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LL.B.(3Yrs.)VISemesterC.P.C.-II

Unit–ISyllabus:-

Unit-I JudgmentandDecree:Judgment:Definition,Essentials,Pronouncement,ContentsandAlteration, Decree:Definition,Essentials,Types,DrawingupofaDecree,ContentsandDecreeinparticularcases,Interest,Costs

UnitWisePreviousYearQuestionPaperofLucknowUniversityLL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2013

LongQuestionQ.1- Definedecree.WhataretheessentialcontentsofaDecree?Discus.

vkKfIrdksifjHkkf’krdhft,AvkKfIrdsvko”;dvUroZLrqD;k&D;kgSa\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- Whatdoyouunderstandbyjudgment?Whatarethedifferencesbetweenjudgmentandorder?

Discuss.fu.kZ;lsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\fu.kZ;,oavkns”kesaD;k&D;kfHkUurk;sagS\O;k[;kdhft,A

ShortQuestions.Q.1- Essentialcontentsofajudgement. fu.kZ;dsvko”;dvUroZLrqAQ.2- Interest. C;ktAQ.3- Drawingupofadecree. vkKfIrdkys[kc)djukA

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2014LongQuestionQ.1- Whaterrorsinajudgment,decreeorordercanbecorrectedbythecourtaftersigningand

pronouncingthesamewithouttherebeinganapplicationmadeforreview?fu.kZ;]vkKfIrovkns”kesagLrk{kjdjusolqukusdscknU;k;ky;dkSu&lh=qfV;ksafcukiqujh{k.kdsvkosnu&i=dsBhddjldrkgS\

Q.2- Definedecree.Whataretheessentialsandtypesofdecree?vkKfIrdhifjHkk’kknhft,AvkKfIrdsrRo,oaizdkjcrkb,A

ShortQuestions.Q.1- Preliminarydecree. izkjfEHkdvkKfIrAQ.2- Judgment. fu.kZ;AQ.3- Cost. dherA

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2015LongQuestionQ.1- DefineJudgment.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenjudgmentanddecree?Discuss.

fu.kZ;dksifjHkkf’krdhft,Afu.kZ;,oavkKfIresaD;k&D;kfHkUurk;sagSa\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- Whatdoyoumeanbyjudgment?WhenjudgmentcanbepronouncedbytheCourt?Discuss.

fu.kZ;lsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\U;k;ky;}kjkfu.kZ;dclquk;ktkldrkgS\O;k[;kdhft,AShortQuestions.Q.1- Additionalpleas vfrfjDrdFkusaQ.2- Interest C;ktQ.3- PreliminaryDecreeizkjfEHkdvkKfIrQ.4- Affidavit “kiFki=Q.5- WrittenStatement fyf[krdFku

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LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2016LongQuestionQ.1- Definejudgmentwhenitispronounced?CanaJudgepronounceajudgmentwrittenbyhis

predecessor?Referrelatedprovisions.fu.kZ;dhifjHkk’kknhft,Afu.kZ;dclquk;ktkrkgS\D;kdksbZU;k;k/kh”kviusiwoZU;k;k/kh”k}kjkfyf[krfu.kZ;dkslqukldrkgS\lEcfU/krizkfo/kkuksadkgokyknhft,A

Q.2- Definedecreeandexplainthefollowingclassesofdecree:(i)Preliminarydecree(ii)Finaldecree(iii)PartlypreliminaryandpartlyfinaldecreevkKfIrdhifjHkk’kknhft,]fuEufyf[krvkKfIrdsizdkjdkfoLrkjdhft,A(i)izkjfEHkdvkKfIr(ii)vfUrevkKfIr(iii)vkaf”kdizkjfEHkdvkaf”kdvfUrevkKfIr

ShortQuestions.Q.1- DecreeHolder vkKfIr/kkjhQ.2- ForeignCourt fons”khU;k;ky;Q.3- JudgmentDebtor fu.khZr_.khQ.4- MesneProfit e/;orhZykHkQ.5- Order vkns”kQ.6- LegalRepresentative oS/kizfrfuf/k

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2018LongQuestionQ.1- Definethejudgment.Describetheprocessofpronouncementofjudgment.Canashorthand

writerpronouncethejudgmentinopencourt?fu.kZ;dksifjHkkf’krdhft,Afu.kZ;dsmn~?kks’k.kkdhizfØ;kdkmYys[kdhft,AD;k,dvk”kqfyfid[kqysU;k;ky;esafu.kZ;dhmn~?kks’k.kkdjldrkgS\

Q.2- (a)Courtcanimposetheinterestonadjudgedprincipalsum yearlyattherateupto6%,contractualrate,therateatwhichmoneysarelentandattherateofNationalizedBankinthecommercialtransaction.Discuss.U;k;ky;fofuf”priz/kkujkf”kij6%dhnjrd]lafonkRednj]ftlnjij/ku_.kesafy;kx;kgSrFkkO;kolkf;dysu&nsuesajk’Vªh;drcSaddhnjlsokf’kZdC;ktyxkldrkgSAfoospukdhft,A(b)Inwhichconditionsthecourtshallrefusedtoimposetheinterest?Cananypartyfileaseparatesuitregardingclaim ofinterest?fdun”kkvksaesaU;k;ky;C;ktykxwdjuslseukdjldrkgS\D;kC;ktdsnkosdsfy,dksbZi{kdkjvyxlsoknykldrkgS\

ShortQuestion–Q.1- Inwhichcasesthepreliminarydecreeandfinaldecreecanbepassed?

fduekeyksaesaizkjafHkdvkKfIrrFkkvfUrevkKfIrikfjrdhtkldrhgS\Q.2- Hasthepowerasittingjudgetopronouncethejudgmentwhilethesamejudgmentwasnot

pronouncedbutwrittenbypredecessorjudge?D;k,dmiosf”krU;k;k/kh”kdksfu.kZ;dhmn~?kks’k.kkdjusdh“kfägStcfdoghfu.kZ;iwoZor~U;k;k/kh”k}kjkfy[kkrksx;kijUrqmn~?kksf’krughafd;kx;kFkk\

Q.3- Forwhichproceedingsthecostscanbedeterminedbythecourt?fduizfØ;kvksadsfy,U;k;ky;}kjk[kpsZfofuf”prfd,tkldrsgSa\

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2019LongQuestionQ.1- WhatdoyoumeanbyDecree?WhatarethedifferencesbetweenjudgmentandDecree?Discuss.

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vkKfIrlsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\fu.kZ;,oavkKfIresaD;k&D;kvUrjgS\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- WhatdoyoumeanbyPreliminaryDecree?InwhichcasesPreliminaryDecreeispassedbythe

civilcourt?Discuss.izkjfEHkdvkKfIrlsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\fdudslksaesaflfoyU;k;ky;}kjkizkjfEHkdvkKfIrikfjrfd;ktkrkgS\O;k[;kdhft,A

ShortQuestion–Q.1- AlterationofJudgment

fu.kZ;dkifjorZuQ.2- InwhichcircumstancesDeemedDecreeshallbepassed?

fduifjfLFkfr;ksaesale>hx;hvkKfIrikfjrfd;ktkldsxk\Q.3- Interest

C;ktQ.4- Decreeholder

vkKfIr/kkjdQ.5- JudgmentDebter

fu.khZr_.kh

Assignment/ModelPaper

Unit-ILongQuestionQ.1- Definedecree.Whataretheessentialcontentsandtypesofdecree?

vkKfIrdksifjHkkf’krdhft,AvkKfIrdsvko”;drRo]vUroZLrq,oizdkjcrkb,AQ.2- Whatdoyouunderstandbyjudgment? Whaterrorsina,judgmentdecreeorordercanbe

corrected bythecourtaftersigning and pronouncing thesame withouttherebeing anapplicationmadeforreview?fu.kZ;]lsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\fu.kZ;]vkKkfIrovkns”kesagLrk{kjdjusolqukusdscknU;k;y;dkSu&lh=qfV;kafcukiqujh{k.kdsvkosnu&i=dsBhddjldrkgS\

Q.3- Whatdoyouunderstandbyjudgement?Whatarethedifferencesbetweenjudgementandorder?fu.kZ;lsvkiD;kle>rsgS\fu.kZ;,oavkns”kesaD;kvUrjgS\

LongAnswersQ.1- Definedecree.Whataretheessentialcontentsandtypesofdecree?Ans.-

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.Definitionofdecree–ADecreehasbeendefinedinSection2(2)oftheC.P.C.

Accordingtoit,adecreemeanstheformalexpressionofanadjudicationwhich,sofarasregardsthecourtexpressingit,conclusivelydeterminestherightsofthepartieswithregardtoalloranyofthemattersincontroversyinthesuitandmayeitherpreliminaryorquestionwitnesssection44,butshallnotinclude–Anyadjudicationfrom whichanappealliesasanappealfrom anorder.OrAnyorderofdismissalfordefault.

2.EssentialElementsofaDecree3.Typesofdecree

a.Preliminarydecreeb.Finaldecreeandc.Partypreliminaryandpartyfinaldecree

4.Drawingupofdecree:Rule6-A5.Contentsofdecree:Rule66.Decreesinspecialcases:Rules9-19

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Definitionofdecree-A‘Decree’hasbeendefinedinSection2(2)oftheC.P.C.Accordingtoit,adecreemeanstheformalexpressionofanadjudicationwhich,sofarasregardsthecourtexpressingit,conclusivelydeterminestherightsofthepartieswithregardtoalloranyofthemattersincontroversyinthesuitandmayeitherpreliminaryorfinal.Itshallbedeemedtoincludetherejectionofaplaintandthedeterminationofanyquestionwitnesssection44,butshallnotinclude–a. Anyadjudicationfrom whichanappealliesasanappealfrom anorder.Orb. Anyorderofdismissalfordefault.Explanation– Adecreeispreliminarywhenfurtherproceedingshavetobetakenbeforethesuitcanbecompletelydisposedof.Itisfinalwhensuchadjudicationcompletelydisposesofthesuit.Itmaybepartypreliminaryandpartyfinal.EssentialElementsofaDecree–Inorderthatadecisionofacourtmaybea“decree’,thefollowingelementsmustbepresent:1. Theremustbeanadjudication.2. Suchadjudicationmusthavebeendoneinasuit.3. Itmusthavedeterminedtherightsofthepartieswithregardtoalloranyofthemattersin

controversyinthesuit.4. Suchdeterminationmustbeofaconclusivenature;and5. Theremustbeaformalexpressionofsuchadjudication.

Typesofdecree-Thecoderecognizesthefollowingclassesofdecrees:1. Preliminarydecree;2. Finaldecree;and3. Partypreliminaryandpartyfinaldecree.

Drawingupofdecree:Rule6-AAdecreeshouldbedrawnupwithinfifteendaysfrom thedateofthejudgment.Ifthedecreeis

notdrawnup,anappealcanbepreferredwithoutfilingacopyofthedecree?

Contentsofdecree:Rule6Thedecreeshallfollowthejudgment,agreewithitandbear(i)thenumberofthesuit;(ii)the

namesanddescriptionofthepartiesandtheirregisteredaddresses;(iii)theparticularsoftheclaim;(iv)thereliefgranted;(v)theamountofcostsincurredinthesuit,andbywhom oroutofwhatpropertyandinwhatproportionstheyaretobepaid;(vi)thedateonwhichthejudgmentwaspronounced;and(vii)thesignatureoftheJudge.Rule8authorizesasuccessorjudgetosignadecreedrawnupbyhispredecessor.

Decreesinspecialcases:Rules9-19Rules9to19dealwithdecreesinparticularcases.Inasuitforrecoveryofimmovable

property,the decree shallcontain a description ofsuch propertysufficientto identifyit,e.g.boundaries,surveynumbers,etc.Adecreefordeliveryofmovablepropertymuststatetheamountofmoneytobepaidasanalternativeifdeliverycannotbehad.32Inadecreeforpaymentofmoney,thecourtmayorderthatthepaymentofdecretalamountshallbepostponedorshallbemadebyinstallmentswithorwithoutinterest.Inasuitforrecoveryofpossessionofimmovablepropertyandforrentormesneprofits,thecourtmaypass(a)apreliminarydecreeforthepossessionoftheproperty,fortherentandmesneprofitspriortotheinstitutionofthesuitordirectinganinquiryastosuchrentormesneprofits,and(b)afinaldecreeinrespectofrentormesneprofitsinaccordancewiththeresultoftheaboveinquiry.Adecreeforspecificperformanceofacontractforsaleorleaseofimmovablepropertyshallspecifytheperiodwithinwhichthepurchasemoneyorothersum istobepaidbythepurchaserorthelessee.Inasuitforanaccountofanypropertyandforitsdueadministrationunderthedecreeofthecourt,beforepassingafinaldecree,thecourtshouldpassapreliminarydecreeorderingaccountstobetakenandinquiriestobemade.Thereafterafinaldecree

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shallbepassedinaccordancewiththeresultofthepreliminaryinquiry.Adecreeinapre-emptionsuit,wherethepurchasemoneyhasnotbeenpaidintocourt,shallspecifyadayonorbeforewhichthepurchasemoneyshallbepaidanddirectthatonpaymentintocourtofsuchpurchasemoney,thedefendantshalldeliverpossessionofthepropertytotheplaintiff,butthatifthepaymentisnotmade,thesuitshallbedismissedwithcosts.Wherethecourthasadjudicateduponrivalclaimstopre-emption,thedecreeshalldirect(i)iftheclaimsdecreedareequalindegree,thattheclaim ofeachpre-emptorshalltakeeffectproportionately;and(ii)iftheclaimsdecreedaredifferentindegree,theclaim oftheinferiorpre-emptorshallnottakeeffectunlessanduntilthesuperiorpre-emptorhasfailedtomakepayment.'?Inasuitfordissolutionofpartnershiportakingofpartnershipaccounts,thecourt,beforepassingafinaldecreemaypassapreliminarydecreedeclaringtheproportionatesharesoftheparties,fixingthedayonwhichthepartnershipshallstanddissolvedanddirectingaccountstobetakenandotheractstobedone.Inasuitforaccountsbetweenaprincipalandanagent,thecourt,beforepassingafinaldecree,shallpassapreliminarydecreedirecting theaccountsto betaken.'?Thecourtcan givespecialdirectionsregardingmodeoftakingaccounts.Inadecreepassedinasuitforthepartitionofpropertyorfortheseparatepossessionofasharetherein,(i)iftheestateisassessedtothepaymentofrevenuetothegovernment,thedecreeshalldeclaretherightsofseveralpartiesinterestedinthepropertybutshalldirectpartitionorseparationtobemadebytheCollector(Section54);41(ii)inothercasesofimmovableproperty,ifthepartitionorseparationcannotconvenientlybemadewithoutfurtherinquiry,thecourtmaypassapreliminarydecreedeclaringtherightsofpartiesinthepropertyandgivingnecessarydirectionsandthereafterafinaldecreeshallbepassed.Adecreewherethedefendanthasbeenallowedaset-offorcounter-claim againsttheclaim oftheplaintiffshallstatewhatamountisduetotheplaintiffandwhatamountisduetothedefendant.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q.2- Whaterrorsina,judgmentdecreeorordercanbecorrectedbythecourtaftersigningand

pronouncingthesamewithouttherebeinganapplicationmadeforreview?

Ans.-

Order–Judgmenttobesigned-Order-20,Rule-3-TheJudgmentshallbedatedandsignedbythejudgeinopencourtatthetimeofpronouncingitand,whenoncesignedshallnotafterwardsbealteredoradded,tosaveasprovidedbySection152oronreview.

Exception-Afterdatedandsignedcourtshallalteredoraddedjudgmentinfollowingconditions-1-OnReview(provisiongivenundersection114andOrder47).2-BySection152.3-BySection151(VinodKumarSinghVsB.H.U.,AIR,1988SC)

AccordingtoSection152-Amendmentofjudgments,decreeandorders-Clericalorarithmeticalmistakesinjudgments,decreesorordersorerrorsarisingthereinfromanyaccidentalsliporomissionmayatanytimebecorrectedbythecourteitherofitsownmotionorontheapplicationofanyoftheparties.

Amendmentin judgments,decree and orders can only be made in the followingcircumstances:

1-WhenthereisaClericalmistakestherein;

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.JudgmenttobesignedOrder–20,Rule–32.Exception3.AccordingtoSection152Amendmentofjudgments,decreeandorders4.Case–MasterConstructionCo.

Vs.StateofOrissa,AIR,1966SC1047

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2-Whenthereisaarithmeticalmistakestherein;3-Errorsarisingthereinfrom anyaccidentalslip;or4-Errorsarisingthereinfrom anyomission.

Dealingwiththewordsclericalmistakeetc.theSupremeCourtofIndiaobservedinMasterConstructionCo.

Vs.StateofOrissa,AIR,1966SC1047Thatanarithmeticalmistakeisamistakeofcalculation,aclericalmistakeisamistakeinwritingortyping.Anerror.

Thecourtcancorrectanaccidentalmistakebothinthejudgmentandthedecree,butamereambiguityisnotagroundforcorrection.

Thealterations,amendmentsorcorrections,whichS.152authorises,arelimitedbyitsprovisions.Theyareclericalorarithmeticalmistakesinjudgments,decreesororders,andinadditionerrorsarisinginjudgments,decreesorordersfrom anyaccidentalsliporomission.SuchclericalmistakesorslipordersfallingunderS.152,C.P.C.canbecorrectedevensuomotubythecourtorontheapplicationofanyoftheparties.

Thetestforamendmentiswhethertheorderasitstandsrepresentstheintentionofthejudgeatthetimehemadeitandifitdoes,thenthemistakeinitcannotbetreatedasanaccidentalsliporomissionwhichmaybecorrectedunderS.152,C.P.C.Amistakearisingfrom anoversightonthepartofthecourtcanbecorrectedunderS.152.Wherebyinadvertenceoroversightanentryastopleader’sfeewasmadewithoutgivinganyconsiderationtothequestionofcalculation,itcanbeamended.

Section152,C.P.C.shouldnotbegivenanarrow construction.Itgivespowertorectifyanyaccidentalsliporomissioninajudgment,decreeororderandmightincludeanyaccidentalsliporomission-traceabletotheconductofthepartiesthemselves.________________________________________________________________________________________Q.-3-Whatdoyouunderstandbyjudgment?Whatarethedifferencesbetweenjudgmentandorder?Discuss.

Ans.-

Definition:Section2(9)–“Judgment”meansthestatementgivenbytheJudgeofthegroundsofadecreeororder.InthewordsofVivianBose,J.,ajudgmentmaybesaidtobe“thefinaldecisionof

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.Definition:Section2(9)–JudgmentmeansthestatementgivenbytheJudgeofthe

groundsofadecreeororder.InthewordsofVivianBose,J,ajudgmentmaybesaidtobe“thefinaldecisionofthecourtintimatedtotheworldatlargebyformal‘pronouncement’or‘delivery’inopencourt”.

2.EssentialofJudgment3.ContentofJudgment–

a.Aconcisestatementofthecase:b.Thepointsfordetermination:c.Thedecisiontheirond.Thereasonsforsuchdecision

4.Judgmentanddecree:Distinction5.PronouncementofJudgment:Rule16.CopyofJudgment7.JudgmentandOrder:Distinction8.DefinitionofOrder:Section2(14)ofC.P.Cdefinestheorderas“Theformal

expressionofanydecisionofacivilcourtwhichisnotadecree.

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thecourtintimatedtotheworldatlargebyformal‘pronouncement’or‘delivery’inopencourt”.Afterthehearinghasbeencompleted,thecourtshallpronouncethejudgmentinopencourt,

eitheratonceoronsomefutureday,aftergivingduenoticetothepartiesortheirpleaders.EssentialofJudgment-

Theessentialelementofajudgmentisthatthereshouldbeastatementforthegroundsofthedecision.EveryjudgmentotherthanthatofaCourtofSmallCausesshouldcontain(i)aconcisestatementofthecase:(ii)thepointsfordetermination;(iii)thedecisionthereon;and(iv)thereasonsforsuchdecision.AjudgmentofaCourtofSmallCausesmaycontainonlypoints(ii)and(iii)Sketchyorderswhicharenotselfcontainedandcannotbeappreciatedbyanappellateorrevisionalcourtwithoutexaminingalltherecordsare,therefore,unsatisfactoryandcannotbesaidtobejudgmentsinthatsense.AsstatedbytheSupremeCourtinBalrajTanejav.SunilMadan,aJudgecannotmerelysay“Suitdecreed”or“Suitdismissed”.Thewholeprocessofreasoninghastobesetoutfordecidingthecaseonewayortheother.EventheSmallCausesCourt’sjudgmentsmustbeintelligibleandmustshowthatthejudgehasappliedhismind.Thejudgmentneednot,however,beadecisiononalltheissuesinacase.Thus,anorderdecidingapreliminaryissueinacase,e.g.constitutionalvalidityofastatute,isajudgment.

Conversely,anorderpassedbytheCentralAdministrativeTribunalcannotbesaidtobeajudgment,evenifithasbeendescribedassuch.Similarly,themeaningoftheterm “judgment”undertheLettersPatentiswiderthanthedefinitionof“judgment”undertheCPC.(C)Judgmentanddecree:Distinction

Asstatedabove,“judgment’meansthestatementgivenbyajudgeofthegroundsoradecreeororder.Itisnotnecessaryforajudgetogiveastatementinadecreethoughitisnecessaryinajudgment.Likewise,itisnotnecessarythatthereshouldbeaformalexpressionoftheorderinthejudgment,thoughitisdesirabletodoso.Rule6-AofOrder20asinsertedbytheAmendmentActof1976,however,enactsthatthelastparagraphofthejudgmentshouldstatepreciselythereliefgranted.Thusajudgmentcontemplatesastagepriortothepassingofdecreeoranorder,andafterthepronouncementofthejudgment,adecreeshallfollow.(D)PronouncementofJudgment:Rule1

Afterthehearinghasbeencompleted,thecourtshallpronouncethejudgmentinopencourt,eitheratonceonsomefutureday,aftergivingduenoticetothepartiesortheirpleaders.Oncethehearingisover,thereshouldnotbeabreakbetweenthereservationandpronouncementofjudgment.BeforetheAmendmentActof1976,notimelimitwasprovidedbetweenthehearingofargumentsandthedeliveryofthejudgment.TherewasapersistentdemandalloverIndiaforimposingatimelimitforthedeliveryofajudgmentaftertheconclusionofhearingofacase.EventheSupremeCourthadtoobserveinthecaseofR.C.Sharmav.UnionofIndiathus:

TheCivilProcedureCodedoesnotprovideatimelimitfortheperiodbetweenthehearingofargumentsandthedeliveryofthejudgment.Nevertheless,wethinkthatanunreasonabledelaybetweenhearingofargumentsanddeliveryofajudgment,unlessexplained byexceptionalorextraordinarycircumstances,ishighlydesirableevenwhenwrittenargumentsaresubmitted.Itisnotunlikelythatsomepointswhichthelitigantconsidersimportantmayhaveescapednotice.But,whatismoreimportantisthatlitigantsmusthavecompletedconfidenceintheresultsoflitigation.Thisconfidencetendstobeshakenifthereisexcessivedelaybetweenhearingofargumentsanddeliveryofjudgments.Justice,aswehaveoftenobserved,mustnotonlybedonebutmustmanifestlyappeartobedone.” (emphasissupplied)

TheCommittee,therefore,suggestedthatatimelimitshouldbeprescribedfordeliveryofjudgmentsafterheconclusionofthehearingofcases.Accordingly,itisprovidedthatifajudgmentisnotpronouncedatonce,itshouldordinarilybedeliveredwithinthirtydaysfrom theconclusionofthehearing.Where,however,itis notpracticable to do so due to exceptionaland extraordinarycircumstances,itmay be pronounced within sixty days.Due notice ofthe day fixed forpronouncementofjudgmentshallbegiventothepartiesortheirpleasers.Thejudgeneednotreadoutthewholejudgmentanditwouldbesufficientifthefinalorderispronounced.Thejudgmentmust

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bedatedandsignedbythejudge.Rule2enablesajudgetopronounceajudgmentwhichiswrittenbutnotpronouncedbyhispredecessor.

AreferenceinthisconnectionmaybemadetoarecentdecisionoftheSupremeCourtinAnilRaiv.StateofBihar.Inthatcase,aftertheargumentsofthecounselwereoverbutthejudgmentwasreserved bythe High Courtwhich was pronounced aftertwo years.The action was stronglydeprecatedbytheSupremeCourt.

The Courtwasconscious thatforHigh Courtsno particularperiod wasprescribed forpronouncementofjudgment,butthejudgmentmustbepronouncedexpeditiously.Sethi,J.stated:“InacountrylikeourswherepeopleconsiderJudgesonlysecondtoGod,effortsbemadetostrengthenthatbeliefofthecommonman.Delayindisposalofthecasesfacilitiesthepeopletoraiseeyebrows,sometimegenuinely,which,ifnotcheked,mayshaketheconfidenceofthepeopleinthejudicialsystem.

Again,pronouncementofajudgmentisessentialforthevalidityofthejudgment.Itisajudicialactwhichmustbeperformedinajudicialway.Smallirregularitiesinthemannerofpronouncementorthemodeofdeliverymaynotmattermuchbutthesubstancemustbepresentanditshouldneitherbevaguenorlefttoinferenceorconjecture.Again,thejudgmentmustbebasedonthegroundsandpointsinthepleadingsandnotoutsidethecaseputforwardbythepartiesintheirpleadings.Ontheonehand,thecourtshouldrecordfindingsonallpartiesintheirpleadings.Ontheonehand,thecourtshouldrecordfindingsonallthepointsraisedbytheparties.And,ontheotherhand,itshouldnotdecideanyquestionwhichdoesnotarisefrom thepleadingsofthepartiesorisunnecessary.Astatementoffactrecordedinthejudgmentisconclusiveofthefactsostatedandnooneshouldbeallowedtoassailitasincorrectorcontradictitbyfilinganaffidavitorotherwise.Ifapartytotheproceedingsthinksthatthehappeningsinthecourthavenotbeencorrectlyrecordedinthejudgment,apartyshouldapproachthesamecourt,tocalltheattentionoftheveryjudgewhohasrecordedthestatement and to have it deleted altogether or amended accordingly.Finally,alljudicialpronouncementsmustbetrulyjudicialinnatureandshouldnotdepartfrom sobriety,moderationandreserve.The language ofthe judgmentshould be dignified and restrained.Disparaging anddefamatoryremarksshouldnotbemadeand,evenwherecriticism isjustified,itmustbeinthelanguageofutmostrestraint,keepinginmindthatthepersonmakingthecommentisalsoahumanbeingandfallible.(e)CopyofJudgment--

Afterthejudgmentispronounced,copiesofthejudgmentshouldbemadeavailabletothepartiesimmediatelyonpaymentofcharges.(f)Contentsofjudgment:Rules4&5

JudgmentsotherthanthoseofaCourtofSmallCausesshouldcontain(i)aconcisestatementofthecase,(ii)thepointsfordetermination,(iii)thedecisionthereon,and(iv)thereasonsforsuchdecision.ThejudgmentsofaCourtofSmallCausesneednotcontainmorethatthepointfordeterminationandthedecisionsthereon,and(iv)thereasonsforsuchdecision.ThejudgmentsofaCourtofSmallCausesneednotcontainmorethanthepointfordeterminationandthedecisionsthereon.IN suitsinwhichissueshavebeenframed,thecourtmustrecorditsfindingoneachseparateissuewiththereasonstherefore.Recordingofreasonsinsupportofajudgmentmayormaynotbeconsideredtobeoneoftheprinciplesofnaturaljustice,butitcannotbedeniedthatrecordingofreasonsinsupportofadecisioniscertainlyoneofthevisiblesafeguardsagainstpossibleinjusticeandarbitrarinessandaffordsprotectiontothepersonadverselyaffected.

Ajudgmentmustbeaself-containeddocumentfrom whichitshouldappearastowhatwerethefactsofthecaseandwhatwasthecontroversywhichwastriedtobesettledbythecourtandinwhatmanner.Theprocessofreasoningbywhichthecourtcametoaparticularconculsionanddecreedordismissedordismissedthesuitshouldclearlybereflectedinthejudgment.

Whetheritisacasecontestedbythedefendantbyfilingawrittenstatement,oracasewhichproceedsex-parteandisultimatelydecidedintheabsenceofthedefendant,oracaseinwhichnowrittenstatementwasfiledandwasdecidedunderOrder8,Rule10,thecourthastowriteajudgment

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whichmustbeinconformitywiththeprovisionsoftheCode.

JudgmentandOrder:Distinction–JudgmentandOrderaretwolegaltermsthatshowalotofdifferencesbetweenthem.Infactjudgmentandorderaretwoofthemostcommontermsheardincourt.Theverymeaningsofthewordsjudgmentandorderdiffermuch.Firstletusdefinethetwowords.Ajudgmentisaspecifictypeoforderthatusuallyfinalizesthelitigationbetweenthepartiesandstatestheresponsibilitiesofthepartiestoeachother.Acourtorder,ontheotherhand,issimplyadirectivethatisissuedbyajudgeduringthecourseofthelitigation.Judgmentsarethefinaloutcomeofthecourt,beitajudgeorjury.Ordersaredecreesfrom ajudgecommandingaspecificpartytodoaspecificact.Forexample,beforeorduringatrialajudgemayorderawitnesstoappearincourtorforapartytoproducedocuments.Uponconclusionofthetrial,thecourtentersajudgmenttodeterminewhotheprevailingpartyis.Ajudgmentisaspecifictypeoforderthatusuallyfinalizesthelitigationbetweenthepartiesandstatestheresponsibilitiesofthepartiestoeachother.Acourtorder,ontheotherhand,issimplyadirectivethatisissuedbyajudgeduringthecourseofthelitigation.Judgmentsarethefinaloutcomeofthecourt,beitajudgeorjury.Ordersaredecreesfrom ajudgecommandingaspecificpartytodoaspecificact.Forexample,beforeorduringatrialajudgemayorderawitnesstoappearincourtorforapartytoproducedocuments.Uponconclusionofthetrial,thecourtentersajudgmenttodeterminewhotheprevailingpartyis.CharacteristicsofJudgmentandOrder:Judgment:Judgmentisthefinaldecisionofthejudgebywhichalawsuitgetsclosed,oracasecomestoanend.Order:Anorderdoesnotendacaseorclearsaprosecution.Content:Judgment:Ajudgmentcontainsabigcontentincludingtheconditionstobefollowedinconnectionwiththeresolutionsforcontroversies,chargesandthepenaltiestobepaidbythepartiesandotherobligations.Order:Acourtordernormallydoesnotcontainbigcontentincludingdetailsregardingthedateofthecase.Format:Judgment:Ajudgmentfollowsacertainformat.Order:Acourtorderdoesnotfollowanyformat.Nature:Judgment:Judgmentsarepronouncedandwrittendownbecauseoftheirlengthycontentunderacertainformat.Itiscertainlyconsideredadocumenttobesafeguarded.Order:Acourtorderisnotconsideredadocumentandhenceitissometimespronouncedverballybyjudgeinsomecases.

10

Unit–IISyllabus:-

UnitII Execution:Courtby which decree may be executed,Paymentunderdecree,Application forexecution, Modeofexecution, Questionsto be determined byexecutingcourt

UnitWisePreviousYearQuestionPaperofLucknowUniversityLL.B.3Yrs(SemesterVI)2013

LongQuestionQ.1- Whatdoyoumeanbyexecutionofdecree?Whichcourtscanexecutedecree?Discuss.

vkKfIrdsfu’iknulsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\dkSu&dkSulsU;k;ky;vkKfIrdksfu’ikfnrdjldrsgS\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- Defineexecution.Whatdoyoumeanbypaymentunderdecree?Discuss.

fu’iknudksifjHkkf’krdhft,AvkKfIrdsvUrxZrHkqxrkulsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\O;k[;kdhft,AShortQuestions.Q.1- Whatquestionscanbedeterminedbyexecutingcourt.

fu’iknuU;k;ky;}kjkdkSu&dkSulsiz”ufu.khZrfd;stkldrsgSa\LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)-2014

LongQuestionQ.1- Discussthemodesofexecution.Describeanyfivepropertieswhichareexemptedfrom

attachementinexecutionofadecree.vkKfIrdsfu’iknudsfofHkUurjhdksadko.kZudhft,A,slhikaplEifÙk;ksadko.kZudhft,tksvkKfIrfu’iknuesadqdhZlseqDrgSaA

Q.2- Whatarethequestionswhichcanbedeterminedbytheexecutingcourt?ogdkSulsiz”ugSaftudksfu’iknuU;k;ky;}kjkfu.khZrfd;ktkldrkgS\

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2015LongQuestionQ.1- Whatdoyoumeanbyexecution?WhichCourtcanexecutedecree?Discuss.

fu’iknulsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\dkSu&dkSulsU;k;ky;vkKkfIrdksfu’ikfnrdjldrsgSa\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- Whatdoyoumeanby“DecreeHolder”?Draftanapplicationforexecutionofdecree?

ÞvkKfIr/kkjdßlsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\vkKfIrdsfu’ikndsfy;s,dizkFkZuk&i=izk:firdhft,A

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2016LongQuestionQ.1- AobtainsadecreeagainstBforRs.5000.HereAisdecreeholder,B,isjudgment-debtorand

Rs.5000,isjudgment-debt.IfBfailstosatisfythedecreeMayAapplyforexecutionofthedecreeagainstB’spersonoragainstpropertyorboth?ReferCPCprovisionsanddecide.v]cdsfo#)5000#i;sikusdhvkKfIrizkIrdjrkgS]vvkKfIr/kkjh]cfu.khZr_.kho5000fu.khZr_.kgS];fnc_.kughavnkdjrkgSrksD;kvvkKfIrfu’iknudsfy,cdsfo#);kmldhlEifRrijnksuksadsfy,izkFkZukdjldrkgS\flfoyizfØ;klafgrkdsizkfo/kkudsvUrxZrfu.kZ;dhft,A

Q.2- WhatarethemodeofExecution?ReferprovisionsunderCPC.fu’iknujhfr;kaD;kgSaflfoyizfØ;klafgrkdsvUrxZrlacaf/krizkfo/kkuksadkmYys[kdhft,A

ShortQuestions.Q.1- Pleader vfHkoDrk

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2018LongQuestionQ.1- Logicallydecideanytenparticularsshallnotbeliabletoattachmentorsaleintheexecutionof

decree.Whatprocedureshallbeadoptedincasewhereattachmentsofthesamepropertyhavebeenmadebydifferentcourtattheinstanceofdifferentdecree-holdersofthecommonjudgment-debtor?rkfdZd#ilsmunlphtksadksr;dhft,ftldhfMØhdsfu’iknuesadqdhZrFkkfcØhughagksldsxhAmuekeyksaesaD;k

11

izfØ;kviuk;htk,xhtgk¡ijfofHkéU;k;ky;ksa}kjkoghalEifÙkdqdZdhx;hgStksfofHkéfMØh/kkjdksadk,dghfu.khZr_.khdhgS\

Q.2- Whowillbethelegalrepresentative?Inwhichcasestheproceedingsoftheexecutionofthedecreecanbestartedagainsthim personally?Statetheliabilityofancestralproperty.fof/kdizfrfuf/kdkSugksxk\fduekeyksaesafMØhdsfu’iknudhizfØ;kO;fäxr#ilsmldsfo#)izkjEHkdhtkldrhgS\ioZthlEifÙkdsnkf;Rocrkb,A

ShortQuestion–Q.1- Inwhichconditionsandforhowlongtimeajudgmentdebtorcanbedetainedincivilprison?

fdun”kkvksaesarFkkfdrusle;rd,dfu.khZr&_.khukxfjddkjkxkjesacanhcuk;ktkldrkgS\Q.2- Whatwillbetheconsequencesofresistancetoexecution?

fu’iknudkizfrjks/kdsD;kifj.kkegksaxs\Q.3- WhichquestionstobedeterminedbytheCourtexecutingthedecree?

fMØhfu’ikfnrdjusokysU;k;ky;}kjkdkSulsiz”ufofu”prfd,tk,xsa\LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2019

LongQuestionQ.1- WhatarethevariousmodesbywhichaDecreemaybeexecuted?Discuss.

OkgdkSu&dkSulsrjhdsgSaftlds}kjkvkKfIrdkfu"iknufd;ktkldrkgS\O;k[;kdhft,A

Q.2- Writeshortnotesonthefollowing:fuEufyf[krijlaf{kIrfVIif.k;k¡fyf[k,%

(a)PaymentunderDecreevkKfIrdsvUrxZrHkqxrku

(b)CourtexecutingDecree

vkKfIrdkfu"iknudjusokykU;k;ky;

ShortQuestion–

Q.1- Executionfu"iknu

Assignment/ModelPaper

Unit-IILongQuestionQ.1- Whatdoyoumeanbyexecutionofdecree?Whichcourtscanexecutedecree?

vkKfIrdsfu’iknulsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\dkSu&dkSulsU;k;ky;vkKfIrdksfu’ikfnrdjldrsgS\Q.2- Whatarethequestionswhichcanbedeterminedbytheexecutingcourt?

ogdkSulsiz”ugSaftudksfu’iknuU;k;ky;}kjkfu.khZrfd;ktkldrkgS\Q.3- Discuss the modes ofexecution.Describe those properties which are exempted from

attachmentinexecutionofadecree.vkKfIrdsfu’iknudsfofHkUurjhdksadko.kZudhft,A,slhlEifRr;ksadko.kZudhft,tksvkKfIrdsfu’iknuesadqdhZlseqDrgSA

LongAnswersQ.1- Whatdoyoumeanbyexecutionofdecree?Whichcourtscanexecutedecree?

Ans.-

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:Execution–Executionmeanstheprocessforenforcingorgivingeffecttothejudgmenttothecourt.Theprincipalgoverningexecutionofdecreaseandorderdealtwithinsection36-74andorder21ofthecodecontain106rules.2.CourtpassingaDecreeSection37–Section37definetheexpressioncourtwhichpassedadecree.3.Courtsbywhichdecreesmaybeexecuted,section384.Transferofdecreeforexecution:section39-42,Rules3-9

12

Execution-Theterm executionhasnotbeendefinedinthecode.Executionmeanstheprocess

forenforcingorgivingeffecttothejudgmentofthecourt.Inotherwordsexecutionisthe

enforcementofdecreesandorderbytheprocessofthecourt,soastoenabletheenabledecree

holdertorealizethefruitsofthedecree.

Theprinciplegoverningexecutionofdecreesandorderaredealtwithinsection36to74

(SubstantiveLaw)andorder21ofthecodecontain106rules(Proceduralprovision).

Section38ofthecodeenactsthatadecreemaybeexecutedeitherbythecourtwhichpassed

itorbythecourttowhichitissentforexecution.Section37definestheexpression“courtwhich

passedadecree”whileSection39to45provideforthetransferforexecutionofadecreebythecourt

whichpassedthedecreetoanothercourt,laydownconditionsforsuchtransferandalsodealwith

powersofexecutingcourt.Allthesesections,therefore,needtobereadtogether.

2.COURTPASSINGADECREE:SECTION37

Section37definestheexpression“courtwhichpassedadecree”.Thesectionenlargesthe

scopeoftheexpression“courtwhichpassedadecree”withtheobjectofgivinggreaterfacilitiestoa

decree-holdertorealizethefruitsofthedecreepassedinhisfavour.Thefollowingcourtfallwithin

thesaidexpression:

(i) Thecourtoffirstinstancewhichactuallypassedthedecree;

(ii) Thecourtoffirstinstanceincaseofappellatedecrees;

(iii) Wherethecourtoffirstinstancehasceasedtoexist,thecourtwhichwouldhave

jurisdictiontotrythesuitatthetimeofexecution;and

(iv) Wherethecourtoffirstinstancehasceasedtohavejurisdictiontoexecutethedecree,the

courtwhichatthetimeofexecutionwouldhavehadjurisdictiontotrythesuit.

3.COURTSBYWHICHDECREESMAYBEEXECUTED;SECTION38

Adecreemaybeexecutedeitherbthecourtwhichpassedit,orbythecourttowhichitissent

forexecution.Acourtwhichhasneitherpassedadecree,noradecreeistransferredforexecution,

canexecuteit.

Wherethecourtoffirstinstancehasceasedtoexistorceasedtohavejurisdictiontoexecute

thedecreecanbeexecutedbythecourtwhichatthetimeofmakingtheexecutionapplicationwould

havejurisdictioninthematter.

Sometimesapeculiarsituationarises.SupposecourtApassedadecree,andthereafterapart

oftheareawithinthejurisdictionofcourtAistransferredtocourtB.Insuchasituationthefollowing

twoquestionsarise:

(a)WhethercourtAcontinuestohavejurisdictiontoentertainanapplicationforexecution?And

(b)WhethercourtB (towhichtheareaistransferred)canalsoentertainanapplicationfor

executionwithoutaformaltransmissionofthedecreefrom courtAtocourtB?

Thefirstquestionmustnow beansweredintheaffirmativeafterthepronouncementofthe

SupremeCourtinthecaseofMerlaRamannav.Nallaparaju,whereinthecourtheld:

“[I]tissettledlawthatthecourtwhichactuallypassedthedecreedoesnotloseitsjurisdiction

to execute it,byreason ofthe subject-matterthereofbeing transferred subsequentlyto the

jurisdictionofanothercourt.

Butwithregardtothesecondquestion,therewereconflictingdecisions.TheHighCourtof

Calcutta,ontheonehand,hadtakentheviewthatinthissituationboththecourts(AandB)wouldbe

13

competenttoentertainanapplicationforexecution;theHighCourtofMadras,ontheotherhand,had

takenacontraryviewbyholdingthatintheabsenceofanorderoftransferbythecourtwhichpassed

thedecree(courtA),thatcourtalonecanentertainanapplicationforexecutionandnotthecourtto

whosejurisdictionthesubject-matterhasbeentransferred(courtB).TheSupremeCourtinMerla

Ramannareferredtotheaboveconflictofdecisionsbutleftthepointopenanddidnotexpressany

finalopinionastowhichofthetwoviewsiscorrectbyobservingthus:“Itisnotnecessaryinthiscase

todecidewhichofthesetwoviewsiscorrect”,becauseaccordingtotheSupremeCourteven

assumingthattheopinionexpressedintheMadrascasewascorrectsincethetransfereecourthad

noinherentlackofjurisdiction,theobjectiontoitoughttohavebeentakenattheearliestopportunity

andasitwastakenasthatstage,itmustbedeemedtohavebeenwaivedandcannotberaisedat

anylaterstageoftheproceedings.

(emphasissupplied)

TheexplanationaddedtoSection37bytheAmendmentActof1976giveseffecttotheCalcuttaviewandmakesitclearthatboththecourtswouldbecompetenttoentertainanapplicationforexecutionofadecree.4.TRANSFEROFDECREEFOREXECUTION:SECTION39-42,RULES3-9

Asstatedabove,adecreemaybeexecutedeitherbythecourtwhichpasseditorbythecourttowhichitissentforexecution.Section39providesforthetransferofadecreebythecourtwhichhaspasseditandlaysdowntheconditionstherefore.

Asageneralrule,thecourtwhichpassedthedecreeisprimarilythecourttoexecuseit,butsuchcourtmaysendthedecreeforexecutiontoanothercourteithersuomotu(ofitsownmotion)orontheapplicationonthedecree-holderifanyofthefollowinggroundsexists;

(i) Thejudgmentdebtoractuallyandvoluntarilyresidesorcarriesonbusiness,orpersonallyworksforgain,withinthelocallimitsofthejurisdictionofthesuchcourt;or

(ii) Thejudgment-debtordoesnothavepropertysufficienttosatisfythedecreewithinthelocallimitsofthejurisdictionofthecourtwhichpassedthedecreebuthaspropertywithinthelocallimitsofthejurisdictionofthesuchothercourt;or

(iii) Thedecreedirectsthesaleordeliveryofimmovablepropertysituateoutsidethelocallimitsofthejurisdictionofthecourtwhichpassedit;or

(iv) Thecourtwhichpassedthedecreeconsidersitnecessaryforanyotherreasontoberecordedinwritingthatthedecreeshouldbeexecutedbysuchothercourt.TheprovisionsofSection39are,however,notmandatoryandthecourthasdiscretionin

thematterwhichwillbejudiciallyexercisedbyit.Thedecree-holderhasnovestedorsubstantiverighttogetthedecreetransferredtoanothercourt.Therightofthedecree-holderistomakeanapplicationfortransferwhichismerelyaproceduralright.BytheAmendmentActof1976,sub-section(3)hasbeenaddedtoSection39.Itclarifiesthatthetransfereecourtmusthavepecuniaryjurisdictiontodealwiththesuitinwhichthedecreewaspassed.Likewise,sub-section(4)ofSection39,asaddedbytheCodeofCivilProcedure(Amendment)Act,2002furtherclarifiesthatthecourtpassingthedecreehasnopowertoexecutesuchdecreeagainstapersonorpropertyoutsidethelocallimitsofitsterritorialjurisdiction.

Q.2- Whatarethequestionswhichcanbedeterminedbytheexecutingcourt?Ans.-

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.Questionstobedeterminedbythecourtexecutingdecreeaccordingtosection47-2.Explanation–I3.Explanation–II

14

QuestionstobedeterminedbytheCourtexecutingdecree-Accordingtosection47–

1-Allquestionsarisingbetweenthepartiesthepartiestothesuitinwhichthedecreewaspassed,ortheirrepresentatives,andrelatingtotheexecution,dischargeorsatisfactionofthedecree,shallbedeterminedbytheCourtexecutingthedecreeandnotbyaseparatesuit.

2-OmittedbyAct104of1976.effectivefrom 1-2-1977.3-Whereaquestionarisesastowhetheranypersonisorisnottherepresentativeofaparty,

suchquestionshallfor,forthepurposesofthissection,bedeterminedbythecourt.Explanation-I–

Forthepurposesofthissection,aplaintiffwhosesuithasbeendismissedandadefendantagainstwhom asuithasbeendismissedarepartiestothesuit.

Explanation-II-(a)Forthepurposesofthissection,apurchaserofpropertyatasaleinexecutionofadecreeshallofbedeemedtobeapartytothesuitinwhichthedecreeispassed;and(b)allquestionsrelatedtothedeliveryofpossessionofsuchpropertytosuchpurchaserorhis

representative shallbe deemed to be questions relating to the execution,discharge orsatisfactionofthedecreewithinthemeaningofthissection.

TheexerciseofpowersunderSection47oftheCodeismicroscopicandliesinaverynarrowinspectionhole.ThusitisplainthatexecutingCourtcanallowobjectionunderSection47oftheCodetotheexcitabilityofthedecreeifitisfoundthatthesameisvoidabinitoandnullity,apartfrom thegroundthatdecreeisnotcapableofexecutionunderlaw eitherbecausethesamewaspassedinignoranceofsuchaprovisionsoflaw orthelaw waspromulgatedmakingadecreeinexecutableafteritspassing.

Theobjectofsection47isthattheCourthavingthepartiesalreadybeforeit,shoulddecideallquestionsrelatingtoexecution,etc.,arisingbetweenthem,inplaceofallowingoneortheotherofthem toputhisadversarytothedelayandcostofaseparatesuitincasesinwhichbutforthissectionitmightbepossibleforhim todoso.

Section47beingaspecialprovisioncannotbeextendedtopersonswhoarenotpartiestothesuit.Onlyoptiontothirdpartiesistofileaseparatesuit.

TheprincipleisalsowellestablishedthatordinarilytheexecutingCourtcannotgobehindthedecree.ButitiswithinthecompetenceoftheexecutingCourttointerpretdecreeoughttobeexecutedandfordoingsotheCourtcanrefertoreliefssoughtintheplaintanddiscussioninthejudgmenttoascertainthetrueimportofthedecree._________________________________________________________________________________________

Q.-3-Discuss the modes ofexecution.Describe those properties which are exempted fromattachmentinexecutionofadecree.

Ans.-Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:

1-Modesofexecutiona.Decreeforpaymentofmoneyb.Decreeforspecificmoveablepropertyc.Decreeforspecificperformanceforrestitutionofconjugalrightsorfor

injunctiond.Decreeforimmovablepropertye.Decreefordeliveryofimmovablepropertywheninoccupancyoftenant.

2-Propertyliabletoattachmentandsaleinexecutionofdecree:Accordingtosection60

a.Landb.Houseotherbuildingc.Money

15

Modesofexecution-Differentmodesofexecutiondiscussinorder21,rules30to37,CPC,1908areasfollows-

1- Decreeforpaymentofmoney,2- Decreeforspecificmovableproperty,3- Decreeforspecificperformanceforrestitutionofconjugalrights,orforaninjunction,4- Decreeforexecutionofdocument,orendorsementofnegotiableinstrument,5- Decreeforimmovableproperty,6- Decreefordeliveryofimmovablepropertywheninoccupancyoftenant.

Propertyliabletoattachmentandsaleinexecutionofdecree:-Accordingtosection60Thefollowingpropertyisliabletoattachmentandsaleinexecutionofdecree-

1. Land2. Housesotherbuilding3. Goods4. Money5. Banknotes,billofexchangehundies,promissorynotes,governmentsecurities,bondsorothersecuritiesofmoney.6. Debts7. SharesinaCorporationand8. Exceptandhereinaftermaintainsaleablemovableorimmovable,belongingtothejudgmentdebtor oroverwhichortheprofitsofwhich,hehasadisposingpowerwhichhemayexerciseforhisown benefit,whetherthesamebeheldinthenameofthejudgmentdebtororbyanyotherpersonintrust forhim oronhisbehalf.

Propertynotliableforattachmentandsaleinexecutionofdecree:Thefollowingparticularsshallnotbeliabletattachmentandsaleinexecutionofdecree,

namely:a) thenecessarywearing-apparel,cookingvessels,bedsandbeddingofthejudgment-debtor,hiswife andchildren,andsuchpersonalornamentsas,inaccordancewithreligiouswishes,cannotbeparted withbyanywoman;b) tools ofartisans,and where the judgment-debtoris an agriculturist,his implementofhusbandryand suchcattleandsead-grainasmay,intheopinionsofthecourt,benecessarytoenablehim toearnhis livehoodassuch,andportionofagriculturalproduceorofanyclassofagricultureproduceasmay havebeendeclaredtobefreefrom liabilityundertheprovisionofthenextfollowingsection.c) Houseandotherbuilding(withthematerialsandthesitesthereforandthelandimmediatelyappurtenanttheretoandnecessaryfortheirenjoyment)belongingto(anagriculturistoralaboureroradomesticservantandoccupiedbyhim).d) booksofaccount,e) amererighttosuefordamages;f) anyrightofpersonalservice;g) stipendsandgratuitiesallowedtopensionersoftheGovernment(orofalocalauthorityorofany otheremployer),orpayableoutofanyservicefamilypensionlandnotifiedintheofficialGazetteby (theCentralGovernmentortheStateGovernment)inthisbehalf,andpoliticalpensions;h) thewagesoflabourersanddomesticservant,whetherpayableinmoneyorinkind.i) salarytotheextentofthefirstfourhundredrupeeandtwo-thirdsofthe4remainderinexecutionofanddecreeotherthanaformaintenance,providedthatwhereanypartofsuchportionofthesalaryas isliabletointermittently,foratotalperiodoftwentyfourmonthssuchportionshallbeexemptsfrom attachmentunittheexpiryofafurtherperiodoftwelvemonthsandwheresuchattachmenthasbeen madeinexecutionofoneandthesamedecree,shall,oftenthe

16

attachmenthascontinuedforatotal period oftwenty-fourmonthsbefinallyfrom attachmentexecutionofthatdecree,(i-a)one-thirdof thesalaryinexecutionofanydecree,formaintenance,j) thepayallallowancesofpersonstowhom theAirForceAct1950(46of1950)ortheArmyAct, 1950(46of1950),ortheNavyAct,1957(62of1957),appliesk) allcompulsorydepositandothersumsinorderivedfrom anyfundtowhichtheprovidentfundAct, 1925(19of1925),forthetimesbeingappliesinsofarastheyaredeclaredbythesaidActnottobe liabletoattachment;(k-a)alldepositsandothersumsinorderivedfrom anyfundtowhichthepublicprovidentfundAct1968(23of1968)forthetimesbeingapplies,insofarastheyaredeclaredbysaidActasnotbeliabletoattachment,(k-b)allmoneyspayableunderapolicyofinsuranceonthelifeofthejudgment-debtor;(k-C).TheInterestoflesseeofaresidentialbuildingtowhichtheprovisionoflawforthetimebeinginforcereelectingtocontrolofrentandaccommodationapply;l) anyallowanceformingpart..........ofanyservantsofthegovernmentofanyservantrailwaycompanyorlocalauthoritywhichtheappropriateGovernmentmaybenotificationintheofficialGazettedeclaretobeexemptfrom attachment,andanysubsistencegrantorallowancemadetoanysuchservantwhileundersuspension;m) anexpectancyofsuccessionbysurvivorshipormerelycontingentorpossiblerightininterest;n) arighttofuturemaintenance;o) anyallowancedeclaredbyanyIndianlawtobeexemptedfrom liabilitytoattachmentorsalein

executionofadecree,andp) wherethejudgmentdebtorisapersonliableforthepaymentofland-revenue,anymovableproperty which,underanylawfortherecoveryofanarrearsofsuchrevenue.Explanation:

Themoneyspayableinrelationtothemattersmentionedinclasses(g),(h),(i),(ia),(j),(l)and(o)areexemptedfrom attachmentorsale,whetherbeforeoraftertheyareactuallypayable,and,inthecaseofsalary,theattachableportionthereforeisliabletoattachment,whetherbeforeorafteritisactuallypayablemonthlyemoluments,excludinganyallowancedeclaredexemptfrom attachmentundertheprovisionsofclause(1),derivedbyapersonfrom hisemploymentweatherondutyorleave.

Explanation-III:Inclause(i)"appropriateGovernment"means(i)asrespectanypersonintheserviceofthe

CentralGovernmentorServantofaRailwayadministrationorofacantonmentauthority(ii)asrespectsanyotherservantoftheGovernmentoraservantofanyotherlocalauthority,theStateGovernment.

Explanation-IV:Forthepurposeofthisproviso,"wagesincludeslabourer;Explanation-V:Forthepurposeof

thisprovisotheexpression"agriculturist"meansapersonwhocultivateslandpersonallyandwhodependsforhislivehoodmainlyontheincomefrom agriculturalland,whetherasowner,tenant,partneroragriculturallabourer.

Explanation-VI:ForthepurposeofExplanationV,anagriculturalshallbedeemedtocultivatelandpersonally,if

cultivateland,(a)byhisownlabouror(b)bythelabourofanymemberofhisfamilyor(c)byServantorlaboureronwagespayableincashorinkind(notbeingasshareoftheproduce),orboth(1-A).Notwithstandinganythingcontained,inanyotherlaw timebeinginforce,anagreementbywhich"personagreestowaivesthebenefitofanyexemptionunderhissectionshallbevoid.

(2)nothinginthisSectionshallbedeemedtoexempthousesandotherbuilding(withthematerialandthesiderthereforeandthelandimmediatelyappurtenanttheretoandnecessaryfortheirenjoyment)from attachmentorsaleinexecutionofdecreeforrentofanysuchhouse,buildingsideorland(Section60).

17

Unit–III

Syllabus:-UnitIII: Appeals:Appealsfrom originaldecree, Appealsfrom appellatedecree, General

provisionsrelatingtoappeals,AppealstoSupremeCourt,Appealsbyindigentperson,ReferencetoHighCourt,ReviewandRevision,Execution

UnitWisePreviousYearQuestionPaperofLucknowUniversityLL.B.(SemesterVI)2013

LongQuestionsQ.1- WhatdoyouunderstandbyFirstAppeal?Whatarethegeneralprovisionsrelatingtoappeals?Discuss.

izFkevihylsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\vihylslEcfU/krlkekU;micU/ksaD;kD;kgSa\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- Writeanessayonreference,reviewandrevision.

funsZ”k]iqufoZyksdu,oaiqujh{k.kij,dfucU/kfyf[k,AShortQuestions.Q.1- Substantialquestionoflaw. fof/kdklkjokuiz”uAQ.2- AppealstoSupremeCourt. mPpreU;k;ky;dhvihysAQ.3-Appealbyindigentperson. vfdapuO;fDr}kjkvihyA

LL.B.(SemesterVI)2014LongQuestionsQ.1- Defineindigentsuit,laiddowntheprodedureforfilinganindigentsuit.

vfdapuokndhifjHkk’kk]vfdapuokndksnk;jdjusdhizfØ;kdko.kZudhft,AQ.2- Whatdoyouunderstandbyreference?Enumeratetheconditionsunderwhichthesubordinate

courtcanmakeareferencetotheHighCourt.funsZ”klsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\mufLFkfr;ksadkscrkb,ftuesav/khuLFkU;k;ky;mPpU;k;ky;dksfunsZ”kHkstldrkgSAShortQuestions.

Q.1- Review. iqufcZyksduAQ.2- Firstappeal. izFkevihyA

LL.B.(SemesterVI)2015LongQuestionsQ.1- Whatdoyoumeanbyrevision?Whataredifferencesbetweenreviewandreference?Discuss.

iqujh{k.klsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\iqufoZyksdu,oafunsZ”kesaD;k&D;kvUrjgSa\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- “SecondappealunderC.P.C.canbefiledifitinvolvesasubstantialquestionofLaw.“Elaborate

withthesupportofcaselaw.ÞlhihlhdsvUrxZrf}rh;vihyrHkhrS;kjdhtkldrhgStcmlesafof/kdklkjokuiz”uvUrfyZIrgksAßO;k[;kfu.khZroknksadhlgk;rklsdhft,A

ShortQuestions.Q.1- Writpetition ;kfpdkizkFkZuki=Q.2- Firstappeal. izFkevihyAQ.3- AppealbyIndigentperson vfdapuO;fDr}kjkvihy

LL.B.(SemesterVI)2016LongQuestionsQ.1- Whomayappealasanindigentperson?Whatwouldbetheeffectofrejectionofapplicationon

hisrightofappeal.fu/kZuO;fDrds:IkesavihydkSudjldrkgS\mldkizkFkZuki=[kkfjtgksusdhn”kkesavihyh;vf/kdkjijD;kizHkkoiM+sxk\

Q.2- WhatarethegoundsandproceduretofileappealtoSupremeCourtunderCPC?Explain.flfoyizfØ;klafgrkdsvUrxZrfduvk/kkjksaijloksZPpU;k;ky;esavihydhtkldrhgSbldhizfØ;kD;kgS\O;k[;kdhft,A

ShortQuestions.

18

Q.1- DifferencebetweenReviewandRevisioniqufoZyksdu,oaiqujh{k.kesavUrjLL.B.(SemesterVI)2018

LongQuestionsQ.1- Whataretheessentialconditionsformakingreference?Whatshalldothesubordinatecourt

afterreference?WhatarethepowersofHighCourtinreferencecasesandwhowillpaythecostifanyreferencemadebythesub-ordinatecourtsuomotu?funsZ”kdjusdsfy,D;kvko”;d“krsZagSa\funsZ”kdsmijkUrv/khuLFkU;k;ky;D;kdjsxk\funsZ”kdsekeysesamPpU;k;ky;dhD;k“kfä;k¡gSarFkk;fndksbZfunsZ”kv/khuLFkU;k;ky;dsLoizsj.kklsfd;kx;kgSrks[kpkZdkSuHkjsxk\

Q.2- Whomayappealasanindigentperson?Cananinquirybemadethatactuallyapplicantisanindigentperson?Inwhichcasestheapplicantwillpaythecourt-fee?fu/kZuO;fäds#iesadkSuvihydjldrkgS\D;ktk¡pdhtkldrhgSfdokLroesaizkFkhZ,dfu/kZuO;fägS\fduekeyksaesaizkFkhZU;k;ky;“kqYdvnkdjsxk\

ShortQuestions–Q.1- Inwhichcasestheappealfrom originaldecreecanbelieandcannotbelie?

fduekeyksaesaewyvkKfIrdhvihygksldrhgSrFkkfduesaughagksldrh\Q.2- Inwhichcircumstancesareviewshallbegranted?

fduifjfLFkfr;ksaesaiqufoZyksduvuqnÙkfd;ktkldsxk\LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2019

LongQuestionQ.1- Whatdoyoumeanby"SubstantialQuestionofLaw"?Discusswithcaselaw.

Þfof/kdslkjokuiz'uÞlsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\fu.khZroknksalfgrO;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- WhatdoyoumeanbyRevision?WhataredifferencesbetweenRevisionandReference?

Discuss.Ikqujh{k.klsvkidkD;krkRi;ZgS\iqujh{k.k,oalanHkZesaD;k&D;kvUrjgSa\O;k[;kdhft,A

ShortQuestion–Q.1- AppealstoSupremeCourt

mPpreU;k;ky;dksvihysaQ.2- FirstAppeal

izFkevihyAssignment/ModelPaper

Unit-IIILongQuestionsQ.1- WhatdoyouunderstandbyFirstAppeal?Whatarethegeneralprovisionsrelatingtoappeals?Discuss.

izFkevihylsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\izFkevihylslEcfU/krlkekU;micU/ksaD;kD;kgSa\O;k[;kdhft,AQ.2- Writeanessayonreference,reviewandrevision.

funsZ”k]iqufoZyksdu,oaiqujh{k.kij,dfucU/kfyf[k,AQ.3- Discusssecondappealandsubstantialquestionoflaw.

f}rh;vihy,oafof/kdslkjoku~iz”udko.kZudhft,A

LongAnswers

Q.1- WhatdoyouunderstandbyFirstAppeal?Whatarethegeneralprovisionsrelatingtoappeals?Discuss.

Ans.-

19

FirstAppeal-Theexpression'appeal'hasnotbeendefinedinthecodebutitmaybedefinedas"Thejudicialexaminationofthedecisionbyhighercourtofthedecisionofaninferioncourt;

Itiswellsettledthatanappealiscreatureofstatuteandthereisnorightofappealunlessitisgivenclearlyandinexpressform byastatute.

afirstappealliesagainstadecreepassedbyacourtexercisingoriginaljurisdiction.FirstappealcanbefiledinsuperiorcourtwhichmayormaynotbeaHighCourtanditmaintainableanaquestionoffact;oronaquestionoflaworonaquestionoffactandlaw.

Section96andOrder41ofthecoderecognizestherightofappealfrom everydecreepassedbyanycourtexerciseoforiginaljurisdictionbutbeforeanappealcanbefiledtwoconditionsmustbesatisfied.1. Thesubjectmatterofappealmustbea'decree'thataconclusivedeterminationoftherightsofthepartieswithregardtoalloranyofthemattersincontroversyinthesuit.2. Thepartyappealingmusthavelearnadverselyaffectedbysuchdetermination.

Ifapartyagreesnottoappealorwaineshisrighttoappeal,hecannotfileanappealandwillbeboundbyanagreement,ifotherwisesuchagreementisvalid.

Oneoftheremediesavailabletothedefendantagainst whom anexpartydecreeispassed,istofileanappealagainstsuchadecreeundersection96(2)ofthecode.Section96(3)declaresthatnoappealshalllieagainstconsentdecree.Section96(4)barsappealonfactsfrom decreepassedinpettysuitwheretheamountorvalueofthesubjectmatteroforiginalsuitdoesnotexceedtenthousandrupees.

Thecodeofcivilprocedureconfer;arightofappealbutdoesnotprescribeaperiodoflimitation.ThelimitationAct1963,provideperiodforfilingappeals.Itsalesthatanappealagainstadecreeorordercanbefiledishighcourtwithinninetydaysandinanyothercourtwithin30daysfromthedateofthedecreeororderappealedagainst.

Rule5providesforstayofanexecutionofadecreeoranorder.Afteranappealhasbeenfiled,theappellatecourtmaystayofproceedingunderthedecreeorexecutionofsuchdecree.

Thefollowingconditionmustbesatisfiedbeforestayisgranted.a. Theapplicationhasbeenmadewithoutunreasonabledelay.b. Substantiallosswillresulttotheapplicantunlesssuchorderinmade.c. Securityfordueperformanceofthedecreeororderhasbeengivenbytheapplicant.

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:FirstAppeal–Section96andOrder41Theexpression‘appeal’hasnotbeendefinedinthecodebutitmaybedefinedas“Thejudicialexaminationofthedecisionbyhighercourtofthedecisionofaninferiorcourt.Itiswellsettledthatanappealiscreatureofstatuteandthereisnorightofappealunlessitisgivenclearlyandinexpressform byastatute.Afirstappealliesagainstadecreepassedbycourtexercisingoriginaljurisdiction.FirstappealcanbefiledinsuperiorcourtwhichmayormaynotaHighCourtanditmaintainableanaquestionoffact;oronaquestionoflaworonaquestionoffactandlaw.

1.PowerofAppellateCourt

a.FinalDeterminationb.Remandc.Framingissuesandreferringthem fortrail

2.DutiesofAppellateCourta.Todecideappealfinallyb.Nottointerferewithdegreefortechnicalerrorsc.Appreciationofevidenced.Recordingofreasonse.Otherduties

20

Rule11dealswiththepowerofappellatecourttodismissanappealsummarily.Iftheappealisnotsummarilydismissed,theappellatecourtshallfixadayforhearing,oftheappealandthenoticeofsuchdateofhearingshallbeseveralupontherespondentwithacopyofthememorandumofappeal.(Rule12,14).PowerofAppellateCourt-Section96-108andRules23to33,oforder41,enumeratespowersofanappellatecourtwhilehearingfirstappeal.Theymaybesummarizedthus.a. FinalDetermination-Section107(1)aandRule24oforder41enabletheappellatecourttodisposeofcasefinallywheretheevidenceonrecordissufficienttoenabletheappellatecourttopronouncejudgmentitmayfinallydeterminethecasenotwithstandingthatthejudgmentofthetrailcourthasproceededwhollyuponsomeotherground.b. Remand-Section107(1)(b)Rule25623-a,remandsmeanstosendback,theappellatecourtshouldnotexerciseofthepowerofremandlightly.c. Framingissuesandreferringthem fortrail-Wherethelowercourthasomitted-i. toframeanyissueofii. tryanyissueiii. todetermineanyquestionoffacts.Theappellatecourtmayframeissuesandreferthem fortrailto lowercourtandshalldirecttotaketheadditionalevidence.DutiesofAppellateCourt-Thecodeimposescertaindutiesonappellatecourtsandthecourthastodecideappealskeepinginmindtheseduties.Thesedutiesareasfollows:-a. Todecideappealfinally-Itisdutyofappellatecourttodecideanappealisaccordancewithlawafterconsideringtheevidenceaswhole.b. Nottointerferewithdecreefortechnicalerrors-Section99ofthecodeenactsthatadecreewhichisotherwisecorrectonmeritsandiswithinthejurisdictionofcourt,andshouldnotbeupsetmerelyfortechnicalandimmaterialdefects.c. Appreciationofevidence-Anappealisacontinuationofsuit. Inasmuchanappealisarehearingofthematter,theappellatecourtcanreappreciatetheentireevidenceandaswellasdocumentaryancanarriveatitsownconclusion.d. Recordingofreasons-Anappellatecourthaspowertodismisstheappealsummarily.Suchpowershouldbeexercisedsparinglyandinexceptionalcasesandthattooafterrecordingreason.Rule31,however,enjoinsanappellatecourttorecordreasoninsupportofitsjudgment.e. Otherduties-Anappealcanbeadmittedordismissedaswhole.Itcannotbeadmittedpartlyoncetheappealisadmitted,itcannotbedismissedontechnicalgrounds.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q.2- Writeanessayonreference,reviewandrevision.Ans.

21

ReferenceS.113andOrder46Section 113ofC.P.C.empowersasubordinatecourttostateacaseandreferthesamefor

theopinionoftheHighCourt.Suchanopinioncanbesoughtwhenthecourtitselffeelssomedoubtaboutaquestionoflaw.TheH.C.Maymakesuchorderthereonasitthinksfit.Suchopinioncanbesoughtbyacourtwhenthecourttryingasuit,appealorexecutionproceedingsentertainsreasonabledoubtaboutaquestionoflaw.ObjectofReference:-Objectfortheprovisionforreferenceistoenablesubordinatecourtstoobtaininnon-appealablecasestheopinionoftheH.C.intheabsenceofaquestionoflawandtherebyavoidthecommissionofanerrorwhichcouldnotberemediedlateron[Chhotubhaiv.BaiKashi,AIR,1941].Conditions–Unlesstheconditionsprescribedbyorder–XLV1(46),Rule1,arenotfulfilled,theH.C.can’tentertainareferencefrom subordinatecourt.

FollowingConditionsarerequiredtobefulfilled1. Theremustbeapendingsuitorappealinwhichthedecreeisnotsubjecttoappealorpending

proceedinginexecutionofsuchdecree.2. AquestionofLaworusagehavingtheforceofLawmustariseinthecourseofsuchsuit

appealorproceeding.3. ThequestionmustrelatetothevalidityofanyAct,ordinanceorRegulations.4. ThesubordinatecourtisofftheviewthattheimpugnedAct,ordinanceorRegulationis

ultraviresoranyprovision,thereofisinoperative–WhoMayapply-Onlyacourtcanrefereitheronanapplicationofpartyorsuo-moto.PowerandDutyofH.C.–1. ThejurisdictionoftheH.C.isconsultative.2. TheH.C.mayanswerthequestionreferredtoitandsendbackthecasetothereferringcourt

fordisposalinaccordancewithlaw.

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.ReferenceS.113andOrder46

a.Section113ofC.P.C.b.ObjectofReferencec.Conditions

2.FollowingConditionsarerequiredtobefulfilled3.Whomayapply4.PoweranddutyofH.C.5.LimitationPeriod6.MeaningofReview7.Object8.Whomayapply9.Whenreviewlies10.Parties11.Grounds12.Discoveryofnewevidence13.Errorapparentonfaceofrecord14.Othersufficientreasons15.Grounds16.DifferencebetweenIstAppeal&Revision17.DifferencebetweenRevisionandReview18.DifferencebetweenReferenceandRevision19.DifferencebetweenReferenceandReview20.DifferencebetweenReferenceandAppeal

22

3. H.C.mayalsorefusetoanswerthereferenceoreventoquashit.4. theH.C.,However,cannotmakeanyorderonmeritsnorcanitmakesuggestions.LimitationPeriod–Nolimitationperiodforreferenceisprovidedassoonasthequestionarises,thecourtcanreferittotheH.C.

Review:S–114.Order–XLVII(47)

Theprovisionrelatingtothereview constitutesanexceptiontotheGeneralrulethatoncethejudgmentissignedandpronouncedbythecourtitbecomesFunctusofficio(Ceasestohavecontroloverthematter)andhasnojurisdictiontoalterit(Order20-Rule1)MeaningofReview-Reviewmeanstoreconsidertolookagainorre-examine.Inlegalparlanceitisajudicialre-examinationofthecasebythesamecourtandbythesamejudge.Inreview,ajudge,whohasdisposedofthematterreviewedonearlierorderpassedbyhim incertaincircumstance.Object–Theremedyhasbeenborrowedfrom thecourtsofequity.ThebasicphilosophyinherentintherecognitionoftheDoctrineofreviewisacceptanceofhumanfallibility.Ifthereisanerrorduetohumanfailing,itcan’tbepermittedtoperpetuateandtodefeatjustice.Suchmistakesorerrorsmustbecorrectedtopreventmiscarriageofjustice.Thejusticeisaboveall,lawhastobendbeforejustice.Whomayapply:-Apersonaggrievedbyadecreeororderwayapplyforreviewofajudgment.WhenReviewlies:-a. adecreeororderfrom noappealliesisopentoreview.b. Areviewisalsomaintainableincaseswhereappealisprovidedthat,butnosuchappealsis

preferred.Parties-maynotbeabletoapproachHCorSCduetolacktomoneyorphysicaldistance,etc.Grounds:-Areviewapplicationmaybefiledonanyofthefollowinggrounds:1. DiscoveryofNewandimportantmatterorevidence.2. Mistakeorerrorapparentonthefaceofrecord.3. Anyothersufficientreason.1. Discoveryofnew evidence :-A review ispermissibleonthegroundofdiscoverybythe

applicantofsomenew&importantmatterorevidencewhich,afterexerciseofduediligence,wasnotwithinhisknowledgeorcouldn’tbeproducedbyhim atthetimewhenthedecreewaspassed.

2. Errorapparentonfaceofrecord :- Whatiserrorapparentorthefaceofrecordcan’tbedefinedpreciselyandexhaustively,However,noerrorcanbesaidtobeapparentonthefaceofrecord,ifitisnotself-evidentandrequiresanexaminationorargumentstoestablishit:1. Pronouncementofjudgmentwithouttakingintoconsiderationthefactthatthelawwas

amendedretrospectively.2. Omissiontotryamaterialissueinthecase.3. Decisiononmatternotinissue.4. Wantofjurisdictions5. Takingaviewcontrarylaiddownbythesuperiorcourts.

3. Othersufficientreasons:-Theexpression“anyothersufficientreasonisnowheredefinedinthecode.TheSChasheldthatitmeans“areasonsufficientongrounds,atleastanalogoustothosespecifiedintheRule.

Followinghavebeenjudiciallyheldtobesufficientgrounds:-1. Whereastatementinthejudgmentisnotcorrect.2. Whereadecreeororderhasbeenpassedunderamisrepresentationofthetruestateof

circumstances.3. Wherethecourthasfailedtoconsideramaterialissue,factofevidence.4. Agroundwhichfoestotherootofthematter&affectsjurisdictionofthecourts.

However,thepracticalaspectofreview isthatcourtsarereluctanttoadmitareviewpetition,andmorethan98%petitionsaredismissed.

Limitation:-Limitationperiodforfilingareviewpetitionis30days.

23

Revision:Sec.115Arevisionpetitioncanbefiledagainstanorderbeingnotappealable.TheHCmaycallfor

recordofanycasewhichhasbeendecidedbyanycourtsubordinatethereto.Limitation–Arevisionpetitioncanbefiledwithin90daysfrom thedateoforderordecreepassedbythedistrictsandcourtorH.C.Grounds-Alwaysfiledonjurisdictionalground.1. Ifthesubordinatecourtorlawyercourthasexercisedjurisdictionnotvestedinitbylaw(lack

ofjurisdiction).2. Ifthesubordinatecourtortrialcourthavefailedtoexerciseajurisdictionsovested(failureof

exercisingjurisdiction).3. Exerciseofjurisdictionwithillegalityormaterialirregularity.

DifferencebetweenIstAppeal&Revision-1. Anappealliestoasuperiorcourt,whichmayormaynotbeaH.C.Buttherevisioncanlieonly

beforeH.C.2. Anappealliesagainstdecreesandappealableorder,butarevisionliesagainstanydecisionof

asubordinatecourtfrom whichnonappeallies.3. AnappealisfiledasamatterofrightwhereasrevisionaljurisdictionoftheHCispurely

discretionary.4. Groundsforfilingappealandrevisionaredifferent.5. IfasuitisdismissedofSec.5S.R.A.anappealmaybefiledagainsttheorderofthecourt.But

ifasuitisdismissedu/s.6,S.R.A.noappealbutonlyrevisioncanbefiledagainstorderofdismissal.

DifferencebetweenRevisionandReview–Therearethefollowingdistinctionbetweenrevisionandreview:-1. ThepowerofrevisionisexercisedbytheHighCourtandinsomecases,bytheDistrictCourt,

i.e.,theSuperiorCourt,whilethepowerofreview isexercisedbytheCourtwhopassedthedecreeororder;

2. ThepowerofrevisionisconferredontheHighCourtonlyandinsomecasesinsomeStates,ontheDistrictCourtalso,butreviewcanbemadebyanyCourtwhichpassedthejudgmentororder;

3. Revisionalpowerscanbeexercisedonlyincasesinwhichnoappeallies,butreview canbemadeevenwhenappealliestotheSupremeCourt;

4. Thegroundsonwhichthepowersofrevisionandreviewcanbeexercisedaredifferent.Thegroundforrevisionrelatestojurisdictioni.e.,wantofjurisdiction;failuretoexercisejurisdictionvestedintheCourt,orillegalorirregularexerciseofthejurisdiction,whilethegroundsforreviewarethediscoveryofnewandimportantmatterofevidence,someapparentmistakeorerroronthefaceoftherecordoranyothersufficientreason;

5. TheHighCourt,whileexercisingthepowerofrevisioncan,ofitsownaccord,secondforthecase,butforreview,anapplicationhastobemadebytheaggrievedpartyandnoreviewcanbemadebytheCourtsuo-moto.

6. Noappealliesfrom anorderpassedintheexerciseofrevisionaljurisdictionwhiletheorderallowingthereviewapplicationisappealable.

DifferencebetweenReferenceandRevision–Therearethefollowingdistinctionsbetweenreferenceandrevision:-1. Inreference,thecaseisreferredtotheHighCourtbyaCourtsubordinatetoitasprovidedin

section113oftheCodeofCivilProcedure,whiletherevisionapplicationismovedbythepartyconcernedortherevisionalCourtcansuo-motosendforthecaseandexaminetherecord.

2. ThegroundofreferencetheentertainmentofsomereasonabledoubtbytheCourttryingthesuit,appealorexecutingthedecreeinrespectofaquestionoflaworusagehavingtheforceoflaw whilethegroundforrevisionrelatestojurisdiction,i.e.,wantofjurisdiction,failureto

24

exercisejurisdictionvestedintheCourtoritsirregularexercise.DifferencebetweenReferenceandReview –Therearethefollowingdistinctionsinreferenceandreview:-1. InreferencethesubordinateCourtrefersthecasetotheHighCourtundersection113ofthe

CodeofCivilProcedure,whileinreview anapplicationismadebytheaggrievedpartyintheCourtwhichpassedtheorderofjudgment(UnderSec.114).

2. TheHighCourtonlycandecidemattersonreferencewhilethepowerofreview istobeexercisedbythecourtwhichpassedthedecreeororder,asthecasemaybe.

3. Referenceismadeduringthependencyofthesuit,appealorexecutionproceedings,whileapplicationforreviewismadetotheCourtafteradecreeororderispassed.

4. Thegroundsforreferenceandreviewaredifferent.ReferenceismadebytheCourttryingthesuit,appealorexecutingthedecreewhenithasreasonabledoubtinrespectofanyquestionoflaw orusagehavingtheforceoflaw.Thegroundsofreview arediscoveryofnew andimportantmatterorevidence,someapparentmistakeorerroronthefaceoftherecordoranyothersufficientreason.

DifferencebetweenReferenceandAppeal–1. Arightofappealisasubstantiverightconferredbylawwhilethepowerofreferenceisvested

intheCourt.

2. ReferenceisalwaysmadetotheHighCourtwhiletheappealispreferredtoaSuperiorCourtwhichneednotnecessarilybeaHighCourt.

3. Thegroundsofappealarewiderthanthegroundsofreference.

4. ReferenceismadeinapendingsuitappealorexecutionproceedingsinordertoenableaCourttoarriveatacorrectconclusion,whileanappealispreferredafteradecreeorappeasableorderispassedbythecourt.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Q.3- DiscussSecondAppealandSubstantialquestionoflaw.Ans-

SecondAppeal

Section100to103,107-108andorder42dealswithsecondappeals.Theterm 'secondappeal'intheC.P.C.meansanappealtothecourtfrom thedecisioninacivil

suitorproceedingofafirstappellatecourtsubordinatetoHighCourt.Section100ofthecodeallowsfilingofsecondappealintheHighCourt,iftheHighCourtissatisfiedthat'thecaseinvolvesasubstantialquestionoflaw'butnotanyotherground.

AftertheamendmentinSec.100thefollowingconsequencesinsued:-1. TheHighCourtmustbesatisfiedthatcaseinvolvesasubstantialquestionoflaw.2. Thememorandum ofappealmustpreciselystatesuchquestion.3. TheHighCourtatthetimeofadmittingtheappealshouldformulatesuchquestion.4. Theappealshallbeheardonlyonthequestion.5. Atthehearingofappeal,therespondentcanarrangethatthecasedoesnotinvolvesuchquestion.6. TheHighCourtisahoweverempoweredtohearthesecondappealanyothersubstantial

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.SecondAppeal2.Section–1003.Section–103,107,1084.Order42

25

questionof law,notformulatedbyit,ifitissatisfiedthattheappealinvolvessuchquestion.TheHighCourt,howeverhastorecordreasonfordoingso.Section100-AoftheC.P.C.laysdownthatwhereanyappealfrom decreeororderofthefirst

appellatecourtisheardanddecidedbysinglejudgeofaHighCourt,therewillbenofurtherappealfrom suchdecisionofasinglejudge.

Section102furtherlaysdownthatnosecondappealshalllieinanysuitofthenaturecognizablebycourtsofsmallcauses,whentheamountorvalueofsubjectmatteroforiginalsuitdoesnotexceedtwentyfivethousandrupees.

InshortthesecondappealmadeunderSection100C.P.C.cannowbefiledonlyonpointsoflaw.Thepleaswhichhadnotbeenraisedoradjudicateduponandraisedforthefirsttimeinsecondappealordinarilyorappellantisnotallegedtosetupinappealapleanottakenbyhim inthelowercourtbutanobjectionmaybetakenupforthefirsttimeeveninsecondappeal,ifita) relatestojurisdiction,b) relatestolimitationc) goestoveryrootofthecase.

26

Unit–IVSyllabus:-

UnitIV LawofLimitationandRegistration:Meaning,natureandscopeoflawoflimitation,BarofLimitationanditsefficacy,SufficientCause:itsmeaningandapplicability,LegalDisability:Meaning,ScopeandEffect,Continuousrunningoftime:Generalprinciple,meaning,scopeanditexceptions,LawrelatingtoRegistrationofdocuments

UnitWisePreviousYearQuestionPaperofLucknowUniversityLL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2013

LongQuestionQ.1- DiscussthedoctrineoflegaldisabilityundertheIndianlimitationAct,1963withthehelpof

suitableexamples.Statethecircumstanceswhenthedoublelegaldisabilitycanbeavailedbythesameparity.Givereasons.Hkkjrh;ifjlhekvf/kfu;e]1963dsvUrxZroS/kfu;ksZX;rkdsfl)kUrdhmi;qDrmnkgj.kksalfgrfoospukdhft,AmuifjfLFkfr;ksadkscrkb,tcoghi{kdkjnksgjhoS/kfu;ksZX;rkdksizkIrdjldrkgSAmnkgj.knhft,A

Q.2- “Computationofperiodoflimitationexcludesthetimetakeninlegalproceeding.”Explainwiththehelpoflegalprovisionsandillustrations.ifjlhekdhvof/kdhlax.kukdjrsle;oS/kdk;Zokghesayxsle;dkviotZufd;ktkrkgSAfof/kdizko/kkuksa,oamnkgj.kksadhlgk;rklsLi’Vdhft,A

ShortQuestions.Q.1- Acknowledgmentinwritingunderlimitationact. ifjlhek vf/kfu;e dsvUrxZr fyf[krvfHkLohdfrAQ.2- Periodoflimitation. ifjlhekdkyAQ.3- Continuousrunningoftime. le;dkfujUrjpyrsjgukA

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2014LongQuestionsQ.1- Whatis the effectofacknowledgementon limitation? State the conditions forvalid

acknowledgement.ifjlhekijfyf[krvfHkLohdfrdkD;kizHkkoiM+rkgS\oS/kvfHkLohdfrdh“krksZadkscrkb,A

Q.2- WhataretheprovisionsofcomputingofperiodprovidedunderIndianLimitationAct?Statethecircumstancesinwhichtheperiodoflimitationcanbeextended.Hkkjrh;ifjlhekvf/kfu;eesale;vof/kdhx.kukdslEcU/kesafofHkUumicU/kD;kgSa\muifjfLFkfr;ksadkmYys[kdhft,Aftuesaifjlhekdhvof/kdkfoLrkjfd;ktkldrkgSA

ShortQuestions.Q.1- Execution. fu’iknuAQ.2- Periodoflimitation. ifjlhekdkyAQ.3- Legaldisability. fof/kdv{kerkAQ.4- Registrationofdocument. vfHkys[kfucU/kuA

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2015LongQuestionsQ.1- Statethecircumstancesinwhichtheperiodoflimitationisextended.

muifjfLFkfr;ksadkmYys[kdhft,ftuesaifjlhekdhvof/kdkfoLrkjgksldrkgSAQ.2- “LegaldisabilityoftheplaintiffpreventstheperiodoflimitationunderthelimitationAct,1963

from runningtillthedisabibilityisclosed.“Elaborate.Whatwouldhappenifplaintiffhasmorethanonediaability?Þifjlhekvf/kfu;edsvUrxZroknhdhfof/kdfu;ksZX;rklhekdhvof/kdkspyuslsmlle;rdjksdrhgS]tcrdfu;ksZX;rklekIrugkstk;sAßO;k[;kdhft,AmlifjfLFkfresaD;kgksxk]tgkaoknhdks,dlsvf/kdfu;ksZX;rkgksa\

ShortQuestions.Q.1- Prescribedperiod fofgrdkyQ.2- Continuousrunningoftime le;dkfujUrjpyrsjguk

27

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2016LongQuestionsQ.1- “VIGILANTIBUSNONDORMIENTIBUSJURASUBVENIUNT”Isthereanyexceptiontothisrule?

Explain.Þfof/ktkx:ddhlgk;rkdjrhgS]ufdlq’kqIrdhÞD;kblfu;edkdksbZviokngS\le>kb;sA

Q.2- “Legaldisabilityoftheplaintiff(minority,insanityorIdeocity)preventstheperiodoflimitationunderlimitationsActfrom runningtillthedisabilityisceased.Whatwouldhappenifplaintiffhasmorethanonedisability?Elaborate.Þifjlhekvf/kfu;edsvUrxZroknhdhfof/kdfu;ksZX;rk¼vo;Ldrk]mUeRrrko{kh.kcqf)rk½lhekdhvof/kdkspyuslsmlle;rdjksdrhgS]tcrdfu;ksZX;rklekIrugkstk,Aoknhdh,dlsvf/kdfu;ksZX;rkgksusijD;kgksxk\O;k[;kdhft,A

ShortQuestions.Q.1- WhenLimitationAct-1963wasenforced.ifjlhekvf/kfu;edclsizHkkohgqvkQ.2- LimitationActiseithercentralofstateAct. ifjlhekvf/fku;edsUnzh;vFkokjkT;vf/kfu;egS

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2018LongQuestionsQ.1- “Legaldisabilitiesstopthecontinuousrunningoftime.”Discusstherelatedprovisionsofthe

LimitationAct,1963.Þfof/kdfu;ksZX;rk,¡le;dsizokgdksjksdnsrhgSaAÞe;kZnkvf/kfu;e]1963lslacaf/krizko/kkuksadhfoospukdhft,A

Q.2- Enumeratethetendocumentswhichregistrationarecompulsoryandfivedocumentswhichregistrationareoptional.Discusstheeffectofcompulsoryregistrationofdocuments.nlnLrkostksadsukefxukb,ftudkiathdj.kvko”;dgSrFkkik¡pnLrkostftudsiathdj.koSdfYidgSaAnLrkostksadkvko”;diathdj.kdsizHkkodhfoospukdhft,A

ShortQuestionsQ.1- WhatarethespecialexceptionofSections6and7oftheLimitationAct?

Ek;kZnkvf/kfu;edh/kkjk6,oa7ds[kklvioknD;kgSa\Q.2- Whatwillbetheplaceforregisteringdocumentsrelatingtolandorotherdocuments?

HkwfelslEcaf/krnLrkostksarFkkvU;nLrkostksadsiathdj.kdsD;kLFkkugksaxs\LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2019

LongQuestionsQ.1- "Limitationbarstheremedybutnottheright."Commentwithexamples.

Þifjlhekmipkjdksckf/krdjldrhgSijURkqvf/kdkjdksughaAÞmnkgj.kksalfgrfoospukdhft,AQ.2- WhatiseffectofacknowledgementundertheLimitationAct,1963?Discuss.

Ikfjlhekvf/kfu;e1963dsvUrxZrvfHkLohdfrdkD;kizHkkogS\O;k[;kdhft,AShortQuestionsQ.1- PeriodofLimitation

Ikfjlhekvof/kQ.2- PrescribedPeriod

fofgrdkyAssignment/ModelPaper

Unit-IVLongQuestionsQ.1- WhataretheprovisionsofcomputingofperiodprovidedunderIndianLimitationAct?Statethe

circumstancesinwhichtheperiodoflimitationcanbeextended.Hkkjrh;ifjlhekvf/kfu;eesale;vof/kdhx.kukdslEcU/kesafofHkUumicU/kD;kgSa\muifjfLFkfr;ksadkmYys[kdhft,Aftuesaifjlhekdhvof/kdkfoLrkjfd;ktkldrkgSA

Q.2- DiscussthedoctrineoflegaldisabilityundertheIndianlimitationAct,1963withthehelpofsuitableexamples.Statethecircumstanceswhenthedoublelegaldisabilitycanbeavailedbythesameparity.Givethereasons.Hkkjrh;ifjlhekvf/kfu;e]1963dsvUrxZroS/kfu;ksZX;rkdsfl)kUrdhmi;qDrmnkgj.kksalfgrfoospukdhft,AmuifjfLFkfr;ksadkscrkb,tcoghi{kdkjnksgjhoS/kfu;ksZX;rkdksizkIrdjldrkgSAmnkgj.knhft,A

Q.3- Whatis the effectofacknowledgementon limitation? State the conditions forvalidacknowledgement.ifjlhekijfyf[krvfHkLohdfrdkD;kizHkkoiM+rkgS\oS/kvfHkLohdfrdh“krksZdkscrkb,A

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LongAnswersQ.1- WhataretheprovisionsofcomputingofperiodprovidedunderIndianLimitationAct?State

thecircumstancesinwhichtheperiodoflimitationcanbeextended.Ans.-

GeneralPrinciplesOfLimitations-InIndia,theLimitationAct,1963isthelegislationthatgovernstheperiodwithinwhichsuitsaretobefiled,withrelevantprovisionsfordelay,condonationthereofetc.Theprinciplethatpervadesstatutesoflimitationatcommonlawisthat‘limitationextinguishestheremedy,butnottheright'thismeansthatthelegalrightitselfisnotdefeated,butonlytherighttoclaim itinacourtoflawisextinguished.Anexceptiontothisgeneralruleisthelawofprescriptiverights,wherebytherightitselfisdestroyed.AccordingtoSection-2(j)"periodoflimitation"meanstheperiodoflimitationprescribedforanysuit,appealorapplication bytheSchedule,and "prescribed period"meanstheperiod oflimitationcomputedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisAct;AccordingtoSection-3.Baroflimitation(1)Subjecttotheprovisionscontainedinsections4to24(inclusive)everysuitinstituted,appealpreferred,andapplicationmadeaftertheprescribedperiodshallbedismissedalthoughlimitationhasnotbeensetupasdefense;1.ForthepurposesofthisAct,

 1.asuitisinstituted,inanordinarycase,whentheplaintispresentedtotheproperofficer; 2.thecaseofapauper,whenhisapplicationforleavetosueisapauperismade;and 3.thecaseofaclaim againstacompanywhichisbeingwoundupbythecourt,whentheclaimantfirstsendsinhisclaim totheofficialliquidator; 1.anyclaim bywayofaset-offoracounterclaim,shallbetreatedasaseparatesuitandshallbedeemedtohavebeeninstituted- 2.inthecaseofaset-off,onthedamedateasthesuitinwhichthesetoffispleaded; 3.inthecaseacounterclaim,onthedateonwhichthecounterclaim ismadeincourt;anapplicationbynoticeofmotioninaHighCourtismadewhentheapplicationispresented

totheproperofficerofthatcourt.AccordingtoSection-4.Expiryofprescribedperiodwhencourtisclosed–Whentheprescribedperiodforanysuit,appealorapplicationexpiresonadaywhenthecourtisclosed,thesuit,appealorapplicationmaybeinstituted,preferredormadeonthedaywhenthecourtreopens.Explanation-Acourtshallbedeemedtobeclosedonanydaywithinthemeaningofthissectionifduringanypartofitsnormalworkinghoursitremainsclosedonthatday.

AccordingtoSection-5.TheLimitationAct,1963,prescribedlimitationwithaviewtoseethatalitigantdoesnotdragonthelitigation.Section5givesanopportunitytoalitiganttofileapplicationsbeyondtheprescribedperiodoflimitationprovided;heisableto establishthathewaspreventedbysufficientcausefromapproachingtheCourtwithinthesaidperiod.Eventhoughexplanationforday-to-daydelayisnotbeinginsistedbytheCourts,thelitiganthastoneverthelessfurnishthesatisfactoryexplanationforfilingtheapplicationbeyondtheprescribedperiodoflimitation.Thisresponsibilityonthepartofthelitigantismuchmoreincasesofabnormaldelays,forbysuchdelaysrightcametobevestedinhis

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.GeneralPrinciplesofLimitations2.AccordingtoSection–3.Baroflimitation3.AccordingtoSection–44.AccordingtoSection–55.Extensionofprescribedperiodincertaincases

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adversaryandsucharightcannotbeeasilytakenawaybymakingundulyliberalapproachbytheCourt.Section-5,asfollows-Extensionofprescribedperiodincertaincases–Anyappealoranyapplication,otherthananapplicationunderanyoftheprovisionsofOrderXXIoftheCodeofCivilProcedure,1908(5of1908)maybeadmittedaftertheprescribedperiod,iftheappellantortheapplicantsatisfiesthecourtthathehadsufficientcausefornotpreferringtheappealormakingtheapplicationwithinsuchperiod.Explanation-Thefactthattheappellantortheapplicantwasmisledbyanyorder,practiceorjudgmentoftheHighCourtinascertainingorcomputingtheprescribedperiodmaybesufficientcausewithinthemeaningofthissection.InthecaseofWarluv.GangotribaiAIR1994SUPREMECOURT466Heldthat"Wedonotfindanycogentgroundgivenintheapplicationforcondonationofdelaywhichinlaw canconstitutesufficientcausetoexplaintheinordinatedelayinfilingofthespecialleavepetitions."InFollowingcircumstancesalsotheperiodoflimitationcanbeextended-1-Exclusionoftimeinlegalproceedings(S.12),2-Exclusionoftimeincaseswhereleavetosueofappealasapauperisappliedfor(S.13),3-Exclusionoftimeofproceedingbonafideincourtwithoutjurisdiction(S.14),4-Exclusionoftimeincertainothercases(S.15).

________________________________________________________________________________________Q.2- DiscussthedoctrineoflegaldisabilityundertheIndianlimitationAct,1963withthehelpof

suitableexamples.Statethecircumstanceswhenthedoublelegaldisabilitycanbeavailedbythesameparity.Givethereasons.

Ans.-

AccordingtoSection-6.Legaldisability–

Whereapersonentitledtoinstituteasuitormakeanapplicationfortheexecutionofadecreeis,atthetimefrom whichtheprescribedperiodistobereckoned,aminororinsane,oranidiot,hemayinstitutethesuitormaketheapplicationwithinthesameperiodafterthedisabilityhasceases,aswouldotherwisehavebeenallowedfrom thetimespecifiedthereforinthethirdcolumnoftheSchedule.

(2)Wheresuchpersonis,atthetimefrom whichtheprescribedperiodittobereckoned,affectedbytwosuchdisabilities,orwhere,beforehisdisabilityhasceased,heisaffectedbyanotherdisability,hemayinstitutethesuitormaketheapplicationwithinthesameperiodafterbothdisabilitieshaveceased,aswouldotherwisehavebeenallowedfrom thetimesospecified.

(3)Wherethedisabilitycontinuesuptothedeathofthatperson,hislegalrepresentativemayinstitutethesuitormaketheapplicationwithinthesameperiodafterthedeath,aswouldotherwisehavebeenallowedfrom thetimesospecified.

(4)Wherethelegalrepresentativereferredtoinsub-section(3)is,atthedateofthedeathofthe

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.AccordingtoSection6.Legaldisability2.Disabilityofoneofseveralpersons3.AccordingtoSection–74.Explanation–I5.Explanation–II6.AccordingtoSection-8

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personwhom herepresents.affectedbyanysuchdisability,therulescontainedinsub-sections(1)and(2)shallapply.

(5)Whereapersonunderdisabilitydiesafterthedisabilityceasesbutwithintheperiodallowedtohim underthissection,hislegalrepresentativemayinstitutethesuitormaketheapplicationwithinthesameperiodafterthedeath,aswouldotherwisehavebeenavailabletothatpersonhadhenotdied.

Explanation-Forthepurposesofthissection'minor'includesachildinthewomb.

Disabilityofoneofseveralpersons–

AccordingtoSection-7

Whereoneofseveralpersonsjointlyentitledtoinstituteasuitormakeanapplicationfortheexecutionofadecreeisunderanysuchdisability,and adischargecanbegivenwithouttheconcurrenceofsuchperson,timewillrunagainstthem all;but,wherenosuchdischargecanbegiven,timewillnotrunasagainstanyofthem untiloneofthem becomescapableofgivingsuchdischargewithouttheconcurrenceoftheothersoruntilthedisabilityhascased.

ExplanationI-Thissectionappliestoadischargefrom everykindofliability,includingaliabilityinrespectofanyimmovableproperty.

ExplanationII-Forthepurposesofthissection,themanagerofaHinduundividedfamilygovernedbytheMitaksharalawshallbedeemedtobecapableofgivingadischargewithouttheconcurrenceoftheothermembersofthefamilyonlyifheisinmanagementofthejoint-familyproperty.

Specialexceptions–

AccordingtoSection-8:Nothinginsection6orinsection7appliestosuitstoenforcerightsofpre-emotion,orshallbedeemedtoextend,formorethanthreeyearsfrom thecessationofthedisabilityorthedeathofthepersonaffectedtherebytheperiodoflimitationforanysuitorapplication.________________________________________________________________________________________Q.3- Whatistheeffectofacknowledgmentinwritingunderlimitationact?Statetheconditionforvalidacknowledgement.Ans-

Conditionforvalidacknowledgement-1. Acknowledgementmustbeinwriting.Oralacknowledgementsarenotvalidunderlaw.2. Acknowledgementneednotpromisetopay.3. Acknowledgementmustbemadebeforetheexpirationofprescribedperiodforasuitor

application4. Acknowledgementmustbesignedbythepersonorhisagentdulyauthorizedonhisbehalffor

thespecificpurpose.5. AcknowledgementdoesnotrequireastampaspertheStampAct.However,theoriginal

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:1.Conditionforvalidacknowledgment2.Effectofacknowledgmentinwriting3.Effectofpaymentonaccountofdebtorofinterestonlegacy4.Provided5.Effectofacknowledgmentorpaymentbyanotherperson

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documentshouldbeaspertheprovisionsofthelawandmightrequireastampandregistrationaspertheStampActandtheRegistrationAct.

6. Telegram isnotavalidacknowledgementbecauseitdoesnothavethesignature.7. TheDayofacknowledgementisexcludedincomputingtheperiodoflimitation.8. Balancesheetofacompanyacknowledgingindebtednessisasufficientacknowledgement.9. Acknowledgementneednotbeaddressedtothecreditor10.AnAcknowledgementmadebyalegallydisabledpersonisinvalid.11.AnAcknowledgementcanbecoupledwithasetoff.12.Abaresignatureatthebackofapromissorynoteisnoteanacknowledgement

Effectofacknowledgmentinwriting–AccordingtoSection18:(1)Wherebeforetheexpirationoftheprescribedperiodforasuitorapplicationinrespectoranypropertyorright,anacknowledgmentofliabilityinrespectofsuchpropertyorrighthasbeenmadeinwritingsignedbythepartyagainstwhom suchpropertyorrightisclaimed,orbyanypersonthroughwhom hederivedhistitleorliability,afreshperiodoflimitationshallbecomputedfrom thetimewhentheacknowledgmentwassosigned.(2)Wherethewritingcontainingtheeacknowledgementisundated,oralevidencemaybegivenofthetimewhenitwassigned;butsubjecttotheprovisionsoftheIndianEvidenceAct,1872(1of1872),oralevidenceofitscontentsshallnotbereceived.Explanation-Forthepurposesofthissection,-a.anacknowledgmentmaybesufficientthoughitomitstospecifytheexactnatureofthepropertyorright,oraversthatthetimeforpayment,delivery,performanceorenjoymenthasnotyetcomeorisaccompaniedbyrefusaltopay,deliver,perform orpermittoenjoy,oriscoupledwithaclaim toset-off,orisaddressedtoapersonotherthanapersonentitledtothepropertyorright; b.theword"signed"meanssignedeitherpersonallyorbyanagentdulyAuthorizedinthisbehalf;and c.anapplicationfortheexecutionofadecreeorordershallnotbedeemedtobeanapplicationinrespectofanypropertyorright.

ItisnotnecessarythatanacknowledgmentwithinSection18mustcontainapromisepayorshouldamounttoapromisetopay(Subbarsadyav.Narashimha,AIR1936Mad.939).

Effectofpaymentonaccountofdebtorofinterestonlegacy–AccordingtoSection-19:WherepaymentonaccountofadebtorofinterestonalegacyismadebeforetheexpirationoftheprescribedperiodbythepersonliabletopaythedebtorlegacyorbyhisagentdulyAuthorizedinthisbehalf,afreshperiodoflimitationshallbecomputedfrom thetimewhenpaymentwasmade:Providedthat,saveinthecaseofpaymentofinterestmadebeforethe1stdayofJanuary,1928,anacknowledgmentofthepaymentappearsinthehand-writingof,orinawritingsignedbythepersonmakingthepayment.Explanation-Forthepurposesofthissection,-a.wheremortgagedlandisinthepossessionofthemortgagee,thereceiptoftherentofproduceofsuchlandbedeemedtobeapayment; b."debt"doesnotincludemoneypayableunderadecreeororderofacourt.Effectofacknowledgmentorpaymentbyanotherperson–AccordingtoSection-20: (1)Theexpression"agentdulyAuthorizedinthisbehalf"insections18and19shallinthecaseofaperson underdisability,include his lawfulguardian,committee ormanageroran agentdulyAuthorizedbysuchguardian,committeeormanagertosigntheacknowledgmentormakethepayment.(2)Nothinginthesaidsectionsrendersoneofseveraljointcontractors,partners,executorsormortgageeschargeablebyreasononlyofawrittenacknowledgmentsignedby,orofapaymentmadeby,orbytheagentof,anyotherorothersofthem.(3)Forthepurposesofthesaidsections,-

a.anacknowledgmentsignedorapaymentmadeinrespectofanyliabilityby,orbytheduly

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Authorizedagentof,anylimitedownerofpropertywhoisgovernedbyHinduLaw,shallbeavalidacknowledgmentorpayment,asthecasemaybe,againstareversionarysucceedingtosuchliability;andwherealiabilityhasbeenincurredby,oronbehalfofaHinduundividedfamilyassuch,anacknowledgmentorpaymentmadeby,orbythedulyAuthorizedagentor,themanagerofthefamilyforthetimebeingshallbedeemedtohavebeenmadeonbehalfofthewholefamily.