , pengetahuan tentang orien-

tasi nilai masyarakat akan memandu para perancang, pembuat-pembuat

pol isi dan agen-agen perubahan di dalam merencana dan melaksana

program-program pembangunan agar mendapat pengakuan dan penerimaan

sepenuhnya dar i masyarakat umum .

Kaj ian ini telah di j alankan ke atas 1 4 3 sampel rawak yang terdiri

daripada ketua-ketua keluarga daripada dua buah masyarakat barangay

di Cotabato Utara , Ph il ippine s dengan menggunakan temubual tersusun ,

perbincangan kumpulan , temubual t idak formal dan pemerhat ian turut

serta . Tuj uan utama kaj ian i n i ialah untuk menentukan or ientas i

ni lai masyarakat barangay terhadap kehidupan desa dan impl ikas inya

xv i

kepada pembangunan desa . Khususnya , ia menyelidik sebarang pertalian

antara set-set pemboleh ubah be rikut : nilai orientasi dan umur ,

j antina , kebenda an ,pendedahan media massa dan keahlian kelompok ;

orientasi nilai dan pener imaan program-program pembangunan desa ;

dan pemeringkatan nilai-nilai Terminal dan Instrumental Rokeach ,

secara bandingan bagi ke1ompok ber1a inan .

Keputusan-keputusan memper1ihatkan bahawa : ( 1) Kebanyakan

responden ( 94 peratus) mempunyai or ientasi nilai yang agak positif

atau menunj ukkan persetuj uan terhadap pembangunan desa ; ( 2 ) Lebih

16 peratus variasi dalarn orientasi nilai responden adalah dij e laskan

oleh enam pernbolehubah bebas yang tersebut di atas ; ( 3 ) Pendidikan

mempunyai kesan positif yang bererti secara stati stik ke atas orientasi

nilai pada paras satu peratus ; ( 4 ) Jantina dan keahlian kumpulan

mempunyai perta1 ian yang negatif dengan orientasi nilai sementara

umur , kebendaan dan pendedahan media maSsa mempunyai pertalian tetapi

tidak bererti ; ( 5) Or ientasi nilai mempunyai perta lian yang positif

dengan penerimaan pada paras keertian lima peratus ; dan ( 6) Tanggapan

dua ke1ompok berlainan mengenai kepentingan ni lai-nilai Terminal

Rokeach mempunyai pertalian yang negatif sementara ni lai-nilai Instru­

m entalnya memp unyai p er ta lia n yang positi f pada ara s keertian lima

peratus .

Kaj ian ini menyimpulkan bahawa masyarakat barangay mempunyai

nilai-nilai yang menggalakkan terhadap kehidupan de sa dan pernbangunan .

Nilai-nilai tersebut mempengaruhi keputusan-keputusan individu dan

kelompok dalam kadar yang berbeza-beza , seperti yang diperl ihatkan

oleh pertalian positif antara orientasi nilai dan pemerimaan . Selain

daripada itu , pendidikan menyumbangkan , secara berert i , kepada

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pembentukan nilai-nilai positif . Seperti pengetahuan dan personaliti ,

nilai adalah berbeza di kalangan penduduk .

xvi ii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 . RATIONALE

Any programme a imed at facil itating and accelerating rural

development should be anchored on a sound plan which has as its basis

the actual conditions in the communities sought to be developed .

However , the formulat ion of such a plan i s not an easy task .

P lanners and innovator s a l ike wil l have to contend not only

with a myriad of variables but a l so with the seeming dearth o f

accurate and obj ective information s o v ital and necessary in the

preparation of such a programme . Admittedly , there have been instances

in the past when the information used for the purpose proved inaccurate,

at time s grossly exaggerated . These could have been avoided i f there

were only an abundance o f s c ientific material s and data from which

planners and later , implementors or change agents could have drawn

guidance .

A sound development plan takes into consideration and makes

adaptation with the envi ronme nt . In the case of rural development ,

the environment includes the people w ith their social , economic ,

pol itical and cultural cha racte ri stics . Un less this i s rea l i sed

and attended t o , the initiative of the people will be crippled and

their commitment cannot be ensured . In the hope of avoiding thi s

pitfall , this particular study has been conducted with the end in

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view of securing knowledge about people and the ir env ironment with

special focus on the soc io- cultural a spect o f rural l i fe .

More signi f icantly , it is worthwhile to note that development

today cannot be referred to purely in terms of c apita l and material ,

but a l so in terms of efficiently harnessing and involving the human

resources ava i l able . Needle s s to say , the succe s s of government

development prograrnmes and pro j ects , particul arly those which are

addres sed to the rural s ec tor , must depend on the people themselves .

No amount o f capital i nvestment can spur the rate o f development

unle ss the people themselves are ful ly committed both physica l ly and

psychologically to the programme (�CDS , 197 5 : 1 ) .

2

In this decade (the 80 ' s ) , rural development under the Phil ippine

context is produci ng more important results . I t is bringing out

resOUrce s from the government . It is strengthening the belief that

development will on ly take place w ith increased capac ity of the

people to help themselve s and when they are provided the experience s

and ski l l s in democrat ic procedures (Cuyno et aI, 1982 : 1 ) . Be sides ,

true development can only be fully achieved when it al lows the

expression of the a spirat ions , value s and desires of the great

ma j ority of the popul ace .

Corollary t o thi s , Ralph Linton ( 1 952 : 74) has pointed out that

if we know what a society ' s culture i s , including its part icular

system of norms , value s and attitude s , we can predict with a fairly

high degree of probabil ity whether the bulk o f its members wil l

welcome or resist a particular change o r innovation .

I • 2 • THE PROBLEM

Everyday we make evaluations , j udgments and deci sions . Among

the most cornmon and important in our l ive s are dec i s ions concerning

goa l s , j udgments concerning l ife , in general , and ways to achieve

what we wish to achieve and eva luations of what ought to be done ,

in particul ar . Individual s make these eval uations as they ref lect

on what they should or should not do . Often it i s not easy for them

to decide what they ought to do , what i s right and what i s wrong ,

where their obl igat ions , responsibi l itie s , rights and duties l ie • • •

(Facione � aI , 1978 : v) . Same i s true in a s ituation where a person

has to decide whether to a ccept or re j ect a particular change or

innovation .

In the process of mak ing a deci s ion , the individual i s often

influenced , in varying degrees , by s everal factors which are both

external and internal to him .

Within himself , the individual al ludes to his belief system ,

the core component of which is his innate value s . His values may

e ither be favourable or unfavourable toward a specific programme

of change or innovation , for va lues vary from one individua l to ano­

the r . I f he finds c�ange to b e supportive to , or congruent with ,

his upheld values , he is more like ly to adopt or support it , but

i f he finds the change to be threatening to , or in conf l ict with ,

his values , he i s mOre apt to resist it . Hence , there is a growing

need to know what values in rural living do rural people uphold .

Which of these value s do they find most important in guiding the i r

individual and group choices? What are the i r implications t o rural

3

development , in particular? With the se queries in mind together

with the a ssumption that people ' s values play a v ital role in

development , thi s study was purposely designed for .

1 . 3 . OBJECTIVES

Broadly , the main goal of this study waS to determine people ' s

value orientation towards rural l iving and its implications to rural

development .

Speci f ic a l ly , however , the following ob j ective s were pur sued :

1 . To determine barangay people ' s value orientation towards

ten pha ses of rura l l iving ;

4

2 . To examine the association between barangay peop le ' s value

orientation towards rural l iving and six chosen independent

variables such as :

age

sex

level of education

mas s media exposure

co smopol iteness

membership in farmers ' a s sociations and

other organi sation s ;

3 . T o find out the correlat ion between barangay people ' s

value orientation and the ir re sponsiveness to various

rural development programmes and pro j ects launched by

the government ; and

4 . To determine the variance in the degree of importance