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Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses. Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses. Alternative Titles: The Accidental Architect Access Denied! Anytime, Anywhere….For Anyone? They Do It Better In Bangladesh. Universal Design = Barrier Free - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Universal Design of Instruction for Online
Courses
Alternative Titles:
The Accidental Architect Access Denied! Anytime, Anywhere….For Anyone? They Do It Better In Bangladesh
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Universal Design = Barrier Free
Accessible to the widest selection of participants possible
The “virtual equivalent” of wheelchair ramps “Cyber curb cuts” Individual characteristics are even less visible
in online interaction; struggling may be less apparent to instructor
Instructor/course designer as “architect”
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
It’s the EQUITABLE thing to do.
Anytime, anywhere…..anyone Access is the basis of online/distance
learning Ensure access to the widest possible
segment of the population
It’s the ECONOMICALLY SENSIBLE thing to do.
Proactive planning costs less than reactive intervention and retrofitting
High cost of producing alternative versions of instructional materials
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
It’s the LAW
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990, Department of Justice amendments 1996
Section 508 of Vocational Rehabilitation Act
South Carolina Website AccessibilityPolicy and Transition Plan
http://www.access-sc.org/standards.shtml
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
A summary of the Target/NFB settlement Target makes no admission or concession that its website is or
ever was inaccessible. Target admits no violations of the ADA or any other law. The website will be brought into compliance and will be
certified by NFB as compliant. NFB will monitor compliance over 3 years from initial certification.
Target will pay NFB $90,000 for the certification and first year of monitoring and then $40,000 per year thereafter.
Target’s web developers will receive at least one day of accessibility training, to be provided by NFB at a cost of up to $15,000 per session.
Target will respond to accessibility complaints from web site users.
Target will pay damages of $6,000,000 to the class action claimants, or at most $7000 per claimant, and will pay $20,000 to the California Center for the Blind on behalf of the primary claimant, Bruce Sexton, Jr.
Payment of legal fees is yet to be determined.
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
It’s the SELFISH thing to do.
With advancing age, senses grow weaker, including eyesight; mobility decreases
We will all benefit from a barrier-free information infrastructure
Increase your reach.
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Access Issues
First-Generation Access Issues: HTML Accessibility Section 508 standards cover HTML
accessibility Second-Generation Access Issues
Accessibility to non-HTML elements E.g. slideshows, videos, animations,
spreadsheets, charts, tables, PDF documents Suggested Tools and Techniques
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Blindness Audible output: Screen reader software, speech
synthesizer Tactile output: Braille refreshable display Text alternatives to images are vital Alternatives to frames, applets, plug-ins, pop-ups, forms
Limited Vision Screen magnification software Read small portion of webpage at a time Sans-serif fonts that do not pixellate or distort Clear, simple design Page layout consistent, uncluttered Colorblindness; No dependence on color
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Benefits those without visual impairments:
No immediate access to graphics Text-based browsers Low bandwidth, dial-up telephone lines Disabled graphics decrease download times, conserve
memory, fit better in small browser window Monitor/screen with poor resolution Web-enabled devices/Voice web or web portal
systems Text-to-speech web access via telephone or car
Monochrome monitors or green screens High-contrast foreground/background colors
appeals to most
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Hearing Impairments Audio output must have captions or
transcriptions Course videotapes or DVDs must have print
equivalent “Real time” communication may be difficult Chat, telephone conference or
videoconference may be slower due to slower processing
Student’s first language may be ASL, mirror print disability
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Benefits those without hearing impairments:
Poor auditory reception Inadequate sound hardware Accessing from a noisy environment
Captioned multimedia allows content to be indexed and archived; searched
Transcriptions provide all users with multi-sensory information input
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Mobility Impairments May use assistive technology alternatives
Alternative keyboard and/or mouse Head pointer or mouth stick Eye-gaze tracking system
Small buttons on screen require fine motor skills
Real-time communication may be difficult, slower
Speech Impairments Difficulty with interactive videoconferencing
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Seizure Disorders May be aggravated by flickers on screen Animated gifs, HTML marquee, Macromedia
Flash
Benefits those without seizure impairments:
Flashing graphics/animations can be distracting and annoying
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Priority 1 Accessibility Errors
Images, applets, maps w/o alternative textImage map hotspots w/o alternative text
Frames (not usable w/o frames-capable browser)Image-type buttons
Content in new windows or pop-up windowsNo redundant text links for server-side imagesNavigation problems
Color-dependence
Universal Design of Instruction for Online
Courses Problems with the use of White Boards:
Incompatible with screen readers Incompatible with screen Small buttons on
screen require fine motor skills Problems with the use of New
Windows/multiple frames Untitled, navigation difficult through screen reader
Problems with the use of graphics Alternative text necessary for non-visual users Graphics used as buttons/hyperlinks Graphics that flash or are animated
Universal Design of Instruction for Online
Courses Problems with the use of Testing/Quiz
tools Students with extended time for testing Screen readers causing computer to crash
during testing
Problems with the use of Real-Time Chat Chat CMS often incompatible with screen
readers Length of processing time/response time
Problems with place-bound requirements Accessibility requirements apply
Universal Design of Instruction for Online
Courses WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines) 1.1 Text Alternatives: Provide text alternatives for any
non-text content so that it can be changed into other forms, such as large print, braille, speech, symbols, or simpler language
1.2 Time-based Media: Provide alternatives for time-based media.
1.3 Adaptable: Create content that can be presented in different ways without losing information or structure
1.4 Distinguishable: Make it easier for users to see and hear content including separating foreground from background
2.1 Keyboard Accessible: Make all functionality available from a keyboard
2.2 Enough Time: Provide users enough time to read and use content
2.3 Seizures: Do not design content in a way that is known to cause
Universal Design of Instruction for Online
Courses WCAG 2.0
2.4 Navigable: Provide ways to help users navigate, find content, and determine where they are
3.1 Readable: Make text content readable and understandable
3.2 Predictable: Make Web pages appear and operate in predictable ways.
3.3 Input Assistance: Help users avoid and correct mistakes.
4.1 Compatible: Maximize compatibility with current and future user agents, including assistive technologies.
Free websites that test accessibility of online material Etre WAVE 4.0 from WebAIM A-Prompt Cynthia Says (Bobby)
Color Blindness Simulator Color Laboratory GrayBit (checks contrast)
Flicker Rate Test for Photosensitive Epilepsy
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Example of inaccessible website design:
E:\margaret's site\bad\index.html
Example of more accessible website design:
E:\margaret's site\good\index.html
Universal Design of Instruction for Online Courses
Inaccessible Fonts
Colonna MT algerian
Col alOld English Text Blackadder ITC
Y IT Bl