United States History

Expansion After the War of 1812Goal was to obtain FloridaUS had the Louisiana TerritoryMonroe as PresidentSpain was weakGeneral Jackson – 1816 – troops crossed into FloridaChased hostile Seminole Indians

1817 Jackson occupied East FloridaMonroe cabinet was against the aggressive actionAdams – told Spain that US acted in self defenseSpain told to give East Florida to US to avoid further action

Adam – Onis Treaty - 1819Florida became part of USASpain gave up its claim in the Pacific Coast – north of CaliforniaAgreed to new boundaries – Texas

Manifest Destiny

Belief held that the lands in America from the Atlantic to the Pacific – belonged to the American people

Indians Considered inferiorMilitary pushed Indians westMany looked at Indians as vermin – in need of exterminationMany Indians had taken up the white man's way of life – farmers and shop keepersPeople still wanted the lands owned by these Indians

Federal government used deception to obtain some of these landsState governments claimed the right to seize these landsSet the stage for the removal of Indians from Georgia to OklahomaTrail of Tears – forced removal of Indians to lands west of Mississippi

Culture of the Frontier Self sufficientMen cut down trees and planted cropsWomen –cooking, caring for children, clothes, soap, butter and other itemsNeighbors depended on each other for help

Transportation RevolutionNational Road – Cumberland RoadMaryland to Virginia- 1818Toll Road – crushed stone surfaceLancaster Turnpike – Philadelphia – Pittsburgh – 1825–thousands of miles of turnpikes –North EastCosts of tolls and repairs of heavy wagons still made making a profit difficultTravelers benefited

Rivers were used for transportation1815- flat boats used – 2,000 mile trip – Pittsburgh/MississippiWheat, Flour, Cotton, etc.

Robert Fulton built – steam boat – Clermont / Fulton’s Folly – went 150 miles up the Hudson River –1807

1820 – 69 steamboats –western waters

Great boom for farmers and merchants

Shipping costs much lower

Used also for transportation, riverboat gambling, luxury traveling

Canals

Erie Canal – 364 miles – connecting Hudson River / Great LakesLowered costs for transportationMade New York a center of trade

Market Economy

Wheat became a main crop in western statesNew England – Sheep raisingCotton “king” crop of the deep southCotton profits made the south wealthy / northern states /factories benefited from this crop

Practice Thesis Statement

America was relatively slow to industrialize in the early 19th century, but

because of the early development of a market economy, there always seemed to

be an abundance of goods flowing throughout the country. What factors

contributed to this major economic development?

Industrialization1815 – most manufacturing was done in homesPutting out systemFrancis Lowell – built a textile factory in MassachusettsOther factories soon developed throughout New EnglandEli Whitney – Interchangeable partsDistilleries – corn whiskey – Kentucky and Ohio

Monroe as President

Followed Madison –3rd in a row from VirginiaEra of Good feelingsWanted to make friends with Latin America for the benefit of USA

Supreme CourtChief Justice John MarshallDominated the CourtAuthor of most opinions Clarified role of CourtShaped how the Constitution was interpreted Felt role was to encourage economic development

Dartmouth College v. WoodwardCourt asked to rule if legislature of New Hampshire had the right to convert Dartmouth from a private college to state universityCourt stated that original charter was binding – ruled against the stateCharters granted from the state to a private corporation were protected by the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland

State of Maryland had taxed the Baltimore branch of the bankTax unconstitutionalMain issues were if Congress could establish a bankIf state could regulate and tax the bank

Said Constitution had no specific clause to allow the government to establish a bankThis was a very strict interpretation Encouraged economic growthAlso said if the state had the power to tax the bank – had the power to destroy itGovernment not dependent on states

Gibbons v. Ogden

Bolstered the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerceStated that states could not interfere with the national government’s right to regulate commerce

Monroe Doctrine1821 Congress stated their support for the revolutions in Latin AmericaAmerica also did not want European powers to establish other colonies in Latin AmericaTold European powers to stay away from the Western Hemisphere – America would control this sphere of influenceNo real power to enforce this