UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA · Web viewThe definition of forced labour was laid down in an ILO convention in 1930: work or service exacted from people against their will and “under

INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO, CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA DO TRIÂNGULO MINEIRO - IFTM

COORDENAÇÃO GERAL DO CENTRO DE IDIOMAS (CENID) E RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS

PROLIF IFTM

EXAME DE PROFICIÊNCIAEM LEITURA DELÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA E MATERNADO CENID-IFTM (PROLIF)

LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA: LÍNGUA INGLESA

ÁREA DO CONHECIMENTO: CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS, ARTES E HUMANAS

INSTRUÇÕES

1- Não é permitida a identificação nas folhas de respostas.

2- As respostas para as questões discursivas devem ser em LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA.

3- É permitido o uso de dicionário impresso para consulta durante a realização da prova.

Não é permitido o empréstimo de dicionários ou o uso de dicionários ou tradutores

eletrônicos ou de quaisquer outros equipamentos eletrônicos durante a realização dos

exames.

4- O exame terá a duração mínima de 1 hora e máxima de 3 horas, improrrogáveis. O

candidato somente poderá entregar a prova e se retirar da sala após 1 hora do início da

aplicação.

5- As respostas devem ser escritas em tinta azul ou preta. Os rascunhos produzidos

durante o exame deverão ser entregues aos examinadores, junto com as respostas oficiais.

6- O prazo para interposição de recursos será de 48 (quarenta e oito) horas, a contar do

dia e horário da divulgação do resultado preliminar. Em nenhuma hipótese, serão

recebidos recursos após esse período.

7 - As respostas devem estar sempre de acordo com o texto anexo e não devem conter

traduções diretas, interpretações subjetivas ou comentários do candidato, nem apresentar

exemplos buscados fora do texto.

Boa prova!

Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Junior 2900 – Univerdecidade - Uberaba (MG) - CEP: 38.064-200

Fones: (034) 3326-1141 / Fax: (034) 3326-1101



PROLIF IFTM

EXAME DE PROFICIÊNCIAEM LEITURA DELÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA E

MATERNADO CENID-IFTM (PROLIF)

LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA: LÍNGUA INGLESA

ÁREA DO CONHECIMENTO: CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS,ARTES E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS

TEXTO: TEXT 1 - Modern slavery is disturbingly common (The Economist)

TEXT 2 - Ever more Indians are struggling to find work (The Economist)

As questões 1 e 2 referem-se ao texto 1.

Questão 1:

1.Segundo o texto, dê a definição de trabalho escravo e cite todas as formas de trabalho

escravo mencionadas no texto.

Questão 2:

2. Que providências os governos britânico e brasileiro têm tomado para combater o

trabalho escravo?

As questões 3, 4 e 5 referem-se ao texto 2.

Questão 3:

3.Segundo o texto, que fatores têm contribuído fortemente para elevar a taxa de

desemprego na Índia?

Questão 4

4.Que medidas o governo indiano adotou para reduzir a taxa de desemprego?


Fones: (034) 3326-1141 / Fax: (034) 3326-1101



PROLIF IFTM

Questão 5

5. Traduza, para o português, o parágrafo abaixo:

The data on jobs are also unreliable. Officially, India’s jobless rate has hovered at an

enviable 4% for many years. But the government is generous in its definition of work. By

its own admission, some 35% of workers in 2015—the most recent year for which in-

depth surveys are available—had held a job for less than 11 months in the previous year.

According to the World Bank, over 30% of Indians between the ages of 15 and 29 are

NEETs, “not in education, employment or training”.

TEXT 1

Modern slavery is disturbingly common

(The Economist)

Forced labour persists around the world, particularly for domestic workers

IN 1981 Mauritania became the last country in the world to abolish slavery. Yet although

forced labour is now banned everywhere, a new report by the International Labour

Organisation (ILO), International Organisation for Migration and the Walk Free

Foundation finds that the practice remains widespread. Last year 25m people around the

world were in some type of involuntary servitude; between 2012 and 2016, 83m were

subjected to at least a brief period of such work. A quarter of such exploitation happened

outside of the victim’s country of origin.

The definition of forced labour was laid down in an ILO convention in 1930: work or

service exacted from people against their will and “under the menace of any penalty”.

Around a sixth of the people experiencing such mistreatment today are forced to work by

the state, primarily in prisons or the army (including conscripts made to do non-military

tasks). Another 4.8m, roughly a fifth of the total, were victims of sexual exploitation.

Even after excluding prostitution, almost three-fifths of those in forced labour in private

enterprises are women, mainly because domestic work makes up a plurality of such

exploitation. In construction, manufacturing and agriculture, the next three most-

exploitative sectors, most victims are men. The report retells horrific cases of people

dragooned into work, including 600 men rescued from foreign fishing boats in Indonesian


Fones: (034) 3326-1141 / Fax: (034) 3326-1101



PROLIF IFTM

waters. Some of them had not set foot on land for years; one had been separated from his

family for 22 years.

Coercion can take multiple forms, from sexual violence to threats against family

members, confinement and having passports taken away. The most common means is

withholding the worker’s wages. Michaelle De Cock, one of the report’s co-authors, says

she was shocked by the level of debt bondage that the study revealed. More than half of

the respondents in the survey who were subjected to forced labour had to work to repay a

debt with punitive interest rates. In agriculture, domestic work and manufacturing this

share rose to over 70%.

Governments are beginning to beef up their efforts against this stubbornly persistent

practice of forced labour. Brazil, for instance, has increased the number of inspectors who

can turn up at farms and factories to ensure that workers haven’t been forced into jobs. In

2014, Britain established an independent anti-slavery commissioner to investigate cases

of involuntary labour. Just this month nine people were jailed for offences under the

country’s Modern Slavery Act, passed in 2015. This law also requires companies with

revenues of at least £36m ($50m) to ensure that they do not exploit workers and that their

supply chains also comply with British law. Over 80,000 organizations have signed up

for an open-data register demonstrating that they and their suppliers make no use of

forced labour. Over 200 years ago, Britain led the charge to abolish slavery. Today the

country is taking a leading role against its modern manifestation.

TEXT 2

Ever more Indians are struggling to find work

(The Economist)

The country is missing out on its “demographic dividend”


Fones: (034) 3326-1141 / Fax: (034) 3326-1101



PROLIF IFTM

A DOZEN hefty wooden crates sit outside a small factory on the outskirts of Lucknow,

the capital of India’s most populous state, Uttar Pradesh. On the shop floor inside, where

chattering machines bag and package herbal teas, a manager explains what will happen

when he opens the crates. “His job will go,” he says, nodding at one boiler-suited

operator. “And his over there, and that one’s too.”

Improved technology has already boosted the firm’s output fivefold since its launch in

2002, with no increase in staff. The new machines in the crates, which require a single

operator rather than three, will double it again. But the manager insists that, as in the past,

he will somehow find jobs for everyone—as drivers or even watchmen if necessary.

Few Indian workers have such conscientious employers. They do, however, increasingly

face similar risks of redundancy, or of failing to find a decent job in the first place. A big

part of the challenge stems from automation. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm,

machines could eliminate some 52% of India’s jobs if current technology were adopted

across the board. This affects not only manufacturing. For the first time in nearly a

decade, India’s high-flying IT industry this year laid off thousands of workers. A survey

of private-sector workers by the Economic Times, an Indian daily, found 62% agreeing

that their job prospects were shrinking.

India’s labour force will soon overtake China as the world’s largest, but the country is

struggling to generate opportunities for a workforce with the wrong skills. Slowing


Fones: (034) 3326-1141 / Fax: (034) 3326-1101



PROLIF IFTM

economic growth, a decline in investment rates, the shock of economic reforms, a long-

term decline in agricultural employment and a faulty education system have combined to

reduce the proportion of Indians who hold proper jobs.

India is also in the midst of a demographic transition, as birth rates fall. The share of the

population that is of working age is peaking relative to the share of children and old

people. That should, as long as jobs are available, lift the rate of economic growth. Yet

the proportion of working-age people actually in work has been falling steadily (see

chart). India, home to a sixth of humanity, is in danger of forfeiting its “demographic

dividend”.

The numbers are daunting. Just to keep unemployment in check, India needs to create

some 10m-12m jobs a year. When economic growth is strong, it has just been able to do

that: the government’s Labour Bureau estimates that from 2013 to 2015 the economy

added 11m jobs a year. A slowdown in the prior two-year period, however, had kept job

growth at half that level, leaving a shortfall of 10m jobs. The tipping point seems to be

economic growth of about 7%. Ominously, growth has steadily slowed since 2016; in the

quarter ending in June it fell to 5.7%, although transitory factors may have played a part

in that.

The data on jobs are also unreliable. Officially, India’s jobless rate has hovered at an

enviable 4% for many years. But the government is generous in its definition of work. By

its own admission, some 35% of workers in 2015—the most recent year for which in-

depth surveys are available—had held a job for less than 11 months in the previous year.

According to the World Bank, over 30% of Indians between the ages of 15 and 29 are

NEETs, “not in education, employment or training”.

This may be an exaggeration. In a country where some 86% of workers are reckoned to

be in “informal” employment—ie untaxed and without a contract—counting can be

difficult. But the pressure for jobs is real. Last year thousands of Jats, a community in

northern India that traditionally owned small farms but has become increasingly

urbanized, rioted to press demands for an expanded quota of government jobs. The unrest

left 25 dead and briefly severed the main water supply to Delhi, India’s capital. Other

castes and ethnic groups have taken similar action in recent years, in the same hope of

strong-arming their way into jobs.


Fones: (034) 3326-1141 / Fax: (034) 3326-1101



PROLIF IFTM

Successive Indian governments have tried to tackle the dearth of employment. One

massive state program, the world’s largest, doles out millions of temporary make-work

jobs in rural areas. The current government has also tried to boost skills. Last year its

National Skill Development Corporation trained some 557,000 workers. By its own

count, however, only 12% of these trainees found jobs. The central government has also

promised to clarify India’s dauntingly complex labour rules: it says it will streamline

compliance, and shrink some 44 different labour statutes into four simpler bundles.

The rules are indeed onerous. In many states, firms with more than 100 employees must

seek government approval to fire a single worker. As a result, many resort to contractors

to fill their payrolls with temporary hires, a solution that evades red tape but produces

neither dedicated staff nor a happy workplace. Other companies simply choose to stay

small: some 98.6% of non-farm businesses have fewer than 10 workers. This carries a

long-term cost in productivity. Indian garment-makers, for example, tend to be tiny.

Small wonder that competitors in such countries as Vietnam and Bangladesh, where giant

factories are plugged into global supply chains, now far outpace India in exports.

India’s biggest industrial firms have found yet another solution. Surprisingly for a

relatively poor country, their factories tend be more capital-intensive than those of their

counterparts in China. For example, at a sprawling site outside the southern city of

Chennai run by Hyundai, a South Korean firm, some 8,500 workers toil alongside 530

robots. The fully digitized facility turned out 661,000 cars last year, one every 72

seconds. It ranks second in productivity and quality among the firm’s 34 factories around

the world; its engine plant is number one. “What we have here is an integrated cascade

between suppliers and the assembly line,” says Ganesh Mani, the vice-president for

production, “The entire ecosystem has to be in sync.”

Not all Indian workplaces can hope for such efficiency. But if the government does not

do more to boost growth and to tip the balance between hiring people and installing

robots, the jobs crunch will grow ever more severe. The problem requires not tinkering at

the edges, but a concerted effort to put India’s economic ecosystem—from underfunded

and poorly run schools, to a hopelessly clogged legal system, to ensnaring webs of red

tape, to overburdened infrastructure—in sync.


Fones: (034) 3326-1141 / Fax: (034) 3326-1101

Documents

UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA · Web viewThe definition of forced labour was laid down in an ILO convention in 1930: work or service exacted from people against their will and “under