Note: 44/12 or 3.667 ton CO2 emissions per ton C emissions

Natural Gas = 121 lb/mcf = 117.1 lb/mmBtu = 50.3 kg/GJGasoline = 19.56 lb/gal = 156.4 lb/mmBtu = 67.2 kg/GJDiesel = 22.38 lb/gal = 161.4 lb/mmBtu = 69.4 kg/GJBt. Coal = 4,931 lb/sht ton = 205.3 lb/mmBtu = 88.3 kg/GJPetrol Coke = 32.40 lb/gal = 225.1 lb/mmBtu = 96.8 kg/GJElectric US Av = 1.34 lb/kWh = 0.608 ton/MWh = 168.8 kg/GJCoal-fired Elec = 2.095 lb/kWh = .95 kg/kWh = 260 kg C/MWh

Energy Unit Conversion

Quart of Boiling Water = 3 MJ 1 wooden match = 1 BtuMelt 1 lb Ice = 151 kJ = 143 Btu1-GWe Plant running 24 hrs = 260 TJ Daily Human Metabolism = 2500 kCal/day = 120 WCompact Passenger Car at steady 60 mph:

Chem. Energy Consumption = 70 kW = 94 hpMech. Energy Production = 15 kW = 20 hp

’05 US Oil Use = 20.55 Mbpd = 7.506 Gbbl/yr = 238 bbl/sec’05 Global Oil Use = 84.37 Mbpd = 31.89 Gbbl/yr = 976.5 bbl/sec’05 US Primary Energy Use ≈ 3.35 TW ≈ 105 EJ/yr ≈ 100 quad/yr

’05 Global ≈ 16 TW ≈ 504 EJ/yr ≈ 480 quad/yrSolar Influx at Earth Surface ≈ 100 PW = 3.1 YJ/yr = 200 W/m2

Crude Oil = 6.119 GJ/bbl = 5.8 mmBtu/bbl = 39.7 mmBtu/ton= 145.7 MJ/gal = 38.5 MJ/L = 43.8 MJ/kg (GJ/ton)

Gasoline = 121.3 MJ/gal (= 32.1 MJ/L = 43.1 MJ/kg = 115 mBtu/gal)

Diesel = 135.5 MJ/gal (= 35.8 MJ/L = 42.8 MJ/kg = 128 mBtu/gal)

Biodiesel = 124.8 MJ/gal (= 33.0 MJ/L = 37.5 MJ/kg = 121 mBtu/gal)

Ethanol = 80.2 MJ/gal (= 21.2 MJ/L = 26.9 MJ/kg = 76 mBtu/gal)

Methanol = 60.4 MJ/gal (= 15.9 MJ/L = 20.1 MJ/kg = 57 mBtu/gal)

UN Standard Coal = 30 GJ/tonBituminous = 27-30 GJ/ton (MJ/kg)= 25-28 mmBtu/tonSub-Bitum. = 20-26 GJ/ton (MJ/kg)= 19-24 mmBtu/ton

Lignite = 10-19 GJ/ton (MJ/kg)= 9-18 mmBtu/tonNat Gas @ STP = 53.2 MJ/kg =38.2 MJ/m3 =1027 Btu/ft3

CNG @ 20 MPa = 50.0 MJ/kg = 9.3 MJ/L = 249.6 mBtu/ft3

H2 @ 35MPa (HHV)=120.0 MJ/kg = 2.7 MJ/L = 72.5 mBtu/ft3LPG @ 1.5 MPa = 88.1 MJ/gal = 23.3 MJ/L = 625.5 mBtu/ft3Air-Dried Wood(20% Moisture Content) = 15 GJ/tonUranium = 80 GJ/g fissioned = 400 GJ/kg mined (fn’d =.5% mn’d)

0

15

30

45

60

Crude Oil

Bituminous Coal

Natural Gas

CNG

Gasoline

Ethanol

Hydrogen

Electricity

Ind.

Electricity

Res.

$/G

J

Units & Conversions Fact SheetDerek Supple, MIT Energy Club

http://web.mit.edu/mit_energyLatest Update: 4/15/2007

Energy Content (Lower Heating Values) (ton = metric tonne)

m = 103

mm = 106

quad = 1015

Prefixes1 kg = 2.205 lb1 lb = 453.6 g = 16oz 1 metric tonne = 1,000kg = 2,205lb1 US short ton= 907kg = 2,000lb1 UK long ton = 1,016kg = 2,239lb

Mass

Density

Water = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1 kg/L = 1 metric tonne/m3

Air at Sea Level = 1.2 kg/m3

Crude Oil = 0.88 (0.75 -0.98) kg/L = 7.34 lb/gal = 140 kg/bblGasoline = 0.745 kg/L = 6.22 lb/galDiesel = 0.837 kg/L = 7.00 lb/gal; Biodiesel = 0.880 kg/LEthanol = 0.789 kg/L = 6.58 lb/gal Methanol = 0.792 kg/L = 6.61 lb/galNat. Gas = 0.717 kg/m3 = 44.8 lb/mcfCNG @ 20MPa= 0.185 kg/L = 11.5 lb/ft3 = 5.66 lb/ggeLPG (propane) = 0.540 kg/L = 33.7 lb/ft3

Hydrogen = 0.025 kg/L (35MPa); 0.08988 kg/m3 (STP)Coal ≈ 1.32 kg/L = 1230 metric ton/ha-m = 1800 sht ton/acre-footAPI Gravity = (141.5/[Density in g/cm3 at 60 °F]) - 131.5

Light Crude API > 31.1º; Heavy API < 22.3º; Bitumen API ~ 8º

Historic US Retail Prices (US2000$/GJ)

1 cm = 0.4 in1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd1 km = 0.62137 mi = 199 rod1 mi = 1.609km1 smoot = 1.702 m = 5.83 ft

Distance

1 L = 0.264 gal = 1000 cm3 (ml)1 m3 = 1000 L = 35.3 ft3 = 264 gal1 gal = 3.785 L = 4 qt = 16 c = 128 oz1 ft3 = cf = 28.32 L = 7.482 gal1 bbl = 42 U.S. gal = 159 L = 5.6 ft3

1 cord = 128 ft3 = 3.62 m3

1 ac-ft = 43560 ft3 = 325,851 gal1 km3 = 0.24 mi3 = 810,713 acre-ft1 bu = 4 pck = 8 gal = 35.2 L = 2,150 in3

Volume

1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2 = 0.239 cal = 0.74 ft-lb1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4.187 KJ = 3.968 Btu1 KJ = 0.239 Cal = 0.947817 Btu ≈ 0.95 Btu1 Btu = 1,055.056 J = 0.252 kcal1 kWh = 3.6 MJ = 3,412 Btu; (1MWh = 3.6 GJ = 3.412 mmBtu)1 mmBtu = 106 Btu = 1.055 GJ = 1 decatherm1 mcf nat. gas (LHV) = 10.27 therm = 1.027 mmBtu = 1.082 GJ1 toe = 41.868 GJ = 39.683 mmBtu = 11.63 MWh = 7.33bbl1 tce = 29.308 GJ = 27.778 mmBtu = 8.141 MWh1 Quad = 1015 Btu = 1.055 EJ = 293 TWh = 25.2 Mtoe=.974 TCF1 EJ = 109 GJ = 1018 J = .95 Quad1 TWyr = 31.5 EJ = 29.86 Quad

Power Unit Conversion1 W = 1 J/s = 3.6 kJ/hour = 31.5 MJ/year1 kW = 1.341 hp = 738ft-lb/s1 hp = 745.7 W = 0.7068 Btu/s1 TW = 1012 W = 31.5 EJ/year1 ton-refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min = 3.517 kW

°F = 1.8 • °C + 32 °K = (°F – 32) • 5/9 + 273.15

Temperature

1MPa = 10bar = 9.87atm = 145psi1atm = 1.0132 bar = 760 mmHg

= 14.696 psi = 10.33 ton/m3

Pressure

1 m2 = 10.765 ft2

1 km2 = 0.386 mi2 = 106 m2

1 ha = 104 m2 = .01 km2 = 2.47 ac1 mi2 = 2.6 km2 = 640 ac1 ac = 4,047 m2 = 43,560 ft2

Area

3,600 sec/hour 730 hour/month365.25 day/year 8,766 hour/year 31,536,000 sec/year

Time

CO2 = 1 CH4 = 23 N2O = 296 SF6 = 22,200HFCs = 12 - 12,000 PFCs = 5,700 - 11,900

Global Warming Potential (GWP) (ττττ = 100yr)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Factors

Flow Rates

1mbd = 1 Mbbl/day = 15.34 Ggal/yr= 694.4 bbl/min = 11.57 bbl/sec= 485.9 gal/sec

1 ft3/s = 641 bbl/hr = 449 gal/min (gpm)1 bbl oil/day ≈ 50 metric ton oil/yr1 gpm = 0.063 L/s = 0.00442 ac-ft/day

Fuel Economy

1mpg = 0.4251 km/Lmpg = 235.2/ L/100 km

Energy of Familiar Phenomena/Society

pico (p) = 10-12

nano (n) = 10-9

micro (µ) = 10-6

deca (da) = 101

kilo (k) = 103

mega (M) = 106

giga (G) = 109

tera (T) = 1012

peta (P) = 1015

exa (E) = 1018

zetta (Z) = 1021

Roman

Metric

SourcesThis sheet was compiled based on several other useful fact sheets and online resources:

• Holdren, J. and H. Lee (2006) ENR302 Course Notes: “Some Units Constants, and Conversions” and “Energy of Familiar Phenomena”

• International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Statistics Unit Converter http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/unit.asp

• U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). Kid's Page Energy Calculator http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/energy_calculator.html

• BP plc, Statistical Review of World Energy 2006, Conversion Factorshttp://www.bp.com/conversionCalculator.do?&contentId=7017990&categoryId=91

• EIA AER “Other Physical Conversion Factors”http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec13_13.pdf

• DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) Fuel Properties Tablehttp://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/fueltable.pdf

• Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) Bioenergy Program, Conversion Factor Referencehttp://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html

• United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) “Regional Study on Wood Energy Today and Tomorrow” http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W7744E/w7744e07.htm

Other Physical Property (LHV, Density, Emission Factor) Data Sources• Wang, Michael Q. (2006) “The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation

(GREET) Model.” Version 1.7. http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/index.html• Farrell, A.E. et al. (2005) EBAMM Release 1.0. http://rael.berkeley.edu/ebamm/• Brown, D., J. Gillette, B. James, et al. (2006) Hydrogen Analysis (H2A) Project model version 1.0.11, “Physical

Property Data” http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/h2a_production.html• Weiss, M. A., J. B. Heywood, et al. (2000). “On the Road in 2020, a Life-Cycle Analysis of New Automobile

Technologies.” Cambridge, MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Energy Laboratory. MIT EL 00-003 RP. http://lfee.mit.edu/public/el00-003.pdf

• Hong, B.D. and E.R. Slatick (1994) “Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal.” Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html

• EIA, Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program, Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/factors.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/gg97rpt/appb.html

• IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. (eds.)]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 881pp. Technical Summary. Section C6. p.47 . http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/020.htm#c6

Historic Price Range Data Sources• EIA (2006) Annual Energy Review 2005 and Monthly Energy Review http://www.eia.doe.gov/overview_hd.html• EIA Petroleum Navigator http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_top.asp• EIA Coal News and Markets http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html• Bloomberg Energy Market Data http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/• State of Nebraska Energy Statistics http://www.neo.state.ne.us/statshtml/66.html

Rules of Thumb• 1 Btu = 1,055 J

• 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ = 3,412 Btu

• 1 hp = 746 W

• 1 TW ≈ 30 Quad/yr ≈ 32 EJ/yr

• 23.52 mpg � 10 L/100km �234 g TtW CO2/km � 0.832 lb TtW CO2/mi

• 1 Quad = 1015 Btu ≈ 1.05 EJ ≈ 25 Mtoe ≈ 300TWh ≈ 0.974 tcf natural gas

• 1 gallon gasoline equivalent (gge) = 121 MJ = 115,000 Btu = 1 kg H2 = 1.5 gal EtOH

• 1 million barrel oil per day (mbd) = 486 gal/sec = 2.2TJ/yr = 4232 metric ton C/yr

• Nat.Gas: 1 mscf = 0.2832 Nm3 = 1.027 mmBtu = 10.27 therm

• 3.667 (44/12) ton CO2 per ton C

OIL INDUSTRY CONVERSIONS

Crude petroleum, and the refined products made from crude oil, arenormally measured either by volume in gallons and US barrels, or by weightin tons or tonnes. The relationship between volume and weight is usuallymeasured by density in the United Kingdom (the alternative measure isrelative density or specific gravity). American oilmen usually reckonquantities of oil produced, moved or processed in barrels per day (bpdor b/d). The loose but simple rule of thumb for conversion is that a barrela day is roughly 50 tonnes a year, but the relationship varies accordingto density and so according to product.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OIL ----------------------------------------------------------------- At 86°F (30°C) ----------- Approximation ------------------- Liters Liters A.Gallons A.Barrels Product per per per per E.Ton M.Ton M.Ton M.Ton ----------------------------------------------------------------- L.P.G 1,864 1,835 484.6 11.54 JP.4 1,355 1,333 352.4 8.39 Jet A-1 1,274 1,254 331.2 7.89 Premium 1,375 1,353 357.5 8.51 Regular 1,440 1,418 374.5 8.92 Kerosene 1,293 1,273 336.2 8.00 Gas Oil 1,197 1,177 311.2 7.41 Diesel Fuel 1,177 1,159 306.1 7.29 Fuel oil 80 CST 1,082 1,065 281.2 6.70 Fuel oil 180 CST 1,067 1,050 277.4 6.60 Fuel oil 230 CST 1,064 1,047 276.6 6.59 Fuel oil 280 CST 1,061 1,044 275.9 6.57 Bitumen 994 979 258.5 6.15 -----------------------------------------------------------------

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1 MMSCF of natural gas = 172.3 barrels of crude oil equivalent = 365 x 1,000,000 scf1 million cu.ft. of natural gas = 18.91 tons liquid = 1598.69 cu.ft.liquid1 std.cu.feet of natural gas = 1000 BTU = 252 kilocalories1 m.ton of coal = 4.879 barrels of crude oil equivalent1 m.ton of lignite = 2.053 barrels of crude oil equivalent1 ltr of fuel oil 1500 sec = 38.9 cubic feet of natural gas1 kg of LPG = 47.0 cubic feet of natural gas1 normal cu.m. per day (Nm3/d) = 37.33 standard cu.ft. per day (SCFD) [flow rate of gas]1 ton of LNG = 1.14 1.4 x 103 normal cu.m.natural (LNG conversions) gas (Nm3) = 52.3 x 103 standard cubic feet natural gas (SCF) = 55.0 x 109 joules (HHV)1 ton of LNG = 1.22 tonne crude oil (energy equivalents) = 0.80 tonne heavy fuel oil = 0.91 tonne LPG (commercial composition) = 1.91 tonne coal1 barrel per day (b/d) = 50 tonnes per year (approx.)1 barrel of oil equivalent = 1 barrel of crude oil = 5,487 cubic feet of gas *

* Natural gas is converted to barrels of oil equivalent using a ratio of5,487 cubic feet of natural gas per one barrel of crude oil. This ratio isbased on the actual average equivalent energy content of TOTAL's natural gasreserves.

1 barrel of crude oil per day = appr. 50 tons of crude oil per year1 ton of crude oil = 1 metric ton of crude oil = appr. 7.3 barrels of crude oil (assuming a specific gravity of 33 API) = 6.6-8.0 bbl. of crude oil with 7.333 bbl. taken as average = 1.16 kl. of crude oil (average)1 ton of oil equivalent = appr. 1,125 cubic meters of natural gas

..

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MMSCF Million standard cubic feetCST Centi-StrokeA. AmericanE. English

VOLUME 1 American barrel = 158.984 liters = 42 American (US) gallons = 34.9726 Imperial (UK) gallons = 5.6146 cubic feet = 0.15899 cubic metre = 3.78541 cubic decimeters (dm3) = 0.136 tonne (approx) 1 American gallon = 231 cubic inches = 0.133681 cubic foot = 3.7854 liters = 0.0238095 American barrel = 0.83268 Imperial gallon = 0.0037854 cubic meter 1 Imperial gallon = 277.42 cubic inches = 1.20094 American gallons = 4.54609 liters = 0.028594 American barrel = 0.160544 cubic foot = 0.004561 cubic meter 1 liter = 1,000 cubic centimeters = 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) = 0.035314 cubic foot = 61.024 cubic inches = 1.7597 pints = 0.219969 Imperial gallon = 0.26417 American gallon 1 kiloliter = 1,000 cubic decimeters (dm3) = 6.28981 American barrels 1 gross ton = 100 cubic feet or 2.83 cubic metres of (shipping) permanently enclosed space 1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet

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1 MMSCF of natural gas = 172.3 barrels of crude oil equivalent = 365 x 1,000,000 scf1 million cu.ft. of natural gas = 18.91 tons liquid = 1598.69 cu.ft.liquid1 std.cu.feet of natural gas = 1000 BTU = 252 kilocalories1 m.ton of coal = 4.879 barrels of crude oil equivalent1 m.ton of lignite = 2.053 barrels of crude oil equivalent1 ltr of fuel oil 1500 sec = 38.9 cubic feet of natural gas1 kg of LPG = 47.0 cubic feet of natural gas1 normal cu.m. per day (Nm3/d) = 37.33 standard cu.ft. per day (SCFD) [flow rate of gas]1 ton of LNG = 1.14 1.4 x 103 normal cu.m.natural (LNG conversions) gas (Nm3) = 52.3 x 103 standard cubic feet natural gas (SCF) = 55.0 x 109 joules (HHV)1 ton of LNG = 1.22 tonne crude oil (energy equivalents) = 0.80 tonne heavy fuel oil = 0.91 tonne LPG (commercial composition) = 1.91 tonne coal1 barrel per day (b/d) = 50 tonnes per year (approx.)1 barrel of oil equivalent = 1 barrel of crude oil = 5,487 cubic feet of gas *

* Natural gas is converted to barrels of oil equivalent using a ratio of5,487 cubic feet of natural gas per one barrel of crude oil. This ratio isbased on the actual average equivalent energy content of TOTAL's natural gasreserves.

1 barrel of crude oil per day = appr. 50 tons of crude oil per year1 ton of crude oil = 1 metric ton of crude oil = appr. 7.3 barrels of crude oil (assuming a specific gravity of 33 API) = 6.6-8.0 bbl. of crude oil with 7.333 bbl. taken as average = 1.16 kl. of crude oil (average)1 ton of oil equivalent = appr. 1,125 cubic meters of natural gas

..

31 0.871 7.24 7.36 32 0.865 7.28 7.40 33 0.860 7.33 7.45 34 0.855 7.37 7.49 35 0.850 7.42 7.54 36 0.845 7.46 7.58 37 0.840 7.51 7.63 38 0.835 7.55 7.67 39 0.830 7.60 7.72 40 0.825 7.64 7.76 41 0.820 7.69 7.81 42 0.816 7.73 7.85 ---------------------------------------------- * Approx. figures 60°F 141.5 Specific gravity = ------------ 131.5 + °API

POWER AND HEAT UNITS 1 HP (UK Horsepower) = 550 foot pounds per second = 0.7457 kilowatt = 1.014 PS (or Cheval Vapeur) 1 PS (Pferdestaerke) = 542 foot pounds per second or CV (Cheval Vapeur) = 0.986 hp = 0.736 kW 1 kW (Kilowatt) = 1,000 watts = 1,340 hp = 1.359 PS or CV = 737 foot pounds per second 1 foot pound per second = 0.00136 kilowatt = 0.00182 hp = 0.00184 PS or CV 1000 Btu = 0.293 kWh 100,000 Btu = 1 therm 1 calorie (dieticians') = 4.1855 kilojoules 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu (British Thermal Units)

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= 25,200 kilocalories = 25.2 thermies = 29.3 kilowatt hours 1000 kilocalories = 3,968 Btu (Large Calories) = 1.163 kilowatt hours = 1 thermie 1 kilowatt hour = 3,411 Btu = 1.340 hp hours = 859.6 kilocalories

LIQUEFIED METHANE 1 Ton of Liquefied = approximately 16 barrels Methane = approximately 50,000 cubic feet (1400 cubic meters) of natural gas, depending on methane content

PRODUCT SPECIFIC GRAVITY RANGES --------------------------------------------------- Spec. Barrels per Gravity metric ton --------------------------------------------------- Crude oils 0.80-0.97 8.0-6.6 Aviation gasolines 0.70-0.78 9.1-8.2 Motor gasolines 0.71-0.79 9.0-8.1 Kerosines 0.78-0.84 8.2-7.6 Gas oils 0.82-0.90 7.8-7.1 Diesel oils 0.82-0.92 7.8-6.9 Lubricating oils 0.85-0.95 7.5-6.7 Fuel oils 0.92-0.99 6.9-6.5 Asphaltic bitumens 1.00-1.10 6.4-5.8 ---------------------------------------------------

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FULES Rough gross values in Btu per lb ------------------------------------- Crude oils 18,300-19,500 Gasolines 20,500 Kerosines 19,800

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Benzole 18,100 Ethyl alcohol 11,600 Gas oils 19,200 Fuel oils (bunker) 18,300 Coal (bituminous) 10,200-14,600 LNG 22,300 LPG (butane) 21,300 -------------------------------------

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPORT STREAMS ---------------------------------------- MIRI Bintulu Labuan ---------------------------------------- API Gravity 33° 35° 32° Pour Point 45°F 15°F 45°F Wt. % Sulphur 0.07 0.1 0.07 ----------------------------------------

PRESSURE 1 Bar = 0.987 atmospheres = 750.1 mm Hg = 14.50 pound/sq inch = 1.020 kg force/sq cm 1 kg force/sq cm = 14.22 pounds/sq inch 1 pound/sq inch = 0.070 kg force/sq inch

HEAT AND ENERGY 1 megajoule = 238.8 kilocalories = 947.8 British Thermal Units = 0.278 kilowatt hours 1 terajoule = 0.00002388 Mtoe 1 kilocalorie = 3.968 Btu = 4186 joules = 1.163 x 10-3 kWh 1 kilowatt hour = 859.8 kilocalories = 3412 Btu 1 million Btu = 1055 megajoule = 2520 megacalories

.

= 293.1 kilowatt hours 1 ton of oil equivalent = 10000000 kilocalories (toe) = 41.868 gigajoules = 40.047 x 106 BTU = 42.244 GJ

INTERFUEL CONVERSION FACTOR Whilst individual crudes, coals and gases vary widely in quality, certain standard qualities are often assumed for statistical purposes: ----------------------------------------------------------------- Reference Barrel Oil Ton Oil Ton Coal 1,000 Cubic Fuel Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Feet Natural Gas ----------------------------------------------------------------- Calorific 5.8x106 43x106 7x106 1x106

Value Btu gross Btu gross Kcal net Btu gross

Conversion 1 0.14 0.21 5.8 Factors 7.41 1 1.57 43.0 4.71 0.64 1 27.3 0.17 0.02 0.04 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Based on these qualities, the following equivalent rates of consumption can be used with reasonable accuracy: ----------------------------------------------------------------- LNG NG OIL OIL COAL t/y 106 mmcF/d toe/y boe/y tce/y 109 Nm3/y ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.41 1.22 25 1.9 0.71 1 0.87 18 39 0.82 1.15 1 20 1.55 0.04 0.056 0.049 1 0.076 0.53 0.74 0.64 13 1 -----------------------------------------------------------------

.

CALORIFIC VALUE 1 magajoule/cu m = 25.84 Btu/cu ft 1 megajoule per normal = 25.368 BTU per standard cubic feet cubic meter (BTU/SCF) = 2.388 x 102 kilocalorie per normal cubic meter (kcal/Nm3) 1 kilocalorie/cu m = 0.016 Btu/cu ft 1 megajoule/kg = 429.9 Btu/pound 1 kilocalorie = 1.8 Btu/pound (exact) 1 Btu/cu ft = 37.38 kilojoules/cu m = 9.410 kilocalories/cu m 1 Btu/pound = 2.326 kilojoules/kg = 0.556 kilocalories/kg

ENERGY VALUES Btu per lb: wood: green 4,400 dry 7,310 peat, sod 6,200 lignite 9,000 coke 12,100 coal: bituminous 13,000 anthracite 14,500 oil: fuel 18,500 gas 19,500

==============================================================================NATURAL GAS AND OTHER ENERGY EQUIVALENTS

The following are quick-reference equivalents. All figures are APROXIMATEVALUES only for use where precision is not required. They are based on:

(i) for natural gas: 1,000 Btu/ft3 = 9,500 kcal/m3 (Groningen gas 8,400 kcal/m3)(ii) for LPG: an assumed 50/50 propane/butane mixture with (r) or (p) indicating that the LPG is either refrigerated or pressurised.

9 de 15 14/03/2009 08:22 p.m.

(iii) calorific values, MMBtu (gross): per tonne - LNG 51.8; LPG 47.3; oil 42.3; coal 27.3 per barrel - LNG 3.8; LPG (r) 4.45; LPG (p) 4.1; oil 5.8 per cubic metre - LNG 23.8; LPG (r) 28; LPG (p) 25.8

Natural Gas: Cubic Metre Equivalents------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 mrd m3 Natural Gas per Year per year = 0.04 Tcf gas (38 trillion Btu) = 890 000 tonnes oil = 800 000 tonnes LPG = 725 000 tonnes LNG = 1.4 million tonnes coal per day = 100 million ft3 gas = 17 800 barrels oil = 23 200 barrels LPG (r) = 25 200 barrels LPG (p) = 27 200 barrels LNG1 million m3 Natural Gas per Day per year = 0.014 Tcf gas (14 trillion Btu) = 325 000 tonnes oil = 290 000 tonnes LPG = 265 000 tonnes LNG = 500 000 tonnes coal per day = 37 million ft3 gas = 6 500 barrels oil = 8 500 barrels LPG (r) = 9 200 barrels LPG (p) = 9 900 barrels LNG 1 m3 Groningen gas = 0.88 m3 (9 500 kcal) 1 m3 (9 500 kcal) = 1.13 m3 Groningen gas

Natural Gas: Cubic Foot Equivalents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Tcf Natural Gas per Year per year = 27 mrd m3 gas (30 mrd Groningen) = 24 million tonnes oil

10 de 15 14/03/2009 08:22 p.m.

= 37 million tonnes coal per day = 2 700 million ft3 gas = 470 000 barrels oil100 MMcf Natural Gas per Day per year = 0.04 Tcf (37 trillion Btu) = 1 mrd m3 gas (1.1 mrd Groningen) = 860 000 tonnes oil = 770 000 tonnes LPG = 700 000 tonnes LNG = 1.35 million tonnes coal per day = 2.7 million m3 gas (3 million Groningen) = 17 250 barrels oil = 22 500 barrels LPG (r) = 24 400 barrels LPG (p) = 26 300 barrels LNG

LNG: Volumetric Equivalents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 million tonnes LNG per Year per year = 77 million ft3 (liquid) = 2.2 million m3 (liquid) = 14 million barrels (liquid) = 0.05 Tcf (gas) = 1.4 mrd m3 (gas) = 1.1 million tonnes LPG = 1.2 million tonnes oil = 52 trillion Btu = 1.9 million tonnes coal per day = 140 million ft3 (gas) = 4 million m3 (gas) = 37 500 barrels LNG = 31 900 barrels LPG (r) = 34 600 barrels LPG (p) = 24 500 barrels oil1 million m3 LNG per Year per year = 460 000 tonnes LNG

11 de 15 14/03/2009 08:22 p.m.

= 6.3 million barrels LNG = 0.2 Tcf (gas) = 0.6 mrd m3 (gas) = 500 000 tonnes oil = 560 000 tonnes oil = 24 trillion Btu = 870 000 tonnes coal per day = 65 million ft3 gas = 14 700 barrels LPG (r) = 15 900 barrels LPG (p) = 17 200 barrels LNG = 11 200 barrels oil m3 = kilolitre

LPG & Ethane: Weight, Volume, Heat Conversions-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Barrels Per Tonne Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mixPressured 17.6 12.4 10.8 11.6Refrigerated 11.5 10.8 10.4 10.6

Cubic Metres Per Tonne Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mixPressured 2.80 1.97 1.71 1.84Refrigerated 1.83 1.72 1.66 1.69

106 Btu Per Barrel Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mixPressured 2.79 3.85 4.35 4.10Refrigerated 4.27 4.41 4.49 4.45

106 Btu Per Cubic Metre Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mixPressured 17.6 24.2 27.4 25.8Refrigerated 26.9 27.7 28.3 28.0

106 Btu Per Tonne

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Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mixPressured } 49.2 47.7 46.9 47.3Refrigerated }

1 Barrel/Day = Tonnes Per Annum Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mixPressured 20.7 29.4 33.8 31.6Refrigerated 31.7 33.8 35.0 34.4

Natural Gas: Inter-Fuel Price Equivalents (US Currency)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------ONE CENT per MMBtu = 5.8 Cents per Barrel crude oil = 6.4 Cents per Barrel fuel oil = 5.2 Cents per Barrel naphtha = 4.5 Cents per Barrel LPG (r) = 4.1 Cents per Barrel LPG (P) = 3.8 Cents per Barrel LNGONE CENT per MMBtu = 0.42 Dollars per Tonne crude oil = 0.40 Dollars per Tonne fuel oil = 0.45 Dollars per Tonne naphtha = 0.47 Dollars per Tonne LPG = 0.52 Dollars per Tonne LNGONE DOLLAR per BARREL = 17 Cents per MMBtu crude oil = 16 Cents per MMBtu fuel oil = 19 Cents per MMBtu naphtha = 22 Cents per MMBtu LPG (r) = 24 Cents per MMBtu LPG (p) = 26 Cents per MMBtu LNGONE DOLLAR per TONNE = 2.4 Cents per MMBtu crude oil = 2.5 Cents per MMBtu fuel oil = 2.2 Cents per MMBtu naphtha = 2.1 Cents per MMBtu LPG = 1.9 Cents per MMBtu LNG ONE CENT per US gallon LPG = 10 CENTS per MMBtu

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Oil and Coal Equivalent-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 million tonnes Oil per Year per year = 1.1 mrd m3 gas (1.3 mrd Groningen) = 1.5 million tonnes coal = 815 000 tonnes LNG = 890 000 tonnes LPG = 0.04 Tcf gas (42 trillion Btu) per day = 115 million ft3 gas = 3 million m3 gas = 30 500 barrels LNG = 26 000 barrels LPG (r) = 28 300 barrels LPG (p) = 20 000 barrels oil1 million tonnes Coal per Year per year = 0.7 mrd m3 gas (0.8 mrd Groningen) = 640 000 tonnes oil = 525 000 tonnes LNG = 580 000 tonnes LPG = 0.03 Tcf gas (27 trillion Btu) per day = 75 million ft3 gas = 2 million m3 gas = 19 700 barrels LNG = 16 800 barrels LPG (r) = 18 200 barrels LPG (p) = 12 900 barrels oil10 000 barrels Oil per Day per year = 0.6 mrd m3 gas = 500 000 tonnes oil = 780 000 tonnes coal = 0.02 Tcf gas (21 trillion Btu) per day = 58 million ft3 gas = 1.5 million m3 gas

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Rich Gas = natural gas having a gross calorific value of 41,868 kJ/m3.This term is used particularly for the natural gas from the North Sea andfrom Algeria.

Degree-days = the number of degree-days of a day is calculated on thebasis of a reference temperature set by experience at 16.5 C; it gives thedifference between that reference temperature and the daily mean temperatureif the latter is the lower.The number of degree-days of a year is the sum of the degree-days registeredfor each day of that year.

G-factor = invoicing factor representing the average monthly cost ofnatural gas at the Belgian border in francs per gigajoule.

1GJ 1Gcal 10-6 Btu 1toe 1kWh 1m3

------------------------------------------------------------------------------1GJ 1 0.239 0.948 0.024 277.778 23.8841Gcal 4.186 1 3.967 0.1 1,163 10010-6 Btu 1.055 0.252 1 0.025 293.1 25.21toe 41.855 10 39.671 1 11,626 1,0001kWh 3.600 10-3 0.860 10-3 3.421 10-3 0.083 10-3 1 86.011 10-31m3 rich gas 0.042 0.010 0.040 0.001 11.626 1------------------------------------------------------------------------------ gigajoule giga British ton oil kilowatt calorie thermal equivalent - hour unit

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