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Universalizing Nine-Year Compulsory Education for Rural Human Resources Development --China’s Experience Presented by Zhang Tiedao Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences P.R. China Apr. 8, 2004. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Universalizing Nine-Year Compulsory Education for Rural Human Resourc
es Development--China’s Experience
Presented byPresented by
Zhang Tiedao Zhang Tiedao
Beijing Academy of Educational SciencesBeijing Academy of Educational Sciences
P.R. China P.R. China
Apr. 8, 2004Apr. 8, 2004
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By the end of 20By the end of 20thth century, China has achieved century, China has achieved
its national dual goal for basically its national dual goal for basically
universalizing nine-year compulsory education universalizing nine-year compulsory education
and eliminating illiteracy among youths and and eliminating illiteracy among youths and
adults. adults.
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1. Background
2. Implementation Strategies
3.Achievements and Impact
4. Lessens Learned
5. Problems and Countermeasures
4
I. Background
1. Status of Basic Education in the 1980s:
Early 1980s: National average years of schooling less than 5.
Enrolment at primary level (1985): 133.7 million ( 95.9% of the cohort).
Total enrollment of lower secondary schools (1985): 39.6 million, (36.76% of the cohort).
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2. New demand for human resources rising from the successful rural economic system operated at household, in place of the commune system
Farmers’ basic learning needs was stimulated with their
expectations for further learning of new agro-technologies for more productive use of lad resources
Reemployment from traditional labor-intensive farming to more skill-based economic engagement either in rural and urban communities
Rapid urbanization and surplus of rural labor i.e. rural-urban migration
I. Background
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3. National goal for 9-year compulsory education and adult literacy by 2000
85% coverage in populated areas nationwide
Enrollment rate: 85% at lower secondary level, 99% at
primary level
I. Background
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1. Decentralization of funding system
Shared responsibility among governments and the
rural community (since 1985)
Regulated funding system primarily at county level
( since 2001)
II. Implementation Strategies
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2. Establishment of judiciary arrangement
Law for Compulsory Education of P. R. China ( 1986 )
Measures on Enforcing the Law for Compulsory
Education ( 1992 )
Regulations for education inspection
Local regulations for field implementation
II. Implementation Strategies
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3. Increase of government special projects
Title Duration Investment (RMB)
Compulsory education project for poor areas
1995-2000 12.46 billion
2001-2005 7.25 billion
State-subsidized stipend for students from poor families
1997 130 million/year
2001-2005 100 million/year
Special aid for free textbooks 2001-2003 700 million/year
Allowances for teachers’ salaries Since 2001 5 billion/year
Reconstruction of dilapidated buildings
2001-2003 3 billion
2003-2005 6 billion
Distance education program for rural schools
2003-2007 9 billion
II. Implementation Strategies
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4. Extensive mobilization of resources from the community and other donors During the 1996-2000 period, 31 billion RMB Yuan was donated to rural compulsory education programme by the community including overseas contributions.
The Project of Hope raised 2 billion RMB Yuan for construction o
f 8,300 new schools in rural villages, which attracted 2.3 million d
ropout children back to schools.
Spring Bud Project has raised 500 million RMB Yuan which assi
sted 1.3 million girls from poor rural and ethnic families to access
schooling and built over 200 “Spring Bud Schools” for 14 years.
II. Implementation Strategies
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5. Developmental project aided by international agencies
World Bank Unicef UNDP UNESCO DFID
II. Implementation Strategies
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6. Inspection and accreditation system Frequency—Once a year
Indicators—government funding, changes with enrollment, retention and achievement, qualification of teachers
Process: self-evaluation, field inspection, random-selected re-evaluation, rewarding/punishment
II. Implementation Strategies
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7.Improvement of Quality of Compulsory Educa
tion
To promote curriculum and pedagogical renewal at
rural primary and secondary schools
To strengthen teacher and principal training
To implement distance education programme in poor
areas
II. Implementation Strategies
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Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
1. Considerable increase in universalization of rural compulsory education provision
1990-2000年每10万人口受小学和初中教育的人口数量
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
全国 城市 农村
人口
19902000
Figure 1: Number of population receiving NYCE out of every 100,000 people in 1990 and 2000
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2. Positive changes in teachers’ qualification
27. 5
46. 5
69. 1
87 90. 28
60. 6
73. 9
88. 996. 9 97. 39
0102030405060708090
100
1985年 1990年 1995年 2000年 2002年
小学初中
Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
Figure 2: Changes with Primary and Secondary School
Teachers Nationwide
16Figure 3: Regional gap of enrollment rate at primary level
小学学龄儿童入学率地区差距示意图
46%
12. 74%0%
15%
30%
45%
60%
1991年 2002年年份
比例
3 、普及农村九年义务教育的成就与效益Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
3. Reduction in Regional Disparity
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Reduction of Disparity in Education Reduction of Gender Disparity
Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
Figure 4: Enrollment Rate for Basic Education by Gender
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Reduction of Ethnic Disparity
Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
Figure 5: Gap between Enrolment rate of primary School-age children in Minority Areas and the National Average Enrollment Rate of Primary Education by Ethnic Minority
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4. Increase of economic growth contributed by universal rural compulsory education
Upon universalizing primary education, with 1% incre
ase in entrance rate of school agers, per capita GDP
may grow by 0.36-0.59% annually.
Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
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5. Education for Increase of Peasants’ Income
Table 1: Relationship between Farmers’ Education and Incomes
Group Percentage of farmers with
lower secondary education or over ( % )
Percentage of farmers with vocational training or education ( % )
Highest income
56.9 8.6
Second high group
52.3 5.4
Medium income
47.7 4.3
Second low income
44.8 3.9
Lowest Lowest incomeincome
39.3 2.9
Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
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Table 2: Impact on the Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Reduction by Various Investment
Investments Impacts on the agricultural productivity
Impacts on poverty reduction
Agricultural R&D 7.97 (1)7.97 (1) 3.36 (3)3.36 (3)
Irrigation works 1.15 (6)1.15 (6) 0.39 (6)0.39 (6)
Road 4.91 (4)4.91 (4) 2.96 (4)2.96 (4)
Education 6.68 (2)6.68 (2) 6.30 (1)6.30 (1)
Electricity 3.90 (5)3.90 (5) 2.92 (5)2.92 (5)
Communications 5.29 (3)5.29 (3) 4.02 (2)4.02 (2)
6. Educational Investment stimulates productivity
growth and farmers’ income generation
Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
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7.Education Contributes to the Transference of Redundant Labourers in Rural Areas
Compulsory education is foundation and backup for tr
ansference of redundant labourers in rural areas
The transferring labourers have reached 23.85 million
in 2002, among which 62.7% have got the secondary e
ducation attainment, and youth and adults accounted
for the majority.
Ⅲ. Achievements and Impact
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Governmental firm commitment and effective measure are reliable ensurance for
universal NYCE.
Different planning and implementing strategy for NYCE responsive to regional dev
elopment disparities in economy and education.
Readjustment of management and financing system based on contextual economi
c and financial system.
Special favorable policies for the disadvantaged have been adopted to promote th
e equity of education provision.
Establishment of long-term monitoring mechanism by strengthening inspection a
nd accreditation.
Ushering in international expertise and effectively utilizing overseas fundings
Ⅳ. Lessons Learned
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Challenge with wide gap between rural and urban edu
cational status
Challenge with county-based funding and management s
ystem
Challenge with educational quality.
Ⅴ. Problems and Countermeasures
Problems
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To make efforts to improve level and quality of universalizing NYCE
and lay groundwork for generally universalizing NYCE and upgrading
quality of compulsory education by 2010.
To establish the guarantee mechanism of compulsory education in
rural areas, implement compulsory education administration system
with county government as the main management body, strengthen
the obligation of central and province financial departments’
investment in the compulsory education in rural areas
To promote quality education through the experiment of the national
new curriculum and massive in-service teacher training programs
To initiate the national priority project on rural distance learning in all
rural schools for rural urban sharing of quality educational resources
and thus enhance quality of rural education provisions
Countermeasures
Countermeasures
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To deepen rural education reform, promote rural vocational
and adult education with the strategy of “integration of basic
education, vocational education and adult education” and
“combination of agricultural production, technological
innovation and education development”.
To establish and improve stipend system to support students
from rural poor families to access compulsory education
To mobilize more extensive international cooperation in pursuit
of external support
Countermeasures
Countermeasures
Thanks!