UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALAYSIAN FRESHWATER GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM

ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)

NITYA NANDA DAS

FPSS 1995 8

STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALAYSIAN FRESHWATER

GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)

NITY A NANDA DAS

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

UNIVERSITI PERTANIAN MALAYSIA

1995

STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALAYSIAN FRESHWATER

GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)

BY

NITY A NANDA DAS

Dissertation submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the

Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,

Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

August, 1995

DEDICATION

To the sacred memory of my father

NARAYAN CHANDRADAS

who left us for ever during the

liberation period of Bangladesh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to extend my most sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to

Dr. Che Roos Saad who provided me with invaluable guidance, objective

criticism and encouragement throughout the course of the study. I am also

indebted to the members of my supervisory committee, Prof. Ang Kok Jee,

Prof. Law Ah Theem and Dr. Sharr Azni Harmin, for their constructive

suggestions and guidance during the study period.

I would like to express my gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of Fisheries

and Marine Science and the Dean of Graduate School, Universiti Pertanian

Malaysia who helped me in every possible way. I also record my appreciation to

En. Abdul Aziz Bin Bahsir, Senior Assistant Registrar, Graduate School, UPM

for his assistance.

I also appreciate the assistance of Dr.Hishamuddin Bin Omar, Mr. Ahsan

Bin Habib, En. Razali Seman , En. Zakaria Md. Sah, colleagues and well­

wishers who were instrumental in the successful completion of the project.

The financial supports given by Rotary InternationallRotary Foundation,

USA is gratefully acknowledged. I also acknowledge the co-operation of Mr.

Bhag Singh and Mr. M. Palaniappan and Dr. J.J. Augustin for editing the

manuscript

Words are not enough to express my heartfelt feelings to my parents for

providing me with their untiring guidance and supports since my childhood. My

wife, Shipra and daughters Nishu and Rupu have extended their moral support

and encouragement to me all the while in striving towards this achievement.

ill

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .... . . . ... . . ... ...... . . . . . . ...... ... . . ....... . ..... . . .iii

LIST OF TAB LES .................... .... ....................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................ .......... .................... xi

LIST OF P LATES ............................................................... xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................. xiii

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

ABSTR AK . . . ..... .... . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . ... . . . ...... . . ...... . . .. . ... ........ xviii

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION ... . . . .. ... . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... 1

Background of the study ......... . .......................... . .. .. . . ..... . 1

Statement of the problem ...................................... . ......... 3

Significance of the study ........ . . . .................... . . ................ 7

Objectives . . ... . . .. . . ... . . . . ..... . ... . .. . . . . . .......... . . ... . . ........ .... 12

II LITERATURE REVIEW . . . ............. .............................. 13

Least cost feed formulations ............... . . ................... . .. . ... 13

Optimum dietary protein and energy requirements .............. .... 14

Macrobrachium spp . . . ..... . . . . . ....... . ... ...... .............. 14

Penaeus spp ..... . .. .. . . . . .... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . 20

Fish . . .. . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .. . . ... ... . 24

III MATERIA LS AND METHODS ............. . ........................ 26

Proximate analyses ....... . . . ......... . . ...................... . . . . . . . . ... 26

Crude protein . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 26

Lipids . . ... .. ... . . ... . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... ... 26

Moisture determination .... .................. .................. 27

Ash determination . . . ... . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . ........ ............ 27

Crude fibre . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . ... ... . . .... . . . . . . . . . .. . 28

IV

Gross energy determination . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ... ..... . . . .. 28

Amino acid analysis .. . ....... . . . . ....................... . . . . .. . . . . .... . . 30

Fatty acid analysis ... . ... . . ........ . ... . . . . ..... . . . . . ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Feed preparation .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . .... . . . . . .......... . . 31

Fibreglass experimental tank. ..... .. . .. . ...... ............. ... ......... 32

Biological filter .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . ... . .............................. 32

Feeding rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Water quality monitoring ..... . ....... . . . . . . . . .......................... 34

N OPTIMUM PROTEIN REQUIREMENT BY BROOD STOCK MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII IN A RECIRCULATING WATER SySTEM . . ....... . . .... . . ..... . . . ... . . .................. . .. . .. 35

Materials and methods .............. .. . . . . ............ . . . .. . ............ 36

Least cost feed formulations . . ........... . . . . ................. 36

Experimental diets ......................... . . ..... . .... . . .. . . . . .40

Experimental animals and acclimatization .................. .40

Stocking density . . . . . ........ . ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Experimental procedure . . . .................. .. . .......... . . . . . 4 1

Determination of eggs quality ......................... . . .... .42

Statistical analysis ........................ . ......... . ...... . .. .45

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Discussion . . . .... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . ... . . . . .. 55

V OPTIMUM PROTEIN: GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENT BY BROODSTOCK M.

ROSENBERGII IN A RECIRCULATING WATER SySTEM ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 60

Materials and methods ......... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ....................... 6 1

Least cost feed formulations .... . . ...... ...................... 6 1

Experimental animals and acclimatization ................... 65

Fibreglass experimental tank .................................. 65

Determination of eggs quality ................................. 7!

v

Amino acid and fatty acid analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1

Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1

S tatistical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Discussion . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1

VI OPTIMUM PROTEIN : GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENT BY BROODSTOCK M. ROSENBERGII KEEPING PROTEIN LEVEL CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0

Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10

R e sults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1

Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 28

VII OPTIMUM PROTEIN : GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENT IN POND CONDITION BY THE BROODSTOCK MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1 3 3

Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 33

Collection, counting and identification of planktons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5

Collection, counting and identification of benthos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 36

R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 37

Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 60

VITI GENER AL DISCUS SION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 68

IX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

B IBLIOGR APHy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 6

APP ENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 97

A. Optimum solution for the formulation of 30% protein and gross energy 400 kcal/100 g diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 97

VITAE .............. . ...... . . .......... . .... . . ........................ . ... . ...... 200

VI

LIST OF TABLES

Table page

1 Proximate analyses of feed ingredients, egg and muscle of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2 Composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/I00 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3 Proximate composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/I00 g) expressed in percent dry weight and cost of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4 The effects of dietary protein level on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/ 100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5 The effects of dietary protein level on egg composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 5 1

6 Effects of broodstock diets on the spawning and egg qUality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . 5 2

7 Essential amino acid expressed in percent dry weight of total amino acid of the pond reared broodstock M rosenbergii egg and their composition at 30%, 35% and 40% of protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8 Essential amino acid (EAA) composition of feed ingredients (g/100 g protein) expressed in percent

dry weight . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .

9 Comparison of the essential amnio acid content and constraints of diet 1, diet 2, diet 3 and diet 4 with those values obtained from Lindo programme (Lindo, release, 5 .3, 1 99 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 67

10 Comparison of the essential amnio acid content and constraints of diet 5, diet 6, diet 7 and diet 8 with those values obtained from the Lindo programme(Lindo, release 5.3, 1991) . . . . 68

1 1 Comparison of the essential amnio acid content and constraints of diet 9, diet 10, diet 1 1 and diet 12 with those values obtained from the Lindo programme (Lindo, release 5 .3,1991) . . . . . . . . . . 69

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12 Composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/lOO g) expressed in percent dry weight -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 75-76

1 3 Proximate composition and energy content of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/lOO g) expressed in percent dry weight and cost of the diets .... ............................ ............ 77 -78

14 The effects of experimental diets on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight ....... . . .......... . . . . . . ... . . .... ..... ...... . . . . . 81 - 82

1 5 The effects of experimental diets on egg composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/I00 g) expressed in percent dry weight ... . ... . . .. .. . . .... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . 8 3-84

16 Essential amino acid (EAA) compositio and essential amino acid index (EAAl) of the diets . . .. . . . . .. . . ... . .... .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .... .. . . . . . . . . .. 86-88

17 AlE ratio of experimental diets of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91

18 Essential amino acid composition of the brood stock eggs Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed experimental diets . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . 93-95

19 Effects of brood stock diets on the fecundity and egg quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6

20 Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets expressed as percent dry weight of total fatty acid . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 97 -98

21 Effects of different dietary lipids on brood stock M. rosenbergii egg fatty acid composition expressed in percent dry weight of total fatty acid . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99-100

22 Comparison of the essential amino acid content and constraints of diet 1 and diet 2 with those values obtained from the Lindo pro gramme(Lindo , release5.3, 1991) ..................... 113

23 Composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight.. . .. ..... .. . . . . . . . . .. ..... 114

24 Proximate composition and energy content of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/lOOg) expressed in percent dry weight and cost of diets . . . . . . ... . .. . . ... . . ... . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . 115

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25 The efffects of experimental diets on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (gl lOO g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 17

26 The effects of experimental diets on egg composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (gl l OO g) expressed in percent dry weight. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9

27 Essential amino acid (EAA) composition and essential amino acid index (EAA 1) of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 20

28 AlE ratio of the experimental diets of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 22

29 Essential amino acid composition of the broodstock eggs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii ......... 124

30 Effects of broodstock diets on the fecundity and egg quality ofM.rosenbergii . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25

3 1 Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 26

32 Effects of different dietary lipids on broodstock M. rosenbergii egg fatty acid composition expressed in percent dry weight of total fatty acid . . . . . . . . 127

33 Composition of the experimental diets for M.rosenbergii (gl 100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

34 Proximate composition and energy content of the experimental diets for M.rosenbergii (gl 100 g) expressed in percent dry weight

and cost of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 40

35 The effects of experimental diets on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (gl lOOg) expressed in percent

dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1

36 The effects of experimental diets on egg compositionof broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii ( gl 100g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

37 Essential amino acid (EAA) composition and essential essential amino acid index (EAAl) of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 45

38 AlE ratio of the experimental diets of brood stock Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . ............ . 1 47

IX

39 Essential amino acid composition of the broodstock eggs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed experimental diets ........................ 148

40 Effects of brood stock diets on the fecundity and egg quality of M. rosenbergii .. . . . . . . ............ . .. . . 1 49

41 Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets of broodstock M. rosenbergii expressed in percent of total fatty acid ........... . ..... ................ 1 50

42 Effects of different dietry lipids on brood stock M rosenbergii egg fatty acid composition expressed in percent dry weight of total fatty acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 2

43 Abundance of phytoplankton in experimental ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1 5 3

44 Abundance of zooplankton in the experimental pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 5 4

45 Abundance of benthic fauna in th experimental pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 55

46 Comparison of essential amino acid composition of the brood stock diet M. rosenbergii eggs under different environments .............................. 156

47 Comparision of fatty acid composition of the brood stock M. rosenbergii eggs under different environments ................... 1 57 - 1 58

48 Comparison of egg per gram of female (epgt) and hatching rate of M. rosenbergii egg under experimental and riverine conditions ......... ...... 159

x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Relationship between relative fecundity (RF.) and egg EAAI of the experimental diets of broodstock M. rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

2 Linear regression analysis of relationship between: (A) percentage of 20 :5n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (B) percentage of 22: 6n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (C) percentage of 20:4n-6 in egg lipids and fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

3 Linear regression analysis of relationship between: (A)percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (B) percentage of 22: 6n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (C) percentage of 20: 4n-6 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, . . . . . . . . . . 106

4 Relationship between relative fecundity (RF.) and egg EAAI of the experimental diets of broodstock M. rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1

5 Linear regression analysis of relationship between (A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (B) percentage of 22 : 6n-3 in egg lipids

and fecundity; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6 in egg lipids and fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1 3 1

6 Linear regression analysis of relationship between (A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (B) percentage

of 22 : 6n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6in egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 132

7 Relationship between relative fecundity (RF) and egg EAAI of the experimental diets of brood stock M. rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 46

8 Linear regression analysis of relationship between (A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (B) percentage of 22 : 6n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6 in egg lipid and fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 66

9 Linear regression analysis of relationship between:(A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (B) percentage of 22 : 6n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6in egg lipids and percent of eggs hatc hing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 67

Xl

LIST OF PLATES

Plate page

1 Experimental tanks with recycling water system ................... .43

2 Water filtration system of the experimental tanks .................. .43

3 Partitioning of the experimental tanks . . ................ . . ............ 44

4 Arrangement of incubators used in the hatching . . . ................. 44 of M rosenbergii eggs

5 Nylon netting cages fixed to the bottom of the experimental pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 134

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ANOV A = Analysis of variance

AQB = Aquabind

BHT = Butylated hydroxy toluene

CAP = Calcium propionate

COP= Copra meal

DP = Digestible protein

DO = Dissolved oxygen

DHA = Docosahexenoic acid

EAA = Essential amino acids

EAAI= Essential amino acid index

EFA= Essential fatty acids

EP A= Eicosapentaenoic acid

Epgf = Egg per gram of female

FM = Fish meal

ha = hectare

HUFA= Highly unsaturated fatty acids

Kcal = Kilo calorie

LI:�IDO = Linear interactive and discrete optimizer

MN = Mineral

MT = Matric tonne

NRC= National Research Council

NFE = Nitrogen-free extract

PIE = Protein! Energy

PIGE = Protein! Gross energy

% = Percent

PO = Palm oil

PER = Protein efficincey ratio

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PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids

P30 = Protein 30 percent

PL = Post larvae

ppm = Parts per million

RF = Relative fecundity

RM = Ringgit Malaysia

SD = Standard deviation

SE = Standard error

SEAFDEC = Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre

SBM = Soybean meal

VC = Vitamin C

VITP = Vitamin premix

WF = Wheat flour

XlV

Abstract of dissertation presented to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALA YSIAN FRESHWATER GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)

by

Nitya Nanda Das

August 1995

Chairman : Dr. Che Roos Saad

Faculty : Fisheries and Marine Science

A study of the essential amino acid constraints of diets based on the egg

essential amino acid content of broodstock of M. rosenbergii (de Man) was

conducted using a linear interactive and discrete optimizer software in least cost feed

formulation for the broodstock.

Four experiments using different formulation of diets under different

environmental conditions were conducted and the following results were obtained:

In the first experiment three types of isocaloric (400 kcal!lOO g diet) formulated

diets having 30% protein (P30), 40% protein (P40) and 50% protein (P50) along

with a commercial control diet (30% protein with gross energy 446 kcal/lOO g diet)

were used to determine their suitability as feed for M. rosenbergii brood stock. The

fecundity of prawns fed diet P30 and P40 were not significantly different (P>O .05)

but were significantly different from prawns fed P50 and the control diet (P<0.05).

The experimental diet P40 (with P:GE ratio of 99.33) was numerically superior to

diets with P30 or P50 in terms of prawns fecundity ( 1354.20 eggs/g body weight)

and hatching rate (86.42%).

In the second experiment 12 types of diets with various protein (P30, P35,

P40) and gross energy (400 kcal/lOO g diet, 440 kcal/lOO g diet, 473 kcal!lOO g

xv

diet , 520 kcal/lOO g diet) for each protein level along with the commercial diet were

tested. The overall results obtained in assessing various protein levels in

combination with gross energy levels involving 13 test diets showed that prawns

fed P40 with an gross energy level of 400 kcal/IOO g diet attained the highest

fecundity (1354.92 eggs/g body weight) and hatching rate (90.30%). However, no

significant differences were observed among the fecundity of prawns fed diets

P35 ( gross energy 473 kcal/IOO g diet), P40 (gross energy 400 kcall100 g diet )

and P40 (gross energy 440 kcal/IOO g diet ). The hatching rates attained by prawn

fed with diet P40 with gross energy 400 kcal/IOO g diet 90.30%, P40 gross energy

440 kcal/IOO g diet (82.33%) and P35 with gross energy 473 kcal/IOO g diet

(80.23%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those prawns fed by the other

ten diets. Therefore, 40% protein diet with gross energy level of 400 kcalll00 g

diet is recommended as brood stock feed for M. rosenbergii in view of its superior

performance and cost.

In the third experiment three types of isonitrogenous (P40) diets with gross

energy levels 350 kcall100 g diet, 375 kcal/IOO g diet and 400 kcal/IOO g diet along

with a commercial diet were tested. The study showed that prawns fed the diet P40

with gross energy level of 400 kcal/lOO g diet had the highest fecundity (1377.12

eggs/g body weight), hatching rate (92.10%) and they were significantly different

in all the treatments (P<0.05).

I n the fourth experiment four types of diets with protein and gross energy

levels of P35 with gross energy 473 kcal/IOO g diet, P40 with gross energy level of

350 kcall100 g diet, P40 with gross energy level of 375 kcal/IOO g diet and P40

with gross energy level of 400 kcalll00 g diet along with a control were tested

under pond condition. Prawns fed with P35 diet (473 kcal/lOO g diet ) attained

the highest fecundity (1372.10 eggs/g body weight ) and highest hatching rate

(85.42%), which were significantly different in all the treatments (P<0.05).

Prawns fed the diet P40 (400 kcal/IOO g diet ) had the second highest fecundity

XVI

(1336.20 eggs/g body weight ) and hatching rate 82.36%, and thirdly P40 diet

(375 kcal/100 g diet ) had 1278.57 eggs/g body wt and hatching rate of 71.50% ,

followed by P40 ( 350 kcal/100 g diet ) had a fecundity of 1105.35 eggs/g body

wt and hatching rate of 60.85% . Lastly the prawns fed the control diet had a

fecundity of only 1069.45 eggs/g body weight with a hatching rate of 56.30%.

The essential amino acids index (EAAI) were calculated and were found to be

a possible method of evaluating the broodstock diet of M. rosenbergii as a higher

index indicates higher egg production in water recirculating system. I n pond

condition however, higher EAAI does not indicate higher egg production which

might be due to different envoronmental conditions and different food items.

Studies of fatty acids showed that 20:5n-3 fatty acids gave the highest correlation

for fecundity. Similarly, 22:6n-3 ratty acids gave the highest correlation for

hatching rate. In pond condition 20:5n-3 fatty acids gave the highest correlation for

both fecundity and hatching rate. Considering in view of its superior performance

and cost factor, a P40 with an energy level of 400 kcal/100 g diet for the water

recirculating system and a P35 with an energy level of 473 kcal/100 g diet for the

pond culture system are recommended as broodstock feed for M. rosenbergii.

XVIl

Abstrak dissertasi dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia sebagai memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah

KAHAN PEMAKANAN INDUK UDANG GALAH MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGIl (DE MAN) DI MALAYSIA

Oleh

Nitya Nanda Das

Ogos 1995

Pengerusi: Dr. Che Roos Saad

Fakulti : Perikanan dan Sains Samudra

Satu kajian keperluan asid amino dalam makanan yang berasaskan kepada

jumlah keperluan asid amino dalam telur induk: M. rosenbergii (de Man) telah

dilakukan dengan menggunakan perisian pengoptimum interaktif linear dan diskret

dalam perumusan makanan kos terendah untuk: induk udang galah.

Empat kajian dengan menggunakan perumusan makanan yang berbeza dan

keadaan persekitaran yang berlainan telah dilakukan dan hasil yang didapati adalah

seperti berikut: Dalam kajian pertama, tiga jenis makanan yang berisokalorik (400

kcal/lOOg diet) telah disediakan yang mana mengandungi 30% protein (P30), 40%

protein (P4O) dan 50% protein (P50) bersama-sama satu makanan komersil sebagai

makanan kawalan (30% protein dan tenaga gros 446 kcal/lOO g diet) telah

digunakan untuk: mengetahui kesesuaian sebagai makanan untuk induk udang galah

(M. rosenbergii). Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang bererti (P>0.05) bagi fekunditi

dan kadar penetasan telur untuk udang yang memakan makanan P40 dan P30, tetapi

terdapat perbezaan yang bererti (P<O.05) bagi kedua-dua rawatan ini dengan udang

yang memakan makanan P30 dan P50. Walaubagaimanapun, udang yang

memakan makanan P40 (dengan nisbah protein:tenaga gros sebanyak 99.33)

xviii

adalah lebih baik daripada udang yang memakan makanan P30 kerana ia

memberikan fekunditi yang tertinggi (1354.20 telur/g berat badan) dan kadar

penetasan telur yang terbaik (86.42%) untuk induk: udang galah.

Dalam kajian kedua , 12 jenis makanan yang mengandungi tiga paras protein

(P30, P35 dan P40) bersama-sama tenaga gross (400 kcal/100 g diet, 440 kcal/100

g diet, 473 kcal/100 g diet dan 520 kcal/100 g diet) untuk setiap paras protein dan

satu makanan komersil telah diuji. Keputusan menunjukkan induk udang yang

diberi makanan P40 bersama kandungan tenaga 400 kcal/1 00 g diet, dapat

memberikan fekunditi yang tertinggi (1354.92 telur/g berat badan) dan kadar

penetasan telur yang tertinggi (90.30%). Walaubagaimanapun, analisis statistik

menunjukkan tiada perbezaan bererti untuk fekunditi diperolehi bagi udang-udang

yang menerima makanan P35 (tenaga 473 kcal/100 g diet), P40 (tenaga 400

kcal/100 g diet) dan P40 (tenaga 440 kcal/100 g diet). Kadar penetasan yang tinggi

dan bererti (P<0.05) didapati dalam tiga jenis kombinasi makanan iaitu P40 dengan

tenaga gros 400 kcal/ 100g diet (90.30%), P40 dengan tenaga gros 440 kcal/100 g

diet (82.33%) dan P35 dengan tenaga gros 473 kcal/100 g diet (80.23%), jika

dibandingkan dengan sepuluh makanan yang lain. Makanan mengandungi 40%

protein dengan tahap tenaga 400 kcal/100 g disyorkan sebagai makanan yang sesuai

untuk induk udang galah kerana ia memberikan pretasi yang terbaik dan kos yang

terendah.

Kajian makanan dengan menggunakan isonitrogen protein (40%) dengan tiga

tahap tenaga 350 kcal/100 g diet, 375 kcal/100 g diet dan 400 kcal/100 g diet

menunjukkan udang yang diberikan makanan dengan tahap tenaga 400 kcal/100 g

menghasilkan fekunditi tertinggi ( 1377. 12 telur/g berat badan) dan kadar penetasan

telur tertinggi (92. 10%) (P<O.05).

Kajian dalam kolam dengan menggunakan empat rumusan makanan iaitu P35

dengan tahap tenaga 473 kcal/lOO g diet, P40 dengan tahap tenaga gros 350

kcal/lOO g diet, P40 (375 kcal/lOO g diet) dan P40 (400 kcal/lOO g diet telah

XIX

dilakukankan. Udang galah yang rnernakan P35 (473 kcal/1OO g diet) telah

rnenghasilkan fekunditi tertinggi (P<0.05) iaitu 1372.10 telur/g berat badan dan

kadar penetasan telur yang tertinggi (85.42%). Udang yang rnernakan rnakanan

P40 (400 kcal/1OO g diet) rnernberikan fekunditi kedua tertinggi iaitu 1336.20

telur/g berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur sebanyak 82.36% dan ketiga oleh

udang yang rnernakan makanan P40 (375 kcal/lOO g diet) dengan 1278.57telur/g

berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur sebanyak 71.50% dengan diikuti oleh udang

yang rnernakan rnakanan P40 (350 kcal/lOO g diet) rnernberikan 1105.35telur/g

berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur sebanyak 60.85%. Udang yang rnemakan

makanan kawalan menduduki temp at terakhir dengan memberikan 1069.45 telur/g

berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur hanya 56.30% sahaja.

Indek asid amino yang perlu (EAAI) juga telah dikira dan didapati bahawa

kaedah ini boleh digunakan untuk penilaian dalam penghasilan telur M. rosenhergiii

di dalam sis tern air berpusing. Oi dalam kolam, nilai EAAI yang tinggi tidak

rnenunjukkan penghasilan telur yang tinggi, ini rnungkin kerana faktor sekitaran

dan juga rnakanan semula jadi yang terdapat dalarn kolam. Kajian asid lemak

rnenunjukkan terdapat korelasi yang tinggi di antara asid lemak 20:5n-3 dan

fekunditi. Korelasi yang tinggi juga terdapat bagi asid lernak 22:6n-3 dan peratus

penetasan dalam sistem air berpusing. Oi dalam kolam, asid lemak 20:5n-3

memberikan korelasi yang tinggi untuk fekunditi dan juga kadar penetasan telur.

Mengambil kira faktor kos, makanan mengandungi 40% protein dengan tahap

tenaga sebanyak 400 kcal/100 g diet adalah disyorkan untuk ternakan induk udang

bagi sis tern air berpusing dan rnakanan rnengandugi 35% protein dengan tahap

tenaga 473 kcal/lOO g diet adalah disyorkan bagi pengkulturan induk M.

rosenhergii di dalam kolarn.

xx

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The long-legged Malaysian freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de

Man) locally known as udang galah, a decapod caridean crustacean which is

apparently evolving"out of the sea" (Johnson, 1960), is indigenous to South and

South-East Asia, together with northern Australia and the Western Pacific Islands

(New, 1990).

Modern farming of the freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii,

began in the early 1970 following the development of hatchery techniques by

Ling (1962) and the subsequent establishment of mass larval rearing techniques

by Fujimura (1966), Ling (1969a), Fujimura and Okamota (1970, 1972).

However, in the coastal areas of the Indo-Pacific region, catches of

Macrobrachium rosenbergii have been supporting small fisheries for hundreds of

years (Holthuis, 1980).

Out of over 100 species of the genus Macrobrachium known to exist,

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is the most commonly used species in commercial

farming and has been introduced in many other countries (New, 1990 ; New,

1995). This is because the species is large and possesses various favourable

characteristics; it has a high economic importance both as an item of food (source

relatively wide range of temperatures from a minimum of 15°C to a maximum of

35°C, with maximum growth occurring at temperatures near 31°C (Shang and

Fujimura, 1977); it is a fast growing omnivore, feeding on both animal and plant

materials; the female carries and cares for her eggs, thus resulting in a relatively

high hatching rate (Shang, 1981). It is resistant to common disease problems

(Ling, 1969a, 1969b; Wickins and Beard, 1974; Balazs and Ross ,1976;

Johnson, 1982). It is, however, unfortunate that the significant level of

development in the late 70's (Wickins, 1976) in respect to large scale expansion

of commercial freshwater prawn farming is yet to be achieved.

2

A sound global commodity market is of great concern in the development of

industrial scale prawn farming. However, an increasing trend of prawn

production and its exports in recent years in many Asian countries have

demonstrated not only the existence of a global market, but also an ample scope

and opportunity for further development. In 1987-88 Southeast Asia alone

shared about 92.4% of the total global aquaCUlture production of Macrobrachium

rosenbergii, comprising 44% (11,839MT) in Thailand, 32% (8,600 MT) in

Vietnam, 17% (4,500 MT) in Taiwan, 0.2% (55MT) in Japan, 0.04% ( lOMT) in

Israel and 0.02% (5 MT) in Malaysia (New, 1990). In fact, some other countries

in this region also export a substantial quantity of freshwater prawn every year;

for example, Bangladesh exported 2,028 MT in the year 1988-89 (Bangladesh,

1989). From the point of view of importance of export, Macrobrachium

rosenbergii ranks second only to Penaeus in Bangladesh (Karim,1992). The high

price ( US$ 5.30-7.55 ) of headless freshwater prawn in Europe and other

markets (INFOFISH, 1992) has further raised the demand for this commodity.

However, to ensure a stable local as well as international market, a reliable and

constant production of high quality cultured prawns in large quantities is a

prerequisite which depends on efficient broodstock management of prawns.

Statement of the problem

3

Increased exploitation and better means of catching has greatly reduced

stocks in many areas (Rabanal, 1982). More radical changes reducing stocks,

however, occur in places where man-made changes in the environment have been

introduced. Pollution from population centres and newly established industries

were noted to have reduced the stocks in the Palembang river systems in South

Sumatra, Indonesia. The building of new multipurpose dams in a river system

can change the normal migration route and radically adversely affect the fishery as

in the case of the Dakatia dam in the Gangetic river system in Bangladesh.

Pollution occurring downstream and damming upstream has drastically decimated

the giant prawn fishery in the Chao Phrya and other rivers in Thailand. Mine

pollution and silting have greatly reduced the prawn population in the Agno river

system in Central Luzon, Philippines (Rabanal, 1982).

The trend appears to be general and inevitable , leading to a rapid or gradual

reduction of prawn fisheries in natural waters. There may be two ways to

approach the problem: (1) to preserve and maintain the environmental quality by

designating sanctuary areas and formulating conservation measures for the natural

fishery and (2) promoting the programme for the culture of the cultivable species

of this group. The first measure is good but there are instances when the idea has

to be subordinated to other pressing needs. For instance ,the discovery of oil

resources in a prawn fishery area will result in abandoning the fishery in favour