UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA MORPHOLOGICAL … · Ixora sp., Cocos nucifera, Mikania cordata, Mimosa pudica, Melaleuca cajuputi, Garcinia sp., Mimusops elengi, Avicennna alba and Moringa

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

IZZAT FATANAH BINTI IBRAHIM

FP 2012 48

MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FORAGED BY Apis dorsata Fabricius AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLEN SOURCES

USING REMOTE SENSING IN MARANG, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

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MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FORAGED BY Apis

dorsata Fabricius AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLEN SOURCES


By


MASTER OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

2012

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By


Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science

November 2012

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Salam kasih dan sayang buat:

Suami dan anak-anak tercinta,

Mak Abah dan keluarga yang sangat memahami

dan mendoakan kejayaan.

&

Guru-guru yang tidak jemu menabur ilmu

serta

Kawan-kawan seperjuangan yang sama-sama

mencorakkan masa depan

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in

fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science




By


November 2012

Chairman: Siva K. Balasundram, PhD

Faculty: Agriculture

Apis dorsata is one of the important honeybee species in tropical and subtropical

regions that forage on various plants including herbs, grasses, forest trees and

plantation trees. However, information on the favored bee plants in the study area in

terms of identity, quantity and mapping of various pollen sources found in pollen

cells collected by Apis dorsata bees is lacking. The objectives of this study were: i)

to identify pollen source and determine the pollen type and number preserved in

pollen cells, ii) to develop a pollen atlas of selected important foraging plants for

Apis dorsata, and iii) to map the distribution of the major bee plants in Marang,

Terengganu.

For the first objective, the pollen cell samples from twenty one different colonies of

Apis dorsata combs were collected, identified and quantified based on several

reference materials. In this study, a total of twelve different pollen types were

identified in the samples, which are: Acacia sp., Durio zibethinus, Elaeis guineensis,

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Ixora sp., Cocos nucifera, Mikania cordata, Mimosa pudica, Melaleuca cajuputi,

Garcinia sp., Mimusops elengi, Avicennna alba and Moringa pterygosperma. The

two most commonly found pollen types were Elaeis guineensis (54%) and Mimosa

pudica (29%).

For the second objective, a pollen atlas was developed. Pollen sizes were in the range

of 8-9 μm x 38-40 μm, comprising five different shape classes. In this study,

inaperturate granulum pollen grains were observed in Ceiba petandra

(Bombacaceae) and Garcinia hombroniana (Guttiferea), while rugulae grains were

found in Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae). Pantoporate, syncolpate, and pericolpate

pollen grains with reticulum to microreticulate exine patterns occurred in Acacia

auriculiformis (Fabaceae), Melaleuca cajuputi (Myrtaceae) and Ixora congesta

(Rubiaceae). Elaeis guineensis has trichotomosulcate pollen grains with a

microreticulate sexine. Pantocolpate areola pollen was found in Mimosa pudica

(Mimosaceae), while granulum pollen was observed in Cocos nucifera (Palmae).

Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) showed a disulcate grain with a striate

sexine pattern. Pollen grains of Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae) and Dimorcarpus

longan (Sapindaceae) were tricolpate, and fossulate perforate to striate perforate.

For the third objective, the acquired SPOT 5 satellite imagery was enhanced,

classified and vectorized using ENVI software for the purpose of bee plant mapping.

Using image classification, the bee plants were categorized into six classes. Ten plots

of 10 x 10 m size for each bee plant classes were determined using a randomized

sampling technique. Results showed that Melaleuca cajuputi covered 2,398.8 ha

(5.5%), Acacia sp. 11,377.8 ha (25.9%), Elaeis guineensis 19745.1 ha (44.9%), non-

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vegetation 4,647.2 ha (10.6%), water bodies 973.5 ha (2.2%) and cloud/haze/shadow

4830.5 ha (10.6%). The overall classification accuracy was 91.5% and the Kappa

coefficient was 0.8.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai

memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains

PENILAIAN MORFOLOGI DEBUNGA YANG DITEROKAI OLEH Apis

dorsata Fabricius DAN TABURAN SPASIAL BAGI SUMBER DEBUNGA

MENGGUNAKAN PENDERIAAN JAUH DI MARANG, TERENGGANU,

MALAYSIA

Oleh


November 2012

Pengerusi: Siva K. Balasundram, PhD

Fakulti: Pertanian

Apis dorsata adalah salah satu spesies lebah yang terpenting di kawasan tropika dan

subtropika, yang dijumpai mencari makan pada pelbagai jenis tanaman termasuk

herba, rumput, pokok hutan dan pokok tanaman. Bagaimanapun, maklumat bagi

tumbuhan kesukaannya di kawasan kajian dari segi pengenalan, pengiraan dan

pemetaan bagi pelbagai sumber debunga di dalam sel yang dikumpulkan oleh lebah

Apis dorsata masih kekurangan. Oleh itu, matlamat kajian ini adalah i) untuk

mengenal pasti sumber debunga dan menentukan jenis debunga dan bilangan

debunga yang terdapat di dalam sarang Apis dorsata, ii) untuk membangunkan atlas

debunga bagi tumbuhan lebah yang penting, dan iii) untuk memetakan taburan bagi

tanaman lebah yang penting di Marang, Terengganu.

Untuk matlamat pertama, debunga dari sel lebah daripada dua puluh satu koloni Apis

dorsata yang berlainan dikumpulkan, dikenal pasti dan dikuantitikan berdasarkan

beberapa bahan rujukan. Dalam kajian ini, secara keseluruhannya dua belas jenis

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debunga yang berbeza dikenalpasti di dalam sampel iaitu: Acacia sp., Durio

zibethinus, Elaeis guineensis, Ixora sp., Cocos nucifera, Mikania cordata, Mimosa

pudica, Melaleuca cajuputi, Garcinia sp., Mimusops elengi, Avicennna alba dan

Moringa pterygosperma. Dua jenis debunga yang menjadi penyumbang terbesar

adalah dari Elaeis guineensis (54%) dan Mimosa pudica (29%).

Untuk matlamat kedua, atlas debunga dibangunkan. Saiz debunga adalah dalam julat

8-9 × 38-40 μm, dan terdiri daripada lima bentuk kelas yang berbeza. Dalam kajian

ini, debunga inaperturate granulum diperhatikan terdapat pada Ceiba petandra

(Bombacaceae) dan Garcinia hombroniana (Guttiferea), manakala debunga rugulae

dijumpai pada Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae). Debunga pantoporate, syncolpate,

dan pericolpate dengan bentuk exine yang reticulum hingga microreticulate masing-

masing terdapat dalam Acacia auriculiformis (Fabaceae), Melaleuca cajuputi

(Myrtaceae) dan Ixora congesta (Rubiaceae). Elaeis guineensis menunjukkan

debunga trichotomosulcate dengan sexine yang microreticulate. Debunga

pantocolpate areola dijumpai pada Mimosa pudica (Mimosaceae), manakala debunga

granulum dijumpai pada Cocos nucifera (Palmae). Anacardium occidentale

(Anacardiaceae) menunjukkan debunga yang disulcate dengan corak striate pada

sexinenya. Debunga Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae) dan Dimorcarpus longan

(Sapindaceae) menunjukkan tricolpate, dan fossulate perforate hingga striate

perforate.

Untuk matlamat ketiga, imej satelit SPOT 5 yang diperolehi diperlakukan

penambahan secara berturutan, dikelaskan dan divektorkan menggunakan perisian

ENVI untuk memetakan tanaman lebah. Dengan menggunakan pengelasan imej,

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tanaman lebah dikategorikan kepada enam kelas. Sepuluh petak dengan keluasan 10

x 10 m untuk setiap kelas tanaman lebah ditentukan menggunakan teknik

persampelan rawak. Analisis menunjukkan Melaleuca cajuputi meliputi 2,398.8 ha

(5.5%), Acacia sp. 11,377.8 ha (25.9%), Elaeis guineensis 19745.1 ha (44.9%),

bukan tanaman 4,647.2 ha (10.6%), badan air 973.5 ha (2.2%) dan

awan/kabus/bebayang 4830.5 ha (10.6%). Ketepatan keseluruhan pengkelasan adalah

91.5% dan kecekapan Kappa adalah 0.8.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who rendered great support to

me while carrying out this research. First and foremost, I would like to extend my

deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Siva K. Balasundram, for his generous

guidance, advice and endless support that contributed significantly towards the

completion of this project. His careful reviews and constructive criticism have been

crucially important for this thesis.

My sincere gratitude is also accorded to my co-supervisors, Dr. Nur Ashikin Psquay

Abdullah and Dr. Alias Mohd Sood for their constructive advice and comments

throughout the entire course of this research. I gratefully acknowledge the laboratory

staffs at the Faculty of Agriculture for their help and cooperation. Special gratitude is

extended to my former supervisor, Y. Bhg. Prof. Dato’ Dr. Makhdzir Mardan for

motivating and guiding me to this area of research.

Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartiest appreciation to my

family members for their deep understanding and support throughout my

postgraduate studies.

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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 21th

of November 2012 to

conduct the final examination of Izzat Fatanah Binti Ibrahim on her degree thesis

entitled “Morphological Assessment of Pollen Foraged by Apis dorsata and

Spatial Distribution of Pollen Sources in Marang, Terengganu Using Remote

Sensing” in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and

Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The

Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science

Members of the Examination Committee were as follows:

Halimi Bin Mohd Saud, PhD

Associate Professor

Department of Agriculture Technology

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 UPM Serdang

(Chairman)

Maheran Binti Abd Aziz, PhD

Associate Professor

Department of Agriculture Technology



43400 UPM Serdang

(Internal Examiner)

Anuar Bin Abdul Rahim, PhD

Associate Professor

Department of Land Management



43400 UPM Serdang

(Internal Examiner)

Yusof Bin Ibrahim, PhD

Professor

Department of Agriculture

Faculty of Vocational and Technical Education

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris

355900 Tanjung Malim

(External Examiner)

___________________________

SEOW HENG FONG, PhD

Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The

members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Siva K. Balasundram, PhD Associate Professor



(Chairman)

Nur Ashikin Psyquay Abdullah, PhD

Lecturer



(Member)

Alias Mohd Sood, PhD

Lecturer

Faculty of Forestry


(Member)

_________________________________

BUJANG BIN KIM KUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Date:

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DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which

have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is

not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at

any other institution.

___________________________


Date: 6th

of May 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix

APPROVAL x

DECLARATION xii

LIST OF TABLES xvi

LIST OF FIGURES xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xx

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Apis dorsata (Giant Honeybee) 5

2.2 Factor influencing foraging activity 7

2.3 Pollen morphology 8

2.4 Importance of pollen for bees 14

2.5 Forage plants 15

2.6 Remote Sensing 21

2.7 SPOT 22

2.8 Application of Remote Sensing in forest mapping 25

2.9 Geographic Information System 27

3 IDENTIFICATION OF POLLEN STORED IN Apis dorsata COMBS 29

3.1 Introduction 29

3.2 Materials and Methods 31

3.2.1 Description of study area 31

3.2.2 Pollen sampling 32

3.2.3 Preparation of pollen cell samples 32

3.2.4 Identification and quantification of pollen 33

3.2.5 Expression of results 33

3.2.6 Photographs 34

3.2.7 Statistical analysis 34

3.3 Results and Discussion 35

3.3.1 Identification of pollen in pollen cell samples 35

3.3.2 Quantification of pollen sources 42

3.3.3 Quantification of pollen based on pollen frequency class

across different sampling time 44

3.3.4 Quantification of pollen based on pattern of pollen collection 50

3.4 Conclusion 59

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4 DEVELOPMENT OF POLLEN ATLAS 60

4.1 Introduction 60


4.2.1 Study area 62

4.2.2 Reference material 62

4.2.3 Preparation of pollen for light microscopy 62

4.2.4 Preparation of pollen for scanning electron microscopy 63

4.2.5 Pollen description 63

4.2.6 Statistical analysis 63


4.3.1 Pollen morphological description 64

4.4 Conclusion 75

5 SPATIAL MAPPING OF BEE PLANTS 77

5.1 Introduction 77


5.2.1 Study site 80

5.2.2 Data acquisition 80

5.2.3 Field measurement 80

5.2.4 Image data 81

5.2.5 Digital image processing and visual interpretation 83

5.2.6 Pre-processing 83

5.2.7 Band combination 83

5.2.8 Image masking 84

5.2.9 Image classification 84

5.2.10 Accuracy assessment 85

5.2.11 Overall accuracy 85

5.2.12 Kappa coefficient 85

5.2.13 Spatial distribution map 86


5.3.1 Field data 87

5.3.2 Band combination and image enhancement 87

5.3.3 Supervised classification 93

5.3.4 Accuracy assessment in forest mapping 96

5.3.5 Raster to vector conversion 97

5.3.6 Distribution of Apis dorsata bee plant 99

5.3.7 Distribution of Apis dorsata nesting site 99

5.3.8 Distribution of Apis dorsata foraging range 102

5.3.9 A GIS-based honey hunting map 105

5.4 Conclusion 108

6 SUMMARY, GENERAL CONCLUSION AND 109

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

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6.1 Summary, general conclusion 109

6.2 Recommendations 111

REFERENCES 112

APPENDICES 121

BIODATA OF STUDENT 122

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 123

Documents

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA MORPHOLOGICAL … · Ixora sp., Cocos nucifera, Mikania cordata, Mimosa pudica, Melaleuca cajuputi, Garcinia sp., Mimusops elengi, Avicennna alba and Moringa