Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
United States Earthquakes, 1978
By
Carl A. Stover and
Carl A. von Hake
Open-File report 84-978
Prepared in cooperation with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
This report has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards.
1984
ContributorsContributors to this publication are listed below according
to the type of data supplied or service performed:
Hypocenters and magnitudes:
John S. Derr, U.S. Geological SurveyW. LeRoy Irby, U.S. Geological SurveyR. Kangas, U.S. Geological SurveyJohn H. Minsch, U.S. Geological SurveyRuss Needham, U.S. Geological SurveyWaverly J. Person, U.S. Geological SurveyBruce W. Presgrave, U.S. Geological SurveyHawaiian Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey
Intensities:
Carl W. Stover, U.S. Geological Survey
Network Operations (by institution):
University of AlaskaUniversity of California, BerkeleyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyKansas Geological SurveyUniversity of OklahomaOklahoma Geological SurveySt. Louis UniversityU.S. Geological SurveyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Geodesy:
Sandford R. Holdahl, NOAA, NOS, National Geodetic Survey Richard A. Snay, NOAA, NOS, National Geodetic Survey William E. Strange, NOAA, NOS, National Geodetic Survey
Tsunamis:
Mark G. Spaeth, NOAA, National Weather Service
Strong-motion seismograph data:
Ronald L. Porcella, U.S. Geological Survey
Editorial assistance and manuscript preparations:
Paula K. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey
Contents
Page
Contributors.............................................................ill
Introd uct ion............................................................. 1
Discussion of Tables ................................................ 1Epicenter Maps...................................................... 1Earthquake Information Services..................................... 3Magnitude and Intensity Ratings..................................... 3Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale................................... 5Acknowledgments..................................................... 7
Earthquake Descriptions.................................................. 9
Alabama............................................................. 9Alaska.............................................................. 9Arizona............................................................. 14Arkansas............................................................ 15California.......................................................... 15California Off the coast........................................... 34Colorado............................................................ 35Delaware............................................................ 35Florida............................................................. 35Hawa ii.............................................................. 35Idaho............................................................... 39Illinois ............................................................ 40Ind iana............................................................. 41Maine............................................................... 41Maryland............................................................ 41Massachusetts....................................................... 41Mississippi......................................................... 42Missouri............................................................ 42Montana............................................................. 43Nebraska ............................................................ 44Nev ad a.............................................................. 45New Hampshire....................................................... 46New Jersey.......................................................... 46New Mexico.......................................................... 46New York............................................................ 46North Carolina...................................................... 47Oklahoma............................................................ 47Pennsylvania........................................................ 47Puerto Rico......................................................... 48South Carolina...................................................... 48Tennessee........................................................... 48Texas............................................................... 49Utah................................................................ 49Virginia............................................................ 50Washington.......................................................... 51Wyoming............................................................. 53
Network Operations....................................................... 82Alaska Earthquakes, 1978............................................ 82Northern and Central California Earthquakes, 1978................... 82Southern California Earthquakes, 1978............................... 84Central Mississippi Valley Earthquakes, 1978........................ 84Kansas Earthquakes, 1978............................................ 85Oklahoma Earthquakes, 1978.......................................... 88Southeastern United States Earthquakes, 1978........................ 91Virginia Earthquakes, 1978.......................................... 92
Miscellaneous Activities................................................. 93
Crustal Movement Stud ies............................................ 93Tsunamis............................................................ 94Principal Earthquakes of the World.................................. 94
Strong-Motion Seismograph Data........................................... 98
Introduction........................................................ 98Accelerograph Data.................................................. 99
References............................................................... Ill
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Summary of U.S. earthquakes for 1978................................ 562 Station locations in Kansas......................................... 883 Microearthquake locations in Kansas for 1978........................ 884 Oklahoma earthquake catalog for 1978................................ 905 Southeastern United States earthquakes during 1978.................. 916 Virginia earthquakes during 1978.................................... 927 Principal earthquakes of the world during 1978...................... 958 Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 1978......... 104
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1 Summary of earthquake epicenters in the conterminous United Statesfor 1978. ........................................................... 2
2 Summary of earthquake epicenters in Alaska for 1978................. 23 Summary of earthquake epicenters in Hawaii for 1978................. 34 Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in the
conterminous United States for 1978................................. 45 Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in Alaska for
1978. ............................................................... 46 Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in Hawaii for
1978................................................................ 57 Isoseismal map for the northern California earthquake of 26 March
1978. ............................................................... 178 Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 4 June 1978 209 Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 5 June 1978 21
10 Photograph of Southern Pacific Transportation Company freight trainderailment west of Goleta, Calif.................................... 24
11 Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 13 August1978................................................................ 25
12 Photograph of damage to mobile home near Goleta, Calif.............. 2613 Isoseismal map for the Lake Tahoe, Calif, earthquake of 4 September
1978................................................................ 2814 Isoseismal map for the northern California earthquake of 8 September
1978................................................................ 2915 Isoseismal map for the Owens Valley, California earthquake of
4 October 1978...................................................... 3116 Isoseismal map for the central Idaho earthquake of 29 October 1978.. 4017 Isoseismal map for the southeastern Idaho earthquake of 30 November
1978. ............................................................... 4118 Isoseismal map for the southern Illinois earthquake of 5 December
1978................................................................ 4219 Isoseismal map for the eastern Missouri earthquake of 20 September
1978. ............................................................... 43
Figure Continued Page
20 Isoseismal map for the western Montana earthquake of 23 April 1978.. 4421 Isoseismal map for the southeastern Pennsylvania earthquake of
16 July 1978. ....................................................... 4822 Isoseismal map for the west Texas earthquake of 16 June 1978........ 5023 Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington earthquake of
11 March 1978....................................................... 5224 Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington earthquake of
31 March 1978....................................................... 5325 Isoseismal map for the Seattle, Washington earthquake of 31 December
1978................................................................ 5426 Northern California earthquakes during 1978......................... 8327 Plot of the cumulative number of earthquakes versus local Richter
magnitude (ML) ........ 1............................................. 8428 Southern California earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 ML or greater
during 1978......................................................... 8529 Central Mississippi Valley earthquakes during 1978 within a 4° x 4°
region centered at 37.0° N. and 89.5° W............................. 8630 Central Mississippi Valley earthquakes during 1978 within a 1.5° x
1.5° region centered at 36.25° N. and 89.75° W...................... 8631 Kansas Geological Survey seismograph network in 1978. ............... 8732 Kansas earthquakes and the Humboldt Fault Zone...................... 8733 Active seismograph stations in Oklahoma............................. 8934 Distribution of Oklahoma earthquakes during 1978. ................... 8935 Southeastern United States earthquake epicenters during 1978........ 9136 Southeastern United States seismic stations operating in 1978....... 9137 Virginia Tech Seismic Network....................................... 9238 Virginia earthquake epicenters during 1978.......................... 9239 Coyote Dam accelerograms from the Ukiah, Calif, earthquake of
25 March 1978 .......................................................10040 Location map, Santa Barbara, Calif, earthquake of 13 August 1978....10141 Accelerograms from Santa Barbara Courthouse and Cachuma Dam, Santa
Barbara earthquake of 13 August 1978................................ 10242 Selection of Monticello Dam accelerograms from the Jenkinsville,
South Carolina earthquake of February to November 1978.............. 103
VII
United States Earthquakes, 1978Carl W. Stover, U.S. Geological Survey
Carl A. von Hake, NOAA, Environmental Data and Information Service
Introduction
This publication describes all earth quakes that were reported felt in the United States and nearby territories in 1978. It has been compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and published jointly with NOAA, Environmental Data and Information Service (EDIS). Its purpose is to provide a continuous history of U.S. earthquakes for studying seismic risk, evaluating nuclear powerplant sites, designing earthquake-resistive structures, and answering inquiries from the scien tific and general public.
The publication is composed of four major chapters: "Earthquake Descrip tions," which includes a summary of macroseismic data reported for each earth quake and a chronological list of earth quakes by State (table 1); "Network Opera tions," which summarizes the results from local seismic networks; "Miscellaneous Activities," which contains information on crustal movement studies, tsunamis, and principal earthquakes of the world (table 7), and "Strong-Motion Seismograph Data" (table 8). The intensity and macroseismic data in "Earthquake Descriptions" are com piled from questionnaire canvasses (see next paragraph), newspaper articles, and reports prepared by other government organizations, State institutions, local organizations, and individuals. Each description includes date, origin time, hypocenter, and hypocenter source of the earthquake, maximum intensity (Modified Mercalli), and macroseismic effects reported in the area.
The USGS collects macroseismic inten sity information primarily by mailing questionnaires, "Earthquake Report" forms, to postmasters in the earthquake area. Postmasters complete the forms and return them to the USGS, where they are evaluated and intensities are assigned. For damaging earthquakes, the questionnaires are sup plemented by USGS field investigations. The USGS publishes preliminary intensity data in its quarterly Earthquakes in the United States. The final information is published in the United States Earthquakes series, issued annually since 1928.
DISCUSSION OF TABLES
The earthquake values in tables 1 and
7 include date, origin time, hypocenter (epicenter and fo.cal depth), and magni tude. Table 1 also contains the Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity., The origin time and date are listed Coordinated Time (UTC). were taken principally Preliminary Determination Monthly Listings1 United States2 .
in Universal The epicenters from the USGS of Epicenters,
or Earthquakes in the The accuracy of the
epicenters is that claimed by the institution supplying the hypocenter and is not necessarily the accuracy indicated by the number of decimals listed. The epicenters located by the USGS have a varying degree of accuracy, usually two- tenths of a degree or less, depending on their continental or oceanic location. The oceanic hypocenters are less accurate than those on the continent, even though both are listed to two decimals. Depths are listed to the nearest whole kilometer.
Magnitude values listed in the tables were furnished by cooperating institutions or determined by the USGS. The computa tional sources are labeled according to the assigned letter codes shown in head- notes to the tables.
EPICENTER MAPS
Figures 1-3 are computer plots of all earthquake epicenters in the conterminous United States, Alaska, and Hawaii listed in table 1. Each earthquake is indicated by a small circle.
Figures 4-6 are computer plots of 1978 earthquakes in the conterminous United States, Alaska, and Hawaii by Modi fied Mercalli (MM) intensity. Maximum intensities are represented by Arabic numerals at the location that each occurred. Earthquakes of intensity I-IV are represented by dots.
1For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
2Copies of these reports are available free on application to Branch of Distribu tion, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, Va. 22202.
130° 125° 120° 115° 110° 105° 100° 95° 90° 85° 80° 75° 70°
EXPLANATIONo Magnitude <5.0 O Magnitude 5.0-5.9
30°
25°
30°
FIGURE 1. Summary of earthquake epicenters in the conterminous United States for 1978.
155° 160° 165° 170° 175° 180° 175° 170° 165° 160° 155° 150° 14S° U0° 135 = 130° 125° 120° 115°
<70 km ^70 kmo n Magnitude <5.0o a Magnitude 5.0-5.9O d Magnitude >6.0
175" 180 170° 165° 160° 155° 150° 145° 140° 135°
FIGURE 2. Summary of earthquake epicenters in Alaska for 1978.0
ISO' 159° 158° 157° 154°
21°
20°
o~JKAUAI
EXPLAh°Magnit
<
JATIONjde <5.0
0 50 k
OAHU
^HLANAI<
KAH(
m
MOLOKAI
^£>Gp>*4*
)OLAWE
°°<
V<* °
MAUI
JS,^ &\j*\ "/flh^NX^O
o
o
HAWAII
>
FIGURE 3. summary of earthquake epi centers in Hawaii for 1978.
The selection of intensity or isoseismal maps shown in the Earthquake Descriptions is governed largely by the size of the area affected. This means that sharp, localized shocks of intensity VI (which occur mostly in California) may not be represented by these maps, whereas other earthquakes of intensity V and VI (which occur largely in the Eastern and Central States) often will be illustrated because of the larger felt areas. Numerals on these computer-plotted maps represent the maximum MM intensities at each town. Isoseismal contours are a gen eralization of intensity data and are extrapolated to regions that have no observations. The contours do not include each intensity observation.
EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION SERVICES
The USGS coordinates the collection of all types of earthquake information, with the special objective of correlating instrumentally determined earthquake loca tions with noninstrumental locations indi cated by intensity data. This correlation is achieved through intensive regional investigations of earthquakes by local organizations and the USGS. Primary data are gathered by a canvass of the epicen- tral area using questionnaire cards. When returned and analyzed, this information is used to map the seismic areas of the coun try in order to promote public safety through a better understanding of earth quake phenomena.
The National Geophysical and Solar- Terrestrial Data Center (NGSDC), one of the five major facilities of NOAA's Environmental Data and Information Ser vice, is responsible for data activities in seismology. Its services include
preparing local and regional seismic his tories for engineers, actuaries, and other scientists and answering direct inquiries from the public on all aspects of histori cal earthquakes. Additional services and products include publishing annual earth quake summaries and revised historical earthquake reports; and making available copies of seismograms, accelerograms, dis placement meter records, digitized strong-motion seismograms, and epicenter lists in several formats. Many of these products and services are based on seismic records or other data that have originated with USGS recording networks or with USGS data-reduction facilities. Information concerning services and products of NGSDC may be obtained from the National Geo physical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, NOAA/EDIS, Boulder, CO 80303.
MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY RATINGS
Magnitude, a measure of the "size" of an earthquake, is roughly related to the energy release at the focus of an earth quake. Although the magnitude scale has neither "top" nor "bottom" values the highest ever recorded was magnitude 8.9 and the lowest about -3. On this loga rithmic scale, a magnitude 6 shallow-focus earthquake represents elastic-wave energy about 30 times greater than that generated by a magnitude 5 earthquake, 900 times greater than that of a magnitude 4 shock, and so forth. Many factors enter into the determination of earthquake magnitude, including earthquake focal depth, fre quency content of the sampled energy, and the earthquake radiation pattern. Magni tude values calculated by the USGS are based on the following formulas:
MS = log (A/T) +1.66 log D + 3.3, (1)
as adopted by the International Associa tion of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI; Bath, 1966, p. 153), where A is the maximum vertical surface-wave ground amplitude, in microme ters; T is the period, in seconds, and 18<!T_<22; and D is the distance in geocen tric degrees (station to epicenter), and 20°j<D<160 0 . No depth correction is made for depth less than 50 km, and no MS mag nitudes are computed for depths greater than 50 km.
mb = log (A/T) + Q(D,h) , (2)
as defined by Gutenberg and Richter (1956), except that T, the period in seconds, is restricted to 0 .1_<T_< 3 . 0 , "and A, the ground amplitude in micrometers, is not necessarily the maximum of the P-wave group. Q is a function of distance D and depth h, where DX5 ° .
ML = log A - log A 0 , (3)
as defined by Richter (1958, p. 340),
100° 80°
45°
35°
EXPLANATION
Intensity I-IV5 Intensity V6 Intensity VI7 Intensity VII
Figure 4. Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in the conterminous United States for 1978.
155° 160° 165° 170° 175° 180° 175° 170° 165° 160° 155° 150° 145° 140° 135° 130° 125° 120° 115"
60°
55°
50° EXPLANATION
Intensity I-IV5 intensity V6 Intensity VI
0 300 km
50°
175° 180° 175° 170' 165° 160° 155° 150° 145° 140°
Figure 5. Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in Alaska for 1978.
160° 158° 156° 154°
18°
o~-sKAUAI
EXPLA
Intens
<
NATION
ty I-IV
0 50 k
,OAHU
^ fcLANAI*
KAl
m
MOLOKAI Z>-L) ^T^~
A^ IOOLAWE
(
( MAUI
r^.'.
\f^.
HAWAII
>
Figure 6. Earthquakes plotted by Modi fied Mercalli Intensity in Hawaii for 1978.
where A is the maximum trace amplitude in millimeters, written by a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer, and log A0 is a stan dard value as a function of distance, where the distance is _<600 km. ML values are also calculated from other seismome ters by conversion of recorded ground motion to the expected response of the torsion seismometer:
mbLg = 3.75 + 0.90(log D) (4) + log (A/T) 0.5°<D<4°,
mbLg = 3.30 + 1.66(log D) + log(A/T) 4°_<p<30 0 ,
as proposed by Nuttli (1973), where A/T is expressed in micrometers per second, cal culated from the vertical-component 1- second Lg waves, and D is the distance in geocentric degrees.
imum intensity, which is given in the text and in table 1.
Although the Modified Mercalli Inten sity Scale is in many instances inadequate for present-day requirements, the scale has been the guide used by the USGS and NOAA and will continue to be so used until a new scale has been devised and has acceptance in the engineering and seismo- logical communities. Questions concerning the interpretation of historical earth quake intensities should be referred to the USGS.
MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE OF 1931
Adapted from Sieberg's Mercalli-Cancani scale, modified and condensed.
I. Not felt - or, except rarely under especially favorable cir cumstances. Under certain condi tions, at and outside the boun dary of the area in which a great shock is felt: sometimes birds, animals, reported uneasy or dis turbed; sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced; sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bodies of water, may sway doors may swing, very slowly.
II
IIIIntensity, as applied to earthquakes,
represents a quantity determined from the effects on people, manmade objects, and the Earth's surface (landslides, ground fissures). Intensities are assigned according to the descriptions listed in the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (Wood and Neumann, 1931). There are 12 discrete steps in the MM scale (see next section). An earthquake in a popu lated area will have different intensities at different localities, owing to the dis tance from the epicenter of the earth quake, local geological conditions, struc- IV. tural design of buildings, and the earth quake magnitude.
The text of this publication gives the intensity for each city where the earthquake was felt and summaries of the strongest effects reported. Each earth quake is further characterized by its max-
Felt indoors by few, especially on upper floors, or by sen sitive, or nervous persons. Also, as in grade I, but often more noticeably: sometimes hanging objects may swing, especially when delicately suspended; sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bodies of water, may sway, doors may swing, very slowly; sometimes birds, animals, reported uneasy or disturbed; sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced .
Felt indoors by several, motion usually rapid vibration. Some times not recognized to be an earthquake at first. Duration estimated in some cases. Vibra tion like that due to passing of light, or lightly loaded trucks, or heavy trucks some distance away. Hanging objects may swing slightly. Movements may be appreciable on upper levels of tall structures. Rocked standing motor cars slightly.
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. Awakened few, espe cially light sleepers. Frightened no one, unless apprehensive from previous experience. Vibration like that due to passing of heavy or heavily loaded trucks. Sensa tion like heavy body striking building or falling of heavy
objects inside. Rattling of dishes, windows, doors; glassware and crockery clink and clash. Creaking of walls, frame, especially in the upper range of this grade. Hanging objects swung, in numerous instances. Disturbed liquids in open vessels slightly. Rocked stand ing motor cars noticeably.
V. Felt indoors by practically all, outdoors by many or most: outdoors direction estimated. Awakened many, or most. Frightened few slight excite ment, a few ran outdoors. Buildings trembled throughout. Broke dishes, glassware, to some extent. Cracked windows--in some cases, but not generally. Overturned vases, small or unstable objects, in many instances, with occasional fall. Hanging objects, doors, swing generally or considerably. Knocked pictures against walls, or swung them out of place. Opened, or closed, doors, shutters, abruptly. Pen dulum clocks stopped, started or ran fast, or slow. Moved small objects, furnishings, the latter to slight extent. Spilled liquids in small amounts from well-filled open containers. Trees, bushes, shaken slightly.
VI. Felt by all, indoors and outdoors. Frightened many, excitement general, some alarm, many ran outdoors. Awakened all. Persons made to move unsteadily. Trees, bushes, shaken slightly to moderately. Liquid set in strong motion. Small bells rang--church, chapel, school, etc. Damage slight in poorly built buildings. Fall of plaster in small amount. Cracked plaster somewhat, especially fine cracks chimneys in some instances. Broke dishes, glassware, in considerable quantity, also some windows. Fall of knick-knacks, books, pictures. Overturned fur niture in many instances. Moved furnishings of moderately heavy kind.
VII. Frightened all general alarm, all ran outdoors. Some, or many, found it difficult to stand. Noticed by persons driv ing motor cars. Trees and bushes shaken moderately to strongly. Waves on ponds, lakes, and running water. Water turbid from mud stirred up. Incaving to some extent of sand or gravel stream banks. Rang large church bells, etc. Suspended objects made to quiver. Damage
negligible in buildings of good design and construction, slight to moderate in well- built ordinary buildings, consider able in poorly built or badly designed buildings, adobe houses, old walls (especially where laid up without mortar), spires, etc. Cracked chim neys to considerable extent, walls to some extent. Fall of plaster in considerable to large amount, also some stucco. Broke numerous windows, furniture to some extent. Shook down loosened brickwork and tiles. Broke weak chimneys at the roof-line (some times damaging roofs). Fall of cornices from towers and high buildings. Dislodged bricks and stones. Overturned heavy furniture, with damage from breaking. Damage considerable to concrete irrigation ditches.
VIII. Fright general alarm approaches panic. Disturbed persons driv ing motor cars. Trees shaken strongly branches, trunks, broken off, especially palm trees. Ejected sand and mud in small amounts. Changes: temporary, permanent; in flow of springs and wells; dry wells renewed flow; in temperature of spring and well waters. Damage slight in structures (brick) built espe cially to withstand earth quakes. Considerable in ordi nary substantial buildings, partial collapse: racked, tum bled down, wooden houses in some cases; threw out panel walls in frame structures, broke off decayed piling. Fall of walls. Cracked, broke, solid stone walls seriously. Wet ground to some extent, also ground on steep slopes. Twisting, fall, of chim neys, columns, monuments, also factory stacks, towers. Moved conspicuously, overturned, very heavy furniture.
IX. Panic general. Cracked ground con spicuously. Damage consider able in (masonry) structures built especially to withstand earthquakes: Threw out of plumb some wood-frame houses built espe cially to withstand earth quakes; great in substan tial (masonry) buildings, some collapse in large part; or wholly shifted frame buildings oft foundations, racked frames; serious to reservoirs; underground pipes sometimes broken.
X. Cracked ground, especially when loose and wet, up to widths of several inches; fissures up to
a yard in width ran parallel to canal and stream banks. Landslides considerable from river banks and steep coasts. Shifted sand and mud horizontally on beaches and flat land. Changed level of water in wells. Threw water on banks of canals, lakes, rivers, etc. Damage serious to dams, dikes, embankments. Severe to well-built wooden struc tures and bridges, some des troyed. Developed dangerous cracks in excellent brick walls. Des troyed most masonry and frame structures, also their foundations. Bent railroad rails slightly. Tore apart, or crushed endwise, pipe lines buried in earth. Open cracks and broad wavy folds in cement pavements and asphalt road surfaces.
XI. Disturbances in ground many and widespread, varying with ground material. Broad fissures, earth slumps, and land slips in soft, wet ground. Ejected water in large amounts charged with sand and mud. Caused sea-waves ("tidal" waves) of significant magnitude. Damage severe to wood-frame structures, especially near shock centers. Great to dams, dikes, embankments often for long dis tances. Few, if any (masonry) structures remained standing. Destroyed large well-built bridges by the wrecking of supporting piers, or pillars. Affected yielding wooden bridges less. Bent railroad rails greatly, and thrust them endwise. Put pipe lines buried in earth completely out of service.
XII. Damage total practically all works of construction damaged greatly or destroyed. Disturbances in ground great and varied, numerous shearing cracks. Landslides, falls of rock of significant character, slumping of river banks, etc., numerous and extensive. Wrenched loose, tore off, large rock masses. Fault slips in firm rock, with notable horizontal and vertical offset dis placements. Water channels, sur face and underground, disturbed and modified greatly. Dammed lakes, produced waterfalls, deflected rivers, etc. Waves seen on ground surfaces (actually seen, probably, in some cases). Distorted lines of sight and level. Threw objects upward into the air.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Active cooperation in earthquake investigations in the United States is provided by several seismology collabora tors. The following served as collabora tors to the USGS and NOAA during 1978.
Alabama. L. J. Eisele, Spring Hill Col lege, Mobile.
Alaska. Staff of NOAA-Alaska TsunamiWarning Center, Palmer, and J. B.Townshend, College Observatory, Col lege.
Arizona. Marc Sbar, University ofArizona, Tucson.
California (northern). Bruce A. Bolt,University of California, Berkeley.
California (southern). Clarence R. Alien,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena.
Connecticut. Robert Miller, University ofConnecticut, Groton.
Delaware. Kenneth D. Woodruff, Universityof Delaware, Newark.
Florida and Georgia. Leland T. Long,Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta.
Hawaii. Robert Koyanagi, USGS, HawaiianVolcano Observatory, Hawaii NationalPark.
Idaho. James K. Applegate, Boise StateUniversity, Boise.
Indiana. Robert F. Blakely, Department ofNatural Resources, Geological Survey,Bloomington.
Iowa. J. P. Kopp, Loras College, Dubuque. Kansas. Henry V. Beck, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, and Don W.Steeples, Kansas Geological Survey,Lawrence.
Kentucky. Ronald L. Street, University ofKentucky, Lex ing ton.
Michigan. F. Mauk, University of Michi gan, Ann Arbor.
Minnesota. Harold Mooney, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis.
Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas area. OttoNuttli and Robert B. Hermann, SaintLouis University, Saint Louis.
Montana. Anthony Qamar, University ofMontana, Missoula.
New England. E. Chiburis, Boston College,Weston, Mass.
New York. Lynn R. Sykes and Yash P.Aggarwal, Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory, Palisades.
Ohio. Edward J. Walter, John CarrollUniversity, Cleveland.
Oklahoma. James E. Lawson, Jr., OklahomaGeological Survey, Leonard.
Oregon. Richard W. Couch, Oregon Univer sity, Corvallis.
Pennsylvania. Benjamin F. Howell, Jr.,Pennsylvania State University,University Park.
South Carolina. Pradeep Talwani, Univer sity of South Carolina, Columbia, and
Joyce Bagwell, Baptist College of Polytechnic Institute and StateCharleston, Charleston. University, Blacksburg.
Tennessee. Berlen C. Moneymaker, Knox- Washington. Norman Rasmussen and Robertville. S. Crosson, University of Washington,
Texas. G. R. Keller, University of Texas, Seattle.El Paso. West Virginia. R. W. Laird, West Virgina
Utah. Kenneth Cook, University of Utah, University, Morgantown.Salt Lake City. Wisconsin. David E. Willis, University of
Virginia. G. A. Bollinger, Virginia Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Earthquake Descriptions
This section lists all earthquakes alphabetically by State. The origin time of earthquake occurrences is given in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). Times are expressed continuously from midnight to midnight, or 0 to 24 hours.
Sources of noninstrumental informa tion (macroseismic data) in this publica tion include questionnaire canvasses con ducted by the USGS; newspaper articles; bulletins of the Seismological Society of America; and special earthquake reports of other organizations. Instrumental data are provided by the USGS, National Earth quake Information Service.
Roman numerals in the earthquake descriptions refer to the Modified Mer- calli Intensity Scale of 1931 (see page 2), which gives about equal weight to the disturbance of inanimate objects and to personal reactions. When more than one degree of intensity is reported from a town, the town is assigned the highest intensity reported. All earthquake reports that contain minimal information are assigned intensity II.
[The following symbols are used to indi cate authority for arrival or origin times, epicenters, and/or magnitudes: (A) Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; (B) University of Cali fornia, Berkeley; (D) University of Mon tana, Missoula; (E) U.S. Department of Energy, Las Vegas, Nevada; (G) U.S. Geo logical Survey, National Earthquake infor mation Service, Golden, Colo.; (H) U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Obser vatory, Hawaii National Park; (J) Weston Observatory, VJeston, Mass.; (K) Lee, W. H. K. and others, 1978; (L) Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, N.Y.; (M) NOAA, Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, Palmer; (O) Earth Physics Branch, Ottawa, Canada; (P) California Institute of Tech nology, Pasadena; (Q) Pacific Geoscience Centre, Sydney, B.C., Canada; (S) St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo.; (T) University of Oklahoma, Leonard; (U) University of Utah, Salt Lake City; (V) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg; (W) University of Washington, Seattle]
Alabama
1 March (G) Northern Alabama Origin time: 04 08 26.6 Epicenter: 34.42 N., 86.61 W.
Alabama Continued
Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
5 km2.5 mbLgHuntsville area (V).
11 December (G) Alabama-Mississippi borderarea
Origin time: 02 06 48.2
See Mississippi listing.
Alaska
5 January (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III; Wasilla (M).
Intensity II;
19 56 09.861.33 N., 151.65 W.110 km4 .4 mbAnchorage (M),
Palmer (M).
6 January (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
07 08 43.851.78 N., 176.01 W.63 km5.3 mbAdak (M).
6 January (G) Kenai Peninsula Origin time: 21 59 01.1 Epicenter: 60.91 N., 149.38 W. Depth: 45 km Magnitude: 4.6 mb, 4.9 ML(M) Intensity V; Girdwood (smallobjects fell, not broken).
Intensity IV; Anchorage, Chugiak,Clam Gulch, Cooper Landing, EagleRiver, Kenai, Ouzinkie, Seward,Soldotna, Whittier.
Intensity III; Elmendorf AFB, MoosePass, Palmer.
9 January (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
07 06 05.862.00 N., 148.82 W,9 km3.5 ML(M)Anchorage, Lower
Susitna Valley, Matanuska.
9 January (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
22 18 14.651.61 N., 177.17 W.121 km3.9 mbAdak (M).
Alaska Continued Alaska Continued
10 January (A) Central Alaska 20 March (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
12 09 16.464.74 N., 147.44 W.24 km2.8 ML(M)Fairbanks.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
(M) .
03 59 05.060.18 N., 153.61 W.153 km4.9 mbAnchorage (M), Homer
18 January (G) Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands
Islands Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
20 March (G) Southern Alaska
17 04 18.152.92 N., 166.43 W.70 kmNone computed.Unalaska (M).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III; Intensity II;
08 15 37.559.84 N., 153.24 W.134 km3.8 mbSoldotna (M).Homer (M), Kenai (M)
22 January (G) Cook InletOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
02 02 54.060.24 N., 152 .33 W.115 kmNone computed.Anchorage (M).
00 38 13.461.77 N., 151.41 W.90 km5.1 mbAnchorage (M),
27 January (G) Kenai PeninsulaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
18 52 59.260.37 N., 151.12 W.70 km4.7 mbAnchorage (M), Eagle
31 March (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time:Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude:Intensity IV;
Chugiak, Cooper Landing, Girdwood, Kasilof, Kenai, Skwentna, Talkeetna, Tyonek, Wasilla, Whit- tier, Willow.
Intensity III; Elmendorf AFB, Homer (M), Moose Pass, Palmer (M).
9 April (G) Kenai PeninsulaRiver (M) , Kenai (M), Soldotna (M)
28 January (G) Kenai PeninsulaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
(M) . Intensity II; Anchorage (M).
18 53 06.860.07 N., 151.33 W.77 km4.5 mbKenai (M), Nikishka
12 February (G) Cook Inlet Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
08 56 38.9 59.45 N., 152.62 W. 72 km 5.4 mb
_______ Anchor Point, Homer, Ouzinkie, Seldovia.
Intensity III: Kodiak, Kokhanok,Port Graham.
Intensity II: English Bay (M), Homer (M), King Salmon (M).
16 February (G) Southern Alaska
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
(M). Intensity II;
12 April (G) Kodiak Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity V; Intensity IV;
(M) .Intensity III; Intensity II;Bay (M).
17 12 59.960.69 N., 151.84 W.101 km4.5 mbAnchorage (M), Kenai
Homer (M).
Island region 03 42 03.5 56.42 N., 152.69 W. 14 km6.0 mb, 6.6 MS, 6.5
MS(B), 6.3 MS(P), 5.8 ML(A)
Sitkinak Island. Kodiak, Old Harbor
Ouzinkie.Olqa Bay (M), Zechar
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
20 53 49.061.31 N., 144.89 W.Normal.4.1 ML(M)Chitina.
19 April (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
01 49 03.560.14 N., 153.54 W.158 km4.6 mbAnchorage (M).
19 April (G) Southern Alaska
6 March (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
18 40 23.651.76 N. , 175.81 W.65 km4.7 mbAdak (M).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
14 52 18.161.00 N., 146.49 W,40 km3,. 3 ML(M)Valdez (M).
21 April (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 20 40 37.7
Alaska Continued Alaska Continued
Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
64.53 N., 147.95 W. 30 km 3.7 ML(M) College (M).
24 April (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands
25 May (G) Central Alaska Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
10 39 57.464.55 N., 152.59 W.Normal.4.0 MLTanana.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
04 28 47.051.64 N., 176.09 W.53 km5.2 mb, 4.8 MSAdak.
31 May (G) Southern Alaska
5 May (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:Willow to Wide Pass (M).
Intensity III: Anchorage to Palmer (M).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
18 29 25.661.36 N., 149.70 W.44 km3.0 ML(M)Palmer (M).
05 32 47.463.30 N., 150.97 W.134 km5.2 mbSkwentna, Talkeetna,
10 June (G) Alaska PeninsulaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity II Intensity I;
08 23 59.657.92 N., 156.72 W.10 km4.5 mb, 3.9 MS,
4.6 ML(M) Egegik (M). King Salmon (M).
11 May (G) Andreanof Islands, AleutianIslands
Origin time: 00 23 37.6 Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
10 June (G) Southern Alaska
51.67 N., 176.10 W, 59 km5.6 mb, 5.9 MS,
5.8 MS(B)Intensity IV: Adak (M).
12 May (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 12 16 03.9Epicenter: 62.25 N., 149.40 W.Depth: 67 kmMagnitude: 5.1 mb
Felt throughout the Susitna Valley (press report).
Intensity IV: Anchorage, Chugiak, Elmendorf AFB, Gakona, Girdwood, Glennallen, Gold Creek (M), Homer, Kashwitna (M) , McKinley Park', Pal mer (M), Skwentna, Talkeetna, Wasilla (M), Whittier.
Intensity III; Fairbanks (M).Intensity II: Ester, Moose Pass.
24 May (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III:
(M).
19 35 10.260.30 N., 146.45 W.20 km4.8 mb, 4.7 ML(M)Cordova (M).Anchorage (M), Valdez
12 June (G) Kenai Peninsula, AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
07 30 39.359.86 N., 150.76 W.55 km4 .0 mbHomer (M).
22 June (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity III;
05 41 27.751.61 N., 179.41 W,Normal.4.8 mb, 5.9 MS,
5.0 ML(M) Adak (M).
13 July (G) Southern Alaska
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity IV:
06 16 55.451.23 N., 179.21 W.25 km6.0 mb, 6.7 MS,
6.4 mb(P), 6.2 MS(P), 6.4 MS(B)
Adak (M).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
15 27 33.562.11 N., 149.95 W,40 km3.5 ML(M)Palmer (M).
16 July (G) Central Alaska
24 May (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
05 03 02.363.57 N., 150.52 W,31 km3.5 ML(M)McKinley Park (M).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
09 53 03.451.13 N., 179.20 W,Normal.5.2 mb, 5.4 MSAdak.
19 July (A) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: 18 54 32.8 Epicenter: 61.33 N., 149.98 W, Depth: 13 km Magnitude: 3.0 ML(M)
Alaska Continued Alaska Continued
Intensity II: Chugiak (M), Eagle River (M), Susitna Flats 15 km north of Anchorage (A).
23 July (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 15 19 35.5 Epicenter: 63.31 N., 147.26 W. Depth: Normal. Magnitude: 5.0 mb, 4.8 ML(M) Intensity III; Throughout central Alaska (M).
27 July (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 14 18 48.0 Epicenter: 65.00 N., 147.60 W. Depth: 20 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML(A) Intensity IV: Fairbanks.
27 July (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 15 51 42.2Epicenter: 64.85 N., 147.59 W.Depth: 10 kmMagnitude: 3.6 ML(A)Intensity III; Fairbanks (press
report).
27 July (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 17 11 21.1 Epicenter: 64.93 N., 148.02 W. Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 3.7 ML(A) Intensity III; Fairbanks (press
report).
3 August (G) Kenai PeninsulaOrigin time: 06 33 30.9Epicenter: 59.78 N., 151.15 W.Depth: 89 kmMagnitude: None computed.Intensity III; Homer (M).
8 August (G) Southern Alaska09 30 03.361.39 N., 146.91 W.53 km4.3 mbPalmer (few windows
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V;
cracked). Intensity IV: Delta Junction,Glennallen, Valdez, Whittier.
Intensity III; Anchorage (M), Girdwood.
Intensity II: Chugiak.
13 August (G) Southern Alaska
Depth: 123 kmMagnitude: 5.4 mb, 5.7 mb(B)Intensity VI; Clam Gulch (cracked plasterboard, hairline cracks in exterior cinderblock walls, small objects shifted).
Intensity V: Sterling.Intensity IV: Anchorage, Chugiak, Cooper Landing, Eagle River, Gird- wood, Homer, Kenai, Larsen Bay, Moose Pass, Port Lions, Seldovia, Skwentna, Tyonek, Whittier.
Intensity III; Cordova (M), Healey (M), King Salmon (M), Kodiak (M), Soldotna, Spenard, Willow.
Intensity II; Fairbanks (M), Nikishka.
22 August (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 04 13 55.3 Epicenter: 65.16 N., 151.99 W. Depth: 14 km Magnitude: 4.0 ML(M) Intensity II; Tanana (M).
22 August (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 09 53 24.2 Epicenter: 65.23 N., 152.12 W. Depth: 17 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML(M) Intensity II; Tanana (M).
22 August (A) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 10 12 02.8 Epicenter: 64.92 N., 152.53 W, Depth: 1 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML(A) Intensity II; Tanana.
22 August (A) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 10 29 08.0 Epicenter: 64.99 N., 152.31 W, Depth: 1 km Magnitude: 3.4 ML(A) Intensity II; Tanana.
26 August (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: 13 44 31.2 Epicenter: 65.08 N., 152.36 W. Depth: Normal. Magnitude: 3.3 ML(A) Intensity II: Tanana (M).
3 September (A) Central Alaska
00 49 41.062.28 N., 149.71 W.65 km4.1 mbAnchorage, Chugiak,
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:Skwentna.
Intensity III; Big Lake (M), Palmer(M), Wasilla (M).
18 August (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: 18 52 28.4 Epicenter: 59.89 N., 153.53 W.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II; Fairbanks (A).
06 27 05.464.58 N. , 147.16 W11 km3.9 MLEielson AFB (A),
18 September (G) Central Alaska Origin time: 17 02 54.9 Epicenter: 63.66 N., 147.59 W, Depth: 88 km Magnitude: None computed. Intensity IV: Cantwell, Usibelli.
Alaska Continued Alaska Continued
Intensity II; (A).
Talkeetna (A), Willow 4 October (G) Near Islands, Aleutian Islands
19 September (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III
(A). Intensity II;
08 37 56.061.34 N., 147.18 W.32 km3.9 ML(M)Anchorage to Valdez
Gakona, Valdez.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
19 55 17.550.93 N., 173.53 E.Normal.5.3 mb, 5.0 MSShemya Island (M).
6 October (G) Southern Alaska
20 September (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
Sutton. Intensity II;
11 46 05.961.92 N., 149.23 W.8 km3.8 ML(M)Girdwood, Palmer,
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III
area (M). Intensity II;
(M).
05 54 05.261.93 N., 150.67 W.6 km4.6 ML(M)Willow-Hatcher Pass
Palmer (M), Wasilla
__________ Anchorage (M), Independence Mine area (M), Skwentna.
21 September (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 14 45 19.6 Epicenter: 61.11 N., 151.81 W. Depth: 81 km Magnitude: 4.5 mb Intensity IV: Anchorage (M), Eagle
River (M), Girdwood, Kenai, Palmer,Soldotna, Sterling.
Intensity II: Sutton.
25 September (G) Andreanof Islands,Aleutian Islands
Origin time:Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude:Intensity II:report).
17 October (G) Andreanof Islands, AleutianIslands
Origin time: 20 50 48.7 Epicenter: 51.72 N., 176.94 W. Depth: 61 km Magnitude: 5.0 mb
Eighty-six questionnaires were com pleted for this earthquake from the Naval Air Station, Adak Island. The evaluated intensities from the information on these questionnaires ranged from intensity IV to VI.
27 October (G) Southern Alaska
09 37 01.951.79 N., 175.28 W,62 km4.6 mbAdak (telephone
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
04 29 31.562.20 N., 151.05 W.102 kmNone computed.Talkeetna.
30 October (G) Southern Alaska
26 September (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
16 08 18.664.99 N., 147.55 W.27 km3.7 mb, 3.9 ML(M)Eielson AFB (A),
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
11 11 38.460.96 N., 150.32 W.48 km3.3 mbAnchorage area (M).
31 October (G) Southern Alaska
Fairbanks, North Pole (A).
28 September (G) Central Alaska23 53 13.7 63.99 N. 147.71 W. Normal.4.4 mb, 4.5 ML(M) Big Delta (M), Delta
Junction (A), Fairbanks (M), Healey (M), Nenana (M), North Pole (M), Solcha (A).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
12 28 30.161.91 N., 149.57 W.Normal.3.5 mb, 3.4 ML(M)Palmer area (M).
14 November (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
22 27 45.764.54 N., 147.03 W.25 km3.7 MLFairbanks area (M).
4 October (G) Andreanof Islands, AleutianIslands
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:Intensity IV;
18 53 00.151.81 N., 177.05 W.58 km4.5 mbAdak Island (M).
19 November (G) Near Islands, AleutianIslands
Origin time: 19 42 35.7 Epicenter: 52.70 N., 172.48 E. Depth: 47 kmMagnitude: Intensity V;
5.3 mb(G), 5.2 MS(G) Shemya Island.
Alaska Continued Alaska Continued
24 November (G) Southern Alaska 22 December (G) Alaska PeninsulaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
(M) .
00 28 12.862.03 N., 150.52 W.74 km4.5 mbPalmer (M), Talkeetna
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
03 25 29.955.57 N., 160.37 W.12 km4.5 mb, 4.2 ML(M)Sand Point (M).
24 November (G) Southern AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
08 50 45.461.99 N., 150.51 W,77 km3.2 mbWillow (M).
2 December (G) Kenai PeninsulaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V:
21 57 20.059.69 N., 151.66 W,13 km3.7 ML(M)Homer.
3 December (G) Central Alaska
24 December (G) Central Alaska Origin time: 13 13 08.1 Epicenter: 63.56 N., 157.59 W. Depth: Normal. Magnitude: 5.0 mb(G), 4.4 MS(G),
5.3 ML(M)Intensity IV; Galena Airport (peo
ple were awakened and the control tower was evacuated).
Arizona
10 March (P) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
(M) . Intensity III
(M), Willow (M) . Intensity II; Wasilla.
4 December (G) Central Alaska
19 39 31.262.31 N., 149.75 W.74 km4.7 mbChugiak, Talkeetna
Anchorage (M), Palmer
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III: report).
20 34 36.232.33 N., 115.03 W,5 km3.5 MLYuma (telephone
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
12 11 06.465.04 N. , 147.51 W,24 km3.3 ML (M)Fairbanks (M).
8 December (G) Northern AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
10 01 51.568.33 N., 145.17 W.Normal.4.0 ML(M)Fairbanks (M).
15 December (G) Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands
11 March (G) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: 23 57 46.8 Epicenter: 32.26 N., 115.12 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.8 mb, 5.0 ML(P)
This earthquake destroyed approxi mately 30 houses, cracked dozens of buildings, and interrupted electric power and telephone communications in the cities of San Luis, Sonora, and Luis Sanchez, Mexico.
Intensity VI; Arizona Yuma(cracked plaster).
Intensity III; California El Centro(press report).
12 March (G) Baja California
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
08 30 34.752.11 N. , 175.23 E47 km5.6 mb, 5.6 MS,
5.4 MS(B) Shemya AFB (light
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
00 30 15.732.23 N., 115.14 W.5 km4.5 mb, 4.7 ML(P)Ari zona--Yuma.California southern
Intensity V;furniture and small objectsshifted) .
Intensity IV; Attu.
17 December (G) Central AlaskaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
Fairbanks.
13 15 26.063.95 N., 147.42 W.22 km4.8 mb, 4.6 ML(M)Clear AFR (M), Ester,
Imperial Valley (telephone report)
12 March (G) Raja California Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity VI;Arizona Yuma (cracked plaster,
cracked streets). Intensity IV:Arizona Somerton.California Imperial, Winterhaven.
18 42 24.332.26 N., 115.11 W.5 km4.9 mb, 4.9 ML(P)
Arizona Continued California Continued
16 March (P) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
01 51 10.132.30 N., 115.12 W,5 km4.2 mb(G), 4.2 MLYuma.
5 May (P) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: 21 03 15.8
See California listing.
Arkansas
31 August (S) New Madrid, Missouri region Origin time: 00 31 00.3
See Tennessee listing.
23 September (S) Southern ArkansasOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
07 33 57.533.65 N., 91.89 W.2 km3.1 mbLgWilmar.
21 November (S) Northeastern ArkansasOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
23 31 22.135.97 N., 89.92 W,10 km2.4 MLBlytheville.
California
4 January (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
12 23 00.540.65 N., 124.77 W,27 km3.7 MLFerndale, Fortuna.Eel River Valley.
6 January (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
10 42 44.839.42 N., 123.33 W.14 km2.9 MLWillits.
14 January (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
15 45 45.638.81 N., 122.79 W.5 km3.1 MLSouthern Lake County
(press report).
15 January (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
14 38 26.239.14 N., 123.25 W.5 km3.0 MLUkiah (press report)
Intensity III: report).
Willits (press
17 January (R) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: 20 59 12.9Epicenter: 39.15 N., 123.26 W.Depth: 8 kmMagnitude: 2.9 MLIntensity V; Ukiah (hairline crack
in the wall, dishes rattled, build ings swayed--press report).
25 January (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
10 40 50.034.32 N., 118.33 W.5 km2.7 MLLa Crescenta, Sylmar.
28 January (B) Northern California Origin time: 08 49 02.5 Epicenter: 39.40 N., 123.35 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.5 ML(B) Intensity V: Willits (furniture
and small objects moved; people awakened; windows, doors, dishes rattled).
31 January (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
worth.
14 18 10.034.18 N., 118.63 W.6 km2.1 MLCanoga Park, Chats-
6 February (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
00 39 25.834.03 N., 116.78 W.6 km3.1 MLPalm Springs.
6 February (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
01 01 28.934.03 N., 116.78 W,6 km3.3 MLPalm Springs.
6 February (P) Imperial ValleyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
12 57 14.2 33.25 N., 115.57 W. 4 km 3.4 ML
__ _Niland (many awak ened; windows, doors, dishes rat tled; buildings shook).
Intensity III; Brawley (telephone report).
7 February (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
13 39 22.7 39.41 N., 123.17 W. 5 km2.7 ML(B) Willits (many awak-
California Continued California Continued
ened; small objects shifted; build ings shook; windows, doors, dishes rattled).
11 February (P) Imperial ValleyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
01 45 30.533.02 N., 115.53 W,7 km2.5 MLBrawley.
11 February (P) Imperial ValleyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
01 45 51.033.02 N., 115.53 W.5 km2.5 MLBrawley.
11 February (P) Imperial Valley^Origin time: Epicenter: Magnitude: Depth: Intensity III:
02 25 51.433.02 N., 115.53 W,3.1 ML6 kmBrawley.
13 February (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
18 04 06.334.02 N., 117.22 W.6 km2.9 MLRedlands.
14 February (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
16 33 46.938.41 N., 122.65 W.8 km2.8 MLSanta Rosa.
14 February (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
20 03 09.538.42 N., 122.66 W.9 km2.5 MLSanta Rosa.
14 February (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III:
21 03 55.440.30 N., 124.27 W.10 km4.0 MLRio Dell.Ferndale, Fortuna.
23 February (P) Imperial ValleyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
16 43 03.732.82 N., 115.60 W.19 km3.6 MLImperial, Seeley.
1 March (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity VI;
04 54 31.234.53 N., 116.77 W.5 km4.4 ML, 4.4 ML(B)White Water (cracked
Intensity V; Colton, Fawnskin, Highland.
Intensity IV: Angelus Oaks, Apple Valley, Big Bear City, Bryn Mawr, Chino, Crestline, Etiwanda, Green Valley Lake, Montrose, Mount Baldy, Palomar Mountain, Rimforest, San Bernardino, Twin Peaks.
Intensity III; Barstow, Big Bear Lake, Crest Park, Del Rosa, Lake Arrowhead, Lucerne Valley, Newberry Springs, Norton AFB, Victorville (press report).
Intensity II; Azusa, Blue Jay, Bur- bank, Daggett, West Covina (press report), Wrightwood.
8 March (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: 14 49 34.9Epicenter: 33.83 N., 117.88 W.Depth: 5 kmMagnitude: 2.9 MLIntensity IV; Anaheim (Brookhurst
Center, Sunkist), Fullerton, Long Beach, Orange, Placentia, Santa Ana, Westminster.
Intensity III; Brea (press report), Buena Park (press report), Cypress (press report), Garden Grove, La Mirada, Midway City, Stanton, Sunny Hills, Tustin (press report), Yorba Linda.
11 March (G) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: 23 57 46.8
See Arizona listing.
12 March (G) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: 00 30 15.7
See Arizona listing.
12 March (G) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: 18 42 24.3
See Arizona listing.
13 March (P) Southern California16 38 15.733.93 N., 117.98 W.4 km3.2 MLLa Mirada (cracked
Buena Park, La Habra,
plaster; light furniture shifted).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity VI;plaster).
Intensity V;Surfside.
Intensity IV; Anaheim (pressreport), Bellflower, Fullerton,Perry, Pico Rivera, Whittier.
Intensity III; Alhambra, Brea (pressreport), Compton, Manhattan Beach,Rowland Heights.
Intensity II; La Puente, Norwalk,Santa Ana.
14 March (P) Southern California Origin time: 16 09 51.2
California Continued124° 123° 122°
Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: IntensityIntensitySprings,
IV:III:
33.95 N., 4 km 2.5 ML La Habra. Fullerton
117.97
, Santa
w.
FeWhittier.
15 March (P) Imperial ValleyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
(telephone report).
04 02 49.432.78 N., 115.53 W.5 km2.9 MLEl Centre, Imperial
15 March (P) Imperial ValleyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
04 09 39.732.78 N., 115.57 W.5 km3.2 MLEl Centro, Imperial
(telephone report).
20 March (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
00 07 56.736.00 N., 117.87 W,1 km3.0 ML, 3.6 ML(B)Haiwee Reservoir
(telephone report).
21 March (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
Dell, Scotia. Intensity III;
14 05 12.140.44 N., 124.45 W.11 km3.5 MLBayside, Loleta, Rio
Ferndale.
26 March (B) Northern California Origin time: 00 27 04.8 Epicenter: 39.21 N., 123.17 W. Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 4.9 mb(G), 4.4 ML
This earthquake was felt over an area of about 8,200 sq km centered in the Ukiah area (fig. 7).
Loss of about $10,000 from glass bot tles and containers being thrown to the floor and broken was sustained by grocery and liquor stores in the Ukiah area. This earthquake trig gered three accelerographs located at Coyote Dam near nkiah (Porcella, 1978a). The accelerographs arc located at the center crest, center toe, and south abutment of the dam. Maximum acceleration recorded at the crest was 0.30 cj, at the toe was 0.34 £, and at the south abut ment was 0 . 20 cj.
The press reported damage at a new warehouse at the Parducci Winery south of Ukiah. Huge storage tanks in the warehouse, welded to plates
Epicenter
6 Felt at intensity 6
o Not felt
FIGURE 7. Isoseismal map for the north ern California earthquake of 26 March 1978, 00 27 04.4 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modi fied Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific
California Continued
on the floor to hold them rigid, contained 200 tons of liquid. The liquid moved and about 1,000 gal lons spilled, damaging the tanks. Liquid in free-floating tanks in another building sustained minor spillage, but there was no damage to the tanks. The drop ceiling in the new warehouse was also damaged,
Intensity VI; Comptche (windows broken), Ukiah (pictures fell, glass bottles and jars broken in grocery and liquor stores, burglar alarm set off, damage to Parducci Winery).
Intensity V; Boonville, Clearlake Highlands, Finley, Kelseyville, Lakeport, Manchester, Potter Val ley, Redwood Valley, Talmage, Wil- lits, Witter Springs.
Intensity IV; Albion, Clearlake Park, Cloverdale, Elk, Fort Bragg, Glenhaven, Lucerne, Mendocino, Monte Rio, Navarro, Philo, Stewarts Point, Westport.
Intensity III; Hopland, Upper Lake.Intensity II; Loch Lomond.
California Continued California Continued
26 March (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV: Intensity III:
00 34 11.939.21 N., 123.14 W,5 km3.1 MLTalmage, Ukiah.Willits.
26 March (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
01 19 10.039.20 N., 123.17 W,10 km3.6 mb(G), 3.6 MLTalmage, Ukiah.Willits.
26 March (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV: Intensity III;
02 29 16.939.21 N., 123.17 W,5 km3.3 MLTalmaqe, Ukiah.Willits.
26 March (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
04 28 18.639.23 N., 123.19 W,3 km3.5 MLTalmage, Ukiah.Comptche, Willits.
27 March (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
Rio Dell. Intensity III;
08 44 03.040.43 N., 124.31 W,14 km3.2 MLFerndale, Fortuna,
Scotia (pressreport), Weotl.
1 April (P) Southern California Origin time: 10 52 27.4 Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V:
Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
39.14 N., 123.19 W.5 km3.2 MLTalmage, Willits.Redwood Valley, Ukiah.
14 April (P) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
Station.
10 01 05.235.28 N., 116.83 W.5 km3.7 MLGoldestone Tracking
18 April (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
22 42 36.233.88 N., 117.55 W,6 km3.0 MLCorona, Riverside.
22 April (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
(P) .
13 04 27.834.05 N., 118.97 W.14 km3.4 mb(G), 3.2 MLMalibu to Point Dume
25 April (P) Imperial Valley regionOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
04 58 38.233.00 N., 115.58 W.11 km2.4 MLBrawley (P).
25 April (P) Imperial Valley regionOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
05 13 25.333.00 N., 115.58 W,9 km2.3 MLBrawley (P).
34.20 N., 116.97 W.6 km4.2 ML, 3.8 mb(G)Angelus Oaks, Big
Bear City, Llano, Rosamund. Intensity IV; Big Bear Lake, Blue
Jay, Bryn Mawr, Cedar Glen, Coachella, Fawn-skin, Forest Falls, Green Valley Lake, Highland, Loma Linda, Lucerne Valley, Redlands, Running Springs, Sunnymead, Yucaipa.
Intensity III: Palm Springs.
4 April (B) Northern California
25 April (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
21 56 30.233.72 N., 118.37 W.4 km2.5 MLLong Beach (P).
26 April (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
06 08 21.933.95 N., 118.30 W.5 km2.7 MLHawthorne (P), Los
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II: Creek (B).
03 23 31.i37.84 N., 122.06 W.8 km.2.5 MLAlamo (R), Walnut
Angeles (P), Northern Orange County (press report), Santa Monica (P).
29 April (P) Southern California
8 April (B) Northern California Origin time: 09 22 18.9
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
(P).
03 32 11.833.83 N., 117.73 W.5 km3.2 ML, 4.6 mb(G)Santa Ana, Villa Park
California Continued California Continued
29 April (P) Southern California04 03 46.234.23 N., 116.57 W.6 km3.8 MLLanders.Fawnskin,
Origin time:Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude:Intensity V;Intensity IV; Fawnskin, Lake Arrow
head, Riverside.Intensity III; Helendale, Orange, Santa Ana.
Intensity II; Anaheim Hills (press report), Big Bear (P), Tustin (press report).
1 May (P) Southern California
Intensity III; report).
East San Jose (press
11 May (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
05 47 32.434.00 N., 118.35 W.5 km2.8 ML
_________ Culver City, Ingle- wood, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Southgate.
11 May (B) Central California
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
08 02 54.434.37 N., 119.97 W.5 km3.7 MLGoleta, Santa Barbara.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
11 56 05.637.37 N., 121.76 W.3 km3.8 MLEast San Jose.
11 May (B) Central California
5 May (P) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: 21 03 15.8Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude:
32.22 N., 115.32 W.5 km4.8 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G) ,
5.5 ML Intensity IV:Arizona--San Luis, Yuma. California Calexico, Del Mar, Cam-
po, El Centro, Heber, Ocotillo, Potrero, Seeley.
Intensity III ;California--Plaster City, San
Diego.
6 May (B) Owens Valley region
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
11 56 56.637.37 N., 121.76 W.2 km3.8 MLEast San Jose.
11 May (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
12 18 11.837.38 N., 121.75 W,4 km3.7 mb(G), 3.7 MLEast San Jose.
11 May (B) Central California
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
10 14 14.937.47 N., 118.57 W,8 km3.7 MLBishop.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
12 28 03.537.38N., 121.75 W.4 km3.4 MLEast San Jose.
11 May (P) Southern California
May (B) Central California Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
01 07 02.436.83 N., 120.03 W,9 km3.3 MLMadera.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
17 57 40.634.00 N., 118.45 W.5 km2.9 MLBeverly Hills, Ingle-
wood, Santa Monica.
22 May (B) Central California
May (B) Central California Origin time: 06 56 23.3 Epicenter: 37.37 N., 121.75 W. Depth: 3 km Magnitude: 3.4 ML
This earthquake is the beginning of a swarm along the Caleveras fault northeast of San Jose.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
Canyon.
21 56 06.936.64 N., 121.31 W.4 km3.7 mb(G), 3.7 MLHollister, Stone
22 May (B) Northern California
Intensity III; report).
East San Jose (press
10 May (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: 15 55 40.5Epicenter: 37.38 N., 121.75 W.Depth: 2 kmMagnitude: 3.3 ML
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II; Canyon (B).
22 01 58.236.64 N., 121.31 W.5 km2.9 MLHollister (B), Stone
19
23 May (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: 09 16 50.8Epicenter: 33.90 N., 119.17 W.Depth: 5 km
California Continued118° 117'
Magnitude: 4.0 mb(G), 3.9 MLIntensity IV: Compton, Hollywood Beach (press report), Oxnard (press report), Port Hueneme (press report), Silver Strand Beach.
Intensity III: Glendale.Intensity II; Point Mugu.
27 May (B) Northern California34°
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
18 22 41.338.54 N., 122.74 W.9 km3.8 MLSanta Rosa (B),
Sonoma County (B).
31 May (P) Imperial Valley regionOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
05 16 49.232.87 N., 115.48 W,10 km2.7 MLBrawley.
31 May (P) Imperial Valley regionOrigin time: 11 44 45.2Epicenter: 32.87 N., 115.48 W.Depth: 10 kmMagnitude: 2.9 MLIntensity II: Brawley.
4 June (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: 03 57 17.3Epicenter: 33.92 N., 117.83 W.Depth: 6 kmMagnitude: 3.5 ML
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 1,800 sq km (fig. 8).
Intensity V; Whittier (light fur niture and small objects shifted).
Intensity IV; Anaheim, Arcadia, Atwood, Big Bear City, Bonsall, Brea, Buena Park, Burbank, Costa Mesa, Covina, Cudahy, Cypress, Dia mond Bar, Downey,. El Segundo, Fawnskin, Fountain Valley, Fuller- ton, Garden Grove, Gardena, Glen- dale, Hancock, Ladera Heights, La Habra, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Maywood, Midway City, Monrovia, Monterey Park, Montrose, Murrieta, Norwalk, Paramount, Pasadena, Pla- centia, Pomona, San Jacinto, Sierra Madre, South Gate, Stanton, Sunset Beach, Vista, West Covina, Westmin ster, Wildomar, Yorba Linda.
Intensity III; Glendora, Glenoaks, Los Alamitos, Santa Ana.
Intensity II; Altadena, Green Val ley Lake, Huntington Beach, Montclair, Phelan, San Gabriel, Van Nuys .
5 June (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: 16 03 03.8Epicenter: 33.42 N., 116.70 W.
EXPLANATION
"& Epicenter 3 Felt at intensity 5 Not felt
';l,Yorba Linda Sar/Jacin°to
|^V Avalon
0 50 km
CALIFORNIA
Phelan »Big B ;ar City
?Wildomar
Bonsall
FIGURE 8. Isoseismal map for the south ern California earthquake of 4 June 1978, 03 57 17.3 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
California Continued
Depth: Magnitude:
12 km3.9 mb(G), 4.4 ML
20
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 11,000 sq km (fig. 9).
Intensity V; Anza (hairline cracks in exterior brick walls, small objects shifted), Winchester (few cracked windows; windows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Intensity IV: Aguanga, Alpine, Ban ning, Bonita, Borrego Springs, Camp Pendleton, El Cajon, Escondido, Guatay, Hemet, Idyllwild, Indio, Jamul, Julian, La Mirada, Laguna Niguel, Lakeside, North Palm Springs, Pala, Palm Springs, Palomar Mountain, Pauma Valley, Pico Rivera, Pine Valley, Pomona, Ramona, Ranchita, San Diego, San Diego NAB, San Marcos, Santa Ysa- bel, Valley Center, Vista, Warner Springs.
Intensity III; Boulevard, Del Mar, La Jolla, Mountain Center, North Shore, Palm Desert, Pico Rivera, Rincon Springs (press report), San Diego--Lindbergh Field, South Whit- tier.
Intensity II; Lake Elsinore, Mt. Baldy.
118° 117° 116°
34°
33°
CALIFORNIA
Mount BaldyDfl *
EXPLANATION
EpicenterFelt at intensity 5Not felt
Pico F iveraT
kSLaguna Niguel
FIGURE 9. Isoseismal map for the south ern California earthquake of 5 June 1978, 16 03 03.8 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
California Continued
11 June (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
20 12 03.941.44 N., 121.89 W.2 km3.5 MLMt. Shasta area (B)
12 June (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
09 18 44.141.46 N., 121.86 W.2 km3.8 MLMt. Shasta area (B)
California Continued
Shatter.Intensity II; Buena Vista pumping plant (P), New Cuyama, Santa Bar bara (P), Saugus.
25 June (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
07 31 11.434.05 N., 117.27 W.5 km3.1 MLFontana (P).
2 July (B) Northern California11 57 57.0 36.90 N., 122.18 W. 10 km 4.2 MLCapitola (small Watsonville (small
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V;objects fell),objects fell).
Intensity IV: Aptos, Boulder Creek,Davenport, East Santa Cruz, Felton,Mount Herman, Pescadero, Salinas,Santa Cruz.
Intensity II; Brookdale, SantaClara.
5 July (P) Southern California Origin time: 10 47 55.6 Epicenter: 33.88 N., 116.50 W. Depth: 1 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity V; North Palm Springs
(small objects fell, few windowscracked, light furniture shifted).
Intensity IV; Banning, Desert HotSprings (press report), Indio,Landers, Palm Springs.
18 July (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
19 09 03.736.99 N., 121.67 W.5 km2.9 MLCorralitos.Watsonville.
14 June (P) Southern California21 July (P) Southern California
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
04 27 49.434.38 N., 118.63 W.6 km2.9 MLNewhall (P).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
13 24 41.934.05 N., 118.90 W13 km3.0 MLNewbury Park (P),
16 June (P) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: 04 21 31.9Epicenter: 35.03 N., 119.13 W.Depth: 5 kmMagnitude: 4.1 mb(G), 4.1 ML,
4.4 ML(B)Intensity V; Mettler (small
objects overturned), Pumpkin Center (furniture shifted), Tupman (small objects fell) .
Intensity IV; Fellows, Lebec, Taft.Intensity III; Frazier Park,
Redondo Beach (P).
23 July (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III; , ville.
07 33 35.639.40 N., 121.46 W,5 km3.3 MLNevada City, Oro-
23
21
July (B) Central California Origin time: 14 38 42.4 Epicenter: 35.93 N., 120.51 W, Depth: 12 km
California Continued California Continued
Magnitude: Intensity II;
3 .2 ML Bradley.
26 July (P) Southern California Origin time: 00 38 53.6 Epicenter: 34.35 N., 116.92 W, Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity IV; Apple Valley, Big
Bear City, Big Bear Lake, GreenValley Lake.
Intensity III; Fawnskin, LucerneValley, San Bernardino.
31 July (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;report).
Intensity III;
09 15 44.337.71 N., 122.14 W.9 km3.0 MLDanville (press
__ ____Castro Valley (press report), Hayward (press report), Lafayette (B), Oakland (B), San Leandro (press report), San Lorenzo(press report).
1 August (B) Northern California Origin time: 09 02 34.5 Epicenter: 41.45 N., 121.88 W. Depth: 2 km Magnitude: 4.5 mb(G), 4.6 ML
This is the largest event in a series of earthquakes which occurred in this area over a period of several months, six of which were felt within the following 7 hours. The magnitude 4.3 event at 09 46 44.6 was felt at about the same inten sity as this one, but because it occurred only 44 minutes later, the intensity data for the separate events could not be differentiated. Most of these earthquakes that were over magnitude 3.0 were felt by Forest Service personnel. The intensities listed below are asso ciated with this event, the largest in the series, but may also include data from the following event at 09 46 44.6.
Surface fractures were associated with this activity. The ruptures occurred along the Stephens Pass fault (Bennett and others, 1979), a 2-km-long fault trending north from a point 260 m south of Stephens Pass Road, at a point about 31 km northeast of McCloud.
Intensity V; Dunsmuir (heavy fur niture shifted).
Intensity IV; Bieber, Big Bend, Dorris, Edgewood, Etna, Gazelle, Klamath River, Macdoel, McCloud, Mount Hebron, Mount Shasta, Scott
Bar, Tennant, Weed.
3 August (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity II;
04 30 42.133.67 N., 116.70 W.5 km3.5 MLPalm Springs.Idyllwild (P).
11 August (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: 00 47 30.1Epicenter: 34.15 N., 117.45 W.Depth: 4 kmMagnitude: 4.0 MLIntensity IV; Arlington, Blooming-
ton, Brea, Bryn Mawr, Col ton, Comp- ton, Crestline, Del Rosa, Etiwanda, Fawnskin, Fontana, Glendale, Lake Arrowhead, Lakewood, Llano, Loma Linda, Los Angeles, Mount Baldy, Norton AFB, Pacific Palisades, Red- lands, Rimforest, Riverside, Rubi- doux, San Bernardino, Santa Fe Springs, Sunnymead, Wrightwood.
Intensity III; Bellflower, Canoga Park, Cedarpines Park, Leona Val ley, Northridge, Palm Springs, Pasadena (press report), Sylmar, Westside.
Intensity II; Blue Jay, El Toro Marine Air Station, Montrose, Ontario, Saugus, Toluca Lake.
13 August (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity IV:Weed.
Intensity II;
05 55 48.041.43 N., 121.89 W.2 km4.3 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G),
4.3 ML Horse Creek, McCloud,
Forks of Salmon.
13 August (K) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
22 54 52.4 34.37 N., 119.72 W. 12 km5.5 mb(G), 5.6 MS(G),
5.1 ML, 5.7 ML(B)
22
The damage described below was taken from a report by Miller and Felszeghy, 1978.
About 65 people were injured, but there were no fatalities. The worst damage (intensity VII) occurred at the University of Cali fornia Santa Barbara (UCSB) campus, at Goleta, and at Santa Barbara. At the UCSB campus several of the multi-story, reinforced-concrete structures sustained moderate diag onal cracking of the shear walls in the lower stories. Instruments and supplies were destroyed in some laboratories. Damage occurred to
California Continued California Continued
light fixtures, ceilings, and plas ter throughout the campus. Similar but less severe damage occurred in the commercial district of Goleta and in the Santa Barbara area. The damage loss is estimated at $7.31 million.
A Southern Pacific Transportation Company freight-train derailment occurred west of Goleta near Win chester Canyon Road in an area of cut-and-fill roadbed (fig. 10). The 49 empty and 9 loaded cars travelling at about 50 mph derailed when passing over a "kink" in the tracks, apparently the result of roadbed-fill failure; 30 of the cars were derailed and a section of the track was damaged.
A total of three overpasses crossing U.S. Highway 101, all steel- reinforced concrete structures located in the Goleta area, suf fered significant earthquake dam age. These overpasses are: the adjacent curving bridges on Ward Memorial Road, the one at Glen Annie Road, and the one at the western end of Hollister Avenue just east of the railroad derail ment. The most extensive damage was sustained by the Ward Memorial bridges, which were subjected to considerable transverse motion that shifted the superstructures rela tive to the abutments causing the concrete to crack and spall in a number of places. Most of the Ward Memorial Road bridges' bents sus tained damage that ranged from light cracking and incipient spal- ling, to localized deep spalling that exposed reinforcement bars.
The earthquake caused several rock slides on San Marcos Pass Road, the section of State Highway 154 that runs northwest through the Santa Ynez Mountains from U.S. Highway 101 between Goleta and Santa Bar bara. Most of the slides occurred on roadcuts where there were steep inclines. Extension fractures opened in at least one area on a steep slope which forms the shoulder of the highway. Some minor slides occurred along the cliffs at the coastline and off the roads in the Santa Ynez Mountains.
Porcella and others (1978) reported that eight accelerograms were recovered from strong-motion sta tions at Santa Barbara, Goleta, Cochuma Dam, and the UCSB campus. The highest accelerations that were
23
recorded at the three-story North Hall building on the UCSB campus were 0.44 g_, 0.66 cj, and 0.99 £, for the ground, third floor, and roof levels, respectively.
Due to an error, the affected area of this earthquake was insufficiently canvassed with USGS questionnaires; as a result, the isoseismal map shown in figure 11 does not have as much intensity data as would nor mally be collected. However, the data is extensive enough to show this earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 25,000 sq km along the southern California coast.
Intensity VII;Goleta-University of California
Santa Barbara area There was significant earthquake damage to buildings within an 8-km radius of the UCSB campus. On campus there was extensive cracking of reinforced-concrete shear walls in the Biological Sciences II Building, Engineer ing Building, Library III, University Center, Anacapa Residence Hall, Santa Cruz Residence Hall, and North Hall. Mechanical equipment on or near the roof tops of multistory buildings suffered considerable damage from building movement during the earthquake. A few very old adobe or wood-frame buildings were seriously dam aged .
The Air Traffic Control Tower at the airport, a steel-frame structure with lateral rein- forcment, was shaken so that it sustained an estimated per manent deflection of 1.3 to 2.5 cm. Two other buildings sus tained cracked concrete-floor slabs, with shifted wood columns and walls in one. Dam age to the hangars consisted of buckled diagonal steel bracings and failure of some of the structural connections at the supports for the large sliding doors.
The Ward Memorial Road bridges were damaged by the shifting of the ground, which caused the bridge decks to impact at several expansion joints and resulted in cracked and spalled concrete. The bridges were temporarily closed.
The most common damage toresidential and small commer cial buildings consisted of
FIGURE 10. Southern Pacific Transportation Company freight train derailment west of Goleta, Calif.
California Continued California Continued
cracked and fallen plaster and stucco, differential settlement of foundations, failure of unreinforced chimneys , fallen hot water heaters, dislodgement of air-conditioning ducts, dislodgement of tiles and panels from suspended acousti cal ceilings, lighting fixtures loosened or fallen, and glass broken. A common type of dam age to mobile homes is shown in figure 12. The mobile homes were thrown off their mounts, crumpling the skirts around the base and dislodging the con tents of the home.
The most widespread type of dam age was breakage of household belongings and store merchan dise that toppled from shelves. In homes, cupboards and refri gerators were thrown open, spilling their contents. Liquor stores and supermarkets sustained heavy losses from breakage. About one-third of the UCSB library's 1.2 million books were thrown to the floor. The UCSB laboratories suffered much damage and glass breakage when wall cabinets broke loose and fell, spilling their con tents.
Santa Barbara Several multistory24
buildings sustained diagonal cracks in their reinforced- concrete shear walls, particu larly in the lower floors. The Freitas Building at 200 E. Car- rillo Street and the Santa Bar bara Court House Building suf fered some damage. The Santa Barbara County Administration Building at Anacapa and Anapamu Streets suffered diagonal ten sion cracks in some of the columns on the north side of the building. The roof of an unoccupied restaurant that was being remodeled at 100 W. Anapamu Street collapsed. The floating dock at Marina No. 1 was damaged by the movement of the concrete support piles which were buried 3.6m into the mud. Several water mains were broken. There was widespread breakage and damage to household belongings or store merchandise as described for the Goleta area above.
Intensity VI; Solvang (cracked drywall, hairline cracks in exte rior walls, stone or brick fences cracked, few windows cracked, small objects shifted, vehicles rocked moderately, felt by all).
Intensity V; Carpenteria, Los Alamos, Santa Maria, Santa Ynez.
121 C 120° 119e 118° 117C
36°
35e
34°
FIGURE 11. Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 13 August 1978, 22 54 53.5 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensi ties at specific sites.
California Continued California Continued
Intensity IV; Agoura, Arroyo Grande, Artesia, Bakersfield, Camarillo, Cuyama, East Ventura, Fillmore, Grover City, Guadalupe, Halcyon, Hawthorne, Hillcrest Center, Lake Hughes, Lakewood, Lament, Lompoc, Montalvo, Newbury Park, Norwalk, Oxnard, Palms, Pine- side, Port Hueneme, Pumpkin Center, Oceano, Ojai, Redlands, Santa Paula, Shatter, Sherman Oaks, Stu dio City, Taft, Thousand Oaks, Van Nuys, Vandenburg AFB, Ventura.
Intensity III; Bellflower, Granada Hills, La Crescenta, La Verne, Leona Valley, Long Beach, Manhattan Beach, West Covina.
Intensitv TT: Mont-T-<-><?*=> . MOT-KO
Pismo Beach, San Luis Obispo, Santa Ana (Marine Corps Air Station), Simi Valley, Wasco.
13 August (K) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
23 11 01.734.40 N., 119.76 W.13 km3.4 ML(P), 3.3 MLSanta Barbara area.
13 August (K) Southern California Origin time: 23 15 02.5 Epicenter: 34.41 N., 119.77 W Depth: 13 km Magnitude: 3.1 ML(P), 3.0 ML
FIGURE 12. Damage to mobile home near Goleta, Calif.
- ______ ______.-____.-____ __. _______ _____ __ _ ______....__.
California Continued California Continued
13 August (K) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
23 23 53.834.40 N., 119.74 W.12 km3.4 ML(P), 2.9 MLSanta Barbara area.
14 August (K) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
01 02 35.134.40 N., 119.72 W.14 km3.1 ML(P) , 2.7 MLSanta Barbara area.
16 August (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
07 45 32.440.33 N., 124.39 W.23 km3.8 MLFortuna, Rio Dell.
Intensity V; Tecate (light furni- ture shifted; small objects shifted; windows, doors, and dishes rattled, few awakened).
Intensity IV; Alpine, Bonita, Bos ton ia, Boulevard, Campo, Chula Vista, Dulzura, El Cajon, Guatay, Imperial Beach, Jamul, La Jolla, Lakeside, La Mesa, Lemon Grove, Pine Valley, Ramona, San Diego, San Diego (Lindbergh Field), San Diego (Montgomery Field), Santee, Univer sity City.
Intensity II; San Ysidro.
28 August (B) Central California
121.86 W.
Intensity III; Eureka, Ferndale, Freshwater, Scotia.
16 August (K) Southern California Oriqin time: 13 35 11.6 Epicenter: 34.41 N., 119.80 W. Depth: 11 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML(P), 3.2 ML Intensity IV; Goleta (University of California Santa Barbara campus), Los Olivos, Oxnard, New Cuyama, Santa Barbara.
Intensity II; Ventura.
19 August (P) Baja CaliforniaOrigin time: 09 31 07.3Epicenter: 32.42 N., 116.83 W.Depth: 5 km
03 32 18.37.55 N.11 km2.8 MLFremont, Mountain
Origin time:Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude:Intensity IV;View, Warm Springs (all reported windows, doors, and dishes rattled; buildings creaked or trembled).
Intensity III; San Leandro.Intensity II; Livermore (press report), Pleasanton, Redwood, Wal nut Creek (press report).
29 August (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: 00 14 46.4Epicenter: 37.36 N., 121.72 W.Depth: 8 kmMagnitude: 4.1 MLIntensity VI: San Jose east side of the city (acoustical ceiling tiles fell in an East Side super market; at 3720 Sierra Road cracks
California Continued California Continued
and the walls were lifted 1.7 cm from the floor; in Eastridge a small amount of glassware was broken press report).
Intensity V; Hayward (smallobjects broken; windows, doors, and dishes rattled), Mount Hamilton- Lick Observatory (small cracks in dry-wall, hairline cracks in exte rior walls) , San Jose (Cambrian Park small objects overturned).
Intensity IV; Boulder Creek, Bur- lingame, Felton, Moffett Field NAS, Mountain View, Oakland, Santa Clara, Sunnyvale, Union City, Val- lejo.
Intensity III; Fremont (B), Milpi- tas, Pacifica.
Intensity II; Alameda, Belmont, Livermore (press report), Newark (press report), Santa Cruz, Stock- ton (Airport Control Tower).
29 August (B) Northern California Origin time: 00 18 45.3 Epicenter: 37.35 N., 121.72 W. Depth: 7 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity IV; Mount Hamilton LickObservatory.
Intensity III; Fremont (B), San Jose(press report), San Jose (CambridgePark).
29 August (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth : Magnitude: Intensity II;
06 04 49.834.38 N. , 119.77 W5 km2.8 MLSanta Barbara (P).
29 August (P) Southern California Origin time: 10 51 46.0 Epicenter: 34.38 N. , 119.80 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.5 ML Intensity II; Santa Barbara (P).
1 September (B) Northern California Origin time: 09 31 25.4 Epicenter: 37.34 N. , 121.78 W. Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 3.3 ML Intensity II; San Jose (B).
3 September (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: 18 10 46.5Epicenter: 33.95 N. f 117.72 W.Depth: 6 kmMagnitude: 3.8 MLIntensity IV; La Puente, Pomona,
Riverside, Yorba Linda.Intensity III; Los Serranos.Intensity II; Anaheim (press
report), Chino, Diamond Bar, East Los Angeles County (P), North Orange County (P), Redlands, South San Bernard ino.
4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region Origin time: 04 52 32.3 Epicenter: 38.82 N., 119.81 W. Depth: 18 km Magnitude: 3.9 mb(G), 4.6 ML
Only the Topaz and eastern Amador County intensity data are from USGS questionnaires, all the other intensities are based on press reports.
Intensity V;California South Lake Tahoe (few
broken dishes). Intensity IV;
California Eastern Amador County, in the Lake Tahoe Sierra region.
Nevada--Gardnerville, Stateline,Topaz.
Intensity III;California Grass Valley, lone,
Jackson, Leek Springs (El Dorado National Forest), Placerville, Pollock Pines, Tahoe City, Truckee.
Nevada--Carson City, Incline Vil lage, Minden, Zephyr Cove.
Intensity II;California--Stockton, Strawberry.
4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region Origin time: 21 54 53.2 Epicenter: 38.81 N., 119.82 W. Depth: 19 km Magnitude: 4.7 mb(G), 5.3 ML
This is the largest magnitude event of a series of earthquakes on Sep tember 3 and 4 in the area south of Lake Tahoe. It was felt over an area of approximately 45,500 sq km of California and Nevada (fig. 13).
Intensity VI;California--Mt. Aukum (dry wall
cracked, hairline cracks in exte rior walls, water splashed onto sides of lakes and pools).
Nevada Genoa (plaster and dry wall cracked; hairline cracks in exte rior walls; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; vehicles rocked slightly; buildings shook).
Intensity V;California--Bear Valley (heavy fur
niture shifted; small objects shifted; pictures fell; buildings shook; windows, doors, and dishes rattled), Camp Connell (light furniture shifted; small objects shifted; hanging pictures swung; buildings shook; windows, doors, and dishes rattled), Glencoe (heavy furniture shifted; hanging pictures swung; buildings shook; windows, doors, and dishes rat tled), South Lake Tahoe (small
: f=>1 uahor- in cmal r-rM-<
122° 121 C 120° 119° 118*
39C
38°
l3 Epicenter
6 Felt at intensity 6
FIGURE 13. Isoseismal map for the Lake Tahoe earthquake of 4 September 1978, 21 54 53.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
California Continued California Continued
cainers slightly disturbed; buildings shook; windows, doors, and dishes rattled), Topaz (small objects fell, buildings shook; windows, doors, and dishes rat tled). Twin Bridges (light furni ture shifted; small objects fell; hanging pictures swung; buildings shook; windows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Nevada Minden (light furniure shifted; small objects over turned, fell, and broke; water in
small containers spilled; hanging pictures swung out of place; buildings shook; windows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Intensity IV;California Alta, Altaville, Amador
City, Angels Camp, Arnold, Baxter, Camino, Carnelian Bay, Chicago Park, Citrus Heights, Coleville, Colfax, Cool, Diamond Springs, Dobbins, Douglas Flat, Echo Lake area, El Portal, Fid- dletown, Floriston, Foresthill,
California Continued 123
Georgetown, Gold Run, Hathaway Pines, Homewood, lone, Jackson, Kyburz, Linden, Long Barn, Lotus, Mammoth Lakes, Mariposa, Markle- ville, Mi-Wuk Village, Mokelumne Hill, Mono Vista, Mountain Ranch, Murphys, Pacific House, Penn Val ley, Pine Grove, Pollock Pines, Rail Road Flat, River Pines, Sheep Ranch, Sierraville, Soda Springs, Sonora, Standard, State- line (press report), Strawberry, Sutter Creek, Tahoe City, Tahoe Vista, between Tamarak Lake and Echo Lake, Truckee, Tuolumne, Twain Harte, Valley Springs, Wal lace, Washington, Wawona, White Pines, Winters.
Nevada Carson City, Dayton, Fal- lon, Gardnerville, Glenbrook, Reno, Schurz, Silver City, Smith, Zephyr Cove.
Intensity III;California Allegheny, Blairsden,
Chilcoot, Copperopolis, Grass Valley (press report), La Porte, Pioneer, Placerville (press report), Sacramento (Foothill Farms), San Andreas, Shingle Springs, Sloughhouse, Smithflat, Stockton, Valley Home, Volcano, West Point, Wilton.
Nevada Incline Village, Wellington. Intensity II;California Avery, Chinese Camp,
Dutch Flat, Greenwood, Loomis, Moccasin, Nevada City, Newcastle, Yosemite Lodge.
Nevada Wadsworth.
September (B) Northern California Origin time: 16 59 47.8 Epicenter: 38.64 N., 121.91 W. Depth: 17 km Magnitude: 4.4 mb(G), 4.2 ML
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 4,500 sq km of northern California (fig. 14).
Intensity V; Madison (light furni ture and small objects shifted; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; buildings shook; pictures swung), North Highlands (few windows cracked; windows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Intensity IV; Brooks, Capay, Citrus Heights, College City, Davis, Dixon, Esparto, Liberty Farms, Res cue, Sacramento, Steele Park, Vaca- ville, Winters (press report), Woodbridge, Woodland, Yolo, Zamora.
Intensity III; Courtland, Fairfield (press report), Loma Mar, Napa (press report), Robbins, Sonoma (press report), Yountville.
Intensity II: Benecia, Cobb,
EXPLANATION
Epicenter
5 Felt at intensity 5
' Not felt
38° -'
FIGURE 14. Isoseismal map for the north ern California earthquake of 8 September 1978, 16 59 47.8 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities isoseismals; Arabic
between numerals
are used to represent these intensities at specific sites .
California Continued
Elmira, Gait, Graton, Lucerne, Meridian, West Sacramento.
12 September (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: 11 57 55.4Epicenter: 34.38 N., 119.77 W.Depth: 6 kmMagnitude: 3.6 MLIntensity V; Santa Barbara (few windows cracked; light furniture and small objects shifted; hairline cracks in exterior walls; windows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Intensity IV; Goleta, Solvang, Sum- merland.
17 September (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
15 38 33.136.68 N., 121.36 W,6 km3.9 MLSan Juan Bautista.
19 September (B) Northern California Origin time: 15 52 41.5 Epicenter: 37.73 N., 122.56 W. Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 2.9 ML
California Continued California Continued
Intensity II; Daly City.
21 September (B) Central California Origin time: 03 18 57.1 Epicenter: 36.99 N., 121.68 W. Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 2.9 ML Intensity III; Gilroy (B), Monterey
(B), Santa Cruz (B), Watsonville(B).
22 September (P) Southern California Origin time: 03 13 26.8 Epicenter: 33.87 N., 117.83 W. Depth: 4 km Magnitude: 2.9 ML Intensity II; Anaheim.
22 September (B) Northern California Origin time: 03 26 19.8 Epicenter: 40.63 N. , 123.63 W. Depth: 20 km Magnitude: 3.7 mb(G), 3.7 ML Intensity III; Rio Dell.
24 September (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Santa Barbara.
02 04 27.534.38 N., 119.73 W.4 km3.6 MLGoleta, Isla Vista,
26 September (P) Southern California Origin time: 05 35 03.9 Epicenter: 34.03 N., 118.40 W. Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 2.1 ML Intensity II; Beverly Hills (P).
4 October (P) Owens Valley area Origin time: 16 42 48.6 Epicenter: 37.53 N., 118.63 W. Depth: 9 kmMagnitude: 5.4 mb(G), 5.1 MS(G),
5.8 ML(B), 5.8 ML
The press reported that in grocery stores throughout the Bishop area considerable amounts of canned and bottled goods were shaken from shelves and pictures were knocked from walls; and there was a report of a policeman being swayed back and forth and finding it difficult to stand. Boulders rolled onto roads and minor landslides occurred in the canyon areas near Bishop. Landslides were also reported near Mammoth Lakes and in Yosemite National Park. At the Union Car bide Corporation Pine Creek Mine near Bishop about 130 miners were underground at the time of the earthquake, but none were hurt. The earthquake shook rock slides loose throughout the vicinity of the mine causing some road obstruc
tions. A pickup truck was jiggled over the edge on one of the high mine roads. The University of Cal ifornia at Berkeley reported 30 aftershocks in the following 24 hours.
Porcella (1978c) reported that eight accelerographs at Pine Flat and Buchanan Dams northeast of Fresno, California were triggered by this earthquake. The maximum recorded acceleration was less than 0.05 £. This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 105,000 sq km of California and Nevada (fig. 15).
All of the aftershocks listed inTable 1 were felt in the epicentral region including the town of Bishop; however, not enough specific information is available to assign intensities at individual locations for any of the after shocks .
Intensity Vi: California
Benton (plaster cracked, small objects broken, hanging objects swung violently, hanging pic tures fell, felt by all)
Bishop (Safeway Supermarket just north of Bishop had a window broken and merchandise knocked from shelves. Grocery stores throughout the area reported considerable amounts of canned and bottled goods shaken from shelves, pictures knocked from walls press report. Reports of other effects included win dows broken, plaster cracked, small objects broken, and felt by all)
Easton (cracked plaster andcracks in exterior walls, small objects overturned, felt by many)
Friant (cracked plaster, cracked interior wall, light furniture shifted, small objects and hanging pictures fell, water in small containers spilled, felt by all)
Mammoth Lakes-Timber Ridge (a swimming pool was cracked to such an extent that it had to be drained press report)
Paradise Camp 24 km northwest of Bishop (most of the bar stock and glasses were broken and stucco walls were cracked. In Paradise Estates, items were shaken from walls, a mounted deer head fell from a wall, a mirror was broken, and fluores cent light panels fell press report).
123° 122° 121° 120° 119 C 118° 117 C 116° 115' 114°
40°
39°
38°
37 C
36°
35 C
34°
EXPLANATION
& Epicenter
6 Felt at intensity 6
Not felt
FIGURE 15. Isoseismal map for the Owens Valley earthquake of 4 October 1978, 16 42 48.6 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent thes^ intensities at specific sites.
California Continued California Continued
Intensity V;California Columbia (press
report), Crowley Lake, Crowley Lake Dam, Johnsondale, June Lake, Lakeshore, Lee Vining, Mono Hot Springs, Mountain Ranch, Pumpkin Center, River- dale, Shaver Lake, Strawberry, Toms Place.
Intensity IV;California Ahwahnee, Altaville,
Arnold, Auberry, Avenal, Badger, Bakersfield, Bass Lake, Big Bear City, Big Creek, Big Pine, Biola, Bridgeport, Burrel, California Hot Springs, Camp Connell, Cantua Creek, Cartaqo, Caruthers, Castle AFB,
California Continued California Continued
Catheys Valley, Chinese Camp, Chowchilla, Clovis, Coarsegold, Corcoran, Coulterville, Cutler, Cuyama, Del Rey, Dos Palos, Dunlap, El Nido, El Portal, Farmersville, Farmington, Fire- baugh, Fish Camp, Five Points, Fresno, Glencoe, Glennville, Goshen, Groveland, Hanford, Hathaway Pines, Helm, Holt, Hornitos, Hume, Independence, Ivanhoe, Keeler, Kerman, Ket- tleman City, Kingsburg, Kings Canyon, Lake Isabella, Le Grand, Lemoncove, Lemoore, Lindsay, Little Lake, London, Lone Pine, Long Barn, Mariposa, Merced, Midpines, Miramonte, Murphys, North Fork, Oakhurst, Olancha, Orange Cove, Orosi, Pacific House, Piedra, Pine- dale, Pine Groye, Pioneer, Pix- ley, Poplar, Porterville, Posey, Prather, Rail Road Flat, Raisin, Redtop, River Pines, Sacramento, Salida, Selma, Sequoia National Park, Snel- ling, Soulsbyville, South Dos Palos, Springville, Squaw Val ley, Standard, Stockton, Strat ford, Strathmore, Tehachapi (press report), Terra Bella, Three Rivers, Tipton, Toll house, Tranquillity, Traver, Tulare, Tuoiumne, Twain Harte, Vallecito, Visalia, Volcano, Wawona, Weldon, Wilseyville, Wishon, Woodlake, Woodville, Woody, Yosemite Lodge, Yosemite National Park.
Nevada Dyer, Eureka, Goldfield,Mina, Sparks, Yerington.
Intensity III:California Alpaugh, Armona,
Avery, Blairsden, Bodfish, Calwa, Chualar, Delhi, Diablo, Dinuba, Ducor, Earlimart, Fowler, Huron, Jamestown, Lamont, Laton, Liberty Farms, Lost Hills, Madera, Newman, O'Neals, Pollock Pines, Pond, Reedley, Richvale, Rio Vista, Sanger, Santa Rita Park, Wil ton.
Nevada Panaca, Schurz. Intensity II;California Arcata (press
report), Atwater, Cholame, Coa- linga (press report), Deep Springs (press report), Elk Grove, Exeter, Green Valley Lake, Lebec, Mi-Wuk Village, Moccasin, Mono (press report), Parlier, Richgrove, San Joaquin, Stevinson, Tupman, Valley Home.
Nevada Beatty.
5 October (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity IV;
09 56 40.441.46 N., 121.88 W.2 km4.2 mb(G), 3.8 MS(G),
4.1 ML(B) McCloud.
6 October (B) Northern California Origin time: 21 26 34.4 Epicenter: 40.38 N., 124.27 W. Depth: 20 kmMagnitude: 4.8 mb(G), 4.2 MS(G),
4.6 ML
Felt in the coastal areas from Arcata to Cape Mendocino (B).
Intensity V: Intensity IV;
ville, EurekaWeott.
Intensity III;
Miranda.Bayside, Bridge- Fortuna, Rio Dell,
Garberville (pressreport), Redway (press report).
9 October (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
20 49 45.836.68 N., 121.37 W.6 km3.3 MLChualar and San
Benito County (B).
10 October (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
(B).
01 38 36.936.61 N., 121.28 W.8 km3.8 MLSan Benito County
10 October (B) CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
(B).
04 28 51.838.80 N., 119.82 W,10 km3.1 ML(B)Markleeville area
10 October (P) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
09 06 57.435.08 N., 117.50 W,6 km3.6 MLEdwards AFB (P).
16 October (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
02 18 07.040.46 N., 124.30 W,20 km3.7 ML(B)Rio Dell.
19 October (P) Southern California Origin time: 09 10 24.5 Epicenter: 33.83 N., 118.07 W. Depth: 5 km
California Continued California Continued
Magnitude: Intensity II;
1.9 ML Lakewood (P).
Magnitude: Intensity II:
3.4 ML(B), 3.5 ML Bishop (B).
26 October (P) Owens Valley area 11 November (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity IV: Intensity II;
19 00 41.337.52 N., 118.58 W.9 km4.0 ML(B),
3.9 ML(P) Mariposa. Yosemite (B).
04 24 04.633.63 N. , 117.88 W.3 km2.7 ML
27 October (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
12 00 22.237.26 N. r 121.64 W.4 km3.1 MLSan Jose (B).
29 October (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
06 50 49.140.30 N., 124.73 W.20 km3.8 MLRio Dell.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V:Costa Mesa (dishes, pots, and
pans crashed to the floor when cupboard doors flew open press report),
Santa Ana Heights (press reports of breakage of stored items when they were knocked loose from their "moorings").
Intensity IV; Huntington (press report), Newport Beach (press report).
12 November (B) Northern California
29 October (P) Southern California Origin time: 08 09 59.5 Epicenter: 33.92 N., 118.30 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.9 ML
Felt in the southwest Los Angeles Basin (P).
Intensity IV: El Segundo (press report), Hawthorne, Inglewood (press report), Los Angeles, Manhattan Beach (press report), Torrance (press report).
29 October (P) Southern California
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
lits.
13 07 57.339.49 N., 122.95 W,6 km3.8 MLPotter Valley, Wil-
13 November (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II; bara.
16 49 43.134.43 N., 119.70 W.13 km3.2 MLGoleta, Santa Bar-
13 November (P) Southern California
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity II:
(P) .
22 16 09.034.32 N., 118.63 W.3 km3.6 ML(P)Tarzana.Canoga Park, Malibu
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
16 50 58.334.43 N., 119.70 W.15 km3.3 MLGoleta, Santa Barbara,
16 November (P) Southern California
30 October (B) Central CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
16 05 04.636.67 N., 121.36 W,6 km3.2 MLHollister (B).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity II: Pomona (P).
13 28 46.734.15 N., 117.60 W.6 km3.2 MLEtiwanda.Claremont (P),
19 November (P) Southern California
1 November (P) Imperial ValleyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
06 42 22.632.75 N., 115.52 W.6 km2.8 MLEl Centro (P).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II; Beach (P).
04 20 05.633.85 N. r 118.17 W.12 km2.7 MLLakewood (P), Long
6 November (P) Owens Valley area Origin time: 16 22 25.0 Epicenter: 37.53 N., 118.62 W. Depth: 9 km
19 November (P) Southern California Origin time: 17 40 56.9 Epicenter: 33.85 N., 118.18 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.1 ML(P)
Felt in the Los Angeles area (press
California--Continued California Continued
report).
Intensity IV; Bellflower, HarborCitVf Lakewood, Long Beach, LosAlamitos, Maywood.
Intensity III: Cypress, Mon-tebello.
Intensity II: Downey (P),Hawthorne, Watts (P).
19 November (P) Southern California Origin time: 18 00 16.4 Epicenter: 33.85 N., 118.17 W. Depth: 12 km Magnitude: 2.8 ML(P)
Felt in the Los Angeles area (press report).
Intensity III: North Long Beach, Watts.
20 November (P) Southern California Origin time: 06 55 09.4 Epicenter: 34.15 N., 116.97 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.0 mb(G), 4.2 ML
Felt in Los Angeles, Orange, River side, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties.
Intensity VI; Redlands (interior plaster walls cracked and split, hairline cracks in exterior walls, light furniture and small objects shifted, windows cracked) .
Intensity V; Auga Caliente Springs (small objects fell), Highland (pictures knocked off walls press report).
Intensity IV; Beaumont, Cathedral City, El Cajon, Hemet, Landers, Mead Valley, Morongo Valley, Palm Springs, Rancho Mirage, Rialto, Riverside, Running Springs, Sun- nymead, Yucaipa.
Intensity III; Cypress, Long Beach, San Bernardino.
Intensity II: Anaheim (P), Downey (P), Newport Beach (P), Pasadena (P), Twentynine Palms.
20 November (P) Southern California
25 November (P) Owens Valley areaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
03 24 55.337.50 N., 118.70 W,8 km3.4 ML, 3.5 ML(B)Bishop (B).
25 November (P) Owens Valley areaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
04 06 41.437.53 N., 118.68 W,9 km3.5 ML, 3.3 ML(B)Bishop (B).
1 December (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
report).
23 20 46.533.93 N., 116.68 W.5 km3.6 MLPalm Springs (press
6 December (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
10 03 49.334.38 N., 119.75 W,5 km3.2 MLSanta Barbara
(press report).
6 December (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
11 21 48.734.37 N., 119.75 W,5 km2.2 MLSanta Barbara
(press report).
14 December (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
report). Intensity III;
08 55 20.434.40 N., 119.50 W,5 km3.1 MLCarpenteria (press
Santa Barbara(press report).
29 December (P) Southern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
Inglewood (P).
06 30 30.433.93 N., 118.33 W.3 km2.3 MLHawthorne (P),
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
06 58 45.034.15 N., 116.97 W.6 km3.5 ML(P)Cathedral City,
California Off the coast
Running Springs.
20 November (P) Southern California
23 May (B) Northern California
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
21 21 49.134.15 N., 116.98 W.5 km3.1 MLBig Bear Lake (P).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
21 42 02.940.44 N., 124.85 W.35 km4.4 mb(G), 4.6 MLBayside, Eureka,
34
Fortuna, Miranda. Intensity III; Bridgeville, Eel
California Off the coast Continued Florida Continued
River and Van Duzen River Valleys (press report).
1 June (B) Northern CaliforniaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
18 38 20.940.34 N., 124.84 W.5 km3.7 mb, 4.0 ML(B)Rio Dell.
Colorado
10 June (G) Northern Colorado Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
20 57 53.539.78 N., 104.87 W,20 km2.9 MLDenver (Park Hill),
Denver (1335 Rosemary St, 1680 Magnolia St, 1603 Clermont St press report), Thornton (2501 E. 104th St press report), Hender- son (1098 Brighton Road).
Intensity III; Commerce City. Intensity II; Thornton (post office).
Delaware
16 July (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania Origin time: 06 39 37.8
See Pennsylvania listing.
12 January
Florida
Central FloridaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
report).
21 10Not located. None computed. None computed. Haines City (press
6 November Northern Florida Origin time: 23 00 Epicenter: 30.20 N., 82.65 W. Depth: None computed. Magnitude: None computed.
The epicenter given is a macro- seismic location taken from the felt information. The magnitude is estimated to be less than 2.0. There were reports of two events, on November 14 at 20 14 UTC and on November 16 at 19 00 UTC; both were reported felt, but neither were recorded on the nearest seismographs and may not have been seismic.
Intensity IV; Lake City (press reported doors rattled and houses shook).
Hawaii
The locations listed below that are fol lowed by (H) designate intensity values assigned by the Hawaiian Volcano Obser vatory.
4 January (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Ii. tensity IV; Intensity III;
18 42 27.219.33 N., 155.18 W.10 km3.7 MLHilo (H).Kurtistown (H), Lau-
pahoehoe (H), Volcano (H).
5 January (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
13 58 46.619.32 N., 155.27 W,10 km3.2 MLAinahou Ranch (H).
11 January (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV: Intensity III;
08 33 11.319.33 N., 155.22 W.10 km3.8 MLHilo (H).Glenwood (H), Hamakua
(H), Mountain View (H), Puna (H), Volcano (H).
13 January (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
00 34 06 19.53 N., 10 km 3.0 ML Kona (H).
155.95 W.
23 January (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: 06 21 38.5Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.06 W.Depth: 9 kmMagnitude: 3.7 MLIntensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo
(H), Kalapana (H), Kurtistown (H),Mountain View (H), Volcano (H).
Intensity III; Papaikou (H).
23 January (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 06 28 26.9 Epicenter: 19.34 N., 155.07 W. Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 3.6 ML Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo
(H), Kurtistown (H), Mountain View(H), Volcano (H).
Intensity III; Papaikou (H).
35
Hawaii--Continued Hawaii Continued
25 January (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
01 18 16.819.33 N., 155.10 W.9 km3.2 MLHilo (H).
3 February (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 05 32 45.8 Epicenter: 19.43 N., 155.30 W. Depth: 16 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo
(H), Kurtistown (H), Mountain View(H), Volcano (H).
Intensity III; Honomu (H), Papaikou(H).
14 February (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
20 05 06.219.40 N., 155.28 W,15 km3.4 MLHawaiian Volcano
Observatory (H), Volcano (H).
25 February (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
08 55 27.219.44 N., 156.32 W,17 km3.2 MLHolualoa.
2 March (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
(H).
10 51 02.919.33 N., 155.22 W,9 km3.7 MLHilo (H), Volcano
21 March (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
05 13 25.419.37 N., 155.42 W,12 km3.3 MLKukaiau Ranch.
3 April (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
04 28 32.9 19.30 N., 155.19 9 km 3.0 ML Volcano (H).
6 April (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
13 47 14.119.33 N., 155.13 W.10 km3.2 MLHilo (H).
8 April (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
02 43 44.219.83 N., 155.14 W.29 km3.6 MLHilo (H), Papaiko
(H), Pepeekeo (H), Honolii (H). Intensity III; Glenwood (H),Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (H),Honokaa (H), Laupahoehoe (H).
Intensity II; Ahualoa (H), HawaiianOcean View Estates (H), Waimea (H).
13 April (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
06 55 12.719.34 N., 155.07 W,8 km3.4 MLHawaii Volcanoes
National Park (H), Hilo (H).
3 May (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
17 29 06.419.29 N., 155.50 W.8 km3.1 MLPahala (H).
23 May (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
07 09 26.719.31 N., 155.22 W.10 km3.4 MLHilo (H).Glenwood (H), Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park (H), Moun- tainview (H), Papaikou (H), Volcano (H).
3 June (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
01 02 02.119.67 N., 155.16 W.14 km3.2 MLHilo (H).Glenwood (H), Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park (H), Honokaa (H), Kalapana (H), Paauilo (H), Volcano (H).
4 June (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
08 00 44.919.81 N., 155.79 W.16 km3.0 MLKona (H).
12 June (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
21 57 12.119.40 N., 155.26 W.3 km3 .0 MLKilauea Caldera (H),
_________ Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (H), Volcano (H).
13 June (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
02 49 35.018.90 N., 155.46 W.15 km3.4 MLHawaiian Ocean View
Estates (H), Naalehu (H).
Hawaii Continued Hawaii Continued
13 June (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
(H). Intensity III;
16 54 01.219.34 N., 155.05 W.6 km3.1 MLKalapana (H), Kapaahu
Mountainview (H),
Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
19.35 N., 155.25 W. 10 km 3.2 ML Volcano (H).
16 July (H) Island of Hawaii
Volcano (H), Wainaku (H).
21 June (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
10 20 44.119.32 N., 155.22 W.10 km3.4 MLHawaii Volcanoes
National Park (H), Pahala (H), Vol cano (H) .
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
(H).
18 29 41.819.35 N., 155.02 W.8 km3.3 MLKalapana (H).Glenwood (H), Hilo
9 August (H) Island of Hawaii
23 June (H) Island of Hawaii
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
11 47 58.6 19.32 N., 155.26 W. 11 km4.9 mb(G), 4.2 ML Captain Cook, Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park, Hamakua (H), Hilo, Honokaa, Honomu, Keaau, Kukuihaele, Kurtistown, Naalehu, Paauhau, Paauilo, Pahala, Pahoa, Papaikou, Pepeekeo, Puna (H), Vol cano.
Intensity III; Kau, Kohala, Kona. Intensity II: Kalaupapa.
30 June (H) Island of Hawaii
07 10 10.319.30 N., 155.22 W.10 km3.4 ML
_________ Glenwood (H), Hilo (H), Kurtistown (H), Mountainview (H), Volcano (H).
12 August (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III; Volcano (H).
10 52 50.519.33 N., 155.11 W.10 km3.1 MLHilo (H).Mountainview (H),
29 August (H) Island of Hawaii
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III: Estates (H).
22 28 02.819.17 N., 155.48 W.9 km3.1 MLHawaiian Ocean View
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
21 44 08.919.32 N., 155.20 W.10 km3.1 MLHilo (press report),
30 August (H) Island of Hawaii
1 July (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
19 18 13.3 19.32 N., 155.12 W. 7 km 3.9 MLHilo (H), Puna (H).
_ Mauna Loa Observatory lH) , Pohakuloa (H).
Intensity II; Kohala (H), Kona (H).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
22 40 15.719.34 N., 155.03 W.7 km3.1 ML
__ __Blacksand Subdivision (irr, Hilo (H), Kalapana (H), Vol cano (H) .
31 August (H) Island of Hawaii
4 July (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
07 05 16.319.35 N., 155.08 W,9 km3.0 MLGlenwood (H).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III:
9 July (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
23 07 56.919.37 N., 155.10 W.9 km3.1 MLHilo (H).
23 07 21.419.01 N., 155.48 W.35 km4.0 MLKau (H).
_________ Ahualoa (H), Ainaloa (H), Glewnood (H), Hawaiian Beaches (H), Hawaiian Paradise Park (H), Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (H), Hilo (H), Honokaa (H), Kamuela (H), Volcano Golf Course (H).
3 September (H) Island of Hawaii
14 July (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: 12 56 37.2
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
14 26 10.519.32 N., 155.20 W.9 km3.0 MLVolcano (H).
Hawaii--Continued Hawaii Continued
5 September (H) Island of Hawaii 28 October (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
20 26 46.819.33 N., 155.23 W.10 km3.7 MLHilo (H).
_Glenwood (H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (H), Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (H), Volcano (H).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
22 37 33.221.56 N., 157.98 W,5 km4.2 MLHonolulu,
12 September (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: 06 16 06.1Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.11 W.Depth: 10 kmMagnitude: 4.1 MLIntensity IV; Glenwood, Hawaii Vol
canoes National Park, Hilo, Honomu, Keaau, Kurtistown, Mountainview (H), Ookala, Pahoa (H), Papaaloa, Volcano.
Intensity III: Hakalau (H), Kalapana (H), Naanaleau (H), Papaikou.
Intensity II: Honokaa.
19 September (H) Island of Hawaii
Kaaawa,Kapalama, Kunia, Pearl City, Waipahu.
Intensity III; Kaneohe (H).Intensity II; Waikiki.
22 November (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III Center (H).
Intensity II;
23 23 14.819.35 N., 155.05 W.6 km3.3 MLWahaula Visitors
Blacksand Subdivision (H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (H).
23 November (H) Island of Hawaii
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III; Volcano (H).
09 44 29.219.39 N., 155.28 W,4 km3.2 MLNamakanipaio (H),
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;Estates (H)(H).
Intensity III(H).
Intensity II:
13 16 15.9 19.23 N., 155.55 W. 11 km 4.2 MLHawaiian Ocean View
Naalehu (H), Pahala
Honaunau (H), Keokea
20 September (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
01 41 08.719.44 N., 155.40 W.9 km3.3 MLRed Hill (H).
Ahualo (H), Hilo (H), Kailua-Kona (H), Kainaliu (H), Keauhou (H), Mauna Loa Observatory (H), Papaikou (H).
28 November (H) Island of Hawaii
20 September (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
23 20 27.019.52 N., 155.88 W.9 km3.1 MLKealakekua (H).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III; Intensity II:
11 31 36.719.31 N., 155.22 W,10 km3.6 MLAinahou Ranch (H).Volcano (H).
29 November (H) Island of Hawaii
30 September (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV: Intensity III
(H). Intensity II:
23 56 13.319.38 N., 155.45 W.9 km3.2 MLPahala (H).Glenwood (H), Naalehu
Hilo (H).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
07 50 40.319.65 N., 156.01 W,9 km3.3 MLKona (H).
29 November (H) Island of Hawaii
15 October (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 15 35 48.6 Epicenter: 19.38 N., 155.07 W. Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 3.3 ML Intensity IV; Hawaiian ParadisePark (H), Kalapana (H).
Intensity III; Hilo (H), Kaimu (H) Intensity II; Volcano (H), HawaiiVolcanoes National Park (H).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IIIPahala (H).
Intensity II;(H).
08 42 59.619.37 N., 155.45 W.11 km3.5 MLKailua-Kona (H),
Volcano Golf Course
1 December (H) Island of Hawaii
3ft
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
01 22 39.419.35 N., 155.28 W,29 km3.4 MLAinaloa (H).
Hawaii Continued Idaho Continued
5 December (H) Island of Hawaii21 36 39.719.33 N. f 155.19 W,10 km3.8 MLAinaloa (H), Hilo
(H), Kalapana (H), Nanawale (H), Volcano (H).
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:
13 December (H) Island of HawaiiOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
04 44 31.519.36 N., 155.08 W.9 km3.6 MLGlenwood (H), Kala-
23 April (G) Western MontanaOrigin time: 23 24 37.0
See Montana listing.
29 July (U) Northern UtahOrigin time: 14 04 03.2
See Utah listing.
28 September (G) Southern Idaho
pana (H), Mountain View (H), Pahoa (H).
Intensity III: Hilo (H).
14 December (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 14 12 44.9 Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.22 W. Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 4.1 ML Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo
(H), Kurtistown (H), Mountain View(H).
Intensity III: Ainaloa (H), Volcano(H).
Intensity II: Blacksand Subdivision(H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park(H).
27 December (H) Island of Hawaii
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
08 58 20.742.10 N., 112.33 W.5 km2.7 MLMalad City.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
(H), Hilo (H)
10 40 55.719.33 N., 155.22 W.10 km4.0 MLAinaloa (H), GlenwoodKurtistown (H),
Mountain View (H), Papaikou (H), Volcano (H).tensity III: Ahualoa (H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (H), Hawaiian Beaches (H), Hawaiian Ocean View Estates (H), Honokaa (H), Kau (H), Kona (H).
Idaho
3 April (G) Western Idaho
24 October (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 20 30 59.3 Epicenter: 42.55 N., 111.84 W. Depth: 7 km Magnitude: 4.2 mb(G), 4.3 ML(G),
4.1 ML Intensity VI;Idaho Thatcher (cracked plaster,
cracked cement foundation). Intensity V;Idaho Lava Hot Springs (furniture
shifted; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; felt by many).
Intensity IV;Idaho Aberdeen, Arimo, Bancroft,
Downey, Grace, Inkom, McCammon, Pocatello, Swanlake.
Intensity II;Idaho Frankl in. Utah--Plymouth.
29 October (G) Central IdahoOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
13 46 44.5 44.96 N., 114.27 W. 5 km4.2 mb, 5.0 ML,
5.0 ML(D)
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
10 10 08.144.05 N. , 116.36 W.5 km3.2 ML, 3.6 ML(D)Sweet.
20 April (G) Southeastern IdahoOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
phone report).
14 56 47.642.66 N., 111.55 W.5 km2.5 MLConda.Soda Springs (tele-
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 25,000 sq km of Idaho and Montana (fig. 16).
Intensity V; Idaho--
Ellis (light furniture and small objects shifted, hanging pic tures knocked out of place, felt by all),
Lowman (light furniture shifted; small objects fell; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; awakened and felt by many).
Intensity IV;Idaho Carmen, Challis, Clayton,
Cobalt, Hailey, Lemhi, Northfork, Salmon, Shoup, Sweet, Tendoy.
Intensity III; Idaho Golden. Montana Jackson.
Intensity II;Idaho Garden Valley, Leadore.
EXPLANATION
£ Epicenter
! Felt at intensity 5
Not felt
Idaho Continued
nish, Fielding, Garland (press report), Honeyville, Howell, Huntsville, Lewiston, Newton, Plymouth, Providence, Richmond, Riverside, Tremonton.
Intensity III;Utah Kelton.
Intensity II;Idaho American Falls, Inkom.Utah Wellsville.
30 November (U) Southeastern IdahoOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
11 55 09.342.11 N. , 112.55 W.4 km3.5 MLStone.
FIGURE 16. Isoseismal map for the cen tral Idaho earthquake of 29 October 1978, 13 46 44.5 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Idaho Continued
20 November (G) Central IdahoOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
14 25 51.844.00 N., 114.41 W.5 km3.2 ML, 3.7 ML(D)Clayton.
30 November (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 06 53 40.1 Epicenter: 42.11 N., 112.49 W. Depth: 4 km Magnitude: 4.6 mb(G), 4.7 ML
This earthquake is located in the Pocatello Valley of Idaho in the same area as the March 27, 1975 intensity VIII event of magnitudes 6.1 mb(G), 6.0 MS(G), and 6.1 ML(G). It was felt over an area of approximately 18,000 sq km of Idaho and Utah (fig. 17).
Intensity V;Utah Snowville (water in small
containers spilled; small objects shifted; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; felt by all).
Intensity IV:Idaho--Arimo, Clifton, Dayton,
Elba, Franklin, Holbrook, Malad City, Malta, Naf, Pocatello, Stone, Swanlake, Weston.
Utah Bear River City, Cache Junc tion, Clarkston, Corinne, Cor-
20 December (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 13 46 22.6 Epicenter: 42.12 N., 112.49 W. Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 3.9 ML
Intensity IV;Idaho Holbrook, Malad City, Stone,Swanlake.
Utah Clarkston, Lewiston, North Ogden, Portage, Riverside, Snow ville .
Intensity III;Utah Garland.
Intensity II; Idaho Inkom. Utah Fielding, Trenton.
111i no i s
2 June (S) Southern IllinoisOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
02 07 28.838.42 N., 88.46 W.20 km3.5 mbLg(V)Fairfield, Flora.
29 August (S) Southern IllinoisOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
07 05 50.338.53 N., 88.22 W,17 km2.4 mbLgWest Salem.
20 September (S) Eastern Missouri Origin time: 12 24 08.8
See Missouri listing.
December (S) Southern Illinois Origin time: 01 48 01.3 Epicenter: 38.62 N., 88.36 W. Depth: 25 km Magnitude: 3.5 mbLg
This earthquake was felt over an area of.approximately 11,5000 sq km of Illinois and Indiana (fig. 18).
43°
42°
41°
115° 114° 113° 112° 111° 110°
1 .;]_ __ _
1 . B Gooding
Grouse Crei
J NEVADA
'
IDAHO
/' f
E
tf
' *Po«
Malad City .^ a
~\ * 1 ffl r<k \Snowville . .^B \vA> -s/4
UTAH
EXPLANATION
~ff Epicenter
3 Felt at intensity 5
Not felt
Jv^fc^ ^ & u I
A^:
Idaho Falls
tello
v .
^ a
ffl Huntsvi
J.a Salt Loke
o e
WYOMING
H Afton
JandolphT
le
City
0 50 km
Illinois Continued
FIGURE 17. Isoseismal map for the southeastern Idaho earthquake of 30 November 1978, 06 53 40.1 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Illinois Continued
Intensity V; Illinois Barnhill (one report of cracked
plaster; hanging pictures swung; buildings creaked and trembled; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; felt by many)
Newton (light furniture and small objects shifted; hanging pic tures swung; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; felt by all)
West Liberty (light furniture shifted; small objects fell; windows, doors, and dishes rat tled; felt by many)
Willow Hill (few windows cracked; small objects shifted; hanging pictures swung; windows, doors, and dishes rattled; felt by many).
Intensity IV:Illinois Alma, Annapolis, Belle
Rive, Bluford, Bone Gap, Bridgeport, Browns, Carmi, Cisne, Coulterville, Dieterich, Dundas, Edgewood, Effingham, Fairfield, Farina, Flora, Geff, Golden Gate, Grayville, Hoyleton, Ingraham, lola, luka, Johnsonville, Kell, Kinmundy, Lancaster, Louisville,
Mason, Mount Erie, Noble, Olney, Opdyke, Parkersburg, Patoka, Rinard, Saint Peter, Sainte Marie, Salem, Sims, Robinson, Texico, West Union, Xenia, Yale.
Indiana Buffaloville, Owensville. Intensity III;Illinois Albion, Bellmont, Bonnie,Sailor Springs, Sullivan.
Intensity II:Illinois Bible Grove, Buckner,
Fillmore, Flat Rock, Glen Carbon, Irving, Keenes, Lawrenceville, Oakdale, Shobonier, Teutopolis, West Salem, West York.
Indiana Fairbanks, Stewartsville, Switz City.
Indiana
5 December (S) Southern Illinois Origin time: 01 48 01.3
See Illinois listing.
Maine
4 January (J) Southwestern Maine Origin time: 19 28 10.8 Epicenter: 44.04 N., 70.51 W. Depth: 0 kmMagnitude: 3.2 mbLg, 3.2 mbLg(L) Intensity IV; Cisco (J), Naples
(press report), Otisfield (pressreport).
Intensity III; Harrison (J), Oxford(J), Poland (J).
Intensity II; Bridgton (J), Canton(J), Johnson Hill (J), West Poland(J) .
Maryland
16 July (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania Origin time: 06 39 37.8
See Pennsylvania listing.
Massachusetts
24 March (G) Southwest of Bermuda Islands Origin time: 00 42 38.2 Epicenter: 29.86 N., 67.39 W. Depth: 22 km Magnitude: 6.1 mb, 6.0 MS,
6.1 MS(B), 6.0 ML(P) Intensity IV;Massachusetts--New Bedford.
Intensity III:Massachusetts--Boston (press
90'
KENTUCKYI
EXPLANATION
it Epicenter
' Felt at intensity 5
_ Not felt
FIGURE 18. Isoseismal map for the south ern Illinois earthquake of 5 December 1978, 01 48 01.3 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Massachusetts Continued
report).North Carolina Asheville (press
report), Camp Lejune (press report), Hatteras (press report), Wake County (press report).
1 September (J) Eastern MassachusettsOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III; Intensity II;
03 33 43.642.48 N., 71.46 W,0 km2.0 mbLgStow.Acton.
Mississippi
11 December (G) Alabama-Mississippi borderarea
Origin time: 02 06 48.2 Epicenter: 31.95 N., 88.48 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.5 mbLg Intensity V; Alabama
Gilbertown (light furnitureshifted, small objects fell),
Melvin (small objects broken). Intensity II;Mississippi Carmichael.
31
20
42
Missouri
August (S) New Madrid, Missouri region Origin time: 00 31 00.3
See Tennessee listing.
September (S) Eastern Missouri Origin time: 12 24 08.8 Epicenter: 38.57 N., 90.28 W. Depth: 2 km Magnitude: 3.1 mbLg, 3.0 mbLg(G)
O. W. Nuttli, St. Louis University, reported two places with minor dam age that are not reflected in the intensity values listed below. One was in southeast St. Louis where one of the concrete posts, 76 cm high and 25 cm square, which sup ported a wooden porch, cracked entirely across and showed evidence of slight displacement. The other occurred at Ladue where a plaster ceiling cracked down the middle.
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 3,700 sq km of Illinois and Missouri (fig. 19).
Intensity V;Illinois Belleville (plaster
cracked in one home, small objects shifted, windows rat tled), East Alton (few windows cracked; windows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Missouri North County (few windows cracked; buildings shook; win dows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Intensity IV;Illinois Alton, Caseyville, Dupo,
East Carondelet, Edwardsville, Elsah, Glen Carbon, Godfrey, Granite City, Lebanon, Litchfield (press report), Love joy, Madison, Marine, Moro, National Stock Yards, O'Fallon, Roxana, Smith- ton, South Roxana, Venice.
Missouri Affton, Benton Park, Berkeley, Brentwood, Carondelet, Chesterfield, Christian Bechtold, Clayton, Crestwood (press report), Defiance, Ferquson, Florissant, Gravois, Jennings, Lambert Airport, Manchester, Maplewood, Northwest Plaza, Northwood, Olivette, Pierre Laclede, Portage Des Sioux, Rich mond Heights, Sappington, St. Ann, St. Charles, St. Louis, St. Peters, University City, Webster Groves, West Alton.
Intensity III;Illinois Columbia, Wood River. Missouri Des Peres, Fenton.
Intensity II;Illinois Chicago (press report),
Dow. Missouri Grover, Hematite.
91° 90°Montana Continued
39C
EXPLANATION
>T Epicenter
5 Felt at intensity 5
0 Not felt
FIGURE 19. Isoseismal map for the eastern Missouri earthquake of 20 September 1978, 12 24 08.8 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Montana
14 January (G) Southwestern Montana
Helena, Elliston, Fairfield, Florence, Frenchtown, Garrison, Great Falls, Greenough, Hall, Hamilton, Helena, Helmville, Hot Springs, Jefferson City, Kalispell, Lincoln, Lolo, Mar- ysville, Milltown, Missoula, Moiese, Monarch, Montana City, Oilmont, Pablo, Paradise, Pen- droy, Philipsburg, Poison, Power, Radersburg, Roll ins, Ronan, Saint Ignatius, Saint Reqis, Saltese, Seeley Lake, Silver Star, Simms, Sunburst, Sun River, Superior, Swan Lake, Toston, Townsend, Trout Creek, Troy, Ulm, Valier, Victor, Warmsprings, Whitehall, White Sulphur Springs, Winston.
Intensity III:Idaho Elk River, Headquarters.Montana Basin, Brady, Cascade,
Darby, Dutton, Essex, Fort Shaw, Jackson, Kevin, Orofino, Raynesford, Stockett, Sula, Vaughn, Willow Creek, Wolf Creek.
Intensity II;Idaho Kelloqg.Montana Fort Benton, Heart
Butte, Polaris, Sand Coulee, Wise River, Wisdom.
23 April (G) Western Montana
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
16 53 50.344.77 N., 111.94 W,5 km3.6 MLLake Village (Yel-
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
23 36 43.747.00 N., 113.31 W.5 km3.7 MLDixon, Poison
(telephone report).
7 October (G) Western Montanalowstone National Park).
23 April (G) Western MontanaOrigin time: 23 24 37.0 Epicenter: 46.97 N., 113.27 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.5 mb, 4.3 MS,
4 .9 ML
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 94,000 sq km of eastern Idaho and western Montana (fig. 20).
Intensity V;Montana Ovando (hanging pictures
fell), Ravalli (small objects overturned) .
Intensity IV;Idaho Calder, North Fork. Montana Anaconda, Arlee,Augusta, Big Arm, Black Eagle, Bonner, Boulder, Butte, Canyon Creek, Carter, Charlo, Choteau, Clancy, Clinton, Conrad, Cor- vallis, Deer Lodge, Dixon, East
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
12 35 55.346.62 N., 112.13 W.5 km2.7 ML(G), 2.9 ML(D)East- Helena, Helena.
16 October (G) Western MontanaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
01 15 35.347.09 N., 113.16 W,5 km2.9 ML(D), 3.4 MLMissoula, Potomac
(telephone report).
21 October (G) Western MontanaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
12 28 15.346.97 N., 113.25 W,5 km3.5 MLOvando.
29 October (G) Central IdahoOrigin time: 13 46 44.5
See Idaho listing.
117C 116° 115° 114° 113° 112° 111° 110° 109°
49°
48° -
47'
46°
45 C
CANADA UNITED STATES
MONTANA
WYOMING
0 50 km
EXPLANATION
Epicenter
5 Felt at intensity 5
Not felt44°
FIGURE 20. Isoseismal map for the western Montana earthquake of 23 April 1978, 23 24 37.0 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Montana Continued Nebraska
4 November (G) Hebgen Lake regionOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III:Wyoming Old Faithful, Yellowstone
National Park.
15 49 43.844.75 N., 111.23 W.5 km3.5 ML(G)
10 November (G) Western MontanaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
09 53 45.647.01 N., 113.33 W,5 km4.3 MLSeeley LakeOvando.
7 May (G) Central NebraskaOrigin time: 16 06 19.6 Epicenter: 42.30 N., 101.93 W. Depth: 15 kmMagnitude: 4.3 mbLg, 4.0 mbLg(S) Intensity IV; Arthur, Ashby, 27 km north and 5 km east of Ashby, 27 km north of Ashby, 26 km north of Ashby, 16 km north of Ashby, 10 km south of Ashby, 26 km south of Ashby, 27 km north of Bingham, 60 km west of Hyannis, 13 km southwest of Lewellen, 13 km north of Mullen, Whitman, 37 km north of Whitman.
Intensity III; Elsie, 56 km north of Hyannis, 40 km north-northeast of Mullen, 5 km west of Oshkosh.
Nevada Nevada Continued
13 January (G) Southern NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V;
03 39 37.039.42 N. , 117.60 W.5 km4.1 ML(B)Austin.
14 February (G) Southern NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
04 35 24.0 39.63 N., 117.18 W. 5 km4.4 mb, 4.8 ML(B)
Eureka,__ AustinGabbs, Round Mountain, Yerington.
Intensity II; Manhattan.
23 February (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 17 00 00.164 Epicenter: 37.12 N., 116.06 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.7 mb(G), 5.4 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "REBLO- CHON" at 37 0 07'25.24" N., 116 0 03M9.79" W., surface elevation 1288 m, depth of burial 658 m.
5 March (G) Northern NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V;
fell).
22 46 18.238.94 N., 118.03 W.5 km4.0 mb, 4.6 ML(B)Gabbs (small objects
15 March (G) Western NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
03 09 14.938.35 N., 118.22 W.5 km3 .2 MLGabbs, Luning, Mina.
23 March (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 16 30 00.200 Epicenter: 37.10 N., 116.05 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.7 mb(G), 5.5 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "ICEBERG" at 37 0 06'06.39" W., 116°03'04.13" W. , surface elevation 1266 m, depth of burial 640 m.
11 April (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 15 30 00.161 Epicenter: 37.30 N., 116.33 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.3 mb(G), 5.3 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "FONDOTTA" at 37 0 17'58.66" N., 116°19'36.12" W. , surface elevation 2099 m, depth of burial 633 m.
11 April (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 17 45 00.073 Epicenter: 37.23 N., 116.37 W. Depth: 0 km
Magnitude: 5.5 mb(G), 4.5 MS(G), 5.3 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "BACK- BEACH" at 37 0 14'00.57" N., 116°22'06.49" W., surface elevation 2066 m, depth of burial 611 m.
20 April (G) Southern NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
13 15 47.335.80 N., 114.90 W.10 km1.9 MLBoulder City.
20 April (G) Southern Nevada Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
13 18 44.535.80 N., 114.90 W.10 km1.9 MLBoulder City.
23 May (G) Northern NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity V;
Valmy. Intensity IV:
05 47 55.440.87 N., 117.26 W.11 km4.1 mb, 4.6 ML(B)Battle Mountain,
Golconda, Winnemucca,
6 July (G) Northern NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
22 21 22.039.11 N., 116.22 W.10 km3.8 MLEureka.
12 July (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 17 00 00.075 Epicenter: 37.079 N., 116.044 W. Depth: 0 kmMagnitude: 5.5 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G),
5.4 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "LOWBALL" at 37 0 04'43.21" N., 116°02'37.63" W. , surface elevation 1252 m, depth of burial 564 m.
29 July (G) Central NevadaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
22 32 07.138.40 N., 115.24 W.5 km3.9 mb, 4.2 MLEly (R), Eureka.
31 August (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 14 00 00.164 Epicenter: 37.28 N., 116.36 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.6 mb(G), 5.5 ML(R)
Nevada Test Site explosion "PANIR" at 37 0 16'33.34" N., 116°21 26.43" W., surface elevation 2040 m, depth of burial 681 m.
Nevada Continued Nevada--Continued
4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region Origin time: 04 52 31.6
See California listing.
4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region Origin time: 21 54 52.5
See California listing.
4 October (P) Owens Valley area Origin time: 16 42 48.6
See California listing.
13 September (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 15 15 00.161 Epicenter: 37.21 N., 116.21 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 4.6 mb(G), 4.6 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "DIABLO HAWK" at 37°12'31.68" N. 116°12'38.78" W., surface elevation 2239 m, depth of burial 388 m.,
27 September (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 17 00 00.071 Epicenter: 37.07 N., 116.02 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.0 mb(G), 5.0 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "DRAUGHTS" at 37 0 04'25.92" N., 116°01' 11 .40" W., surface elevation 1253 m, depth of burial 442 m.
27 September (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 17 20 00.076 Epicenter: 37.08 N., 116.05 W. Depth: 0 kmMagnitude: 5.7 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G),
5.5 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "RUMMY" at 37°04'47.29" N., 116°03'04.76" W., surface elevation 1262 m, depth of burial 640 m.
2 November (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 15 25 00.169 Epicenter: 37.29 N., 116.30 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 4.2 mb(G), 4.3 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion"EMMENTHAL" at 37°17'16.60" N., 116°17'50.98" W., surface elevation 2131 m, depth of burial 576 m.
18 November (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 19 00 00.166 Epicenter: 37.13 N., 116.08 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.1 mb(G), 5.2 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "QUARGEL" at 37°07'36.73" N., 116°05 ' 01. 94"
W., surface elevation 1302 m, depth of burial 542 m.
16 December (E) Southern NevadaOrigin time: 15 30 00.158 Epicenter: 37.27 N., 116.41 W. Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.5 mb(B), 5.5 ML(B)
Nevada Test Site explosion "FARM" at 37°16'24.22" N., 116°24'36.99" W., surface elevation 2006 m, depth of burial 689 m.
New Hampshire
25 August (J) Southeastern New HampshireOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
20 01 30.542.87 N., 70.83 W.0 km2.3 mbLgSeabrook (J).
New Jersey
30 June (L) Northern New Jersey20 13 43.641.07 N., 74.20 W.5 km
Origin time:Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude: 2.9 mbLgIntensity IV;
New Jersey Mahwah (press report),Oakland (press report).
New York Hillburn (press report),Suffern (press report).
Intensity III:New York Pine Grove (press
report), Sloatsburg (press report), Tuxedo Park (press report).
30 June (L) Northern New JerseyOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
22 39 49.741.08 N., 74.20 W.6 km2.2 ML
_________ Oakland, New Jersey- Suffern, New York area (press report).
New Mexico
16 June (G) West TexasOrigin time: 11 46 54.2
See Texas listing.
New York
18 February (0) Southern Quebec Origin time: 14 48 25.0
New York Continued Oklahoma Continued
Epicenter: 46.35 N., 74.11 W.Depth: 7 kmMagnitude: 4.0 mb(G), 4.0 mbLg,
3.8 mbLg(J) Intensity V;Quebec Saint Donat de Montcalm
region. Intensity IV;New York Rouses Point.
5 March (L) Southeastern New York Origin time: 07 53 25.6 Epicenter: 41.35 N., 74.15 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.1 mbLg Intensity III; Highland Mills (J).
30 June (L) Northern New Jersey Origin time: 20 13 43.6
See New Jersey listing.
30 June (L) Northern New Jersey Origin time: 22 39 49.7
See New Jersey listing.
North Carolina
25 February (V) Northern North Carolina
18 May (T) Central OklahomaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
00 19 22.435.50 N., 97.50 W.5 km2.7 mbLgEl Reno (T).
18 May (T) Central OklahomaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II:
00 32 17.635.60 N., 97.83 W.5 km2.1 mbLgEl Reno (T) .
Pennsylvania
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
03 53 27.7 .36.19 N., 79.30 W.8 km2.2 mbLgBurlington.
22 March (V) Northern North Carolina Origin time: 15 52 26.7 Epicenter: 36.20 N., 81.73 W. Depth: 1 km Magnitude: 2.9 mbLg
Possible explosion (V).
24 March (G) Southwest of Bermuda Islands Origin time: 00 42 38.2
See Massachusetts listing.
Oklahoma
9 March (T) Southern OklahomaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
06 30 51.234.07 N., 97.40 W.5 km2.5 mbLgSimon area (T).
17 May (T) Central OklahomaOrigin time: 23 11 15.7Epicenter: 35.53 N., 97.91 W.Depth: 5 kmMagnitude: 2.3 mbLgIntensity I; El Reno (T).
16 July (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania Origin time: 06 39 37.8 Epicenter: 39.92 N., 76.26 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.9 mbLg(V),
3.1 mbLg(J)
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 1,600 sq km of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Mary land (fig. 21).
Intensity V;Pennsylvania Lancaster (few plas
ter cracks), New Providence (few plaster cracks).
Intensity IV;Delaware Wilmington.Maryland Cardiff, Pylesville, Whiteford.
Pennsylvania Airville, Bart, Baus- man, Brogue, Buck, Columbia, Conestoga, Craley, East Prospect, Fawn Grove, Gordonville, Holt- wood, Kirkwood, Millersville, Mount Nebo, Mountville, Paradise, Peach Bottom, Penryn, Pequea, Rawlinsville, Red Lion, Refton, Smoketown, Strasburg, Washington Boro, Willow Street, Windsor, Wrightsville (11 km south).
Intensity III;Maryland Darlington.Pennsylvania Manheim.
6 October (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania Origin time: 19 25 41.6 Epicenter: 39.97 N., 76.51 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.8 mbLg, 3.0 mbLg(L)
According to the press, this earth quake shook buildings throughout Lancaster and its suburbs. Build ings trembled briefly, a loud noise (described variously as a boom, roar, or vehicle collision) could be heard, and some startled people ran outside.
77 C76 75°
South CarolinaEXPLANATION
w Epicenter
5 Felt at intensity 5
FIGURE 21. Isoseismal map for the southeastern Pennsylvania earthquake of 16 July 1978, 06 39 37.8 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Pennsylvania Continued
7 September (G) Eastern South CarolinaOrigin time: 22 53 22.3Epicenter: 33.07 N., 80.22 W.Depth: 11 kmMagnitude: 2.7 mbLgIntensity IV: Summerville--Corey Woods (4.2 km southwest on Highway 17A windows, doors, and dishes rattled).
Intensity III; Jedburg, Summerville--city area, Summerville Briarwood (3.2 km south on State Highway 199), Col lege Park (7.8 km east off Inter state 26), Flowertown Village (5.1 km southwest on Highway 17A), King's Grant (8 km south on Highway 642), Knightsville (5.8 km west on Highway 13), Oakdale Subdivision (4 km southwest on Highway 17A), Old Orangeburg Road (5.3 km west on Highway 22), Owen's Circle (5.9 km south on Highway 165), Pine Forest Estates (4 km southwest on Highway 17A), Quail Arbor II (3.8 km south on Highway 165), Quail Arbor V (4.6 km south on Highway 199), Shepard Park (2.2 km west on Highway 17A), Twin Oaks (1.8 km south off Highway 165), Waring Hall (3.4 km west on Highway 13), Warrington Subdivision (1.3 km west on Highway 13).
Intensity II; Summerville Old Fort Estates (7.2 km south on Highway 642) .
Intensity V; Brunnerville (few cracked windows), Mount Joy (uncon firmed report of cracked plaster).
Intensity IV; Akron, Bausman, Bird in Hand, Brogue, Brownstown, Cones- toga, Delta, East Petersburg, Lan caster, Landisville, Leola, Mount- ville, New Holland, Peach Bottom, Penryn, Quarryville, Refton, Ronks, Smoketown, Talmage, Washington Boro, Willow Street, Wrightsville.
Intensity III: Intercourse, Millers- ville, Pequea, Strasburg.
Intensity II; Ephrata (press report), Manheim, Marticville (press report), Millersville (press report).
Puerto Rico
15 May (G) Mono PassageOrigin time: 19 25 14.1 Epicenter:Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
18.73 N., 67.43 W, Normal. 4.7 mb Aguadilla.
Tennessee
18 January (S) Western TennesseeOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
23 46 26.136.25 N., 89.42 W.5 km2.6 mbLgRidgely (Tennessee
Earthquake Information Center).
31 August (S) New Madrid, Missouri region Origin time: 00 31 00.3 Epicenter: 36.09 N., 89.42 W. Depth: 4 km Magnitude: 3.5 mbLg Intensity V;Tennessee Dyersburg (S).
Intensity IV;Arkansas Leachville. Missouri Braggadocio, Hayti,
Pascola. Tennessee Bogota, Findley, Lenox,
Troy. Intensity III;Arkansas Etowah.Missouri Caruthersville, Portage-
ville. Tennessee Memphis, Samburg, York-
ville. Intensity II:
Tennessee Continued Utah
Arkansas Reiser. Tennessee Kenton.
28 February (U) Northern Utah
Texas
2 March (G) Southwestern TexasOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
report).
10 04 52.731.56 N., 102.51 W.11 km3.5 MLKermit (telephone
16 June (G) West TexasOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
11 46 54.2 33.03 N., 100.77 W. 10 km4.4 mb, 5.3 ML,
4.6 mbLg(S)
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 52,000 sq km of west Texas (fig. 22).
Intensity V;Texas Carlsbad (hanging pictures
fell, small objects broke), Flu- vanna (one broken window, hanging pictures fell, light furniture shifted), Justiceburg (uncon firmed report of cracked plas ter) , Peacock (few cracked win dows), Rotan (light furniture shifted), Snyder (cracked window, mirror fell and broke).
Intensity IV;New Mexico Hobbs.Texas Abilene, Ackerly, Albany
(press report), Anson, Aspermont, Ballinger, Big Lake, Big Spring, Blackwell, Breckenridge, Bronte, Coahoma, Coleman, Clyde, Colorado City, Dermott, Dunn, Eola, Gail, Girard, Goldsboro, Goodfellow AFB, Guthrie, Hamlin, Hermleigh, Ira, Jayton, Knott, Lamesa, Lorenzo, Lubbock, Lueders, Mar- yneal, McCaulley, Mereta, Merkel, Mertzon, Miles, Moran, New Home, Nolan, Old Glory, Ovalo, Roby, Roscoe, Rule, San Angelo, San Angelo Angelo State University, Spur, Stamford, Stanton, Sylves ter, Sweetwater (press report), Tahoka, Tuscola (press report), Valdera, Veribest, Water Valley, Westbrook, Windgate, Winters, Woodson.
Intensity III;Texas Gouldbusk, Loraine, Talpa.
Intensity II;Texas Glen Cove, Post, Sagerton.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III; Intensity II;
00 20 06.540.76 N., 112.20 W.14 km2.7 MLMagna, Salt Lake City.Tooele.Farmington.
9 March (U) Northern Utah Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity VI;
06 30 51.8 40.76 N., 112.08 W. 9 km 3.3 ML
_ __ _ Maqna (cracks in the exterior wall of fire station no. 2; windows broken, plaster and dry wall cracked).
Intensity V; Salt Lake City. Intensity IV; Hooper, Murray. Intensity III; Centerville (press report), Lincoln, Midvale.
9 March (U) Northern UtahOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
06 46 20.040.77 N., 112.08 W.7 km2.5 MLMagna (press report).
13 March (U) Northern Utah Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
13 35 43.440.76 N., 112.08 W.13 km2.8 MLMagna.Bountiful (press
report), Granger (press report), Salt Lake City (Glendale area and University of Utah Hospital press report).
Intensity II; Midvale.
29 July (U) Northern Utah14 04 03.241.85 N., 112.13 W.7 km
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth:Magnitude: 3.1 ML Intensity IV; Idaho Weston.Utah Cornish, Fielding, Howell,
Logan, Newton, Plymouth, Portage, Preston, Richmond, Riverside, Smithfield, Trenton.
Intensity III; Idaho Franklin. Utah Cherry Creek, Collinston,
Garland. Intensity II;
Idaho--Dayton. Utah Clarkston.
24 October (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 20 30 59.3
See Idaho listing.
49
103° 102° ior 100° 99° 98°
35°
34C
33C
32°
EXPLANATION
Epicenter
Felt at intensity 5
° Not felt31 C
FIGURE 22. Isoseismal map for the west Texas earthquake of 16 June 1978, 11 46 54.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Utah Cont inued Virg inia
30 November (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 06 53 40.1
See Idaho listing.
20 December (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 13 46 22.6
See Idaho listing.
17 March (V) Southwestern Virginia Origin time: 18 26 34.5 Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
36.75 N. , 80.74 W. 7 km 2.8 mbLg
Intensity IV: Galax, Hillsville, Lambsburg, Laurel Fork, Woodlawn.
Intensity III; Dugspur.Intensity II; Austinville, Indepen dence .
50
Washington Washington Continued
5 March (W) Puget Sound area 29 March (W) Northwest Washington18 13 35.948.06 N., 123.00 W.57 km4.0 mb(G), 3.3 ML(G)Nordland.
Origin time:Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude:Intensity IV;Intensity III;British Columbia Victoria (tele
phone report).Washington North Seattle (tele
phone report), Oak Harbor (tele phone report).
Intensity II; Hansville.
11 March (W) Puget Sound areaOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
15 52 11.2 47.42 N., 122.71 W. 25 km4.3 mb(G), 4.8 ML,
3.2 MS(G)
This earthquake was felt over an area of 20,000 sq km of northwest Wash ington (fig. 23).
Intensity VI: Crystal Mountain Ski Resort (crack in rock and mortar wall at the Summit House; open beams supporting the roof moved 1-2 cm), Freeland (cracked plaster), Grotto (cracked plaster), Long- branch (cracked plaster and win dows ) .
Intensity V; Ashford, Bremerton, Centralia, Dockton, Enumclaw, Everett, Federal Way, Hobart, Issa- quah, La Grande, Leavenworth, Olym- pia, Port Orchard, Poulsbo, Pres ton, Redondo, Ronald, Seabeck, Seattle, Snoqualmie Pass, South Colby, Tacoma.
Intensity IV; Aberdeen, Allyn, Anderson Island, Baring, Belfair, Blakely Island, Brinnon, Burley, Cinebar, Clearlake, Des Moines, East Olympia, Eatonville, Fort Lewis (Gray Army Airfield), Fox Island, Gig Harbor, Glenoma, Hadlock, Hoodsport, Indianola, Kapowsin, Kent, La Conner, Lakebay, Little Rock, Lyman, Lynnwood, McKenna, Medina, Milton, Mukilteo, Olalla, Olga, Orting, Pacific, Parkland, Port Angeles, Proctor, Puyallup, Ranier, Renton, Roy, Skykomish, Spanaway, Tillicum, Tra- cyton, Union, Vashon, Vaughn, Wilkeson, Winslow, Yelon.
Intensity III; Buckley, Carbonado, Carnation, Fircrest, Fort Lewis, Gold Bar, Lake Stevens, Lakewood Center, McMillin, Napavine, Oak- ville, Randle, Redmond, Wall ing- ford, Wenatchee (press report).
Intensity II; Bellevue, Edmonds, Fall City, Forest Park, Index, Les- ter, Lilliwaup, Mineral.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
12 16 38.448.20 N., 122.76 W.24 km2.7 ML(G)Oak Harbor.
31 March (W) Puget Sound areaOrigin time: 08 03 00.2Epicenter: 47.42 N., 122.72 W.Depth: 23 kmMagnitude: 4.2 ML(G)
This earthquake was felt over an area of 7,000 sq km of the Puget Sound area (fig. 24) .
Intensity V: Bremerton (hairline cracks in exterior walls), Brinnon, Chimacum, Hadlock, Manchester, Olalla, Port Orchard, Port Ludlow, Poulsbo, Quilcene, Rollingbay, Seabeck, Seattle, Tacoma, Tracyton, Union.
Intensity IV; Auburn, Baring, Bel- fair, Bellevue, Burley, Crystal Mountain, Dockton, Fircrest, Fox Island, Hansville, Index, Indi anola, Kapowsin, Kingston, Lil liwaup, Matlock, Medina, Olympia, Puyallup, Ravensdale, Tahuya, Vaughn.
Intensity III: La Grande.Intensity II; Carnation, Nordland.
27 June (W) WashingtonOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
02 18 58.846 .86 N., 120.96 W.1 km3.7 ML(G)Naches Ranger Station
(W), Snoqualmie.
23 August (Q) Vancouver Island, BritishColumbia
Origin time: 10 37 18.0 Epicenter: 48.38 N., 123.20 W. Depth: 17 km Magnitude: 4.4 mb(G), 3.5 ML
Felt at intensity V on Vancouver Island.
Intensity IV;Harbor.
Intensity II;
Eastsound, Friday
Port Angeles (W).
31 December (W) Seattle areaOrigin time: 03 23 46.7 Epicenter: 47.58 N., 121.85 W. Depth: 20 km Magnitude: 4.0 ML(G)
This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 8,500 sq km of Washington and British Columbia (fig. 25).
124° 123° 122° 121 C
EXPLANATION
w Epicenter
6 Felt at intensity 6
Not f46
FIGURE 23. Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington, earthquake of 11 March 1978, 15 52 11.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensi ties between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites. Dashed line indicates the isoseismal is not well defined by the data.
Washington Continued Washington Continued
Intensity V; Washington
Granite Falls (light furniture and small objects shifted, felt by many),
North Seattle (press reported small cracks in walls and ceil-
52
ing of one home). Intensity IV:Washington Bothell, Clinton, Fall
City, Freeland, Gold Bar, Grotto, Hobart, Index, Kenmore (press report), Kingston, Lake City (press report), Lake Forest Park
124° 123° 122°
r+ Epicenter
5 Felt at intensity 5
FIGURE 24. Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington, earthquake of 31 March 1978, 08 03 00.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensi ties between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent th«se intensities at specific sites. Dashed line indicates the isoseismal is not well defined by the data.
Washington Continued Washington Continued
(press report), Lake Stevens, Magnolia (press report), Monroe, Mukilteo, Northbend, Port Orchard, Preston, Ravensdale, Renton, Seattle, Seattle-Tacoma Airport (furniture shifted on the fifth floor), Snoqualmie, Sultan, Woodinville.
Intensity III;Washington Belfair, Conway, Dar-
rington, Everett, Kirkland, Med ina, Mountlake Terrace, Port Townsend, Shaw Island, Startup.
Intensity II;
British Columbia Victoria (pressreport).
Washington Black Diamond, Coupe-ville, Edmonds, North Bend, Ret-sil, Skykomish, Tacoma.
13 January
Wyoming
Yellowstone National Park
53
Seven earthquakes were felt in the eastern part of the park from Janu-
123° 122° 121°
49 C
48°
Epicenter
' Felt at intensity 5
Nat felt'Shaw Islands
47
FIGURE 25.--Isoseismal map for the Seat tle earthquake of 31 December 1978, 03 23 46.7 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites.
Wyoming--Continued
ary 13 to 21. The largest magni tude of these quakes was about 1.8 ML. They were felt at Canyon Vil lage and Lake, with the smaller magnitude events only being felt at Lake. Maximum intensity was IV.
16 January (G) Southeast WyomingOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
03 50 03.142.43 N., 105.31 W.5 km3.0 ML
_________ 14.5 km north of Laramie, Wheatland (telephone report).
Wyoming--Cont inued
Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity III;
4 km3.3 mb, 3.1 ML,
3.5 ML(D) Old Faithful.
7 March (G) Yellowstone National ParkOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
01 10 47.6 44.43 N., 110.84 W. 5 km3.7 mb, 3.5 ML,
3.8 ML(D)
From March 7 at 01 09 UTC, to 18 30 UTC, a swarm of 129 tremors was felt at Old Faithful. This series was known to have immediately induced minor changes in the ther mal activity in the Upper Geyser Basin. These included increased turbidity in Heart Spring and Calida, and more vigorous splashing in Tea Kettle, with a rise in water level.
No changes in thermal activityoccurred at the Norris Geyser Basin for 2.5 days after the swarm. But by March 23, Palpitar Spring had drained and the algae had died. At Steamboat Geyser minor eruptions appeared to have greater volume, and on March 28 the geyser had its first major eruption in 9 years. Runoff and sinter deposition at Cistun Springs had shifted from the west side of the pool to the southeast side, where two small trees were dying from the hot v/ater (R. A. Hutchinson, National Park Service, written commun., 1978).
Intensity V: Old Faithful.
7 March (G) Yellowstone National ParkOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
07 39 33.144.30 N., 110.92 W,5 km3.8 mb, 3.1 MLOld Faithful.
15 April (G) Western Wyoming
2 February (G) Yellowstone National Park
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
05 23 50 42.72 N. 5 km 2.5 ML Afton.
110.88 W.
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude:
Intensity III;
00 36 25.644.39 N., 110.81 W.5 km3.6 mb, 3.4 ML,
3.6 ML(D)Old Faithful.
(Shocks at 00 49 01.4 and 04 30 25.9 with magnitudes of 2.8 ML and 2.6 ML were also felt.)
7 June Yellowstone National ParkOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV: Intensity III;
12 28Not located. None computed. None computed. Canyon Village. Lake .
2 February (G) Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 12 35 56.2 Epicenter: 44.38 N., 110.83 W.
54
June Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 15 01 54 Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed.
Wyoming Cont inued Wyoming--Continued
Magnitude: Intensity III:
None computed. Old Faithful.
18 June Yellowstone National Park
Epicenter : Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
44.56 N. , 110.49 W. 5 km 2.5 ML Canyon Village, Fish-
Origin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity III;
22 40 Not located. None computed. None computed. Old Faithful.
19 June Yellowstone National ParkOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV:
area.
05 43Not located.None computed.None computed.Lake-Fishing Bridge
15 July Yellowstone National ParkOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV; Intensity III;
08 26Not located.None computed.None computed.Norris.Canyon Village.
ing Bridge, Lake.
2 October (G) Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 13 59 10.7 Epicenter: 44.74 N., 110.78 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML, 3.5 ML(D)
This earthquake and the one at 23 55 42.6 are two of nine which were felt in the park area on October 2 in a 12-hour period from 11 59 to 23 55 UTC. The intensity data are from R. A. Hutchinson, Park Geolo gist (written commun., 1979).
21 July Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 10 01
Not located. None computed. None computed. Grant Village.
Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;
21 August Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 12 14
Not located. None computed. None computed. Old Faithful (earth-
Epicenter:Depth:Magnitude:Intensity III;quakes at 12:16, 12:27, and 12:32 were also felt at intensity III).
21 August Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 13 14 Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed. Magnitude: None computed.
Five other earthquakes were felt at Old Faithful following this one. They were felt at 13:16, 13:27, 13:32, 14:25, and 14:27 (R. A. Hutchinson, Park Geologist).
Intensity III; Old Faithful.
15 September (G) Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 13 45 44.8
Intensity III: Intensity II;
Madison Junction. Old Faithful.
2 October (G) Yellowstone National ParkOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity IV;Norris.
Intensity III; Intensity II;
23 55 42.644.71 N., 110.80 W.5 km3.6 ML, 3.7 ML(D)Madison Junction,
Canyon Village. Old Faithful.
12 October Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 13 52 Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed. Magnitude: None computed.
This is the first of about 35 earth quakes occurring in a 90-minute period which were felt at Grant Village (R. A. Hutchinson, written commun., 1979).
Intensity IV; Grant Village.
4 November (G) Hebgen Lake region Origin time: 15 49 43.8
See Montana listing.
11 November (G) Yellowstone National ParkOrigin time: Epicenter: Depth: Magnitude: Intensity II;
20 46 20.844.39 N., 110.25 W.6 km3.2 ML, 3.9 ML(D)Lake.
a zzazz zzzzz zzzzz- zzazz zzazz zzzzz
MMMMM Ml 1( 1( 1( i 00 OOOO-JCTiCn Cni/lWMM I 'VOCOCO-J l/l*»U>OvO VOCO-J<Ti<Ti CnCTICOMM
I i OOMOM MOMOO to h-1 MOM MMMMM OMMMO Mh^MMO 00 MMOOWM MVOCOCOM MCTi-J4=»CO MOWMM -JMOM-J MVOOO*»
CTI MMCnM*» U)M*»OO *»MOU1*» OCOCOOM
-jooooi n/i COCOUICTI*»wvowooi '
o^ O^o^o^cncn o^o^o^c^o^ o^o^c^c^o^ c^c^o^o^c^ o^c^o^o^c^O COU>O*»M OVDh-iMO (TiCOMMCO \i)4s»O*»M M-JMOM
MMCn~O<Ti OMVOVO~-J OU)*»MOO OMMMOO MCOCOOM
O OMCOCTIM (TiCOCTiCOM
Z ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ
UH/ll/ll/l<Ti001 IUI^D
MCOCTiVOCO CO O>COMCOM -JCOCOOCO OMCOCnO VOvOCO4s»,j
s;s:s;s:s;
(TiOOOJI izzz z
co co-
o ~o.3 3
«
M. VO- 3 3
C-|C|C|C|C|
Z ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ
M MMMMM MMMMM
O OOOOM OMOOO MOOOO MOOOM OMMMO MOMOO 00 *»*»COCnO MMU>VO*» M<Ti<Til/!CO MvOMMM VDMOMOO MvDOVD<Ti
3 33333 33333 3333 32333 3 333 33333
> »»D3 >»D3> »D3D3> >D3»D3 »»D3 >»D3>cn cnwcncnr/i cncncnwcn cncncncnw cncncncncn cnwcncncn wcncncnoi
»
ui co
CTIMM
zzz
s;s:s:
HD3Z
MM ~-JOOOO
323
000cnwcn
i
3 S o- r£"3
rt X
2 3< I
poce sourc
ft < O H-^H- ft uQ in -
c wft H-ft rt
Q)3 O Q< l-h
cn o rt ?VQ) Mft QJft 3"
OG 3 3 fa< "
ft tr1 i-s (t> w O H- 3ft Ol
> QJ 5; cnft ft in w
>T3 - ft ft Q) O <D in Z 3 O Q> - ( i QJ Ki(t> 3Q) W O N w Q>
3 M
O3 ifl
cn» z c o « fi >~ <
> ftG' tr"<3 ft *H- p> (t>< P^ aO Q) Q)
< O 0> r ,
uQ M QJ D" Q) H-^< (D W l-h O- O i-S l-h
r< O3 M
Z H-3 I-1(D 0) 0) O< uQ s;Q) 3 H-
1 QJ W H-3Q) (D rt uQ,. r( c
;v QJ w N (D (t) *<n i-1 in 3' (t) .. cr
*<; o G- M N in
w ivQJH'
a H-o in * c W G O 3 CT 3 l-h Q) C H- 3
O(t) G OO 3 (t) CM H- O WO < 13 (t)H- i-< *< O W W rtQ) H- H- O
cnc o
* r< < 5J 3>3H-(t>W Q) Q) O O ft rt
N H- QJ i-< rt Z Oi C Oi
^"^ H-(t>crrtQ)(t>rt 3 i-S W H-^ ^ D-
GOw^enftJO O3l-h(t> i flBSG1^ H- 3 O < 0) H- 3 H- <GO(t»MQ)h-iWH-rtft rt ^« 3 VD rt w ^ ^
rt ". *< cn
rt 01 H- i-s 3"-. rt
i-h rt
S f tr"
w ?r c 3" (t) H- H- W
3 O
rt rt 3O >< H-3 - <
M £ Q) N O
(t) Q) H- (t) >-^
- O MM3 Z 3 G 0)
--N rt Q) HI W
ft n cn -^02 rt
Q) Oe
rt O (t) . O - 3"
O ^
o o 03-3Q) ft Oi
H- rt
O 0)
3 (t) ?TH- O -
M uQ C|3 H- *-*
W O
H- M (t) rt W C O rtn- cr o
ft m < cr
0) WH n- (t>(D O f< O r( <
I - I
01rt O "3
O T3 H- r(
(t) 3 3 3
< 3 W
O ' H-(t> -, g
>. O 03 ft
o G l-i M 3CL3 H-(t>
*< in ftO^ H-3O rt rt
O tr1 ! < 0) O m- W i-h*.
</)
(ft
^ C
^
EnEHEnEnEH EnEHEnEHEH EnEHEHEnEH EnEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEHEn EHEnEnEHEH EnEHEHEnEH EHEnEHEnEH EHEnEHEHE-icocncncn cncncncncn wcncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn c/scncncncn cncnwcncn cncncncncn cncncncocn<C<C<C<C <C<CCQ<C<C <CCQ<C<CCQ CQCQ<CQ<< <C<CCQ<C<C CQ<C<CcQ<C <C<C<C<CCQ CQCQCQCQCQ <C<C<C<C<C <CCQCQ<C<C
OrHOO OOOrHO OOrHOO OOOi-Hi-H OOrHOO OrHOOrH OOOOO OOOOO OrHOOi I OOOOrH
inOi-Hi-HCM \D\D\OCQO\ <T«TiOCMi£> i-Hi-Hi-HCMrO i-Hi-Hi-li-l i-Hi-Hi-Hi-li-l i-Hi-HCMCMCM
in in in in ini li-Hi-H rHi-Hi-Hi-li-l i-Hi-Hi-li-li-l CMCMCMCMCM
3 .C
Ou
§5O5
pocent source
E X
11x V
-I a
o. E
2 CQ CQ CQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQCQCQCQCQ mrn fO m m ------- wwwww uwwww wuwuwEb Em Em Em Em
oooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo
.... ...>. ..>.. ..... ..... .. . |_| . ..... ..... .. .MM .....
.... ...M* ..M.« ..... ..... .. .M ..... ..... .. .MM .....
1 r-H£>
^ro
coin
roro
CM^CTi OVO
inin^ ^TT i-H CMOOini l^
.^j< ^j^ro*?*?
rooMn ^a<ix)int~~ .^"^ ^ ^^a< ^<^<
.1 i t^i-Hinvoo
in ^inin^in
<*f<T\co r~vor~o
ro^ro ^in^^
ror^roooin ooominoo CM^OOVOCM 2 22 c^) ro ro ro ro ro CM ro ro ro
CM 00 r-l CM CO
i-Hi-Hi-li-li-l i Ii-Hi li li-H i-Hi-Hi li-Hi-H
CMrOCMOO-. 0000000000
1 ll ll ll ll I 1 ll ll 11 ll I 1 ll ll ll ll I 1 ll ll ll ll Iin in in ini-Hi-Hi-li-li-l i-Hi-Hi-li-li-l
ca H
I « IE ~ I "
igi (U mi
Mi)
2222 2Z222 22222 22222 22222 2Z2Z2 22Z22 2222Z 22Z2Z 222Z2OrHVOOO
(TiOCMrHroinoooo^ OOI-ICMOOO
OOCCMOCM
CNCNCNOOm VOLD in m
i li KNi IO CMCMCMCMCMinininmin irivoinvoin Lninininir)
ro oo room
i-HOOOO(Tii-HOCMCMCM i iroOi-HCM ininmi-Hin
1 OCKTiOO
111
cMnrooocr\ Oi ii iinrH inroincMCM
OOOOVOi IOO
roroooro CMrHOi-HCM
inrocMOOooorocM
Oi IrHOO i IrHCMOi I
i-Hi-Hi-li-l r-li-Hi-Hi-li-l
corn in i 10OOOCNM
OOi ICN1VO CM CM CM CM CN
r~ooooo icMrorocMi-HOi-Hi-li-l OrHOi-HCM OOrHOO MOOOO
>x>i i roroooi-HCMOOO i-HCOOO
CM ro^ in >X)i-Hi IrHCMCM CMCMCMCMCM
I 2CQCQCQ CQCQCQOQCC CQCQCQOQCQ CQCCCQCCOQ 1 Kj^WWW WWUWU UWWWW WWWWW
EHEnEnEHEH EHEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEHEnEHEH EnEnEnEH IWWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWW
!(..... ..... ..... ..... . . . . ..... ..... ..... ..... ....ISSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SS SS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSS
CM CM CM CM CM
i CDCNCNCN^>C ^o^or^cNco ^oroininvD ^^^ovcr^CD i-ncNCNf^oco ^Dr^cocDf~H ^D^O^^^DCO ^"^CNCDCO cocNincNCTv1 i Ii IOOO OOOi IO OOOOO OOOOi I i Ii Ii IOO i lOOi Ii I iHOOi IO OOi liHO i Ii IOOO OOOO
| VDCOOOCN1 CNCNnn11
CTiOiHiHCNiHCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN
fli PH fl, (li fl, CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM P-i PM P-i
ioooo< 00000 oooou I
ooooo oouoo
OU
05
s -
-1 JOS E
<c ^c co .vc «ni ii i^c mini imoo
'tfininn ^nnnn
ss s s coin «VD o
nn '* n
oco
"* <*
S SVD "*
<#l
ti
aV)
a E W
3 <
inn inn .<TI<TI
122
I nncNOMnI rH
II
OOrHrHCNrH
2 2 22 222
CNrocNnn cTinncocN nnncNin
2 2 2 2 nonco
COCTiOi ICO
I VD, ICNi ICTiI a1 in m in
cocOi iOi i ncricNncN CNCNCNCNCN CNI II^CNCN i ii ii ICNCN f '*'*ininin vD^ininin ininininin Lnin^Lnin in'3"*LnLn ^j-vDininin
122222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2222
inonr^in i IO^COCN I..... .....
COVDCNf^VDin co co i in
invDinmin ininininin ininvDinin
ininr--i i^ ocoonco
CN'd'VDVDO
nvovDCNO incNcon
vor^no
i| CNCOCN'd'n!
! i line. ii i
| COCOCTiOOVD
[ OOGOVD | CNi lOOnH
inconinin inoinom incNOino
CN^CNCOVC
CNCO'3< ^CCN
ccnvDcoonooncN nccni i
COnHCOCNni nn i iinono < ini ino
VDCTiCOOCTi
cTiocNnco cor^cccocTi omcNOi i ^nooni IOi Ii Ii I OOOOO OOOOO Oi ICNi InH Oi Ir-IOO CNOOCNO i |Oi ICNnH Oi IOOO OOnHi I
£~
1 ^CCCi Ii ICN1 CNCNnn
\\ f£<C<£'<c'CL< ioiciicLicLiE; EScLiEcLi Sciiaimaii " ' " ' " . . .
<Tii ir^i ICN ron^inin r-cocrioHiH i ICNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNn
PnCMP^CUCU P<O<P<P<P< P^CUPnCUP, P4P4CUP4P4 fr fr fr P<
SiI sE >,3 SE tf,
e
-1 JD S. E
a EQ £
CO
s
c H
EH EHEHEH£HEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH . . . . .to tototototo cototototo totototoco cocotocoto tococototo cocotococo cotocococo tototocoto tototototq tocoffi <!<J<JCQ<I <! CQ <C CQ <! CC <C <! CQ <! CQCQCQCQCQ CQ 02 CQ CQ <! CQ PC <! CQ CO PC <! CQ CQ CQ
S SSSSS
PL, PL, PL, < PL, <;
LO cor*-«3*i ICN «3*LOmcom CT»CN^CN^ r^r^r^ccco cocococrio 001 too CNm^r*-! t CNCN^COCO COLOO\ ii t » ICNO OOOOO OOOCO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOi I r-li li Ir-(i I r-IOOOr-1 i Ir-IOOO OOOOO OO
i ICNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CO
SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS
CM PL, PL, CM CM CM CM PL, CM CM PMCMPMPMCM
CM< SSSSS
O OOOOO
>H>H>H>H>H >H>H>(>H>H >H>H>(>H>HWWWW MM
JH2222 22
OOOOO OOOOO OCOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OO
.co . .m OLD . o
CN .CNCNV CNmiTKTi . OOmOCNCN r-1 -CTiCGCN IT) . .rHr-l
z &iminrom
22222 22222 22iDmmmm mmmmm mmmmm mmmmm mmoovocNcNmmmm mmmrom mmmmm mmmmm mmmroin
oor~-oooc. m-^cNrH^> oo^oooooi IrHCNCTii I (TiCNlTlOOCN
OOOOLDOCr-IOLT)'*CN mCNr-I^CN [-- «*, iinr--
rH r-Hi li li li I i Ir-Hi Ir-|iH i 11 11 I rH i I i li Ir-li Ir-1 r-l r-li li |r-1 I li IrHi li I i I r-11 I rH i I
22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22
CNLDmrHin cNmcNmi i CNccr-^i'i i CNLDLDI ic mcNcocNCTi <TI<TI
mmvci ir~- i ii ii ii ii i r-ii ii ii ioo , ii i"*i ir-i i iOi ii ii i i I^OCNO r-( «*, n£>co CNCT.in <£> if) if) in in in in in in in in in LD in 1010101010 LO^OLOLOLO LO^^LO^ ^OLOLOLOLO ^>LO
comr-crio oocriooi too
LTli ICNr-tLT) CNrHOCNCN
LOlOi I^-O CTiCTiOCN"* <Timmmoioo »*mLOocN CNCN
r-r-r-cocoO OOfHOi I r-Ir-Ir-lrHO OOrHr-IO OOOOO COOOO OOOOO
-I r-ICN
CNi li Ir-IO r-11 ICNfNi I i IrH
i I CNLOOOi ICN CNCNOOLO^O f-i li ICNm r}<r}<r}<r}<r}< ^- r}< «* }< r}< r}<r}<r}<r}<r}<. (CNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN m
>H >H>H>H>H>H >H>H>H>(>HKWKK WW
X2222 22
-o0)3
OU
i00 N.05
it ^ Xo-
pocent source
mum nsity
-i jo S E
5 *- a. £
C
3Ii
CO
<
H H3
C/5
a H
EH EH H EH EH EH EH EH CO CO CO CO CO
EnEnEHEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEHEnEnEn EnEnEHEnEn EnEHEHEnEH EnEHEHEnEH EnEHEnEnEncococococo cococococo cococococo cococococo cococococo cococococo cococococo cococococo««m OQOQ«OQ - - - - .... . . _ _ .
sss sssss jrjISISISIS SSISSIS *E! *E! *E! «E! 2£ y ST'ST'ST; y
O, O, O, O, p., O, O, O, p., Oi
sssss sssss
OMOrHC^co rrrrTjr^vo I-HCMI-HCOCO iHcoooco rrr^i-HT^o cMininocMOOOOO OOOOO i-HOOOO OOi-HiHO OOOOiH OOOi-HO OOOi-HiH OOOOO
comcorrin invovococo CTKTIOOOi-Hi-Hi-Hi-HiH i-Hi-Hi-Hi-HiH i-Hi-HCMCMCM
CdCdCdCdCd 222Z2 DDDDD
WWW222DDD 1-31-31-3
OOO OOOOO OOOOO
n r^cococoorHCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCO
CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd >H>H>^>H>H >H>H>H>H>H 5H>H>H>H>H22222 22222 22222 22222 JJJJJ JJJJJ JJJJJDDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD
OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO <OOOO
s s
. Hen
.TTCO
CO COVOCMCOCM CO
cocoo vocoi-H
2 222 2incocoinco cricocoiHco mvoincomin^rcocom cricomcMm mvor^c^m
2 2 222 2inr-covoco m^rotnco iHinmcom cocricocommvominm COCT»^CMO coc^mmm
r^inincMCM ocomcorrCMinO^TCM OrTiHiHCM nHCOOinO CM<TiCOOMn COm^TiHCM
C^ CM If) CO CM
222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222OCOCM c^oco^vD vococoinvo r^c^ocMiH iHCOi-HCMiH cM'^iHVO'a' CMVOOOO ^'cO'Hcof^ r^f^c^cor^ cocominr^
<TicoiHcoin coovovovo cocMiniHvo (TiCMvoiHvo COCOOM~-CO iHCMr^vor^ cMcoiHinin incoincrir- covoiHiHO
CMOCMCOCO C^^H^HCMiH ^Dr~iHCOiH rHiHCOCMr^ IfliHCMCMrH COiHCOi-HVC CMCMCMCOC^ COCMCOiHVO iHOiHiHOvoinin vovovDinin invovovoin ininvovoin inininvoin invovoinvo voinmmin invovovoin vovovovoin vovominvo
COlflCOiHCN cococor^vo cocMf^ino
^ CMCM<TI<TIVO ooomr-m covoi-iiHin oinoocM cM^rincMin inmcoincM
CMOVOOCO CMC^COiHCOmcoorro
CTicom-*OCM omoincM COCMCMCOO
mco co co CMCMCM- ICOin CMCMCMinCM OCMiHiHCOCOCMi-Hi-Hif)
CMCMCO cooMnr^o r^ini-HC^c^ cMCMCMinin OI-HCOI-HCM covococrioo ^rvoovoco mininoocM inOMOiHcri coinooovoOCMO i liHOOO OiHiHiHiH OOOCO rHOCMOO CMOOOtH iHOOOiH iHiHiHOiH Oi-HOCMO iHOiHCMO
OIHCMCMCM cM^r^rinvo r^c^c^c^o IHCOOCMCM comminmCMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCO i-Hi-HrH
CdCdCd CdCdCdWW CdKWCdCd CdWCdCdCd WHHHH CdCdCdCdW >H>H>H>H>H >H>H>H>H>H222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 JJJJJ JJJJJ JJJJJ JJJJJDpD DpDDD DDppD DpDDD DDpDD pDDpp DDDDD pDppp ppppp ppppp
I en IT-en tr-en EnEHEnEnEn EnEHEnEnEn EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEHEnEn EnEHEnEnEn EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEHEn EnEnEnEn
I <CCQCQO<! CQ<C<C<;>< <C<C<C03<C CQ<CP-i<C<C <CCQCQ<ci< <C<C<C<C<C <C<C<C<C<C <C<C<<C<C <C<<C<C<C <|CQ<C03
= 8 8 3M
I -i S x »
5^-i n S E
£*
E - Sfc:=> 5
i
|SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSS
I p-i<CP-ii<i< i«<;p-ip^ <CI<I«;P^ p.,p.,p.,p.,p., CL,p.,p.,CL,p., CL,P-I<CP^CH op^op^p^ op^ooo <;p^p-iP-ip-iI I I
I I I I
i-HOOOO i-HOOOO OOOOiH
OI-HCMCOCO invovovovo
OCOCMCTiCO OOOOrH OOOiHO iHOOOO OOOOiH OOOiHrH iHOOO
CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCO
[xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
OOOOOOCM cocovovor^iHiHiH
CM CO CO f CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCM
DDDDD DDDDDooooo ooooo oouoo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooDDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD ^^^ ""
Jooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo
22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2222
CM^fGCOCMincom^rcM oovoooc"!
oo in'* in CMomvococMCTiVOiHCMCTi
OiHCMCOCO COOOCMOCTivommvovo minvovoin
OCOCMCMiH CT>CT>OOCM OOVOVOCMmminvoin ^mmvo^c mmvcvcvc vcvcvcvcvc Lninvovom
incTiooom CMOMnmco oococrio VOCMCOCMOO OI^CMCTi
oocMi imm CMOVDCOO CMn^o^co ^r^cMOi i r^cMoocMco oomcovoinin iHcococoin rooooo OCOCOCM^T coo^rmiH CMLOCOCMCM inomcMo
oo in r m oomcM
OOiHiHiHin CMCOOM^CO^ncoinoiH
cMOC"*inoc ooorococM m in CM in CM
iHOOOO CMOOOO OOiHOO CMO>HOO iHOrHiHCM iHOOOiHOC^HCM iHCMOO
! iHiHCOCOCOj CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCO
I
| fMtHfMfMfM ><><><>H5H 5H>H>HjH>H
in oo oo oo oo iHCMCMCMCM CMCO-^fin CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCM
DDDDpouooo oooou ooooo ouoooDDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDD
ov3
OU
C/5
£>
csH
CO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO CO CO CO CO CO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCO< '
s sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss s sss sssss sssss ss
o
O OrHOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOO.H OiHOOO r-HOOr-lrH Or-HOOO OOOOrH OOOOO r-HO
n}< ^^^D^DOO O^r IHr ICM OO^^DOOr I r ICMOOUOU3 OOOOOr Ir-1 CMCM^"^1 ^1 ^DOOOOOCM ^"^"^unr^ r~-r~-Or-IrHCM CMCMCMCMCM CM r-1 r Ir-Ir Ir Ir-1 i li ICMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CNCMCMOO i Ir-Ir-1 r-li I
..... .^EHE-tEH EH EH EH EH EH ^EnEnEHEH EH EH EH EH EH ^^^^^ EHEHEHEH ..... .....u U UUUUU UCnP-iPMpLi PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, CM CM PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, £H
« <i D DDDPD DKKWW KWWCdbj CdWCdWW WWWWCd KCdWCdW CdWWWu UUUUU UUUUU UU" 3 <C ««<: <cocococo cococococo cococococo cococococo cococococo cocococoO OOOOO OOOOO OO
U UUUUU UUUU< UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUE >, 3 t;- sa ?3:
<S2 < SS S SS SS S S S>OO^Di I ... .<T* ..... ..... .CTiOO ..... <Ti .LOO « « «^DOO LO . .O ^
* - - .000000 . . .00 ..... ..... .0000 ..... oo -^oo .^oo oo
^ . ..... ..... . ,U3 . . ..... ..... ..... ..... . .0
S 3
E ~j-. . oo . .^< . .r icMr « CM^Dr i . oo . .r~-CM . . .LOLD . .OM^> r-CM^1 . .unoo . . .00 «ooO U
I
Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z^oooor oo CMoo<r*r--t-H OOCMOOOO^ oor~-^Door~- oocMOOi 10 ^^D^DOCM r-unooooro CMOOOO^DOO OOOOOOCMOO oo^f
o. E co "" y3unoor too T-Hroror~-T-H oom^o^ ^TI iccMU3 cooo OO<TI r ioor~-ooy3 CMr IOOOOCM < ILOOO oo oounoor
^
LO r~-cx\ooooo^ r~-^D j1 un i i r~-r IOCMO rH^o^iHr^ uor-ICMOOOO O^OOCMI ICM uooor~-ocr i OOLO^DLO ooouooooo o^*
ooocrocMr~- LOoo^cMtH cccMrHoouo r-r~-o^r ICN CMOOCMOM/I r~-^Dr~->^>cM T-HP~-OOO^D r~-oor~-LOuo OOCM
z zz'zzz zz'zz'z' z'zzz'z z'zz'zz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzCM ^j"r loooooo r~-o^^DCMoo LOVC^OOOO nj<c^D^DCc ^D*=i'cM'-H^j| cM^ooouoo^ OM^crir ir~- Or ioooor~~ Lor^uoro^*1 ^cr~-
OOCr^CrH r iCTlCO^CM OOrHr Ir Ir I <T*CO^CMr I ^J1 f^OOr ICTl OOr lOr 100 ^DOOOOCM OO
oo LOOCCMT-HCM cr.^cooco'* ununcoo^
oo or~-r ir~-oo r ir ICMOLO r~-ocLOoc CT-.OOCMOOOO ^^uncrir i unc^criOOr i oooooor-t-H r~-or~~uooo ^DOOOCMO *J"^D^J< LO^OOOCM M'LOLOCMO OOOOOCMi I CM r-H ^T OO LO unLOO^HCM OOCM^OO r-H OO r-H r-H CM OOOr-HOCM LOr-HUOLnr-l LOO
O*» ^^OOC^^^^t i ^C^^OCt iP^ COLO*^J*OCOC CM^T^OCC^C CMP^^CLOO1 LO^^'^LOr^ OOr lOO^COC ^CoOLO^^^^ CMOOO"^OCM OO^CQ o uno"*' <T-H cr IOOLOCM LncunoT-H LOCMOOO ooo^^o OOr ICMCMOO o^LOr 10 CMLnunLO^J1 LOr \< loo OT-H
^j1 uncr.oooo l-c ooor~-o^>i> oc^DLnr^^J1 ooLnincCr i r-ooi woo COOOO^CTI ^DCMOOOUO ^ocOMno cMunr ioou3 <Tir iO OOtHCO CMr Ir Ir 1C r-Hr lOOrH COi IrHrH rHOHrHO rHrHOOO r-HCMCMOO rHr-|rHOrH OOOrHO Oi I
LD uotn^Dr-o^ o^r if IT-HOO oorrr~-o"n i CMOOOOUO^ ooo~.or ICM CMCMUOUOLD >^>oooOr too ^^j"^^^ oooor ir ICM oo^j1CM CMCMCMCMCM CM tH rHHHrHrH rHrHCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCM rHrHH rHrH
S -..... .c^E-i^fH CH^^EHEH ^^^9^^ ^ £H E^ E-EH E^ EH &H EH EH EHE-EH . . . . ...
U UUUUU UP-CLiC^C1' P^P-,&,f1iC- P-,P,DJPHPL, PL, Cu fX p, PL, O, PL, P-i &, PL, |X O, PL, EH E-< EHEHEnEHEHD PDDDD DKKW&: KKWUK KKWpabj WWMWW wwwww KKWUU uuuuu uuyuu uy
cococococo cococooo COOOO OCOOO OO
zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo oonnn nnnnn ' .... ..... . . _ ^3^3^^^ ,_3,_3,-3,_3,-3 ,_3,-3,_3QQOOQ OOOnnnno nnn
MMMMM MMM OJU1M MMMOVO
MMMMM OtOMMM MIOIOMM IOMOIOO OOMMM MMOOIO MMMMO OOIOOIO MIOOIOM OOM VOM-J-J*» -JMOOU1OO OtOOOtO OOU1U1MOO VOCTiOO-J-J MCTiUlOOO U1U1MMM £iOOK>MM OOO*»OVO OOOO
U1OOU1OO tOtOOOOOU1U1O MOIOMIO IOOOOU1MvD(_nMo^t_n -o-otoioto -ooooi 't_n s^votoc^^j
UIOOMOOUO M*»MM*» OU1OMOO MUOU1MO MMMU1M MMOOGJO OOOMOO*- ^w,^,-.^- ~- , _MCTiOOOOO MMOOU1VO OOMCTiOOCTi MMCTi " ^
VOCTiOOOUl Ul-JMOOO OOU1VOOOU1 U1M-J*»U1 -JOOCTiOOVO £»OOM*»O Ul-JMOOM OOOO£»-JVO IOU1OO
unOM_no^o^ o^^^o^o^o^ o^o^o^o^o^ cnt_n0^o^o^ o^unt_nt_no^ OM_nt_no^o^ OM_HO>O^O^ o^OM_no^un t_no^OM_nt_n o^t_nt_nOOhJtOOM OO*»OtOCTl COOOtOOOO OOQOOOMOO OOOOOOOO
MtOCTiMOO MU1U1VOOO M*»OOOOtO VOU1VOVOM 00*»OOMM U1MVOVOOO IO*»tOU1tO 000000~JO MOOOOMOO~J
zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzz
OOtOOOO O-JMOOO COU1VO~JtO 1OOVOU1O VOM*»OOO OOOVOOOO MOO~JC»vr)
ootot_n*^joo i *»£*vDt£*oo ooooi 'voc^ 30*^^00^ c^i 't^i 't_n oc^ooooco i 'O^-otovo t_nvot_ni *oo vocn^^o ->ji 'oo
ras;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; S;S;S;MS; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;
MMMMM M MM M M M M Cn 3MIOCOtOM OJOOOOOOOO *»OJMOOOO OOOOIOU1IO OOtOOO*»OO OOOMOOOJ MOOOOCTi** *»OOJ" '^IOU1~JtOO UJOOOJOJOO >P»OOOOOU1 OOOO~JU1VD OOOOOOOO J tOOOVOOOOO OOOOOMM U1OOC
Z ZZZZZ Z Z ZZ Z Z ZZ ZZ Z I|
OU1£i£i' £» ... (jj> *»£» £»£» £»£» (jj OOUlOO* £»U>» ... (j\* £i. O
3 3 OOOCTi* OO« ... 00« ~J~J- *»VO« -JCTi' *i IOU1OO* VOU1« ... o« OO« ff
0) Cu
IO«
^i. OJ. ..... . (jj. . (jj ji. OJOJOO OOOO« . OO" ... . GO" OO « . *»OOOO OOOO* .... 3
OO. IO« ..... ~J. IO U1« OOM OIO- IO« . £» O CTi*»IO U1M- ... j," O 33 333 333 33 3 33 333 33
....... 3
...<.... a
c < 3
OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOO *8 "g
ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOO 28ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo oooon nnnnn nnnnn nnn «5 " " 1-31-31-31-31-3 1-31-31-31-31-3 1-31-31-3
MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MM OOOOIO IOIOIOIOIO MMMMM MMM P U1U1U1U1U1 U1*»*»it»OO OO~JCTiU1 iC^^iCkOOOO OOMMMM MMMOOO CTiCTiU"IOOOO OVOOO~JU1
OOOOO OMOOO MMMMO OOOMM MOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOMOM OMOOO OOO ^. VOMOOU1OO MMOMM M£»-JMO MOOVOCTi~J MU1OMM UlCTiMMOO CTiU1M*»M OOOCTiVOVO MMOO £
X ? 33333 33333 3 333 333 3 33333 33333 33333 33 3 33333 333
roD>rou>!>cncncnenen coenenenen enenencoen cncnco'enen enenen'enen enenencoen coenenenen enenenenco enenenenen enenen i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 ^i-3i-3h3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-31-31-3»-31-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3
-ao9
COU
C «I 1if
-J x> S E
Oso-
c/3£
gin tim UTC>
-C2!
1 C/3C/3C/3C/3C/3 C/3C/3C/3C/3WEHEHEHEHEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EHEHEHEHEH
wwwaiai wwwaiai a>o>a>a>a> wwwwai wwwaiai ~~ ""<CCQCQCQ<C <C<C<C<C<C <C<C<C<C<C <C<C<CCQD3
IrHOOOrH
IOCNOOOOOO IfSCNfSfSfS
«;<;&.&.(TifSrHrHfS fSfSf^fSfS OOVOO(TiCN OO-^TrHC^fS inOOrHCSOO (TiOOrHinin inOO-sroOOO OCNrHC^(Ti
OOOOrH OOOOO rHOOrHrH OOrHOrH OOOOrH OOrHrHO OOrHOO OOOOO rHrHrHOO
oooo^o*^ ^ ^ ^ ^in t^t^oocho i loooo*^*^ t^t^'^inin int^t^oooo ooc^c^i )< irHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHCS CSCNfSfSfS OJCNfSfSfS CSfSfSfSfS CSCNfSOOOO
»»U UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUUOOOOU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU2222Q QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ
OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO
lOOOOO122222
lOOOOO 1
.(Ti
I
T; i3 I C I£'C IoU II I I I<o> \
I -r-I ....I .00 «ooIII
VD .mr~
sj" "OOfS
CNOOVDrHOO
si'oo'3'ooin
.o .o
.00 «oo
22OOrHt^OOfS
rH CM
2222 22 2222CNOOOOOOOO rHrHOOOOoO OOt^rHOOO OOOOrOrHf^rHOOOOOOOO (TlCNinOOOO OOOOVDOOrH OOfSOOVDrH
rHrH rH
OOin'3'rHisDfSrHinoocs r^oomr^c^
voooocsoo "a* "a* in in in ooinmom rHin(TlOOfS
oocsor-fs
22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222OOVDOVDrHI CSOOOOrHCTl
| OOOOOrHCTl fSOOOOOVD OOOrHVDin inoinfsin oinrHoocs
VD in in in inOOrHOOOOCTl
| rHrHOOCN'«3<
(TiOOOOrHrH rH-^TrHoOO OOVDCNfSfSin VD in in in
rHVDOOin
KTnnoJ'3'in OO OOOOrH
I rHCSOOrHO
1i ooinot^oo1 CNrHOOO
ooooo-sr in
(TirHinVDO rHOOVDCS CSrHOOOO OOrHOrHO OinrHfSfS OOfSOOOCS
c^^rHOooo oofsinr^cs ooomoocsCNinfSrHO inrHCSOOrH
C^fSrHOO OOOrHfS rHrHrHOO
rHCN-sJ'OOfS inoCNrHO OOOOVDOO OOinCNOrH
OOVDChOOO C^VDCfM^DVD VDC^fSOOr-OOOrHrH rHOOrHrH rHrHOrHO OiHOrHrH
r~r~ocoo CN'3'^< '3"3' si'inLnmm int^ooooch c^c^OrHrHrHrHrHCNCS CNfSfSfSfS CSCNCNfSfS CNfSfSfSfS CNfSOOOOOO
»»U UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUCJUUOOOOU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU fT1 fT1 M M M2222Q QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ
lOOOOO1 2:2:22:2
rqrqrqco co co CD CO CO
NJNJNJ
MMNJ CTiOOO
01 OO<T\it*
~JMOO
0000 00 N300O1
OONJCTi NJVOO1
zzz
MMM MMNJ O1VOM
CTiMO
M
OOOOOO
CTiNJM
<
wrawO3O3O3
NJtONJ OJOJO
OOO
333
en en en
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
MOMNJN) O^JOMO
oauij^oaoa
it*N>OJU1 Ui<T\aiLnvo
oioooooo
NJONJONJ
ZZZZZ
MNJMMNJ
sssss
M M
OJOUOJ^NJ
OOOOU1
lT3O3'TdO3O3
RJMMWCO CO CO CO CO CO
OMOOM NJMNJMNJ
3233
en en en en en
^ rq rq rq
CO CO CO CO CO
MMMMM
MMOOO <TiOO<TiN)M
OO NJit^ OU^OOUIOl
CTiCTiCTiMM
OOit^OOUOJ
t^OMOO MNJOJNJNJ
ZZZZZ
MMMMM NJMNJMM M^JNJOlOl
sssss
M OO<T\U1<T\U1
NJMOUOONJ
OOVOOJMtn 03 T3 03 T3 T3
* rl..LJ MM
D3T3 roTJTJ
coraracora CO CO CO CD CO
MMMMM t^OJNJOO
OMMOO OOOOCTiUl
33233
en en en en tn
racocoraco CO CO CO CO CO
M
ONJMMO
UIOOVO^JM
OJNJNJMNJ OMNJit^OO
UINJ^JNJVO
OUOJOJOJOJ
NJMMO1OJ
ZZZZZ
MNJNJMM LnMOOUKTi
sssss
M
MOJNJOOOU
COMMWCO O3O3O3O3O)
M OOO~J<Titn
OMOOO
3 333
en en en en en
racoco» 03D303ZZ
OJNJ
OOMMO
VOOJOOOO<T\
UlM^OVO
OOOlCTiOO
OJoaOJouoj
OOJVOMO OJNJ^JOOOU
ZZZZZ
MMMMM <T\<T\U10Otn
sssss
.0,^*
WOUOOMOU
'O ITS T3 13 03
fj fj i i r- 1
conn» O3O303ZZ
00 NJtnoiMMOo
OOOOO
33332
en en en en en
>»>> ZZZZZ
NJNJNJMNJ
OOMMOMOOONJOO
OOUIONJ^J
ooojojoooj
OOONJOO^J
ZZZZZ
MMMMM MNJMMM ^JOJOOOOCTi
LnaiOJOJO
sssss
M MO1O1O1O1
MNJNJWOO
VOOI^JOOO
O3 O3 IT3 'XJ 'TJ
»»> ZZZZZ
tOMNJNJNJ
OMOOM
33332
en en en en en
>>>» ZZZZZ
NJNJMMM
MMMMM MMOit^NJ
CTiOVOOOVO
VOONJ<T\O
OOVOVO^J
NJNJMMit^
ZZZZZ
MMMMM NJNJNJNJM MMOOOOvo
NJNJNJNJO
sssss
MM M MO100O1O
MNJNJOOOO
090)030303
03 (33 O3 03 03
»>» ZZZZZ
NJNJMMM MM^JUIOl
OOMOO
33 32
tn en en en en
C_(C_|C_|C-(C-(>»» ZZZZZ
MOMMNJ OVOCTiOlNJ
NJMOOOIM
~Jit^VO<T\OO
~JO1OOOO
O10OOOOOM NJONJMO
ZZZZZ
j-j| 'MMM MMNJNJNJ VOOOit*NJM
OOO^JO
sssss
O1O1O1O1O1
OOOOOOOOOO
03^030303
fj
»>» ZZZZZ
MMMMM
OOOOO
33333
en en en en en
>»» ZZZZZ
M OCTKTiOlit*
OOOCTiONJ
MNJMNJOO
Olit^NJMO
OOOOit»NJOl
<T\VOO><T\O
OONJOOOIOl
ZZZZZ
MMMMM NJNJMMNJ
OOOOOOVO^J
sssss
M NJ
OONJOOOOOO
"
^N ^*H
>»» ZZZZZ
M
MOMOO
33333
en en en en en
CALIFOI
4*
zenen on«
NJNJNJ MOOOJ
OOM^J
MCTiOO
NJNJO1 NJCTi^J
MOOO1
VOOOCTi -JMO1
zzz
oovovoVOMM
VOMOO NJ^VO
MM OOM
NJNJOO
OOOOMcnoen
en en en
zenen orara
MNJM MOOOO
OOO O1OOM
333
OOOen en en
^
Origin time
») <UTC >
hr min s
r ~
£"OS
ffS? E -
» ^ S5z
* 11
M<» S
2 3 3
51
=
li8§* 2
a
s?n
fa- 3oc
JO JOJO JO JOJO
33SS2 >»»JO JO JO JO JO
33333 33333 33333 3^
JOJJ35CIJOJO JOD3
WtOtOtOtO tOtOtONitO tOtOMtOtO tOh-'h-'l-'h-1 OMOtOK-'h-'
H
*^ (jl'-JO^ NJ O^O^ kO^O "1 h 'Ul £^UJ£^ I ' NJ v 3
tOO^O^ H""O^ "*O tO*^O tO O OJUH >^r 'LTI ^OOO '\Jl(Jl £* ^JO^ O^Qr ' >^O^^O 2^Q OO OJOJOO r ' ^JUl'^J -^ O NJ^O kD'^-J ^^ NJl '
Ji-O
U)tO~JtOCO tOtOCOWh-' ^CO^LntO >(i| 'tt^OCO VDtOtOtOtO tOOh-' (a.'t^ OU>~J~JO VDVDOOOO U1O1^J COCOO^WLTI ^jcoLncoto toi 'coco^ to4^^joo cokowot-n wcoi >oi ' i '^Dto-^J^ otococoo Lncocooto cot '
2 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 252322 Z2
tO MtOtOh-'M h-'tOtOh-'l-' tO h-1 M MtO tOtOfOH-'l-' tOtOtOMh-1 H-'tOtOtOtO tOtOIOtOlO Mh-'h-'l-'h-' h-'h-'h-'l-'l ' MtO tO JtOtOCO^J CO>^t 'OM-T1 OCOLTICOOJ ^^tO>-JCOO^ LOLOkta>^J ^>j ^>JOJLOOJOJ LOtOtOk^*t^ ^JCOLTILTICO ^O"*J'*O'*J'*>J O^t '
^>J LT1-*J J tO O OM 't-TICQk^ t 'LOi.no^H"1 >£* O 30 J'>Q LOH^LOCO O *t^l 1\ 1\ 'H 1 H-3 V^^O *t^ *t^ COLnLn(_TlO^ kD^DCOO^O^ ~O^Q-JCOCOUX-O ~JOJ Q
s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s:s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s:s:s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s:s: s;s;s:s;s: s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s:s:s; s;s;' q o tO h-1 tO h-' h-' h-1 h-' h-1! ' h-1 JO
M >
CO >ta,> . . . CO* £* . . . . . .... . |
CO f-" . . . . . . (J^. y;,. ... ..... ..... .. Q 3
DrrH-
c 2 fl>
IOU>tOU>U> *iU> g
^ ototOLno o.ta.1 '~ji ' OLni 'Oto OMJI^JII 'to oiotoi 'K-1 toaiuxnh-1 ta.toto^ui OLnto^oto uito<ou>o >^oDO 13 00 DO 00 d ^d DO 00 d 13 03 00 d d DO 03 03 03 0013 DO DO 000313 03 00 03 DO 03 03 0300 03 03 1313 13 d *d 13 d 13 d d ^d DO
. ............ ... ..... ... M. MM"
. M' « « ... M" . . . M M* M" MMMM <$ M M« MM* M<M. . <J ---- ---,.,- ----<* . M. . <* . . <*. . . <2<2<2<2 M. . . <3 M« MM" <M<J. . M" 3 -
< |
03 1303DOO13 13000313^ 0013*^0 0300000013 0300OOOhd 0300000000 OOOODOOOOO ^13^1313 ^3^13^13 1303
33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 ^^1313131313 >»» »!>» ;>»» >!»'» 35>»» MM ^ sJOJ050JOJO JOJO»JOJO JOJO»JO» »JO»JOJO JOJOJOJOJO JOJOJOJOJO 0303
I-1 H-'l-'l-'l 'I-1 h-'l-'l-'l-'l-' H-'l-'l-' UitOtOIOtO tOIOtOtOtO (OtOtOtOtO Mh-'l-'l-'K-' KJh-' tOtO
O OOMOO OOOOO OOOOO OOMOO OOMOO OOOOO OMMh-'O OMOOO OOOOM OO Ul IO<DtO~Jiti >^<D^JtOCO CT»U>U>COI ' U>~JOLHtO LnCOtOCOCO tOCOOMJl^a. *a.tOOtO<Ti ^a.tOCOCOU> COCO(Ti~JO COCO
I 3
33333 33333 33333 33333 333 3 33333 33333 33
en cnenencnen encncncnen enencnencn enencnenen encnenencn enencncnen encnenencn enenencncn enenenenen enen i-31-31-3 H (-3
5°
QC-iCjdjCi CjCjQCjdj 33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 3333>
MMMMM MMMMM .....
MMMMM MM UJUJNJNJNJ NJNJNJNJNJ NJMMMM MMMMM M NJ NJNJNJNJN) >t»NJNJNJN5 MMOOU1if» MM-~JO1U1 UJUJUJNJNJ O~JNJNJM MMMMM OOOOOO'iO'i NJNJMMVO VOCTiUHJIUl
OOOOO NJMNJMO MOMMO NJOONJNJ OOMOM MMMMO MOOMO MOMOO OONJNJO OOMO
oNJMMNJO MOif»OUl >t»MN5M>t» MMOOU1 U"l >f» >t» N5 <_n NJ M U"> U"l it* U1U1OMM UJMNJOO UJOOLTIM U1UJOM _ -
NJOOO^O^UJ mrOL£*in 3
ONJLHOI ' i^^^ojo i 'cni *uio mi "N)^i^ 01 *cjiooj ^NJOI »o otsj^ui^ i 'NJWOJNJMMNJOOl OOVO-JO " "3
CjooocnNJv^ ooocno^o^ mooo^o^*^ c.nojt^votjo OOI^NJ>^NJ oov^t^NJOJ NJ^JOOOO
,t»Ji(jJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ Ji,t»U!U!U! LJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJU!UJUJUJUJUJ
NJNJMMM MMNJMM MMMMNJ NJNJMNJM NJWNJNJM MNJNJMM MMMMM COMOOMM MM~JO^-~J UHJINJUIO^ VOVOU1MM UJMCTiMOO MMMMCX5 MMOCX5CX5 UIUIOOVOO1! -JOOO^OOOl LT1NJOONJ
O 3 ^ MM M M M /O C- S.
2 I->I
O
3 rr
C (\> QJ
U!U!U>>t»U! N5NJUJUJUJ UJUJUJNJUJ UJUJUJUJN.1 UJUJUJUJNJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJNJUJNJN5 NJNJOOUJ g JJ..... .... a-
01 'oovo ^^-Joooooo uj^»uj^jLn i 'NJO-JOO NJ^-JI 'LTIUJ I^VONJN)
... .. .... ,...M IH MM .... M . M.MM- M« MMM« M. MM . M MMMMM MMMM- M MM. MM M« M«MM« M« « MMM» < MM « M ««M MMM<« ... <^ <^ MM* MM M« M«
t)03OO03 03 OJ13 id 13 1313CB1313 13^3130003 0300130013 OSCBOOOOIJ 0300000300 1313131313 1313131313 1301303 I
C-iCjCjCjCj 33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 3333> >»» »» GGGGG GGGGG >»» >»» >»» »»> >»» - - -
MMMMM MMMMM
MM UJUJNJNJNJ NJNJNJNJNJ MMMMM MMMMM M N> NJNJNJNJNJ NJNJNJM D UJNJMMM MMCX5U1UJ MO~-JO^it» UJUJNJNJNJ 1£><31NJMM MMMMO O~J~JO^O^ NJMMMOO OOU1U"IU1>t» J^J^tOCX5 W
OOMOO MMOOO OOMOM MOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OMOOO OMMMO OMOOO OOOONJOONJOO ~-JONJMV£) OOUKTIOO
33333 3333 33333 3333 33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 3333
wwwaicn a>cna>crto> oioiaicnw cocnoicnw
oVs
01
C/3
£>
pocent source
E >,3 S
§ CX »J
.c ^ o. E
E
s i2?o
Q 2
I} U3U3U3U3C/3
II . . . . .|SSSSS
I
EnEHEHEHEH EHEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEHEn EHEnEnEHEH EnEnEHEHEH EHEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEHEnEnEn EH£HEHcncncncnc/3 cococococo cowwcoco wcocowco cococococo coc/3tnc/3cfl cococococo cncncncflcn cococoCM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM &j CM &j CM CM CM &j CM CM CM CM
sssss sssss sss
1 rHOOCNrHO 1 rHOOrHrH
1
rHrHrHrHrH <N<NCOCOO> rHOOrHO OOrHOrH OrHOOrH rHOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OrHrHOO OrHOOO OrHOi
I rHrHr-KNCN
Ii uuuuuJ222221 ppppp
OrHrHCN"* I^OOOrHCN rHrHrHrHrH rHi KNCNCN CNCNCNCO
rHi KNCNCO COOOO(
Dq>H>H><>H '^^^^^ >4>4>H>4>4 >4 >H >4 JH . ..... ..... ..... ..... ...
" jJiJUJ JJ.J.J.J JJJJO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOCPPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP ppppp ppprT-OTT-O I^ITTTT) TT^i^< - - - - - - . - - ~ ..... ..... ..
i CM PL, CM CM OQ CM CQ CM CM CM CQ CQ CM CQ CQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQO-i&jp
M» > «M MM>» «M «M MMMM
> K« k-
MH
. 0403040404 papao4papa papapapapa papapapapq papapapapa'OrHrHrHOO rHCNOOOO OCNCNOrH OOVHOO COCNOOOO) CN'd'LncJMn CNCOrHCNO) ^COCOfOOO
ICO^COCOCNiii .....i .....
COCOCOCOCO 'd'CNCOCOCO COCOfOf '*cococo'* 'd'cocococo cococococo cococororo coco'*'*
a, i
in LT> in ro in CNCNCNCNCN CNCOCNLOin
sssssjsssss
I r^rH^*LO^* CNrHLO^*^^ COrHrH^OCO COVOr*-O'^r's'' ^*LOO^^HOO O^OOO^OOOO 00000^0^00 OOC000000'\ 0000OOP**CO 00COB'00I..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....I IDOMDCOi I t^CN^Oi 100 ^O^*0MO^* ^Oi It^OOO i lO^OCNi I i li I' li li I i li li li ti I i li li I* li I i |LO» I^OOO i ICOt^i I I rHrHrHrHCN rHCNrHCNrH rHCNrHrHCN rH(NrHrH<N CNCNrHCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCM <Ni-KNrHrH <NrHi-KN
II
22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2222
' ococNOom mooooLn OOCOCNCOCNI inOOOCNCTi OOOOOOOI ..... .....
<Nocor-<N
COOLDCOO _ . - - . . I COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO CO'd'COCO"* COCOCOrOCO COCOCOCO"*I I
rHCOrHCOO) "* CO"* CO CO
1 UUUUU W>H^>H>H >H>H>H><>H >4fH>4>4>H >H >4 >4 >H
I PPPPP PppPP
........_ ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp pppp
68
69
cncn cncncncncn _ . . .... ..... ..... ..... .... ... ....MP3 MMMMM MMMGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGGh3"T3 trJi3hdh3hd ^d^dTJOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO
U)U) NJNJNJNJNJ NJNJNJNJNJ U)U)l 'I 'O VDVOVD^DVD OOOOLTILnX* I 'OOOVDUIUIUIUIU) UIUIUIUIU)
NJNJ NJNJMOO MMOOO MMOOO MOMOM MMOOM OMOOO OONJMO NJNJNJNJNJ NJNJOOO NJNJ MMNJX»X» OOMVDONJ UlOCTiOO VDU1OMVD U)OVDOO~J ~JU)~JX»X» MOMO>M U)U)U)U)U)
MO UIOOUIUI MNJU) N) X»U1OMM OU)UIU)O OMX»tOU)
UlU) UlMUlUlU) U)U1
NJtOUlOO UINJNJMMUINJNJVDN) CT\U)U)UIM OOX»u>MOO
OUINJOO NJUIMUltO OMNJNJNJ UIOMU1UI U)U>UlNJM
U)U1 NJUIVOOIU)
U1LO U)U)U)U)U) U)U)U)U)U) UIUIUIUIU) UIUIUIUIU)0000 OOUIOOOOOO U)OO~JOOU) U)X»X»^j^J OO^JOOOOUI MMMMM
MX»MOO
U)U)U)U)U)
OOOO OOUIOOOOOO VDOOUlONJ MU)U)U)U) MUIMOONJM M^JNJNJNJ VDNJXiUlNJ OOOOOOU1CT\ CT\U1MO>OO CT\X»NJU)CT\ X»| 'U)U)U1 OK)NJOO MOMMO
zz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz
MM MMMMM MMNJMM MMMNJNJ MNJMMM NJNJNJNJtO NJMNJNJNJ MMNJMM MMMMM MMNJNJNJVD^O '^JOOVDVDVD ~JVDMOOU1 CT\VDVDMM OOMOOOO^J MMMMM MVDX»MM VDUIM^JVO VDVDVDVDVD VOVOMMM
OOOO OOX»000000 ~JOO~JVDO> X»00~J~J~J OOOOVOOOUI OOOOVOOOOO OOOOU10000 U)NJ NJOMU1M NJOOOOUI NJO^JNJNJ ^JCTiNJVDO CTiVDOVOCTi VOOVDVOOOOONJUIOOVO
s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s;
MM M IsJMM U)CTi VOX»O£»OOUlUIUI^JOO UIMNJNJNJNJNJ NJMU1NJNJ
M MMMMM MMONJNJU1U) NJNJNJNJNJ
UIU)U)U)X» U)U)U)U)U)UltOUlUlU) U)U)U)U)U) UIUIUIUIU) U)U)X*U>U> UIUIUIUIU)
Ot ' U)OONJO> OOMU1OO NJUIOOOOM NJOOMNJU) NJMO>MVDOOOO CO >T) CO CO 03 TiOOOOOO'D rJ'TJ^OOOO CO 03 CO CO'Tl 0000000000 OO'TJOOOOOO
MMU)U)U) S'J'XJCOCOCO
OOOO OO^dOOOOOO
cncn cncncncncnMM MMMMM
.-31-3
<. M.MMM< MM<M... ..... . «. .
^d^d^dooco ocooco^d cooocococo co^cocoooxwcococo
MMMGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGooooo
GGGGGGGGGG OOOOCT5
GGGGG OOOOO
GGGGG OOOOO
NJNJNJNJNJ
00 OOOOO NJNJ MMX^OOOO
U)NJ NJNJNJNJNJ UIUIMOVO VD^OOOOOO
MOOOO OOMOO MOOOM
NJNJNJNJM MOOOVD
OOOMO UlNJMNJVD
MMMMM MMMMMMMMMM
MOMOO MUlMOOOO
OOOOO UlXiMOOUl
UIUIUIUIU)
OOOOO UIUIUIUIU)
33 33333
cncn cncncncncn
33333 33333
cncncncncn cncncncncn
33333 33333 33333 33333
cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn
33333
cncncncncn
33333
> 1 Go| * 1
1._ 1-!
iio! UT,
^1°!urj
o!iii x»
Mj
k|u>|^! i
i-!K>I __ j *Ml * 1OOi ^10
5,1 > ?l f1 M1 ^1 O
to1 * 10 1 Z1 M1 >1 1
' 1 1' 1 0' 1 O
1 31 rt1 H-
' 1 3' ' c' 1 0>
i ai
-!^! CO j
iii i
i iii
co|
>i Goj * i
jGi
1°!<o ,
v\ Ll 3 1 1*! en"-3 1
§og5
? 1
§ ic 3 IH 5 10 S
" '" 1
1'
9
r~B
5"3
10
""" 5? «- 3-
3
S3C usVI 3
E Q.
3 iS. o" r-£°
5'?5 x s i' ' c"< 3
3-
li Ms"
S«r~£
z § 0c
H£BU"
Summary of
earthquakes for 1978 Continued
OQQOQ OQQQQ QOOOQ QOOQO OQQQO QQQOQ ocncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nwwww wwwww rawwww www
-JMMMO
MCOMCOM<jJ<TiOOO<TiCOCOH-'ljJLnOJCOO 11
OJOJOJOJOJ UJOJUJOJU) OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJWOJOJ LOLOOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ
uicowuio
ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ Z22ZZ ZZ2ZZZZ2ZZ ZZZ2Z 2ZZZZ
--JCO^JCOCO
zzzzz1ZZ2 I
MMMMM MMMMHMMMMM
cococooooo cocooococo oococooooo oococococo cococoooco
MCOCOOM MOWOOOO
235:235;23 SJSISISJS: 235:23235:
MMOOU)
5:23235:5:2323235:23 sissies:ljJ(jJCO-~J<Ti
33 23s: 235:COU3COI
235323235;
M M MM MM MCOO^DOO OO^DOO
I >SISIS:! fi. . I M
I ^I O
MMMI
I MI >I I
i n i o i D i n-
I 3i cI 0>i a,ii
, . _._ . __ _ . _. . _._.._ COOJCOWO1313^1313 ^13131313 13^131313 1313131313 1313131313031213131303030303^
MM Ml D303D3I
MM
1313 ^d 1313 ^13131313 131313U13 13131313 ^d
OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOOnnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn
13^130313
ooooo nnnnn
ocncncncnowwww
00 h3 03 03 03
cn cn en en cn
ii0303030313 0303031
I
cncncncncnM W MM W
1cncncn IWWW 1
MMMMH-1-J-J-J-JW MCO*»I
OOOMM MMMMM MMMMM MMOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO LnLnWMfO MMMOO OOOOO OOvr>^D^D ^D^D^D^D^D ^DCOCOCOCO -JlJlOJ^D<Ti -J-J-JM-J CO-J-J-JOJ
13131322
000 I UJCOW |
2222 2222S 22222 2222222222 22222 22S22 22SI 222
*"U *"U *"U *^ ^ 'TJ ^ *TJ *T^ *T^ *T^ *T^ *"U *lj *T^ *T^ *lj *"U *T^ *^3 *T^ *T^ *T3 *^ *^ 'TJ *^ *"0 *T^ *T^cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn
1313 13 1cncncn i
Dat(197
gin^ Ui
m>
M m
M i
imum nsity
po so
cr ST
Summa
of
«a-s$?
^5 Sa ?? « ~r.
^
5O V)00
no35' cn Q-
IZ
RRRR Q^Q §§§QQ ^^ §§§§§ §R§^ RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR
tOtOtOtO tOtOtOtOtO tOtOMMM
OOMM MOOOO tOOOOO tOCTitOtOO
OtOtOMM tOOJOOOCO
MMMMM MMMMMOO OOVOOOOO 00-J-J-J-J
MMOOO OOtOtOM MMMOO tOtOfOtOM OOtOMM MOOOO tOMOOJVO OJUJtO**tO tOMMMO-i tOMtOCTitO
U1OJOO OJU1MOU1 tOOJMfOtO MOJUl^tO OJOJUlOtO OUJ**UlM OOJOO 00-JMCTiCTi (J100OO>tO OOOOVO-JtO CTiUJMCTiOO OOOOVOVOM
1 'OU1SJOOmtOUIUl
MOJU1OO
OJOOJOJM OtOMOtO
C '§'H ~
V^OJtOt ' O^^^^'~JC^ >t* *»O >t* CO >C* ~-Ot *>t*~-0 *P* ~-0*»OtO--Jt ' OOO*iLnM^>C^ OOOO^OC^ OO*t*~-OO *P*t 'OJ tO*»O OOOOLHC^ * 3
£*»t*UJUJ UJUJUJUJtt* UJUJUJ>t*>t* ^(jOOJtt^kt^ LOOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJoo'^i'^i kC^oooooJM* oOkt^oji *o O'-oc^i 'M* >c^>c^LnLnoo '-oo^o^o^'~J ~-o--o--oo--o M*ooM''~J
OJCTiVOOfO <TiOJCOOJ-J CTiOOOJMCO OJ-JMOOO OMOOU1OJ tOtO*iOtO
ZZZZ ZZ22Z ZZ2ZZ ZZZZZ ZZ22IZ ZZZZZ Z2ZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ
i_ii_i)_ii i |_i|_i|_i|_i|_i (_i|_i|_i|_i|_i |_i(_i|_i(_j|_i |_i|_i|_i|_i|_i |_i|_i|_i|_i|_i |_i(_i|_i|_i|_i |_i|_i|_,|_i|_i |_i|_i|_i|_i|_itOtOtOM MMMMtO MMMtOtO tOMtOtOtO MMMMM MtOtOSJM MMMtOM tONJtOtOM MMMtOM MtOMtOM
CTiOOOOOOM OOCTiOOM-J **OOMMM CTi-JVO-JVO OOMMMOO 000000*>00 M*>**MOO OOOOOOMOO OOMOOMOO
_ _ _ _ VDMOVOtO OJCTi^VOOO MOU1U100 OtOOJMCTi -JCTitOOCTi VOtOtOOOtO CTiUlUlOOCTi OOOOCOM MQO-jOtO OWCTiOOO OUlOJOtO OOO-JVOO OU1MO-J OcTi-JOOO UIUIOO-JOJ U100OJ~JOO
2;2i2;2; s^s^ss 2i2;s;2;2; s^sss sss^s sssss ssisss 2!2!2!2!2; sss^s; sissss ^M"d ^ o
tOtO to M MM M OJ NJtO MM §j 3 1Soo^^o **OLnLn^nto o>c^oito(-n o^ototo Ln^ntoONO ^oooo^^o ov^ooto^ toojotoc^ **otototo**o Lntoootoc^ ,., Z I
Ml >
.t^. . ..... . .p^. . . j
u! ..... ..... ..... ..... . . OQ. . ..... to« n
D ft
D 2C (DOi
OJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJMW** (jJOJtOUJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJCO****OJ OJOJOJOJOJ
OOOJMVO M**COO>M OOtOVOOtO -JOVOVOtO tOMOONM tOOOCOOO tOMMUltO OOJCTiOOl OCTiUltOO tOMmtOOJ CO 03 03 TJ T) 03 03 T) 03 03 T) T) 03 03 00 T) 03 CO 03 T) T) 03 T) 03 T) 03 03 03 T) T) T) 03 03 T) 03 03 03 00 03 03 T) T) 03 T) T) 03 T) 03 T)
..... . . . . M- . ... . M« ..... . . . . ..... . ...M« MM ..... . . M. M» . ... MM MM- ..... .. .. ..... . |_|«
M< ..... . . M« M' ... ... MM MM. ..... . . ^. . ..... . <J. . . g £
< I 0303COT) T)O03T)03 03T)T)0303 OOTJMCOCO T)T)03T)CO T)030303T) T)T)0303T) D3D3D3D3D3 COTJTJCOT) TJCOTJCOT) -
o ^oooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo -° nnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn ^ s
tOtOtOtO tOtOtOtOtO tOtOMMM MMMMM MMMM o 0000-JO> UlljJOJOO OO^XTiUl Ul*i*iOJM MMOOVO VOVOVOOOOO 00-J-J<Ti<Ti ._._._._._ ._._^ ^ ^
MOOM OMOOO OMOOO OOMMO OOOOO OOMOM OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOMOO MtOMcTiOO CTiOJtOOUl *>tOO>MQO <3M/ltOOJM Uim*«.00cri tOMMMOO CTiUltOOO** tOMOOOUl
T)T)ST)D> »D>T)T) T)T)T)T)I> T)T)T)D>I> S>D>T)T)T)
SSSS SSSSS SS2S2 32 SS SSS2S 3S SS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS 2SSSS
enenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenentnen enenenenen encnenenen enenenenen
-oo 3
.C +-
OU
53- C
C/5
t)
a H
E >.
c
_-J XIS E
f. _ a E
2
gCM
J < U
CO COtOtOtOtO COtOtOtOtO CfltOtOtOtO COtOtOCfltO COtOtOtOtO COtOCOtOtO tntOtOtOCO tOtntOtOCO CH (It CM CM CM Ot CM CM P-i CM (l,CMCMCliCM pMCM&iCMCM D-i Oi D-i P-i CM fL, CM CM CM CM
SSSSS EEEEE SSSSS EEESE E SEE EEEEE ESSSS SEES EEEEE
CN cNooooOrH oomooinoo oovDinvor^ QO<T\OOO iHCNrHt^oo oovDmcNm r^oor^r-icN r^r^^jrncN OOCNQOO^J<rH OOrHOO OOOOO OOOOO OOrHrHrH OrHrHOO OOOOO OOOrHrH OOOOrH
CN CNfOrOCOOrHVDVD
CNCNCNCNCN CNfl
EH EHEHEH» >»» >»» >»» >»» »UUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUUu uuuoo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo oowww wtawwia Knawiaia (aaaaaO OOO2Z 22322 22222 22222 22222 22OOO OOOOO QQQQQ OQQQQ
CM CMCQCMPuCG
> >M
CM CMffiCMCMffi<y\ vDCNoomm
CM CC CM CM CM CMCMCMCMCM (GCGCQCCCM CQCMPnCQU
M «»M M > M>MMM M MMM>M M
.MMM «MMM
PQCQCCCCCM CCCMCMffiffiommr^or-OOCNCNO r^rHOOCNtn rHOO^in
rOrorororo CNrocN^ro rororororo rOrororocN rorororOro rororororo
moomoocri inminmm
cNir^oomo ovoomm oooomcrio
00 QOrHtnoOOO QOVDr^CNCTi CTiOM^CTiOO QOQOQOVDVD VDVDQOQOQO iH rHCNiHrHrH iHiHrHCNrH
rHCNOOO^ rOVOVO^O r^QOOOOOQO CNCNiHCNrH CNrHrHCNCN iH I li |i li I
2 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222
CN cNr~u~>cNU~> mfirocTvm fir- ILDCNCN minimum mcNCNom oooomoor^ ^i<<y\cNooo ^j«oor~vo TI IT ivoo oooooo^HrH ^Hommin o^o>rnm inr^mrH^ QO<TI<TI^HCN
oomm, 1^0ro mmmrom mmmmm rommmm mmrnrom mmmmm mmmmm mmmrom
in OVDVDOCN rooor^Lnvo rHtnoom^i<
CNOCNO^ inmcNrHinOrHoocNtn ooomoo
cNtnocNo IDCNCNOCN omcN.no
oooor^r^
<TiQOI>QOQOin oocNtno CNCNOUT^"
<Tio
O CNrHOOO rHCNOrHrH rHrHrHOO OrHrHOO CNCNrHOO rHOCNrHrH rHrHOOO OOrHrHCN OrHOOrH
rO^VDCTiCTv <T\<T\<T\OO OrHCNintn OOrHrHVOVO rHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CN
EH EHEH>» >»» »>» >»» »»> >UUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU
8 uuooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ouuuu uuuuu uuuuu uuuuuOO222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2QQQQ OOOPO QOOOO C
72
OOOMM MOOOOJOO
OMOJCTiM
OOU1OJOJOJOOJOJMOJ
2:22:2:2:
MMMMM UlUlUlUlUl
OVDMMM
OJMMMM
OJOJOJOJOJ
OOOOM^JHC rC 3C HM £C
MMMM M<«
2:22:22
OOMOO OJMOOJOO
33332
K 33 is 33 in enenenenen t-31-31-31-31-3
OC>
^
MMM OOO!7i
MU1M UlOJOO
-JOOOO
MMM OOO
MMOJ
000
qa>22n
OJMM OOU3
MOO MM^D
222
222 en en en
noooocncn»
GGCGC ^^2:2:2 NjNjKiraH rarata
>»»
OJNJMM MMMN) M MMM MM NJM MM MM M MMM MMMM OJOMMU1 UlUlOOOJ MWxDVDVD VDOOMvDU) MOUIJ^^D MOJ^D^D~J J^OOMMM
OMMOM MOOMO OOMMM MMMOM MMOMO OMOOM MMOMO U1MMOOO (TiOOMMM MOJQOOM O^OO^JO^D OOOJCTiUKTi OJ(TiOOOO(Ti
U1MOJ MOOOJUl^O
MMMMM MU1MOU1 OJU1OJM
MOMMJ^ M^JVDMVD MOCTiUKTi OOOOOOOJ
~JOOMUI>»^
U>U1U)OU) OOOMM Ul^DMMO MMUl^O
OOOOO OMOOO OOJMH*M OOOOO OOMMO OOJOOOJ J^OOOO
OJOJU1U1OJM-JMOU1 MOJOOCTi
Z2ZZ2 22ZZZ ZZZ2Z ZZ22Z 222Z2 22ZZZ Z2222
MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM
sssss
OJMOOMOO UlMOOCTiit^ MO^DCTi^D !TiOO~JMM^JOOMOO ~JOOOJOU1 MOJU1OOJ
sssss: sssss:
MM MM M OJM M MMM MM Muicnuioui ouicncnui omaiuiui ouimoui UIMMUI^ ocncncncn
1^1^ 1^1^.
OJOO 00(Ti«
*.* *
U10J~J
J^UIJi^ 4^* ^^4^
^^JUICTi >»^' ~JMM
*.*. ^^.
MM OOJ«
OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJ^
OO^DMOJ MCTiOOJUl OOM« OM UIMOOO^ ~JOMOO-J -JJ^CTiMOJ O^JOOOM 3^0 CO CO CdCOCOCOCO C0C0CGCOOCJ CO^COCO^d COCdCOCOCO
OCdCdCOtB tBD3D3COO CO^OCdDfl CdCdDStBCD DBCBDBCdCOOCdDSCdCd
DZ2ZO Qtntn>l> C^QQCJQ QQQ33 333»woooo nraracc GGGGG GGG» >»^>^ - - - -^^aa tr'trl222 222KK
1-31-3. . KjKjrarara nnn>»»22222
OJMMM MM M M MMM MM MM MM MM M MMM MMMM MOMMU1 Ul^VDOM OOJ^D^D^D ^DOOMOOOJ MO^Ji^O MOJOOOO^J J^OOMMM
MOOOM OOOMO MMOOO OOMOO OMMMO MOMOO OOMMM OOOOJMM ~J(T>U1O>** OMOJOJOJ J^OJOi^M OOOMMM MUIO^DOO U100MOO
33333 33333 33333 33232 333 3 23333 33323
enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen
C <= H = 3
2| M'
ni I
3 H
3 X.
3 3 < I
pocen source
o- 5"
c:C/5
3- -Os
Oor+5'c
__. . . __. . , . .____ 22>» »222 33223 222^^ nj^^^rq n]n]M]n]n]GGGG GGGGG GD>D>I>D> I> D> hd *Td *id *id ^d D> It" I> ;>I>U)3>3> D>D>S>MM MMP3MM MMRJMP]2222 22222 2KjKjKjKj KjKjJdWJd V/QWft W^W ?d?dSdCOCO COCOCOCOCO 03C003COCO 22222MMMM P3MMMP3 M
tOMMM MMM tOtOtOM M MM OJtOtO tOtOfOtOM MM tOtO NJtOMMM MM OJtOtOtON) OOOCTiOJ OJtOM*»OJ M^lJa.OJCT> MOJOJtOOO CT>OJMVDOO ^J^JJa.M^l ^JOtOU1>t» OJMVOVOU1 Ja.tOOJOJtO OUIOJOJNJ
OOOM OtOOOO OMMOO OMOMO MOMOO tOOtOOM MMMOM MMtOOM tOMOOtO MOOOM tOMCTiOOM U1OJOJ^JCT> O JCT>VQtO OJJa.uiM^J MUlOJUltO tOUlOCOGO CT>MMOCT> OUlUltOM OMCT>CT>U1
OJOJtOUl Ja.UiOOO MJa.UlOJa. tOtOUlOJJa. Ja.tOtOJa.Ul OJMOMJa. tOtOUlUlOJ OUlJa.UlOJ OOOJtOO OJMtOtOJa. O CTJa-tOJa- i^o^^OtO ^1 'vDVDCTI OJvjDCnUiOJ ^OOOJtO^ I 'tOCTiOJ^ VDJa.1 'Ul^ ^^VDI '^1 UlCTitOI 'OJ OOOOOOl 'I ' 3 ^ oc
5 c =UltOMO OJMJa.Ja.O JaOMtOJa. uiOMMJa. MOJJa.Ja.ui OUlOJtOM Oja.OtOO MUlJa.UlOJ OMJa.[OJa. OMtOOJOJ OJOJVDM UitOJa.Ja.tO Ja.OJUl(j>tO ^JO>tOooJa. Ja.tOM^O OOCTiOUIOJ MOJtO^JJa.
Ul*^JGOtO OM'*^1^OM* OOOJa.*^J| ' vDJa-*^JOtO h-'^DOJtOCT^ J^VOOJa.vO UltOVDtO^
^sj| 1| 1| I | 1| 1| 1| 1|_I ^j| 1| 1| 1| I | 1| <| 1| 1| I | 1| 1| 1| 1| I |_i| 1| 1| 1|_I
OVDVDVD
O>OJOOJ VDJa.OJOOCTi OJCTiOJOJOJ OJtOOJOJOO OJOJJa.uiJ>. OJMJa.OJOJ *»OJOJ*»Ja. OJOJOOJOJ Ja.fO*»OJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OOOJM^J OU1U1MCT> tOvjDJa.OjOJ OJOtOUIQO UI^J^J^IOJ Ja.OJOJJa.Ul OJ^ltOtOtO OOOJOJOJ OOOJJa.OJtO
2222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222
UlUIUlUl
^JOOOO Ja.tOM^JM ^JOOtOOJ MU1OMM MMJa.MOO Ja.*»ooJa.to Ja.MtOOJV£> MOJ*MM tOO>OJMtO OJMOOM O>tOOJUl O>O>MiyDcri Ja.tOOJtOM MO^JtOJa. OJ\£)OOOOOJ OJOOOOtOtO tOOJtOtOVjD OV£>tOJa.M OOtOOOJOJ
9 oMMM MOJ MtO M MM MOJJa.MM M MtO Ja. M MMM OJ ^ 3^ "O
VJDOOOOOVO OVO1 'OJ*^J I '*^JJa-tOO VDOVjD*^Jh-* VDOOtOVD*^J Ulh-*CT\VDOJ U1VJ3VOVOVO i iI
no irr 3H-
n> ^ a, *
OJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ q
OJOOM Ja.OOOtO MOOJJa.O OMJa.MO> tOOOJJa.M MOOOJO tOM^JtOM MOJMOO Ja.MUlOOJ tOtOO>^JOJECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECtEECEC ECECECECEC
... . ..... . MM' « " M' ' M- ..... M» « M
. . . ^ *-^^« <?*** ... <^. . <?*^. <?* i it 1« . ... HI. * » <^M. . . . . i i. <^. . . i 1<^<^.vi 3 c< 3
ECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC Io "°
22222 22>» »222 22222 222^^ ^ nj ^ 1-3 ^ Q Q Q Q Q = °GGGG GGGGG D3D>J"It"!> D>D;'tTdhdtTd tidtTdD>D;'D> D>D>3:>'I>D> D>D>D>MM MMMMM MMMP3M S>D>D>I>D> g S 2222 22222 KjKjKjKjKj Kj Kj S) 5d S) V S3 Jd S) S) WWpd S) S) ?d CO CO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO 22222 MMMM MMMMM ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
MMMM MMM OJtOtOtOM M MM OJtOtO tOtOtOtOM MM tOtO tOtOMMM MM OJtOtOtOtO o tOtOOJa.fO M^JJa.tOUl OOJtOtO^J O>tOM00^1 ^JO>Ja.O^J ^JOtOJa.Ja. OJMVJDOOU1 Ja.fOtOtOtO OJa.OJtOtO
MOMO OMOMO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO MOOOO OOMMO OOMOO MOOOM MOOOO Ja.MOOOOJ ^JOJOJVJDOO tO^JCO-OJa. OJ(T\UlOJV£> M^jM^JtO tOUltOOOO O>MMtO<yt OUl^JJa.M tOOJOOOOUl
2222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 '
ECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECECencncncn encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen h3h3h3h3 ------ . _ . .
cr »"
nc3 i-fs'C na-
pocent source
1^.IS
|l
-J £>35 E
a E
I
Ic!
totococacnEEffiEE
EH£Hc/itototoca cocoEEffiEE EE
S SSSS SSSSS SSSSS ESS S SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSS S2
M,OOrOM,<N M, OM.OOM, OOM.OO OOOOM, OM,M,M,O OOOOM, OM.OOO M.OOOO OOOM.O OOOM.M, OO
CN CNCNCNCNOO M, M, M.M, M.CNCNOOOO OOOOLDOOM,
M,M,rH M,M,M,CNCN <N<NOOM,M, M,M,M,<NCN CN
W CdWKCdCd >H>H>H>H>H >H2 22222 JJJJJ "D DDDDD DDDDD
EHEHE-IEH EHEHEHEHEH EHEHEHEHE-I ... .,L5 CM CM CM (X CM ft CM CM CM CM CM CM CX, CM PMCMP-IEHEH EnEnEHEnEn EH£*
bbpbb DCdtdCdCd EdCdCdCdCd HCdCdCdCd CdWCdCJO OOUUO UO<CcOcOcOcO cOtOcOtOtO cOcOtOtOtO COCflCOOO OOOOO O2
EKffiEE EEffiEE EEffiEE
> «M >M -1-11-1 > «M > «MM> «M . > > M » M «M MM "MM M -M «M .MMM «M «M .M M "MM. «M M .MM .M . . M .M .. ... .M.
EEEffiEM,M,CNOM,
> >
EEffiEE EEOOOOCOCN M.M,CNCNVOMO CNCNOOMM
oo oooo-sroooo oooooooooo oooooooooo oooonoo-sr oooooooooo oooooo-sroo oooonoooo oooooooooo oooooooo^- oooo
!2!S!2!2!2 !2!2CN OOOOVOCNOO CNOOCNOLO CNOCNOOM fsJOOOOOOO OGO-sTOOOO CNr~LOM<N 00<TiOOOCN flLOLOM^5 LO<Tir~OCO LOCO
MOr~MCN O-5TCNOM LOMCNO-=r -sTCNMMCN CNOOOMM CNVO-=rCOM COoO-sTOOLO CNCNO^rO> OOM
LO VOVOLOLOLO LOLOVOLOLO LOLOLOVOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO VOLOLOLOVO LOLOLOLOLO flLOLOLOLO VOVOLOLOr- LOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MM
ooro(Nvor~~OMrOOfOM,
cNLOoor~~LOOOOOOOOOO
LOooor-mOO'=roOr~OO
OOoOCN-sTM (TiCNCNCNoO =? r- <Ti OO OO (TiT^r (\J<Ti OO>COOOCN OOOCO'srVO MOO CNOOOOOOO (TiOOOOOOOO CNOOCTlOO-sr OOO^TLOCO CN<TiOO<TiCN CNOOOO'sTLO CNOO
M, M,M,M,M,M, M,M,M,M,M, M,M,M,CNM, M,M,
M, or-vocTioo OOOOLOCTICN LOLOM.CNOO ooovoM,r~~ cNM,r~~ovo
M,M,M,M,<N i li
ooovor~cN r-vo
LOO>OOOCNLOCNLOMO
M OOMOCN
CNOOOOOOCNCNCNOOOO
MMCNLOOO
ooLOMr~vo MOOOOLO
a>r~MfocNMOCNCNM
M.OOOM.O-JTCNMLOLO
(NJOOOOLOM OOO'sJ'COVO "TVOr^VOLO ^ sJ'COr^CN COOOOOCNCO sJ'MOOOOn OOM ^TLOOMCN LOM'sTM-JT LO-^LOOLO CN-sTOCNM "sTOOMCNLO CNCN-sTLOOO MO
(\jOMOLO
oovor~~MOMOOOM
MCNMMCN -STOOCNMM OOOLOMOO OMOOOOO -=rCN
C>OOMOOCN CNVOoOMr~~ OOf")LOO>CN CNCN MCNCNCNCN OMOMCN MCNMOM OMOCNM OOCNCNM CNCNMOCN OO
MOOLOLOLO
CdCdCdCdCd 22222 DDDIDD
M M MM
>H>H>H>H>H >H
OOCOLOMOO O>LMMCNCNCN CNCNoOMM MMMCNCN CN
EHEHEHEHEH EnEHEH.. - ..... ...CMOifXCMP-i CMCMfXPnCM CMCMCMCMP-i CMCMCMEnEn EnEHEnEHEn EH>
DDDDD CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd HCdCdUCJ UCJCJUU UO sC'SC'SC'SCsC COtOCOCOtO tOtOtOCOCO tOtOtOCOCO COCOtOOO OOOOO O2
^** aaaenv
3 _C
C Ou
I00
Oi
^
C/5
_uIE
JlE >,3 tiE f2
03-J X55 E
o. E
= cc H
.§>
EHEH&-Iwwcfl wwwwcfl wcnwww wcnwww wwwww wenEEK EEEEK KEEKE ffiEEEE EKEEffi EE
csjcoro ro^frHCOrH ro^frncrio rHroTfrHvo *Jl rHTj<csjro cocsirHOO OOrHOO OOOOrH rHOOrHO OOOrHO OO
r~~ocsi tnunvocsicN ror~~cococo cyiootncsi TfrHrnr^co cocorHrH (HrHrHCSJCSl CSJCS1CS1CNCS] CSlrOrO rH (HCS1CS1CS1CN CNCN
>» >»» >»» >»UU UUUUU UUooo ooooo ooooo oooww wuwww ww222 22222 22222 222QQ QQQQQ QQ
KEE EEEEE KEEEK KEEEE EEEEE EE
M > .MMM M .M> >
EEE EKKKK EEEKE EEEEK EEKEK EEorocsi csjrorOrHro CNrovorotn CNTJ"TJ<COVD rHtnroorH OrH
rororo rororororo ^Jrorororo rororororo
orHror~~vD cooioocri oocnor~~CSJrHrH rHrH rHTj"
rococo rHCNtnvDun tnocsirHtn cscorHcnco CNCSIOICNO unorHOO ^TjiVDTjiO LncsiCSlO'* OCSlOrHO CNCSlrOCSlrH CSlrO
vDtntn LnunTfunLn LnuninvDtn vDLntntriLntntnun LnLntntnLn tnLninLntn LnLnLntntnrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH
222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22
ovor~~ csjoCNrHun ro^rHtrir^ vDtninrovD csirovorotn vorocororo TjiTjiTfcsiro csirorovoro vororororo roro^jrocs CNCO
rHrHrH rHrHCSlrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrH
rHCNCN^rrH tntn
csroinrorovotnco r~~r~~csoro vocrirHOCsi OCNVDVDTJ< tnoo CSJTJTOCNCN rHrHrotnTj" ^rcNrHro^rcNVDrH rocsicncoro rocsjr-ir~~co rHrncsirHTj" ^frocsioro cooCMOO rHOOrHCN rHOrHOO CMOOCMO rHCMOrHrH rHO
r~~rHro tnvDr~~csicsi rococooicrirHrH rHrHrHCSJCS] CNCNCNCSICS] CN
oooirHCSJCSJCSJCSJ CS1CS1
>» >»» >»» >uuuu uuuuu uuooo ooooo ooooo owwww wwwww ww222 22222 22222 2QQQQ QQQQQ QQ
rorHtncocsi rootncoco Tfcricyiocyi otntncsiorHCNCSlrHCN CSJCSlrHCS] CSJCMCSJCSJCSJ rO rHCN
22222
2S222 2S22S
SSS^S
rHOOOO OOrHOO OOOOrH OOOrHO
.JMEH
uouoo owwupLiOOO22 2QQQQ
www<;<;
OOOOO OOOOO DOOOD DDDOD
»MM
> M> » M M > «M M
OO OO OOOOO DOOOD DDDOD roco «csirH cs]tnrHvor~~ rnoroojr~~ tnr~~otn^
rocNrorocs rororororo
.01 . -in ro «TJ<
CMCN . .VD TrTj" . .TJ<
tntntntntn tnintntntn r^tntntn^J1 Tj"Tj<roinvo
!2!2!2!23:vomrHCNro ^rr~~tnrHcri tnco^j-rncyi
rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH
22222 22222 22222 22222
vOrH"*oco tnvorHcyio unvDCsiOrH rnoocyicMovovotncsj o^ccriorH tnoicriOrH rHrHrHOirH
cor~~tnoo
rocovDcsivo
omcsjtncN
rorocsroro rHinrHrHtn ro^rcNtNin tncsitncN^J1
rHOCSJOrH rHrHOOO CNrHrHrHO rHrHrHOrH
rocsitncricsi roovooico Tfcricyioo otntncsiorHCMCMrHCM CMCNrHCM CNCNCNCNrO rO rHCM
wwwcC< uyyoo OwwiaKOOO22 2QQQQ
3
K
-J
M<Ti
0<Ti
M
45.
NJ
U)O
Z
MOM
<£>U)
s;
MUl
45.
U)O
M<
O
3
K
-J
M0
3
0cn
Zwrow
cnS
ZZZOO OCnj^3> »33C_| OOOOO OtdO'TJ hdhd!P|>l>^ ^^i-Si-S i-S^dO^l^ JOWVZ..... .1-3. . .....
MM NJM MWMtO IxJMtONJMtOO45.M(7i ~J45.OVOUJ UJ*»V045.45.
OOMMO MOMMNJ tOOOMMOVDUltOM NJUXTiOUJ UJVDWOOCTi
NOU145,tOM UJUJWUIU) tOMUlWUlVOUJVOOOU1 Ul^DUJ^DO^ 45»OOOJUHj>J
M45.45.MU) U145.tOM45. UJOtO UltOUlWUlUl UKTiMVDU) -J(Ti(T>UJO
0>-J45.<Ti-J <TiO>00-J-J <TiUl.e>-j45.
U10-JVDO (T1VD45.00 VOUJ^JtO-JOMU1-JVO tOVDVDOO -JOWtO-J
ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ
MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM1 '1 '( '1 'I ' 1 '1 '1 '1 '1 ' 1 '1 '1 '1 '1 'IvJUJMUJUJ NJUJMUJUJ UJOMUJM
-JUJtOtOM MU)45,U)UJ tvJNJ-JUJVDOUJUJUKTi UJMCOMM -J(T>45.UJ45.
U1U1U1U1U1 UIUIUIUIUI UIUIUIUIUI
45.UJU1U145. -JOMtO-J VDOOOOOCTiOOOOO OUCflOO OODOO
MM ... ... MMMM H. . . M . . . M <MMM <» M < « M
OOOOO OOCflOO OOOOO
ZZZOO OCn>3> »33Q OOOOO Otdc3>hd ^O^OJfS51<^<^<^'^|-3 i-S^OOH^/O /d/d^/dZ..... . 1-3. . .....
MM tOM MU)M|\J tOMtONOM) 'O45.) 'Ul ^JOJOVDU) CO 45. 00 45. 45.
OOOOO OOOOO OOOMOUltOOOUKTi UIOOVDUJ45. 45.tOOOMVD
33333 33333 33333
33333 33333 33333cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn 1-31-31-31-31-3 1-31-31-31-31-3 1-3^31-31-31-3
3OZ TM
raS3?
NOOU)
MMNJtO
tOI\J
otoOOM
COM
00 (Ti. . UKTi-JNJ
zz
<£><£>00
NJO000
sis: . .
toui
*
U)U). . MMcncn
<
cncn
hd !d
toOU)
OO
33
OOcncn "-3^3
3McncnOSM
racoz w
MMvo
ototOU)
OM(TiUl
OOV£>
IvJM
M|\J. .'GOU1VD
ZZ
00000000 45. Ul0000
sis:
MU10
UJU)
U1U»OO
»
<
OO
weoz w
M
OO00 Ul
33
OOcncn
3McncnMcncn "U*"dM
w
M
OU)
UJU)
U)
(Ti
NO
45.
00
Z
-jM
45.
<Ti
s:
0
"*
**
to
0
MMM
GO
U)M
M0
>a
3
Wcn
3
cncnorecnn1-3 (-3 cn
>
to
MVP
WO
to
u>
U)
~Jo
Z
-J00
to
s; "
MUl
"*
**
w
M<
..
o
"d
to
oto
3
wcn
3j>!dK
0
>Z
MVD
to00
MO.00
45.
045.
Z.
-J0
UlM
S!
0
*
.
U)
toC_4
M<
Q
Q
Z
45.
0to
»d
3
racn
3j>M
W
WGGooz
touivoto
OOO1 '^JfO
45.00OOU1-J
OUltOMOOO...
OJUJOO
000000
(T1U145.NJUJIO
2ZZ
000000000000
U)t045.0>tO(Ti
s:s:s: .
tOMIOUl-JO
...
...
»
u»tow
cncn<
MM
cncncn
WGGooz
to45.VDM
OOO-OMOO
*d>^d
333
OOOcncncn
Mt^tr1MZ0
cn
Sp QB f^"^
1
1 O
5 IH =' D ?i »ii
E"
i1ve
>? ?3^ ^ 3-
1
3o-
Z
tn 3
1
a- r
s' ffn *1 3 < I
C?S ^Jg
8 3 5
D5
g"
C
= 1
1
(JIM
NJM 0>t*
ONJ M«J
u>cn
COM -JO
22
-J--JOM
ss;
NJNJ
OJ--J
NJU) (JIM
SS
MMwen
O O 2 2 2 O cn corarao OOOMMOO< «i-3h3^d... ... ^
CCCCG
K KKKKK n
;>»» 22222
M NJ M MNJNJ NJM OJOJ NJMM CDNJO^J-^J NJGJU1MO
NJNJNJM MMNJMM MCOOOM MOOJOMJ1
NJMMM NJNJMMM ) ^MCOCOU)
MMO MMOMM MMNJMO NJMMMNJ MOMMM MOMMO NJMOONJ NJMOOO
wojoj *»OMu>t-n j^NjcnoJoj
OO1 M MOU1NJ NJNJU) U>
NJCDVD NJNJCOOO ONJOJNJNJ MMMOJO O*»U1U>M
COOU) ONJMNJO COMNJOU) COOCnCHNJocnwoo CDUICDONJ
ONJO oocnoo MOUIONJ OO^OINJ oocooo
COOJU) U>U>U>U>U> OJOJOJOJOJ OJCOOJOJU) OJ^COOJU) OOit^OJCOU) U)U)U)OJU) COOJCOOJU)
NJONJ MNJ*>.OO V£>NJV£>NJ^J *>.O(J1MM OCOOOCDNO OJOMMU) ^JCOOO U)V£>OJCD^J (JIMCOCONJ OCDMOM CO-^JOOoj O<T»OM(J1
222 22222 22222 222Z2 22222 22222 22222 222Z2
MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM
*>.O(J1 OUXTiOO <TiNJMU>U> NJOOJOIsO MOJM CDOit^OINJ ^M(T((TH£> ^^OJMM
sssss;
OO^MO OCTiCOCCKTi
M MMM M MONJ.I* oocnoo cnocnocn OIOOINJO NJMOOO OOIONJOI OIOMOINJ NJUINJMOI
cn^* cncn it^- en- cour ^«
MNJ» -^JO (Ti« (Ti« V£>(J1« O«
en cn« cnOJ. ^un« *»u>
en u>« -JVD* o-^j- ^CD
OJ^OJCHOJOJ^MMCH,t* en u> *>.,£*
cncou) >OTCOO CDCDCDCDCD COOTCDCDCD OCDCDCDO OCDOOro CDOCDOTQ CDCDCDCDCD ncDOTCDCD
... ..... ..... |_|» M MM« M ..(-( ....
... ..... ..... M. . . <; . <MM. . < < . < . . . . <
rano raraorara coraoran nnnno oonora noraon orannn nnaocoa
oo2 22Qcncn nn<
HH3
M NJ M NJNJ
333^5NJM U>NJ
GGGGG
KKKKK; raWCDOTCDCD 22222
OOM MOMOO MOOOO
NJMM NJNJNJM M NJMM MNJOOM
OOOOO OOOOO OMOOO -JMCD-J-^J
NJMMM NJNJMMM
OOOOO OOMMO
SSS SSSSS SSSSS
cncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn
33333 33333
cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn
33333 33333
cncncncncn cncncncncn
O
3 Scr p-
s?n x3 i » c < 3
pocen source
HKcr
c35' cn O.
o
0u
Oi
s»^as
Co-
st
C
v*>
o*
K'C
g
!
H
3o
Local time
Date H
num Hypocenter sity source
5 c
S =
5 jys 1
V
g
x: ^^
f JO > "
60
^
_1
I- - c o
5 3 .5 .» 5 g
o £
1 i
***
0><5 u2
EH EH EH EH EH
UWUUU
sssss
OOrHOO
CNiHCN
L_J
iHVOOOLOiH
LOiHOCTiiH iH CN
rHCNiHiHLO
22222
LOVOOVOCN
iHOOOO^TJ<TJ<TJ<TJ<TJ<
voLor-vocri
LOCTiOOiHO CN^o-HiH
ooLor-cNr-
r-^^rHooOrHOCNO
CNrHCN
s<il<
2M
0
u
EH
0
EH EHwwWU
PUI<
oorHiH
sfCN CNCN
»
»CNCTi
00 rH
55ooo oor-
r-oo
22
CTiO iHCN
VOVOoooo
r-voCNCN
OOCNLOLO
00 LOOrH
LOCNCNCN
NOKLAHC
EH EH EH EH
CJCJUCJ
SSSS
CNLOVOVOrHOOO
SSSS
EH EH EH EH
LOLO LOLO
OrHOOO ^CTiLOOO
2222
r-oooo OOOLOVO
"3-LOLOLOoooo oo oo
rHLOCNr- LOrHCNrH
OrHCTiCNOOrHrHOO
VOOOOO OCNOO
cri r-oooo
SSSS
EH
OU
fo O
1 12 0C3Wrt o
p., p., p., p., p., p., Oi P-i P-i P-i OiP-iP-i
sssss ss ss sss
OOO"NrH^*^* CO{ "CNLOOO ^*LO^* OOOOO rHOrHOO OOO
00 rHCN CNrHCNrH rHrH
220QOQOQ pQQiCc;2iJ EnEnCJ i<i<WWW WP^&tDD CJCJW !~3h)[u[u[u CurtKhih) OOQ
C3OC3OO OUC3OC3 C3C3C3
CQ
OO^J*" (LOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLO rHCNCNi (i I i (rHi (rHrH i (rHrH
PO^OVOOOLO r r "^*o^oo rH^*o^VOOCTiOCN LOVOCNCNVO r-LOLO
vooovovocri vovor-vovo vooocrvCNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNi (i (i (rHi ( i (rHi (rHi ( rHi (i (
22222 22222 222
VO^J<LOOOO i (VOLOO^J* LOi (VOcNcomvoi ( (T\r-Lor-LO ^TI ILO
OOOOOOCN^J* CNCN^TCNCN 00^^*
VOOOOCNLO crii WOOLO LOCTVLO
LOcriocNrH VOOOCNLOLO r-ooinCNLOCN OOCNO^O OOOOO
Lor-LOOLO oocTioooo CNLOOrH LO TJ< LOCNi (OLO rHCNi (
VOLOCTlCNCN VOLOOrHOO Oi (CN rHOOrHrH OrHCNOCN OOrH
^1*1 (vovooo ^j*Lnoooo(T\ LOOOOOrHCN CNrHCNrH rHrH
203030303 03Pipei2i-J E-iE-iCJ rtJWWCdW W&4&4DD UyW
M
2
PENNSYL^
EH EH
uu
ss
rHCNoo
VOVOrH
1-JEH
DCJ h)O
>JCTiO
LOLO
55VOrH CNLO
VOVOr-r-
22 CNP-
oooo
00 VO
oo <
OMT) OOCN
VOCTiOrH
VOVO1 (
DO
Q 2
5
RHODE H
EH
w
S
r-o
oo
p | Ww
h>
h>00
o
5r-oo
r- i r-
2
vo oo
rH f
rH
CNrH
OO
uW
2M
O
uE EH D O
EH EH EH WWW WWW
sss
OOrHLO OOO
LOCNr-CNCN
2 PH P i
^ vovor-
rHOrHrH
555
^CNCN CNOOCN
rHrHOOOOOOO
222
ooooo
f^oo oooooo
or- oo
CTiCNCN OOCNCN
CNOOLO
OOVOCN OOCN
CNCN
CnC-1^22 2Tlh33r33^
M MM M
MN)OOO OOMOO OJMUI^J^J MUlfsjOOJ
OO^J000M ' ^>P*N)^I '
£*£*£*>£*>£* £*£*£* »^ £*
<yiOJN)OO OJOOOVOOJ
ZZZZZ ZZZZZ
MMMMM MMMMM MOMMM MOMMO O~JOOO O^DOOUl
s;s;s;s;s; sissies;
OJ
OOOOO OOOOO
\^J V^ ^ tjtljM
OOOOO OOOOO
,-3P3. . .....
M MM M
OOMMM OMOOO
22222 22232
33222 22222cncncncncn cncncncncn
s;K 02
O
O C-i2222
n &W5&5Q
U) N)U>N)M
0 OOMMM U> N)OON)U100
N) M MU1M
^ U1 U)MU) <Ti OOOOOMUl
^ ^^^
z zzzza
M MMMMM ivj IVJIVJIVJIVJNJ
00 ^^J^J^JO
s; s;s;s;s;s!
|vj IvJIvJIvJLn O MU)^U1~J
.... o
£* OJ>t>txO^OJ
0 ^JIVJ^JOOU)O OOOOO
*? ^^,^2^1
s; s;s;s;s;s;
D Cj2222
O (TiM^DMUl
O OMOOM
2 22222
cn cncncncncn i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3
)NIHSVM
Z
2
M ~J
00
IVJ
o>
U)
U1
OJ
-JU1
z
00 0
-J£*
s;
~J
IVJ
00<
2
M
0M
2
W
,
VIRGIf
DO DOCn>(Li 222h33Tl MM MnMGG »3>MW
M MrooJto M roro
MfsJ MOOMM MOOOM
~JOO OOVOCTiOOOJ OJOMCTiOO
OOO OOOO^OOM OOOOOO
OOCTi (TiMOJOOO ~J~J~J~JOJ MUI (TuDtvJOJLTI <Ti~J<yiO>OJ
zz zzzzz zzzzz
MM MMMMM MMMMM MM MMMMM MMMMMMro roroMroM rororororo
0101 aiwo^M ooorooo^JtsJ OJL71VOVOOJ OOOOOOOOJ
sis; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s;
M M
OOOJ OJlDOlDi ' OOLTIOJ^JO CG GGGGG GGGGG
**
i,GG GGGGG GGGGa
M MlvJUIN) M IVJIVJ
OO OMOOO OMMOM
22 22223 2222
22 22223 22222
a1-3
M(Tiro
MM MO
IVJ^J
Z25
MM OO
s;s;
MM OM
IIs*
01 U)
U>U1OO
f7«^ t-1
OO
c-i3
M OMvJ
00ai>&.
22
nn
1-3 M X
oz
MOO
ON) OU)
OJ>t>
ON) 0<^
U)M
OJOJ
ON)VOU1
ZZ
0000v£>^
N)N>
s;s;
**ai
UNaicTi
cncn
a> oz
OJM OOO
00(TiUI
22
nn cncn 1-31-3
;3NN3,L
M W
^
3 -.§ 2. c "E
Ss «. "3
a
"^
§w
!!
3
S
% <§
a
3 S o- r
5' 2a ><= 5'
tf
X
a
Local time
Date H
o
Hcr ST
s
a
aJJv
^s a
<««^>
i>«
no sscQ.
Tab
le I
. S
um
mary
of
U.S
. ea
rth
qu
ak
es f
or
797S
--C
onti
nu
ed
Dal
e(t
in)
Ori
gin
time
(UT
C)
Lat
hi
mm
s
Dep
thL
on*
(km
)
Mag
nitu
de
mb
MS
ML
or
mbL
g
Max
imum
Hyp
ocen
ter
Loc
al t
ime
Dat
e H
our
WY
OM
ING
Conti
nued
OCT.
2OC
T.
2NOV.
11
13 59
10.7
23 55 42.6
20 46
20
.8
44.7
4 N.
44.7
1 N.
44.39 N.
110.78 W.
110.80 W.
110.25 W.
3.5G
3. 6G
3.2G
III IV
II
OCT.
OC
T.
NOV.
2 211
06 A.
M. MST
04 P.M. MST
01 P.M. MST
Network Operations
ALASKA EARTHQUAKES, 1978
By Larry GedneyGeophysical InstituteUniversity of Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska 99701
During 1978, the Geophysical Insti tute of the University of Alaska located 4,281 Alaskan earthquakes occurring within the boundaries of its existing Alaskan seismographic network. The results were presented in the series of publications, "Summary of Alaskan Earthquakes," prepared quarterly by the Geophysical Institute. Magnitudes of the individual earthquakes ranged from below 0 (in areas which are heavily instrumented, such as the Fair banks seismic zone) to magnitude 6.5. That largest event occurred southeast of Kodiak Island on April 12, 1978. The Institute's seismographic coverage does not permit the location of earthquakes in either southeast Alaska or the Aleutians.
Owing to various research and moni toring needs, there exists several iden tifiable subnets of stations in the Geo physical Institute's seismographic cover age. A 6-station subnet was operated in northeastern Alaska to evaluate seismic hazards in the Brooks Range and adjacent areas where petroleum development and pro duction activities are underway or planned. A subnet around the Seward Pen insula was established to evaluate hazards in an area planned for future hydrocarbon development in Norton and Kotzebue Sounds. A subnet in southern Alaska, around Cook Inlet and Kodiak Island, was also designed to provide information of seismic hazards in an area soon to be undergoing hydrocar bon development, as well as for monitoring a seismic gap, expected to undergo a major earthquake in the near future. These three subnets have been largely supported by funds from the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, admin istered by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, and the south ern subnet has also received support from the U.S. Department of Energy. A subnet in central Alaska has been supported largely by funds from the State of Alaska. This subnet occupies the most populated area of the state and most of the trans portation corridors.
Data originating at the various seismometers were transmitted in analog form to central recording sites at Fair banks and Homer, Alaska, via combinations of VHF, tropospheric scatter and satellite radio links. Communication ties with the
fl9
NOAA Alaska Tsunami Warning Center at Pal mer, Alaska, permit real-time mutual data exchange with both the USGS and NOAA. Cooperative data .acquisition and analysis also is performed with the Lament Geophysical Observatory which operated seismic stations in the Shumagin region of the Aleutians.
NORTHERN AND CENTRAL CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKES, 1978
By Robert A. UhrhammerSeismographic Station
475 Earth Sciences BuildingUniversity of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California 94720
Some 5,200 events were noted on sum mary sheets and 1,220 teleseisms and 440 local earthquakes were analyzed during 1978. The Bulletin of the Seismographic Stations, Volume 48, Nos. 1 and 2 (McKen- zie and others, 1978), contains location and magnitude information for 210 earth quakes (3.0£ML<5.8) located in northern and central California and adjoining regions. The epicentral locations are plotted in figure 26 (the numbers correspond to a list in the bulletin).
A plot of the cumulative number of earthquakes versus local Richter magnitude (ML) is given in figure 27. The data set consists of 895 earthquakes ( 3 . 0<MLj<5 . 9 ) listed in the U. C. Bulletin of the Seismographic Stations, in a 280,000 sq km region in northern and central California during the decade of January 1, 1967 to December 31, 1976. The region is bounded on the north and east by the California border, on the southeast by the dashed line in figure 26, on the southwest by a line connecting 35° N. - 121° W. and 39° N. - 125° W., and on the west by 125° W. longitude. The earthquakes are grouped into 20 consecutive 6-month intervals for analysis and the average cumulative number of earthquakes (N) (total number a magni tude >^ ML) in a 6-month interval is given by
log(N) = 4.412 - 0.912 ML
(valid for 3.0<ML<5.9). The shaded zone in figure 27 depicts the 95 percent confi dence interval for log(N).
The open circles in figure 27 give the cumulative number of earthquakes (59 earthquakes, 3.0<ML<4.6) in the first 6 months of 1978 and the solid circles give the cumulative number of earthquakes (96
CfWe°verv,ll.
9 41*
1
oYreno
QWeed
° A 0Reddmc
WDC
15-
029
°Bu.ney
23
A 10
(\Allures
\\\
O&Bonnlle
x 1
University Of California, Berkeley
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
^__J_ 4I . EARTHQUAKES
JANUARY-DECEMBER 1978
MAGNITUDE
3O-34
3.5-3.9
> 40
Figure 26. Northern California earthquakes during 1978.
earthquakes 3.0<ML<5.3) in the last 6 months of 1978. There is thus no indica tion that the rate of seismicity for the first 6 months of 1978 is significantly different from the average semiannual rate of seismicity over the past decade. How ever, the rate of seismicity for the last 6 months of 1978 is significantly higher than the average semiannual rate of seismicity over the past decade. The high rate of seismicity for the last 6 months of 1978 (41 earthquakes, 3.0<ML<4.6) is attributed to the occurrence of the earth quake sequence to the east of Mt. Shasta (#29 in figure 26)
A sequence of 43 earthquakes (3.0^ML£5.8) centered approximately 30 km nortKwe"st of Bishop (#28 in figure 26) occurred during the last quarter of 1978. This sequence contained the largest earth quake (ML = 5.8) to have occurred in northern and central California during 1978.
The Seismographic Station operated a network of 19 stations during 1978. Two instruments located at Berkeley (BKS) are of particular interest: a pair of Wood- Anderson torsion instruments which are recorded on helicorders and on magnetic tape, and a three-component ultralong- period seismograph (T = 100 sec) which is recorded photographically and on magnetic tape.
A pair of Wood-Anderson torsion seismometers are mounted in phototube amplifiers that provide electrical signals proportional to their deflection. The signals are recorded on helicorders at two magnification levels, 700X and 14000X, and also on analog magnetic tape at two gain levels. The helicorder recordings are used for preliminary local magnitude (ML) estimates.
A three-component ultralong-period seismograph (T = 100 sec) is undergoing
RATE OF SEISMICITY FOR NORTHERN 8 CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
30 3.5 4O 4.5 50LOCAL RICHTER MAGNITUDE (M L )
Figure 27. Plot of cumulative number of earthquakes versus local Richter magnitude (ML).
continuous development. Displacement transducers are used on the seismometers to detect the boom deflection. The dis placement transducer output is filtered to simulate a velocity transducer coupled to a 300 sec galvonometer and recorded photo graphically with a peak magnification of 500 at a period of 100 sec. The signals are also recorded on analog magnetic tape at two gain levels, + 20 microns full- scale (flat in displacment response from 0.1 sec to 100 sec) and +2 mm full-scale (passband: 0 - 10 Hz). The ultralong- period seismograph is used primarily to analyze major teleseisms and strong local earthquakes .
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKES, 1978
By L. K. Button, J. H. Whitcomb,and C. R. Alien
Seismological LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California 91125
and
G. S. Fuis and C. E. JohnsonU.S. Geological Survey atSeismological Laboratory
California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California 91125
During 1978, 5,643 local earthquakes were located by the 135-station Southern California Seismographic Network, which is operated jointly by the California Insti tute of Technology and the U.S. Geological Survey. Figure 28 shows these events plotted on a map of the region, with the major faults indicated. Caltech maintains an earthquake catalog complete above mag nitude 3.0 in the area enclosed by the box in the figure.
Twenty-six of the year's earthquakes were 4.0 or greater in magnitude. The most significant sequences were: (1) a
84
swarm in the Cerro Prieto area, Baja Cali fornia, in March which included 288 events; (2) the Santa Barbara earthquake (ML = 5.1) of August 13 and its 403 aftershocks; and (3) the Bishop (Owens Valley) earthquake (ML =5.8) with its 223 aftershocks. The latter two main shocks caused light to moderate damage in their respective epicentral areas.
1978 marked the second year of rou tine operation of the CEDAR (Caltech Earthquake Detection and Recording) on line computer system (Johnson, 1979). Experience shows that the seismicity data can be processed in a reasonably timely fashion, with a detection threshold main tained at 1.8 in the dense part of the network. The seismicity data are currently available in preliminary monthly catalogs (Whitcomb and others, 1978, 1979), and will soon be printed in final form.
CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI VALLEY EARTHQUAKES, 1978
By W. Stauder, R. Herrmann, C. Nicholson, S. Singh, M. Woods, C. Kirn, R. Perry,
S. Morrissey, and E. Haug Department of Earth and
Atmospheric Sciences Saint Louis University St. Louis, MO 63156
During 1978, 244 earthquakes were located and 388 other nonlocatable earth quakes were detected by a twenty-four sta tion regional micr©earthquake network operated by Saint Louis University under contract for the USGS and NRC. Figure 29 shows the earthquakes located within a 4° x 4° region centered on 37.0° N. , and 89.5° W. The magnitudes are indicated by the size of the open symbols. Figure 30 shows the locations and magnitudes of 210 earthquakes located within a 1.5° x 1.5° region centered at 36.25° N. and 89.75° W.
The year 1978 marked the beginning of expansion of the original 16 station USGS southeast Missouri regional seismic net-^ work by the addition of eight NRC spon-r" sored stations in southeastern Illinois. Funding was also obtained from the USGS and the NRC to add 24 stations along the seismicity trends of figure 30. The resultant station separation of about 10 km will significantly improve hypocenter accuracies and detection thresholds.
Significant earthquakes during 1978 included the following:
1. 2 June 0207 UTC, 38.4° N., 88.5° W., felt in Fair field, Illinois, m3Hz =3.7 (FVM).
2. 29 August 0705 UTC, 38.5° N., 88.2° W., felt in West Salem, Illinois, m3Hz =2.4 (FVM).
3. 31 August 0031 UTC, 36.1° N.,
ML < 3.0
3. 0 < ML < 4. 04. 0 < ML < 5.05. 0 < ML < 6. 0 ML > 6. 0
Figure 28. Southern California earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 ML or greater during 1978.
89.4° W., felt in Dyersburg, Tennessee, MM V, mb = 3.5 (FVM).20 September 1224 UTC, 38.6° N. , 90.3° W., felt in St. Louis, Mis souri, MM IV, mb = 3.0 (BLA).21 November 2331 UTC, 36.0° N., 89.9° W. , felt in Blytheville, Arkansas, m3Hz =2.3 (FVM). 5 December 0148 UTC, 38.6° N., 88.4° W., felt in West Salem, Illinois and neighboring five counties, mb = 3.5 (FVM).
The Illinois earthquakes located between WSIL and BPIL exhibit focal depths between 15 and 25 km, making them deeper on the average than those in the Missis sippi Embayment where the focal depths are usually less than 15 km. A microearth- quake survey using portable seismographs was conducted near Ridgely, Tennessee by Nicholson and Singh (1978). Northwest
striking, southwesterly dipping reverse faulting was identified, near the station CRT of figure 30, through the use of com posite focal mechanisms and vertical depth profiles.
KANSAS EARTHQUAKES, 1978
By Don W. Steeples Kansas Geological SurveyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66044
During 1978, the Kansas Geological Survey operated nine telemetered microearthquake seismograph stations (fig. 31) in eastern Kansas. Four additional stations were to be installed in northwest Kansas and south-central Nebraska during 1979. Station locations are given in table 2.
85
87.59.0
38.0
37.0 37.0
36.0 - 36.0
35.0
Fiqure
35.087.5
29. Central Mississippi earthquakes during within a 4' xteredW.
at 37.0'
Valley 1978
region cen- N. and 89.5'
. Central Mississippi earthquakes duringwithin a 1.5' centered at 89.75' W.
x 1.5 36.25'
35.5
Valley 1978
region N. and
A series of 16 microearthquakes occurred within or near the Kansas borders between December 1, 1977 and the end of 1978 (fig. 32). Location parameters are given in table 3. Several of the microearthquake locations seem to trend along the Nemaha/Humboldt structure, indi cating that parts of it are at least slightly active.
The occurrence of microearthquakes along the approximate trace of the Hum- boldt fault implies the possible occurrence in the past and future of larger earthquakes. Previously unknown felt reports from the 1867 so-called "Manhattan earthquake" (Modified Mercalli Intensity VII) suggest that the epicenter may have been east of Manhattan near the known Humboldt fault trace (DuBois and Wilson, 1978) rather than "22 miles northwest of Manhattan" (Merriam, 1956). Several years of microearthquake data will be required in conjunction with historical earthquake data to estimate the average return period for the 1867-type earth quake .
The series of felt earthquakes in the Manhattan vicinity in 1929 remain an enigma in regard to their structural source. Isoseismal patterns clearly indi cate that the epicenters were 20 to 40 km west of the trace of the Humboldt fault. It is expected that this question will be answered in the future by microearthquake record ing.
The microearthquakes plotted in fig ure 32 in northwest Kansas and southwest Nebraska occurred between December 1, 1977 and September 30, 1978. The events are only located with an estimated accuracy of 20 to 25 km, but they all clearly lie on a structural trend known as the Central Kan sas Uplift in Kansas and as the Chadron and Cambridge Arch in Nebraska. On May 7, 1978 an event with mbLg = 3.9 (not shown in fig. 32) occurred on the Chadron Arch in western Nebraska. The seismicity pat tern of 1977-78, coupled with several his torical epicenters (Woollard, 1958) sug gests that some low to moderate level of tectonic activity is occurring along this whole structure in central and northwest Kansas and in western Nebraska. A long- term trend of such tectonic movement is explicitly suggested by Stanley and Wayne (1972) on the basis of drainage and sedi mentation patterns in the area during the Pleistocene Epoch and by present-day stream gradients and knickpoints on several rivers that cross the structural trend .
86
YfMtf I MBUS | MCA ~ ~T , pHIU ,ps
i- -1 - -v- -- -
GTW I MAFISHALl , Kfl
omimui
I---J--
L __ _ __I SA1IN! * I
I EUSOTRTH I ,
I I
I _ _ _ JMCMRSON ,MARIW
L__
MOflHiS __ ^ _I Ui*w , __ _ 1 __ ,
Ti « i ,"MIIM f HiAMi Ii i i i i
-i^-l. U-i _-i_- 1J , i 01"" LD(BS O» > I
"REM"' T"*"WY ^ T_;
S!OG*ICI I
-\|
L.-L-.U-J-UORTOK I SIEVEKS SEWARD
, I j I
I i ms»r~ r «"sno" | - IL _ - J I I aw*"
L
Station operating Station funding approved
Scale in kilometers
Figure 31. Kansas Geological Survey seismograph network in 1978. Stations in Cloud, Saline, and Butler Counties did not begin operating until April, 1978. Stations shown by squares were to be added in 1979.
KANSAS
o Microearthquakes: December 1,1977-January 1,1979 Historical Earthquakes M M < VII, 1867-1978 Historical Earthquakes M M = VII, 1867, 1906 Faults
Figure 32. Kansas earthquakes and the Humboldt Fault Zone that trends north- northeasterly across the State. The Central Kansas Uplift is associated with the faults that trend north-westerly in northwestern Kansas.
87
Table 2.--Station locations in Kansas
Station
BEKEMKHWKLAKMLKTCKEDKSNKCNKOBKNNK
Lat. (°N.)
39.26338.44739.80239.04639.10639.38537.77438.95339.50839.92939.936
Long. Elevation (°W.) (m)
96.20096.31795.49795.20596.89296.72396.79597.60397.713
100.439100.042
349307320326386377418407465805730
Table 3. Microearthquake locations in Kansas
Date (1978)
Jan .Jan.Jan.Feb.Apr .MayMaySep.Nov .Dec .Dec .Dec .
1113273
14202214144
10
Origin time (UTC)
212011002301040808232313
321525252753280644060641
03.33.37.47.38.43.35.18.59.14.23.02.
883965622936065988642012
Lat
38.40.39.40.39.39.39.40.39.37.39.39.
Long. * Depth .) («W.) (km)
868093836032814998135896860340138477
96.95.95.
100.96.
100.96.
100.97.98.
100.93.
201700974333395333292367349640455259
0.415.009.035.001.185.008.865.005.000.525.005.00
Mag. (DUR)
1.61.72.42.41.92.32.32.21.62.22.32.0
OKLAHOMA EARTHQUAKES, 1978
By James E. Lawson, Jr. Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory
University of Oklahoma Leonard, Oklahoma
and
Kenneth V. LuzaOklahoma Geological Survey
University of OklahomaNorman, Oklahoma 73019
The article below is a condensed ver sion of a paper by Lawson and Luza origi nally published in Oklahoma Geology Notes, vol. 39, June 1979.
A statewide network of 10 seismograph stations are recording seismological data in Oklahoma (fig. 33). The Oklahoma Geophys-ical Observatory station, TUL, has been recording earthquake data since December 1961. The Observatory, located near Leonard, Oklahoma, in southern Tulsa County, operates seven seismometers, three long-period and four short-period, which are installed in a vault detached from the main building. The seismic responses at TUL are recorded on 11 paper-drum record ers; 16 seismograms are recorded on 16-mm film. Seven semipermanent, volunteer-
88
operated seismograph stations and two radio-telemetry stations constitute Oklahoma's regional network. The instal lation and maintenance of these stations are being supported by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) (Luza, 1978).
Each of the seven volunteer-operated seismograph stations consists of a Geotech S-13 short-period, vertical seismometer; a Sprengnether MEQ-800 B unit, including amplifier, filters, ink-recording unit and a clock; and a Kinemetrics time-signal radio receiver for high-frequency WWV time signals. Each radio-telemetry system con sists of one Geotech S-13 seismometer and one Emheiser Rand telemetry unit. Seismo graphs from the radio-telemetry stations are recorded at the Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory.
In 1978, 35 Oklahoma earthquakes were located (fig. 34) by the Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory staff. Magnitude values range from a low of 1.3 (m3Hz) in Okfuskee County to as high as 3.1 (m3Hz) in Le Flore County. The listing only represents those earthquakes that could be located by using three or more seismograph records. Only four earthquakes were reported felt by people living in the vicinity of the earthquake epicenters. These earthquakes include the March 9 earthquake in Love County, MM II (modified Mercalli intensity), the May 18 earthquake in Canadian County, MM I, and two earth quakes on May 19 in Canadian County, MM III and MM II.
The 1978 earthquake epicentral data, which form a limited data set, when com bined with previous earthquake data pro duce some seismic trends worthy of discus sion. Five 1978 earthquakes, of which three were felt, occurred near El Reno in Canadian County. This location is near the site of the April 9, 1952 earthquake with the magnitude of 5.5 (mb") . Three additional earthquakes occurred northeast of El Reno in Logan County. These earth quakes, when combined with the historical earthquakes in this area, form a zone 30 km wide and 145 km long that crosses the Nemaha Uplift at a 30° angle. It is not clear what this trend represents; however, it is subparallel to a a regional northeast-southwest structural grain in northeastern Oklahoma. In south-central Oklahoma, there is a concentration of earthquakes in the Wilson area, Carter and Love Counties. This area has also been the site of numerous small earthquakes in the past. The subsurface geology near Wilson consists of deformed, complexly faulted Paleozoic rocks. Several 1978 epicenters as well as pre-1978 earthquake epicenters fall within and (or) along the northern front of the Ouachita Mountains. Several of these epicenters are within 1 or 2 km of known surface faulting.
An HP-9825A desk-top computer system
A Radio telemetry field station; includes station abbreviation
Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory
Radio telemetry path
Figure 33. Active seismograph stations in Oklahoma
Earthquake intensity IV
igure 34. Distribution of Oklahoma earthquakes during 1978. event numbers in table 4.
Numbers correspond to
is used to calculate local earthquake epi centers. A catalog containing date, ori gin time, county, intensity, magnitude, location, focal depth, and references is printed in page-size format. Table 4 con tains the 1978 Oklahoma earthquakes displayed in a modified version of the regional earthquake catalog.
There are several different scales used to report magnitude. Table 4 has three magnitude scales which are mbLg (Nuttli, 1973), m3Hz (Nuttli, 1973), and MDUR (Lawson, 1978). Each magnitude scale was established to accommodate specific criteria, such as the distance from the epicenter, as well as the availability of certain seismic data.
For earthquake epicenters located from 11 km to 222 km from a seismograph station, Otto Nuttli developed the m3Hz magnitude scale (Zollweg, 1974). This
magnitude is derived expression:
from the following
89
m3Hz = log(A/T) - 1.63 + .871og (D),
where A is the maximum center-to-peak vertical-ground-motion amplitude sustained for three or more cycles of Sg waves, near 3 hertz in frequency, measured in nanome ters; T is the period of the Sg waves measured in seconds; and D is the great- circle distance from epicenter to station measured in kilometers.
Otto Nuttli's (1973) earthquake mag nitude, mbLg, for seismograph stations located between 55.6 km and 445 km from the epicenter, is derived from the follow ing equation:
mbLg = log(A/T) - 1.09 + 0.901og(D).
Where seismograph stations are located
between 445 km and 3,360 km from the epi center, mbLg is defined as
mbLg = log(A/T) - 3.10 + 1.661og(D),
where A is the maximum center-to-peak vertical-ground-motion amplitude sustained for three or more cycles of Sg waves, near 1 hertz in frequency, measured in nanome ters; T is the period of Sg waves measured in seconds; and is the great-circle dis tance from station to epicenter measured in kilometers.
The MDUR magnitude scale was developed by Lawson (1978) for earthquakes in Oklahoma and adjacent areas. It is defined as
MDUR = 1.861oq(DUR) - 1.49,
where DUR is the duration or difference,
in seconds, between the Pg-wave arrival time and the time the final coda amplitude decreases to twice the background-noise amplitude. If the Pn wave is the first arrival, the interval between the earthquake-origin time and the decrease of the coda to twice the background-noise amplitude is measured instead.
The depth to the earthquake hypo- center is measured in kilometers. For most Oklahoma earthquakes the focal depth is unknown. In almost all Oklahoma events, the stations are several times farther from the epicenter than the likely depth of the event. This makes the loca tions indeterminate at depth, which usu ally requires that the hypocenter depth be restrained to an arbitrary 5 km for pur poses of computing latitude, longitude, and origin time. All available evidence indicates that no Oklahoma hypocenters have been deeper than 15 to 20 km.
Table 4. Oklahoma earthquake catalog for 1978
Event Date number (1978)
148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182
Jan.Jan .Feb.Feb.Feb.Mar.Mar.Mar.Apr .Apr .Apr .Apr .Apr .MayMayMayMayMayMayMayMayJuneAuq .Aug .Aug.Aug .Sep.Sep.Sep.Sep.Dec.Dec.Dec.Dec.Dec.
88
101421
3592
11131920
14
17181819192822
368
268
262727
819272828
Origin time (UTC)
0410060111021406210803140822042300000006090500041214052101201102220513
1619420912244630325143201359351119323927191035280757161756561800003054
33.5617.6502.3938.6448.1137.2850.4850.8248.0802.4350.7654.0604.0013.3852.8915.6522.4317.5737.4632.7000.2215.5437.0956.8348.6951.9906.6017.7203.8103.7553.9228. 8730.0232.4309.81
Lat ( N.)
36.97135.82434.71235.77734.53535.08634.69934.01034.63534.69334.35136.08834.58634.40035.58835.52535.50235.60135.13536.00235. 21335. 92336.68936.07334.12734.17836.15535.51935. 51933.88334.67635.08633.99634.08033.991
Long ( W.)
97.97.96.97.99.96.95.97.96.95.96.96.95.94.96.97.97.97.97.97.96.99.10099.97.97.95.97.97.97.96.95.97.97.97.
463642157585003278033378057681820136293673345910949828503367144089.162935463463275866843477063125512462456
Depth (km)
5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R7.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5. 0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R5.0 R
Magnitudes 3Hz mbLg DUR
1.52.12.11.72.52.53.1 2.51.71.91.51.72.11. 32.12.52.21.71.82.12.02.33.02.3
2.22.22.42.01.22.01.41.9
2.01.5 2.22.12.92.62.3 2.0 2.2 2.32.72.12.0 2.12.22.2
2.22.1 1.81.7 1.92.1
1.52.21.91.72.02.42.72.52.51.81.91.11.62.21.52.02.62.11.91.41.82.22.42.61.91.41.42.22.21.91.71.71.91.51.9
County Intensity (MM)
KayLog anCoalLoganTillmanHughesLeFloreLoveAtokaPittsburgJohns tonTulsaCoalMcCurtainOkf uskeeCanadianCanad ianCanad ianMcClainLoganHughesDeweyBeaverEllisCarterCarterMayesCanadianCanad ianLoveAtokaHaskellLoveLoveLove
_ II
IIIIII
The hypocenter is restrained (R) at an arbitrary depth of 5.0 km, except cated, for purposes of computing latitude, longitude, and origin time.
on
where indi-
SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES EARTHQUAKES. 1978
By G. A. Bollinger Department of Geological Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
There were 25 earthquakes located in the southeastern United States during 1978. Of these, seven had M _> 3 and/or were felt (table 5). Considerable microearthquake (M < 3) activity was reported near reservoTrs in South Carolina and Georgia. Finally, some microearth quake occurrences, not in the vicinity of reservoirs, were reported in Virginia. Figure 35 shows the spatial distribution of the 1978 seismicity. A full data listing for all 1978 shocks was given in Southeastern United States Seismic Network Bulletins No. 2^ and 3_. Copies of those reports may be obtained by contacting the author.
88
Epicenter for o Single Eqke
* Location of Multiple
The number of seismic stations operating in the region varied between 62 and 81. Figure 36 shows the station dis tribution (81) present at the end of 1978.
Table 5. Southeastern United States earthquakes
Date Origin time Lat. Long. Depth Mag. State (1978) (UTC) (°N.) (°W.) (km) (mbLg) felt
Jan.Feb.Mar.Mar.JuneJulyDec.
825
117
91611
11030418230602
34530826153906
22.427.726.134.519.137.849.4
32.36.34.36.32.39.31.
78194975099390
88.79.86.80.88.76.88.
25306874582649
5857
1055
3.02.22.52.83.33.03.5
AL-MSNCALVA
AL-MSPAMS
88° 86* 84' 82* 78° 76° 74° 72°
I I 1 I
Figure 35. Southeastern United States earthquake epicenters during 1978.
Figure 36. Southeastern United States seismic stations (solid cir cles) operating at the close of 1978. Numbers indicate the number of closely-spaced multiple stations at a given location.
VIRGINIA EARTHQUAKES, 1978
By G. A. Bollinger Department of Geological Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Installation of a 10-station seismic network in Virginia was completed in 1978. That network consists of two 5-station clusters: One in the Giles County area of western Virginia and the other in the cen tral portion of the state. Additionally, 4-station subarrays, in the North Anna (central Virginia) and Bath County (north central Virginia), were obtained from Vir ginia Electric and Power Company. By the end of 1978, 16 of the 18 total stations were operational (see fig. 37).
During this initial monitoring period, a total of 26 earthquakes (- 0.9<NK2.8) were detected. Of these, only 11 were locatable (three or more recording
stations; see fig. 38). Their HYP071 parameters are shown in table 6. For the remaining 15 nonlocatable events, 8 were in the Giles County area, 3 were in cen tral Virginia, 1 was near North Anna, and 3 were in Bath County.
Table 6. Virginia earthquakes
Date (1978)
Jan.Mar.MayMayJuneJuneJulyAug .Sep.Oct.Oct.Nov.
281710259
22283014142915
Origin time (UTC)
231804080406080219011208
132619304242391937502233
23.34.12.27.48.29.40.38.06.52.42.47.
358090825862
Lat ( N
37.36.37.37.37.36.37.37.37.37.38.37.
Long.
230748403075747798343293495303025652
808080808182808081807877
.780,741.670.817.233.357.682.700.232.562.102.545
Depth Nag. (km) (DUR)
975
10101011
12
1.02.80.41.00.71.00.50.6
-0.3-0.30.60.8
Figure 37. Virginia Technical Seismic Network.
Figure 38. Virginia earthquake epicenters during 1978. Solid circles represent earthquake epicenters and o en circles represent seismic stations.
Miscellaneous Activities
CRUSTAL MOVEMENT STUDIES
Vertical Control Surveys
By Sand ford R. Holdahl NOAA, National Ocean Survey
National Geodetic Survey Rockville, Maryland 20852
Alaska
The results of four leveling surveys carried out by the National Geodetic Sur vey between Anchorage and Whittier, Alaska, combined with an analysis of sea level measurements at Anchorage, indicate as much as 0.55 m of land uplift in the decade following the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake. There is some indica tion that the position of maximum uplift is migrating away from Anchorage toward the Aleutian trench. The uplift occurs in a region which subsided as much as 1.9 m during the earthquake. The uplift is decreasing exponentially since the time of the 1964 earthquake, and seems to represent postseismic deformation. The observations are most easily explained by creep along the down dip extension of the fault which ruptured in 1964.
Imperial Valley, California
A releveling survey of the Imperial Valley was cooperatively accomplished in the winter of 1977-78 by local and federal agencies. The purpose of the survey was to detect the trend of natural vertical motion prior to the utilization of geo- thermal resources in the Valley. The economically significant agricultural development within the Imperial Valley relies heavily on irrigation, and hence, it is directly affected by subsidence or tilting of the land. The continuation of the leveling program will measure the impact of geothermal development on the agricultural community. Existing data reveal that a maximum subsidence of 19 cm relative to Ocotillo occurred near the south end of the Salton Sea for the 1972- 77 time interval. A large area between the Salton Sea and El Centro has subsided more than 10 cm during the 5-year inter val .
Southern California
In early 1978, a massive 4,400 km releveling survey of the Palmdale region of Southern California was bequn. The objective of the project was to establish a time-homoaeneous reference network for
93
calculating future elevation changes, and also to calculate recent vertical movement in the region which spans the San Andreas and Garlock faults. The 3-month, $1.5 million, multiagency survey was coordi nated by the National Geodetic Survey, involved 18 leveling and 5 gravity teams from the National Geodetic Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, 20 leveling teams were provided by Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Ber- nardino, San Diego, and Ventura counties, Los Angeles City, the Los Angeles Water and Power Department, and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California in this cooperative effort. A joint report by the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Geodetic Survey is in prepara tion .
Houston, Texas
Leveling surveys in approximately 5- year intervals are being used to monitor subsidence in the Houston, Texas area. The maximum subsidence for the last inter val, 1973-78, occurred approximately 25 km from the center of Houston and amounted to 43 cm. An area of approximately 2500 sq km has subsided more than 20 cm during this interval. In calculating the sub sidence, the known rate of subsidence at the Galveston tide gauge was used to ini tialize the new set of heights; in addi tion, various points well outside Houston were assumed to be stable during the period .
Horizontal Control Surveys
By Richard A. Snay NOAA, National Ocean Survey
National Geodetic Survey Rockville, Maryland 20852
The National Geodetic Survey has recently observed fault monitoring net works in the Shelter Cove area of northern California and on the Tejon Ranch in the foothills of California's Tehachapi Moun tains. The Shelter Cove network straddles part of the fault which ruptured during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Analysis of the recent survey data, com bined with data from a 1930 network yields an estimate of N. 13.2° W. + 4.5° for the direction of maximum right-lateral shear strain through the area. The mean shear strain rate in this direction is 1.01 + 0.18 yrad/yr for the 1930-76 time interval.
The Tejon Ranch network spans two
branches of the Garlock fault where this fault intersects the California aqueduct. The network incorporates two interior net works which were established in 1964 and 1970, and have been repeatedly observed at one to three intervals. Network stations positioned on one side of the Garlock fault's southern branch have moved left- laterally relative to stations lying approximately 500 m away on the opposite side, according to the following rates:
Atmospheric Administration; however, were recorded on NOAA tide gauges.
none
Time Interval
1964-68 1968-72 1972-78
Rate (mm/yr)
1.7 + 0.5 1.7 + 0.6 0.2 + 0.3
The report for each survey is avail able from the National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Survey, NOAA, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
Gravity Surveys
By William E. Strange National Ocean Survey
National Geodetic Survey Rockville, Maryland 20852
In conjunction with large scale relevelinq surveys in southern California, the National Geodetic Survey established a network of high-accuracy gravity stations for future monitoring. The network included 29 stations which were continu ously interconnected during the period of the survey using helicopter transporta tion. Measurements were made at 2180 benchmarks along the level lines using multiple gravimeters to interconnect to the helicopter stations. Information on this network is available from the National Geodetic Survey of the National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
TSUNAMIS
By Mark Spaeth National Oceanic and Atmospheric
AdministrationNational Weather Service
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
During 1978, seven tsunamis were reported to the National Oceanic and
An earthquake on January 14 (mag. 6.6 MS) near the south coast of Honshu (34.8° N., 139.3° E.) caused a tsunami which was recorded at four nearby stations. Maximum amplitudes were 70 cm at Oshima and 25 cm at Mera.
On March 23, an earthquake (mag. 7.5 MS) in the Kuril Islands (44.9° N., 148.4° E.) generated a tsunami which reached max imum amplitudes of 28 cm at Chichijima and Hanasaki and 25 cm at Yuzhno Kurilsk.
A second earthquake (mag. 7.6 MS) in the same area on March 24 (44.2° N., 148.9° E.) also caused a minor tsunami with maximum wave heights of 42 cm at Hanasaki and 30 cm at Chichijima.
The June 12 earthquake (mag. 7.7 MS) near the east coast of Honshu also caused a minor tsunami which was recorded with the following representative maximum amplitudes; Hachinohe, 42 cm; Ayukawa, 34 cm; Onahama and Ofunato, 30 cm; and Kushiro, 25 cm.
The Mindanao earthquake (8.2° N., 122.4° E. , mag. 6.9 MS) of June 14 caused a slight tsunami which was recorded at Jolo with a maximum amplitude of 3 cm.
An earthquake (mag. 7.4 MS) on July 23 in the Taiwan region (22.3° N. , 121.5° E.) caused a tsunami which reached a max imum amplitude of 8 cm at Ishigaki Shima.
The final tsunami of the year on November 29 was generated by an earthquake (mag. 7.7 MS) near Oaxaca, Mexico, (16.0° N., 96.6° W.) and was recorded at Aca- jutla, El Salvador, with a maximum ampli tude of 29 cm.
PRINCIPAL EARTHQUAKES OF THE WORLD
Table 7 lists principal world earth quakes for 1978. The list has been included in this annual series since 1941. It includes earthquakes of magnitude 6.8 or greater; those of smaller magnitude that were locally destructive to life and property; and events of unusual interest.
Tab
le 7
.--P
rin
cipa
l ea
rth
quak
es o
f th
e w
orld
du
rin
g 19
78
Dat
e O
rigin
ti
me
Geo
gra
ph
ic
Dep
th
USG
S O
ther
(1978)
(UT
C)
Coord
inate
s (k
m)
Mag
nit
ude
Mag
nit
ude
hr
min
se
c L
at.
(°
) L
ong.
(°)
mb
MS
Reg
ion
Rem
arks
Jan
. 14
03
24
39.0
34
.81
N.
139.2
6
E.
14
6.2
6.6
Feb
. 9
21
35
12
.7
30.6
8
S.
177.3
6
E.
33
5.7
7.2
7.2MS(PAS)
7.7MS(BRK)
Feb. 15
03 17 37.3
39.69 N.
39.79 E.
33
4.8
4.5
Feb
. 22
06
07
37.0
14.2
5
N.
91.3
8
W.
100
5.7
Mar
. 7
02
48
47
.6
32.0
1
N.
137.6
1
E439
6.9
7.Omb(PAS)
6.9mb(BRK)
Mar. 11
19 20
49.1
38.10 N.
16.03 E.
33
5.6
5.0
Mar. 16
02 00 00.5
29.93 N.
66.30 E.
33
5.3
5.9
Mar. 19
01 39 14.0
17.03 N.
99.74 W.
36
5.8
6.4
6.6MS(PAS)
Mar. 23
00 31
02.1
44.21 N.
148.97 E
46
6.1
6
.8
6.5
MS
(PA
S)
6.6
MS
(BR
K)
Nea
r so
uth
coast
o
f H
on
shu
, Ja
pan
Ker
mad
ec
Isla
nds
Turk
ey
Guat
emal
a
So
uth
of
Ho
nsh
u,
Jap
an
So
uth
ern
It
aly
Pakis
tan
Guerr
ero
, M
ex ico
Kuri
l Is
lan
ds
Mar
. 23
03
15
2
0.3
4
4.9
3
N.
148.4
4
E.
33
6.4
7
.5
7.2M
S(P
AS
) K
uri
l Is
lan
ds
Mar
. 23
19
12
23.6
44.3
4
N.
149.7
4
E,
Mar
. 24
19
47
5
0.7
4
4.2
4
N.
148.8
6
E,
33
6.0
6
.8
6.6
MS
(PA
S)
6.4
MS
(BR
K)
33
6.5
7
.6
7.5
MS
(PA
S)
7.2
MS
(BR
K)
Ku
ril
Isla
nd
s
Ku
ril
Isla
nd
s
Tw
enty
-one
kil
led
, 11
9 in
jure
d,
and
4 people
re
port
ed
mis
sin
g.
Dam
age
at
Yok
oham
a an
d
on
O
shim
a.
Tsu
nam
i re
co
rded
.
Tw
enty
in
jure
d,
500
hom
es
dest
royed
in
the
Erz
incan
are
a,
and
25
hom
es
wer
e dam
aged
at
Pulu
mur.
Tw
o k
ille
d.
Dam
age
in
the
Coat
epeq
ue
and
Mir
ian
are
as.
Tw
o re
port
ed k
ille
d,
sev
era
l in
jure
d,
and
consi
dera
ble
dam
age
in
south
west
ern
It
aly
.
One
k
ille
d
and
co
nsi
dera
ble
dam
age
in
the
Nush
ki
are
a.
One
k
ille
d,
25
inju
red,
and
dam
age
in
Acap
ulc
o.
Felt
at
Kuri
lsk
and
on
Hokkai
do,
Japan.
Tsu
nam
i re
cord
ed.
Felt
at
Kuri
lsk
and
on
Ho
kk
aid
o
and
Ho
nsh
u,
Japan.
Tsu
nam
i re
cord
ed.
Mar
. 24
21
05
48.2
42.8
4
N.
78
.61
E
. 33
6.2
7
.1A
lma-
Ata
re
gio
n
Dam
age
in
nort
heaste
rn
Kir
giz
S
SR
, U
SSR
.
Ap
r.
15
23
33
47.2
3
8.3
9
N.
15.0
7
E.
14
5.5
5
.7S
icil
yF
ive kil
led
and
40
0 house
s dam
aged
.
Tab
le 1
. P
rin
cipal
eart
hqu
akes
of
the
wo
rld
du
rin
g 1
97
8 C
onti
nu
ed
Dat
e O
rigin
ti
me
Geo
gra
ph
ic
Dep
th
USG
S O
ther
(19
78
) (U
TC
) C
oord
inate
s (k
m)
Mag
nit
ude
Mag
nit
ud
eh
r m
in
sec
Lat.
(°
) L
ong.
(°)
mb
MS
Reg
ion
Rem
arks
May
26
23
58
2
2.0
24.2
7
N.
142.6
6
E,
June
12
08
14
26
.4
38.1
9
N.
142.0
3
E,
June
14
12
32
33
.9
8.2
5
N.
122.4
0
E,
33
5.8
6.8
6.
8MS
(PA
S)
6.5M
S(B
RK
)
44
6.8
7.7
7.
5MS
(PA
S)
7.2M
S(B
RK
)
24
6.1
6.9
6.
6MS
(PA
S)
6.7M
S(B
RK
)
June
17
15
11
33
.5
17.1
0
S.
172.2
6
W.
33
6.6
7.0
7.
2MS
(BR
K)
June 19
10 31 05.4
40.75 N.
23.22 E.
10
5.3
4.
«oJu
ne
20
20
03
21.0
40.7
4
N.
23.2
3
E,
o3
6.1
6.4
6.
5MS
(PA
S)
6.6M
S(B
RK
)
July
4
22
23
28.0
40.7
5
N.
23.0
6
E.
19
5.1
4.
July
23
14
42
3
6.9
2
2.2
8
N.
121.5
1
E,
July
29
14
37
32.7
1
4.8
4
N.
91.0
2
W,
Aug
. 3
18
11
17.1
2
6.5
1
S.
70.5
4
W,
Aug
. 23
00
38
3
2.2
1
0.2
0
N.
85.2
2
W,
17
6.5
7.4
6.9MS(PAS)
6.8MS(BRK)
10
4.9
4.5
58
6.3
7.0mb(PAS)
6.6mb(BRK)
56
5.7
7.0
6.6MS(PAS)
7.2MS(BRK)
Volcano Islands
reg ion
Near east coast
of Honshu,
Japan
Mindanao,
Philippine
Islands
Tonga
Isla
nd
regio
n
Greece
Greece
Greece
Taiwan region
Guatemala
Twenty-two killed, 42
1 injured, and
extensive damage in the Sendai area,
Felt strongly at Zamboanga.
One killed, 10 injured, and damage
in th
e Thessaloniki area.
Fifty killed, many injured and
considerable damage in th
e Thessaloniki area.
One killed, 16
injured, and minor
damage in the Thessaloniki area.
Felt strongly on Taiwan.
Tsunami
recorded.
Five killed, many injured, and
considerable damage and landslides
in the Putzun area.
Nea
r coast
of
Thir
teen
inju
red
an
d
majo
r dam
age
nort
hern
C
hil
e
in
the
Copia
po-T
alt
a
are
a.
Cost
a R
ica
Sep. 16
15 35
56.6
33.39 N.
57.43 E.
33
6.5
7.4
7.8MS(BRK)
Iran
Nov.
1 19
48
2
8.0
3
9.3
5
N.
72.6
2
E.
40
6.2
6
.8
6.8M
S(P
AS
) K
irgiz
SS
R
Minor damage at Santa Cruz.
Also
felt in
southern Nicaragua.
Estimated deaths of 15,000.
Extensive damage in Tabas and
surrounding areas.
Felt
in
th
e
Osh
-Andiz
han
are
a
and
at
Tash
ken
t.
Tab
le 7
.-P
rin
cipa
l ea
rth
quak
es o
f th
e w
orld
du
rin
g 79
/^-C
onti
nu
ed
Dat
e O
rigin
ti
me
Geo
gra
ph
ic
Dep
th
USG
S O
ther
(19
78
) (U
TC
) C
oord
inate
s (k
m)
Mag
nit
ud
e M
agn
itu
de
hr
min
se
c
Lat.
(°
) L
ong.
(°)
mb
MS
Reg
ion
Rem
ark
s
Nov
. 4
22
29
22.1
11.2
3
S.
162.1
8
E.
33
5.8
6.9
6.
8MS
(PA
S)
Solo
mon
Isla
nd
s F
elt
o
n
San
C
rist
ob
al
and
6.8M
S(B
RK
) G
uad
alc
anal.
Nov
. 5
22
02
07
.1
11.1
3
S.
162.1
4
E.
33
6.3
7.1
7.
4MS
(PA
S)
Solo
mon
Isla
nds
Felt
st
rongly
on
S
an
Cri
sto
bal
and
7.4M
S(B
RK
) at
Honia
ra,
Guadalc
anal.
Nov
. 29
14
52
4
7.6
16.0
1
N.
96.5
9
W.
18
6.4
7
.7
7.5M
S(P
AS
) O
axac
a,
Mex
ico
E
ight
kil
led,
man
y in
jure
d,
and
Dec.
6 14
02
01.0
4
4.5
9
N.
146.5
8
E.
91
6.7
7.9
MS
(BR
K)
7.5
mb
(PA
S)
Kuri
l 6.
9mb(
BR
K)
Dec
. 12
11
44
1
6.0
7.3
3
N.
123.4
9
E.
33
6.2
6
.9
6.8M
S(P
AS
) M
indan
ao,
7.4M
S(B
RK
) P
hil
ipp
ine
Isla
nd
s
Dec.
14
07
05
2
0.6
3
2.1
4
N.
49
.65
E
. 33
5
.7
6.2
Wes
tern
Ir
an
exte
nsi
ve
dam
age
in
the
Mex
ico
Cit
y
are
a.
One
kil
led,
sev
era
l in
jure
d,
and
dam
age
in
the
sta
te
of
Oax
aca.
Dam
age
in
the
south
ern
K
uri
l Is
lan
ds
and
on
Ho
kk
aid
o,
Japan.
Felt
o
n
Min
dan
ao,
Jolo
, N
eg
ros,
an
d
Pan
ay.
Seventy
-six
k
ille
d,
som
e in
jure
d,
and
consi
dera
ble
dam
age
in
the
are
a
of
Izeh
and
Masj
ed-e
-Sole
ym
an.
Dec
. 23
11
23
12.0
2
3.2
5
N.
122.0
8
E.
33
6.6
7
.0
6.7M
S(P
AS
) T
aiw
an
regio
n
Two
kil
led
and
thre
e
inju
red
at
6.8MS(BRK)
Pingtung ,
Taiwan.
Felt
at Hong
Kong an
d in the
Ryuku Islands.
Abbreviations used in
Other Magnitude column:
PAS California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena;
BRK University
of
California Berkeley.
Strong-Motion Seismograph Data
By Ronald L. Porcella Seismic Engineering Branch
U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, California 94025
INTRODUCTION
The first engineering seismology pro gram in the United States was administered by the Seismological Field Survey of the Coast and Geodetic Survey (C&GS). This program was begun in 1931 and effectively remained the responsibility of the Seismo logical Field Survey (SFS) for more than 40 years. During this period the SFS was shifted from one acronymic agency to another, including C&GS, ESSA, NOS, NOAA, ERL, ESL, and finally, in 1973, USGS; soon afterwards the SFS became the Seismic Engineering Branch of the USGS. In spite of these numerous high-level administra tive changes, the program has retained a distinct identity and its basic objectives and field-level operations have remained remarkably consonant throughout the years.
The current program of strong-motion instrumentation administered by the USGS is supported by the National Science Foun dation (Grant CA-114) in cooperation with both private industry and education insti tutions, as well as numerous Federal, State, and local agencies and organiza tions. The objectives of the program are to record strong ground motions and the response of representative types of engineered structures during potentially damaging earthquakes and to disseminate processed data and information about the records, sites, and structures to external users in earthquake engineering research and design practice and engineering seismology. The dissemination of this information and data is achieved in vari ous ways .
Preliminary earthquake reports and a summary of recent accelerograph records are presented on a regular basis in Seismic Engineering Program Reports 1 . These summaries include a brief descrip tion of the earthquake and strong-motion recording station, the results of routine seal ings of those records that contain peak accelerations greater than 0.05 cj,
and photographic reproductions of many of the more significant accelerograms. The program reports also contain abstracts of recent reports, notes on strong-motion information sources and the availability of digitized data, and other information pertinent to the USGS and other strong- motion programs.
Strong-Motion event and strong-motion data reports are periodically published as USGS Open-file Reports and include the results of digitization and routine anal yses of strong-motion accelerograms that contain peak accelerations greater than 0.10 g or are related to a specific event, particular strong-motion station, or geo graphic group of stations. The minimum acceleration level is based primarily on the current capability of the USGS to pro cess strong-motion records and may vary with both the degree of seismic activity and number of personnel available at any given time. Although maximum acceleration is not directly related to frequency con tent or duration of strong-motion, the peak acceleration can be readily obtained from an accelerogram and thus the value is commonly used as a general indicator of the potential significance of the record. Detailed information on the availability of digitized data from various sources is published regularly in Seismic Engineering Program Reports.
The Strong-Motion Accelerograph Station List is periodically published as a USGS Open-file Report and includes information on all of the accelerograph stations in the western hemisphere known to the USGS. Because of the ever-changing nature of this information, it is impossi ble to have a complete list of all of the stations in existence at any one time. Rather, the list is intended to provide that community of persons interested in strong-motion programs with a reasonably complete indication of the current status of the various strong-motion networks. Information presented in this list includes the station name and geographic coordinates, site characteristics, type and size of structure, location of instru ments, and the primary sources of data. The current list contains information on approximately 1200 stations located in 38
__ ____ states, Canada, the Caribbean, andthroughout Central and South America.
Copies of these reports are available A strong-motion information retrieval free on application to Rranch of Distribu- system (SMIRS) has been developed to pro- tion, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South vide up-to-date information about strong- Eads Street, Arlington, Va. 22202. motion records and the circumstances in
98
which they were recorded. The system is accessible through a data terminal (300 baud, half duplex). The system is opera tional, but the information within it is incomplete and needs to be verified. A user's manual is available (Converse, 1978). To retrieve information, dial (415) 329-8600 and place the telephone handset into the terminal. When the car rier light comes on press the "line-feed" key and wait for the computer to respond (two lines will be printed); type the fol lowing :
enter your name SMIRS
Type the "enter" and "SMIRS" exactly as shown above, but replace your name with your own name. The word "enter" is five lowercase characters followed by one space; your name is typed as one continu ous character string and followed by one space; and "SMIRS" is five uppercase char acters. Type the carriage-return key and then the line-feed key; then you will be given instructions.
ACCELEROGRAPH DATA
Table 8 is a summary of the 95 accelerograph records recovered, although not necessarily recorded, during 1978. This value can be compared to a yearly average of 188 records for the period 1972 to 1977 inclusive. This decrease in the reported number of accelerograms recovered in 1978 is largely due to State legisla tion that has given responsibility to the California Division of Mines and Geology's Office of Strong-Motion Studies (OSMS) for dissemination of that organization's strong-motion data; OSMS data are no longer routinely listed in Seismic Engineering Program Reports.
The earthquakes (table 8) are listed in chronological order and include date, time (UTC), general location, geographic coordinates, and magnitude. Information about the recording station consists of the name and location, owner, and geo graphic coordinates. Record data include S-wave minus trigger time and the orienta tion, maximum acceleration, and duration of strong-motion (greater than 0.10 cj) f° r each instrument component. Record data is included only when one or more components recorded at least 0.05 £ at ground sta tions or 0.10 cf at upper floors of buildings. The event information has been compiled principally from the Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, published by the Geological Survey.
The following paragraphs summarize the results of the most significant earth quakes from which strong-motion records were obtained in 1978.
URIAH, CALIFORNIA - MARCH 25
A magnitude 4.6 (ML) earthquake on
March 25, at 4:27 p.m. (local time) trig gered three accelerographs at Coyote Dam located 18 km from the epicenter (Por- cella, 1978a), a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) facility approximately 175 km northwest of San Francisco near the town of Ukiah. The earthquake occurred off the coast of northern California at a depth of about 5 km and was felt in the Ukiah area; no damage was reported. The instrumentation at Coyote Dam is owned by the COE and operated by the USGS as part of the cooperative National Strong-Motion Network supported by the National Science Foundat ion.
Coyote Dam is an earthfill embankment approximately 1070 m long and 50 m high; the axis is aligned in a nearly north- south direction. Accelerographs are located at the center crest, center toe, and south abutment, and are equipped with horizontal starters; thus, the relatively short trigger minus S-wave intervals (approximately 0.5 s) recorded at the crest, toe, and abutment stations (fig. 39) are the result of the accelerographs triggering on horizontal ground motion perhaps 2 or 3 sec after the first P-wave arrival. Maximum accelerations recorded at the crest, toe, and south abutment sta tions are 0.30 g, 0.34 g_, and 0.20 g, respectively (fig. 39 and table 8).
In addition to the magnitude 4.6 earthquake, three smaller aftershocks pro duced minor records at Coyote Dam (table 8). The maximum acceleration (0.11 cj) was recorded on the crest instrument. Addi tionally, the California Division of Mines and Geology recovered several strong- motion records from stations located in the Willits-Ukiah area (Toppozada, 1978).
SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA - AUGUST 13
Eight accelerograms were recovered from strong-motion stations at Santa Bar bara, Goleta, Cachuma Dam, and the Univer sity of California, Santa Barbara campus (UCSB) in the days immediately following the August 13 earthquake (Porcella and others, 1978c). The main event occurred at 3:54 p.m. (local time) and was assigned magnitudes (ML) of 5.1 (California Insti tute of Technology), and 5.7 (University of California, Berkeley). The hypocenter was located offshore about 6 km south of Santa Barbara at a depth of 7 km (fig. 40) .
Strong-motion instruments that trig gered during the earthquake include triax- ial accelerographs located at crest and toe sites at Cachuma Dam, a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation facility at an epicentral distance of 34 km. A maximum horizontal ground acceleration of 0.12 jg (fig. 41) was recorded at the crest in a southwest direction, transverse to the axis of the embankment. A triaxial accelerograph installed at the basement level of the
CREST
5 SECONDS270° ;
UP
180°
5 CENTIMETERS
TOE
270°
UP
5 SECONDS
180° _;
ABUTMENT
5 SECONDS270°
UP
180° =
Figure 39. Coyote Dam accelerograms from the Ukiah, California earthquake of 25 March 1978.
Santa Barbara Courthouse recorded a max imum horizontal ground acceleration of 0.21 q in the southwest direction (epicen- tral distance 6 km); the duration of strong-motion (greater than 0.1 cj) was approximately 1.3 sec. AdditionallyV this instrument recorded a small aftershock about 14 sec after triggering during the main shock (fig. 41).
The Southern California Edison (SCE) Company recovered a strong-motion record from an SCE power facility on Glen Annie Road in Goleta; the triaxial recording system (SMA-2) employs FM modulation on a four-track magnetic tape cassette. The analog readout indicates a peak horizontal ground acceleration of 0.28 cj (north direction). Epicentral distance is 19 km.
100
The California Division of Mines and Geology strong-motion program (CSMIP) includes four sites in the Santa Barbara area that produced records during the August 13 event (Porter, 1978). Three of these sites are buildings instrumented by CSMIP in accordance with recently developed building instrumentation cri teria. The record from a nine-channel system installed at the three-story North Hall building on the UCSB campus indicates peak horizontal accelerations of 0.44 g, 0.66 g, and 0.99 g for the ground, third floor, and roof levels, respectively. Durations of strong (horizontal) motion (greater than 0.1 g) range from 2 sec at the ground level to approximately 9 sec at the roof level. Epicentral distance is about 13 km.
121°W
35°N
120°W
SANTA BARBARAL
EPICENTER w ^^ Venture
SANTA BARBARA CHA NNEL
CHANNEL ISLANDS
0 10 20 MILES
Figure 40. Location map, Santa Barbara, California earthquake of 13 August 1978.
The four-story Freitas Building in downtown Santa Barbara (epicentral dis tance 6 km) is instrumented with a nine- channel remote-recording system; the strong-motion record from the August 13 event shows peak horizontal accelerations of approximately 0.22 g, 0.30 g, and 0.67 cj at the basement, second floor, and roof levels, respectively. Durations of strong-motion range from 0.5 sec at the second floor to 7 sec at the roof level.
The twelve-story Holiday Inn on Har bor Boulevard in Ventura is instrumented with a twelve-channel remote-record ing system; accelerometers are located at ground, fourth floor, eighth floor, and roof levels. Maximum recorded accelera tion is less than 0.05 g at an epicentral distance of 40 km.
A CSMIP triaxial accelerograph at the Physical Plant station on the UCSB campus recorded a peak horizontal ground acceleration of about 0.37 g in the south direction (epicentral distance 13 km). Duration of strong-motion was approxi
mately 1.5 sec. Additionally, this instrument recorded a small aftershock about 17 sec after triggering during the main event; maximum acceleration is less than 0.05 cj.
JENKINSVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA - FEBRUARY to NOVEMBER
Twenty-one earthquakes were recorded between February and November 1978 at Mon- ticello Dam in north-central South Caro lina; the dam and reservoir are part of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Power Facil ity operated by the South Carolina Elec tric and Gas Company (SCEG) and are located approximately 4 km northwest of jenkinsville, S.C. The reservoir covers an area of about 2750 hectares and has an average depth of about 25 m. Filling of the reservoir began in late December 1977 and was accompanied by an abrupt increase in seismic activity (up to 100 events per day) recorded by a network of four seismo graphs operated by SCEG (Porcella, 1978b). Prior to filling of the reservoir, the USGS seismograph station at Jenkinsville had recorded one event about every six days. This increase in activity tapered off and then resumed abruptly in August 1978. Two strong-motion accelerographs were installed by the USGS in February 1978 as a result of the first increase in seismic activity. One accelerograph was placed in an office building a few hundred meters west of the power plant; the other instrument was installed on the south abutment of the largest of four embankment sections. Thirteen records with peak accelerations greater than 0.05 cj have been recovered from these two stations (table 8). The largest acceleration was recorded at the abutment site and suggests a 0.253 g_ peak horizontal ground accelera tion in~ the "south" direction (fig. 42); the duration of strong-motion (greater than 0.1 g) is about 0.06 sec at approximately 25 Hz. This record has been attributed to a magnitude 2.7 event (depth 1.5 km) on August 27, 1978 at 10:23:08 UTC and contains the largest known recorded acceleration from an earthquake in central or eastern North America. Epicentral dis tance is about 1 km. The absence of trigger minus S or S-P intervals on any of the 21 records indicates sources very near the recording stations.
mi
222° V-s-,-1
upCOURTHOUSE h AFTERSHOCK
132°
-5 cm-
340°
up
250°
12g
CACHUAAA DAAA CREST
-5 SECONDS-
CACHUAAA DAAA TOE
340°
up.07g
250°
Figure 41. Accelerograms from Santa Barbara Courthouse and Cachuma Dam, Santa Barbaraearthquake of 13 August 1978. Component direction refers to direction of case acceleration for upward trace deflection on accelerogram.
102
MONTICELLO DAM, ABUTMENT STATION
180°
27 August, 1023 UTC
0.25g
UP
090°
180°
UP
090°
27-31 August
5 SECONDS5CM
j___i___i___i
31 August - 6 November 31 August - 6 November
180°
0.22gUP
090°
180°
UP
090°
0.24g
Figure 42. Selection of Monticello Dam accelerograms from the Jenkinsville, South Carolina earthquakes of February to November 1978.
103
Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 1978
Event
7 June 1977-16 November 1977S. HawaiiEpicenters andmagnitudes unknown
9 June 1977-10 November 1977S. HawaiiEpicenters andmagnitudes unknown
13 October 1977-3 March 1978S. CaliforniaEpicenter andmagnitude unknown
3 October 1977-21 March 1978Imperial ValleyEpicenter andmagnitude unknown
4 November 1977-20 March 1978Imperial ValleyEpicenters andmagnitudes unknown
14 November 1977-20 March 1978Imperial ValleyEpicenters andmagnitudes unknown
15 November 19771913 UTCImperial' Valley32.83N., 115. 47W.Magnitude 3.4
15 November 19772200 UTCImperial ValleyEpicenter andmagnitude unknown
15 November 1977-23 March 1978
Station name Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner)1 coord.(s) (g) (s)
Wahaula, Hawaii 19.33 N.Visitor Center 155.03 W.(USGS)
Note: Two additional records were obtainedmaximum acceleration less
Pahala, Hawaii 19.20 N.Kau Hospital 155.47 W.(USGS)
Note: One additional record wasmaximum acceleration less
Carbon Canyon Dam 33.91 N. 2Crest 117.84 W.(ACOE)
Niland, Calif. 33.24 N. 1Fire Station 115.51 W.(CDMG)
El Centre Array 2 32.92 N.Keystone Rd . 115.37 W.(USGS)
Note: One additional record wasacceleration less than 0.
El Centre Array 6 32.84 N. 2Huston Rd. 115.49 W.(CDMG)
2
2
2
El Centre Array 7 32.83 N. 1Imp. Valley College 115.50 W.(USGS)
El Centre Array 7 32.83 N. 1Imp. Valley College 115.50 W.(USGS)
El Centre Array 9 32.79 N.Commercial Ave. 115.55 W.
than 0.05 g
155Up065
obtained atthan 0.05 g
.9
.7 090Up360
-
obtained at05 g.
.2 230Up140
.1 230UP140
.1
.0 230Up140
.1
.6 230Up140
-
**
at Wahaula;
.05
.02
.03
Pahala;
**
.11 1-peak
.04
.04
**
Array 2; maximum
.14 1-peak-.21 0.3
.07-.17 1-peak
1C 1C
.04-.06
**
.05
.03
.06
**
Imperial Valley Epicenter and magnitude unknown
(USGS)
Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 1978 Continued
Event
11 December 19770557 UTCImperial Valley32.57N., 115. 32W.Magnitude 3.4
26 March 19780027 UTCN. California39.09N., 123. 34W.Magnitude 4.5
26 March 1978-27 March 1978N. CaliforniaEpicenters andmagnitudes unknown
Station name (owner) 1
Bonds Corner, Calif.Ground Level(USGS)
Ukiah, Calif.Coyote Dam, Crest(ACOE)+
Ukiah, Calif.Coyote Dam, Toe(ACOE)+
Ukiah, Calif.Coyote Dam, Abutment(ACOE)+
Ukiah, Calif.Coyote Dam, Crest( ACOE )
Station S-t coord . ( s)
32.693 N. -115.338 W.
39.20 N.123.18 W.
39.20 N.123.18 W.
39.19 N.123.18 W.
39.20 N.123.18 W.
Note: Two additional aftershocksand three aftershocks each
25 March 19771544 UTCImperial Valley32.97N., 115. SOW.Magnitude 3.4
21 October 19770612 UTCImperial Valley32.90N., 115. SOW.Magnitude 4.3
24 February 1978-16 March 1978Jenkinsville, S.C.Epicenters andmagnitudes unknown
toe stations
Brawley AirportGround Level(USGS)
Brawley AirportGround Level(USGS)
Jenkinsville, S.C.Monticello Dam(USGS)Abutment(Office)
Shared abutment(Center crest)
2 Direction3 Max accl4 <2>
270Up180
270Up180
270Up180
270Up180
recordedrecorded
Maximum acceleration
32.99 N. 1.8115.51 W.
32.99 N.115.51 W.
34.30 N.81.33 W.
-
_-
_
_
315UP225
090Up360
180Up090
180Up090
**
.25
.14
.30
.34
.09
.22
.20
.07
.11
.11
.04
.07
Duration5 (s)
1.00.31.3
1.1-1.2
0.8-1-peak
1-peak--
at crest stationat abutmentless than 0
.06
.02
.07
**
.05
.03
.03
* *X *
.15
.10
.07
.06
.06
.07
and.05 g.
_--
---
1-peak1-peak-
_--
* ** *
16 March 1978- 3 May 1978 Jenkinsville, S.C. Epicenters and magnitudes unknown
Jenkinsville, S.C.Monticello Dam(USGS)Shared abutment(Center crest)
34.30 N. 81.33 W.
180UP090
.06
.04
.09
Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued
Event Station name (owner)1
Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 coord.(s) (g) (s)
Note: One additional (questionable) event was recorded; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 g.
20 March 1978- 31 May 1978 Imperial Valley Epicenter and magnitude unknown
2 May 1978 0617 UTC (a) imperial Valley 32.85N., 115.42W. Magnitude 3.2
2 May 1978 0617 UTC (b) Imperial Valley Epicenter and magnitude unknown
5 May 1978 0533 UTC Central Alaska 63.14N., 150.85W. Magnitude 5.0
11 May 1978 1157 UTCSan Jose , Calif. 37.38N., 121.76W. Magnitude 3.8
El Centro Array 2 Keystone Rd (USGS)
El Centro Array 9 Commercial Ave (USGS)
El Centro Array 4 Anderson Rd (USGS)
El Centro Array 6 Huston Rd (CDMG)+
El Centro Array 4 Anderson Rd (USGS)
El Centro Array 6 Huston Rd (CDMG)+
Talkeetna, AlaskaFAA-VOR(USGS) +
Halls Valley Grant Ranch (CDMG)+
32.92 N. 115.37 W.
32.79 N. 115.55 W.
32.86 N. 115.43 W.
32.84 N. 115.49 W.
32.86 N. 115.43 W.
32.84 N. 115.49 W.
62.30 N. 150.10 W.
37.34 N. 121.71 W.
2.7
2.0*
2.8*
230Up140
230Up140
,050205
,03 ,07 ,05
1.1
11 May 1978 1218 UTCSan Jose, Calif. 37.37N., 121.77W, Magnitude 3.7
12 May 1978 1216 UTC Central Alaska 62.IN., 149.2W. Magnitude 5.0
4 June 1978 0357 UTC S. California 33.92N., 117.83W, Magnitude 3.6
Halls Valley 37.34 N. Grant Ranch 121.71 W. (CDMG) +
Talkeetna, Alaska 62.30 N. FAA-VOR 150.10 W. (USGS) +
Carbon Canyon Dam 33.91 N. (ACOE)+ 117.84 W.
CrestRight Abutment
Diemer Filter Plant 33.91 N. (MWD)+ 117.82 W.
1.8 1.8
**
**
Admin. Bldg. 1.8
Table 8. Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued
Event
13 August 1978 2254 UTC Santa Barbara, Calif 34.37N., 119. 72W.
Magnitude 5.5
Station name Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner) 1 coord.(s) (g) (s)
Reservoir 1.8
Orange Co. Reservoir 33.94 N. 2.0 (MWD)+ 117.88 W.
Cachuma Dam 34.59 N. (USER) 119.98 W.
Crest 2.1 340 Up
250 .12
Toe 2.1 340 Up 250
Santa Barbara 34.424 N. 1.9 222 Courthouse Basement 119.712 W. Up (USGS) 132
U.C. Santa Barbara 34.422 N. 3.0 180 Physical Pfant 119.851 W. Up (CDMG) 090
U.C. Santa Barbara 34.416 N. 3.0 North Hall 119.846 W. (CDMG)
Ground Floor (center) channel (1)
Ground Floor (center) channel (2)
Ground floor (center) channel (3)
Ground floor (end) 360 channel (4)
Third floor (center) channel ( 5 )
Third floor (cente) 090 channel ( 6 )
Roof level (center) 180 channel (7)
Third floor (west end) channel ( 8 )
Third floor (east end)
* *
**
.08
.02 1-peak
.03
.02
.07
.21
.07
.10
.37
.14
.31
360
Up
090
.38
360
.56
.99
360
360
-
"
1.3
1-peak
1.5 1-peak 1.5
.442.0
.Ill-peak
.272.5
2.0
.645
6
9
.595
.665channel (9)
Santa Barbara 34.424 N. 0.9 Freitas Bldg. 119.698 W. (CDMG)
Roof level (center) 360 .30 5 channel (1)
Second floor (center) 090 .301 channel (2)
Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued
Event Station name Station (owner)1 coord.(s)
Basement (center) channel ( 3 )
Roo f 1 ev el ( cen te r ) channel (4)
Roof level (west end) channel ( 5 )
Second Floor (center) channel (6)
Second floor (west end) channel (7)
Basement (center) channel (8)
Basement (center)
S-t2 Direct ion3 Max accl4(g)
090
090 .67
360
360
360 .16
360 .13
Up .10
Duration5 (s)
.22.1
7
.215
.171
.5
1-peak
1-peak
27 August 1978 1023 UTCJenkinsville, S.C. 34.31N., 81.33 W. Magnitude 2.7
channel (9)
Note: Acceleration and duration»data for UCSB (Physical Plant and North Hall) and Goleta (Freitas Bldg.) are approxi mations .
Ventura, Calif. Holiday Inn (CDMG)
34.276 N. - 119.294 W.
Note: Building is 12 stories above ground level and is instru mented with a 12-channel CRA-1 remote recording system. Accelerometers are located at ground, 4th floor, 8th floor, and roof levels. A vertical starter is located at ground level; a horizontal starter is located at the roof level.
Goleta, Calif. Glen Annie Rd (SCE)
34.47 N. 119.89 W.
2.4 090Up360
.24
.08
.28
1.0
l.i
Note: A small aftershock was recorded at U.C. Santa Barbara Physical Plant and Santa Barbara Courthouse. Maximum acceleration less than 0.05 cj. Two seismoscope records were recovered at UCSB and Santa Barbara Courthouse; maximum relative displacements are 4.06 and 3.42 cm, respectively.
Jenkinsville, S.C. Monticello Dam (USGS)-f
Shared abutment (Center crest)
34.30 N. 81.33 W.
180Up090
.25
.08
.20
.06
.16
31 August 1978- 6 November 1978 Jenkinsville, S.C, Epicenters and
180Up090
Jenkinsville, S.C. 34.30 N. Monticello Dam 81.33 W, (USGS)
.08
.04
.06
Table 8. Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during J978~Continued
Event
magnitudes unknown
11 November 1977-25 August 1978palm Springs, Calif.Epicenter andmagnitude unknown
28 March 1978-27 August 1978S. HawaiiEpicenters andmagnitudes unknown
23 June 19780404 UTCS. CaliforniaEpicenter andmagnitude unknown
15 August 1978-11 December 1978
Station name Station S-t2 Direction Max accl (owner)1 coord.(s) (g)
Shared abutment(Center crest)
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
Palm Springs North 33.92 N. 1.3Post Office 116.54 W.(USGS)
Pahala, Hawaii 19.20 N.Kau Hospital 155.47 W.(USGS)
Honokaa, Hawaii 20.081 N.Fire Station 155.465 W.(USGS)
Wahaula, Hawaii 19.33 N. 1.4Visitor Center 155.03 W.(USGS)
Note: Three additional records werecenter; maximum acceleration
Salton Sea 33.18 N. 0.9National Wildlife 115.62 W.Refuge(USGS)
Santa Barbara 34.434 N. 1.7Courthouse Basement 119.712 W.
180Up090
180Up090
180Up090
180Up090
180Up090
180Up090
180Up090
300Up210
obtainedless than
315Up225
.06
.03
.06
.07
.03
.10
.04
.03
.06
* *
.05
.05
.12
.08
.06
.09
.22
.11
.16
.13
.17
.24
.12
.03
.07
* *
* *
* *
Duration5 (s)
--
_-
1-peak
_-
_-
1-peak
_--
.11-peak0.1
0.30.20.3
1-peak--
at Visitor0.05 g.
.08
.03
.02
* *
_--
Santa Barbara, Calif.Epicenter and magnitude unknown
(USGS)
Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued
w« _~ ~ ._._~ ._ _._ _ v _ _ _______._ ___ _ w ._._.___ _ _ M __ w ______ _ M ____________._ M ____________ M ____________________________ M _________________,__________ M ,
Event Station name Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5(owner)1 coord.(s) (g) (s)
__...._......_..........____..___________._______.._____________________.___________._ «««««««««« .,
4 October 1978 Pine Flat Dam 36.83 N. - **1642 UTC Piedra, Calif. 119.33 W.Bishop, Calif. (ACOE)+37.53N., 118.66W.Magnitude 5.7 Note: One event recorded at stations located at the toe,
downstream, and outlet tower levels 2 and 5;maximum acceleration less than 0.05 £.
Buchanan Dam 37.22 N. - ** (ACOE)+ 119.98 W.
Note: One event recorded at stations located at the crest, abutment, and outlet tower upper and lower levels; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 cj.
XACOE - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CDMG - California Division of Mines and Geology MWD - Metropolitan Water District SCE - Southern California Edison USER - U.S. Bureau of Reclamation USGS - U.S. Geological Survey+ - WWVB time code is incomplete or nonexistent; correlation of accelerogram with
event is questionable.
2 S-wave minus trigger time.* Denotes S-P interval, that is, the earthquake occurred within the instrumental run-time of a previous event.
3Azimuthal direction of case acceleration for upward trace deflection on accelerogram(opposite direction to pendulum motion). Case acceleration for vertical componentindicated as up or down.
4Unless otherwise noted, maximum acceleration recorded at ground or .basement level.** Denotes maximum acceleration is less than 0.05 cj at ground stations or less than
0.10 cj at upper floors of buildings.
5Duration for which peaks of acceleration exceed 0.10 q.
References
Bath, Markus, 1966, Earthquake energy and magnitude, in Physics and Chemistry of the Earth~Volume 7: Oxford and New York, Pergamon Press, p. 115-165.
Bennett, J. H., Sherburne, R. W. , Cramer, C. H., Chesterman, C. W., and Chap man, R. H., 1979, Stephens Pass earthquakes: California Geology, v. 32, no. 2, p. 27-34.
Converse, A., 1978, Strong-motion informa tion retrieval system user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 79-289, 51 p.
DuBois, S. M., and Wilson, F. W., 1978, List of earthquake intensities for Kansas, 1867-1977: Kansas Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Series 2, 56 p.
Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. P., 1956, Magnitude and energy of earthquakes: Annali di Geofisca, v. 9, no. 1, p. 1-15.
Johnson, C. E., 1979, I. CEDAR - An approach to computer automation of short-period local seismic networks, Ph.D. Thesis, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology.
Lawson, J. E., Jr., 1978, A preliminary duration magnitude scale for local and regional earthquakes recorded at Oklahoma seismograph stations: Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory Open-file Report, 14 p.
Lee, W. H. K., Johnson, C. E., Heneyey, T. L., and Yerkes, R. C., 1978, A pre liminary study of the Santa Barbara, California earthquake of August 13, 1978 and its major aftershocks: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 797, 11 p.
Luza, K. V., 1978, Regional seismic and geologic evaluations of Nemaha Uplift: Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska, Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 38, p. 49-58.
McKenzie, M. R., Miller, R. D., and Uhr- hammer, R. A., 1978, Bulletin of the Seismographic Stations, v. 48, nos. 1 and 2, 83 p., January 1, 1978- December 31, 1978.
Merriam, D. F., 1956, History of earth quakes in Kansas: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 46, no. 2, p. 87-96.
Miller, R. K. and Felszeghy, S. F., 1978, Engineering features of the Santa Barbara earthquake of August 13, 1978: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and University of California, Santa Barbara, UCSB-ME- 78-2, 140 p.
Nicholson, C. and Singh, S., 1978, A detailed microearthquake study of the New Madrid Fault Systems western Tennessee segment (abstract): Earth quake Notes, v. 49, p. 19.
Nuttli, 0. W. 1973, Seismic wave attenua tion and magnitude relations for eastern North America: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 78, no. 5, p. 876-885.
Porcella, R. L., 1978a, Recent strong- motion records, in Seismic Engineer ing Program Report, January - April 1978: Geological Survey Circular 785-A, p. 1-2.
Porcella, R. L., 1978b, Recent strong- motion records, in Seismic Engineer ing Program Report, May - August 1978: Geological Survey Circular 785-C, p. 1.
Porcella, R. L., 1978c, Recent strong- motion records, in Seismic Engineer ing Program Report, September December 1978: Geological Survey Circular 785-C, p. 1.
Porcella, R. L., Maley, R. P., and Acosta, A. V., 1978, Strong-motion results from the Santa Barbara, California earthquake of August 13, 1978, in Seismic Engineering Program Report, May - August 1978: Geological Survey Circular 7R5-B, p. 8-10.
Porter, L. D., 1978, Compilation of strong-motion records recovered from the Santa Barbara earthquake of 13 August 1978: California Division of Mines and Geology, Preliminary Report 22, 43 p.
Richter, C. F., 1958, Elementary Seismol ogy: San Francisco, Calif., W. H. Freeman and Co., Inc., 768 p.
Stanley, K. 0., and Wayne, W. J., 1972, Epeirogenic and climatic controls of early Pleistocene fluvial sediment dispersal in Nebraska: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America v. 83, p. 3675-3690.
Toppozada, T. R., 1978, Earthquakes in the Willits-Ukiah area: California Division of Mines and Geology, Cali fornia Geology, June 1978, p. 146- 147.
Whitcomb, J. H., Alien, C. R., Blanchard, A. C., Fisher, S. A., Fuis, G. S., Hutton, L. K. , Jenkins, D. J., John son, C. E., Reed, B. A., Richter K. J., 1978, Southern California Array for Research on Local Earthquakes and Teleseisms (SCARLET) Caltech - USGS Monthly Preliminary Epicenters for January 1977 to March 1978: Seismo- logical Laboratory, Division of Geo logical and Planetary Sciences, Cali fornia Institute of Technology.
Whitcomb, J. H., Alien, C. R., Blanchard, A. C., Fisher, S. A., Fuis, G. S., German, P. T., Hutton, L. K., John son, C. E., Lamanuzzi, V. D., Reed, B. A., Richter, K. J., 1979, Southern California Array for Research on
Local Earthquakes and Teleseisms (SCARLET) Caltech - USGS Monthly Epi centers from March 1978 to January 1979: Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology.
Wood, H. O., and Neumann, F., 1931, Modi fied Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 21, no. 4, p. 277-283.
Woollard, G. P., 1958, Areas of tectonic activity as indicated by earthquake epicenters: American Geophysical Union. Trans., v. 39, p. 1135-1150.
Zollweg, James, 1974, A preliminary study of the seismicity of the central United States: St. Louis University unpublished undergraduate report, 15 P-
NGSDC PUBLICATIONS (SOLID EARTH)
The publications listed below are available from the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, NOAA/EDIS, (D61), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303. Please allow 4 weeks for receipt of the reports. Minimum charge per order is $3.
SE-1 Catalog of Tsunamis in Alaska, March 1976.................................$1.00SE-2 Geodynamics International-9, June 1976. ................................... 1.00SE-3 Summary of earthquake Focal Mechanisms for the Western Pacific -
Indonesian Region 1929-1973, March 1977, NTIS......................... **SE-4 Catalog of Tsunamis in Hawaii, March 1977................................. 1.00SE-5 Geodynamics International-10, April 1977.................................. 1.00SE-6 Catalog of Seismograms and Strong-Motion Records, May 1977................ 2.00SE-7 Directory of Seismograph Stations, July 1977, NTIS No. PB 271684/AS....... **SE-8 Survey of Practice in Determining Magnitudes of Near Earthquakes, Part 2,
Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, the Pacific, August 1977, NTIS No.PB 271291/AS.......................................................... **
SE-9 Survey of Practice in Determining Magnitudes of Near Earthquakes, Part 1,North, Central, and South America, January 1978....................... 2.00
SE-10 Geodynamics International-11, January 1978................................ 2.00SE-11 The Information Explosion and Its Consequences for Data Acquisition
Documentation, and Processing, May 1978............................... 1.00SE-12 Geodynamics International-12, April 1978.................................. 2.00SE-13 Bibliography of Statistical Aspects of Seismicity, August 1978............ 2.00SE-14 Directory of U.S. Data Repositories Supporting the International
Geodynamics Project, August 1978...................................... 2.00SE-15 Geodynamics International-13, November 1978............................... 2.00SE-16 Geodynamics International-14, April 1979. ................................. 2.00SE-17 Annual Mean Values of Geomagnetic Components for Selected Observatories,
1940-73, June 1979.................................................... 2.00SE-18 Homogeneous Magnitude System of the Eurasion Continent: P Waves, August
1979. .......................................... . .~. .................. 2.00SE-19 Geodynamics International-15, August 1979................................. 2.00SE-20 Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice, September 1979, NTIS
No. PB 80107196. ...................................................... **SE-21 Geomagnetic Observatories 1978, November 1979............................. 3.00SE-22 Historical Seismogram Filming Project: F,irst Progress Report, November
1979, NTIS No. PB 80146095........../................................. **NGSDC-1 A Historical Summary of Earthquake Epicenters In and Near Alaska, April
1976. ................................................................. 2.00NGSDC-2 Final Report: An Analysis of Earthquake Intensities with Respect to
Attenuation, Magnitude and Distance, August 1976...................... 2.00NGSDC-3 An Analysis of Earthquake Intensities and Recurrence Rates In and Near
Alaska, October 1976.................................................. 2.00NGSDC-4 Reevaluation of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale for Earthquakes Using
Distance as Determinant, January 1978................................. 4.00NGSDC Data Fact Sheet No. 1. Some Summary Geomagnetic Activity Data 1932-1976
(1977) ................................................................ 1.00Publication 40-1, Magnetism of the Earth.......................................... 3.00Magnetic Surveys - Serial 718, 1964............................................... 3.00Magnetic Poles and the Compass - Serial 726, 1962................................. 1.00KGRD 2 Bibliography and Index to Literature on Manganese Nodules (1874-1975),
September 1978, NTIS No. PB 257218.................................... **KGRD 5 Earthquake Data File Summary, May 1976.................................... 1.00KGRD 6 Catalog of Strong-Motion Seismograph Stations and Records, NTIS No.
COM-74-10714.......................................................... **KGRD 7 Catalog of Earthquake Photographs, December 1976.......................... 3.00KGRD 8 Catalog of Digital Bathymetric Data for the United States Coastal Regions. ** KGRD 9 Catalog of Seismogram Archives, May 1977.................................. 1.00KGRD 10 The Marine Geophysical Data Exchange Format - "MCD77," September 1977..... 1.00KGRD 11 Summary of Digital Marine Geophysical Data Holdings (Bathymetric,
Gravimetric, and Magnetic Data), September 1978....................... 1.00Proceedings of Marine Geology Data Management Workshop, May 22-24, 1978........... FreePrinciples Underlying the Interpretation of Seismograms, Special Publication
No. 254 (1966)........................................................ 4.00Publication 41-1, Earthquake History of the United States, Revised Edition through
1970 (1973)........................................................... 5.00Earthquake History of the United States (1971-76 Supplement) 1979................. 2.25Publication 41-2, Earthquake Investigation in the Western United States, 1931-1964
(1965)................................................................ 3.00United States Earthquakes (Annual report available from 1928 through 1976)........ **
United States Earthquakes, 1977 (Annual report available from 1928)............... ****Earthquake Data Services and Publications, October 1978........................... FreeGeomagnetism (Solid Earth) Data Services and Publications, October 1978. .......... FreeMarine Geology and Geophysics Data Services and Publications, October 1978........ FreeThe Puget Sound, Washington, Earthquake of April 29, 1966......................... 1.00The Parkfield, California, Earthquake of June 27, 1966............................ 1.00The Fairbanks, Alaska, Earthquake of June 21, 1967................................ 1.00Tetrahedron Globe, 1976 (Q) - Earthquake Epicenters of the World.................. ***Icosahedron Globe, 1977 (S) - Earthquake Epicenters of the World.................. ***Icosahedron Globe, 1978 (N-N) - International Geomagnetic Reference Field........ ***Icosahedron Globe, 1979 (S) - International Geomagnetic Reference Field.......... ***Volcanoes of the World map (L.D. Morris, T. Simkin, and H. Meyers) 1979........... 2.50##Terrestrial Heat Flow Data map, 1976.............................................. 2.50##Geothermal Energy in the Western United States map, 1979.......................... FreeGeothermal Energy in Alaska and Hawaii map, 1979.................................. FreeGeopressured-Geothermal Energy in Reservoir Fluids of the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Basin map, 1979. ...................................................... FreeGeothermal Energy Resources of the Western United States map, 1979................ FreeGeothermal Resources of Idaho map, 1980........................................... Free#
**Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road,Springfield, VA 22161.
***Price: 10 or more copies, $0.10 each; 2 to 9 copies; $1 total; 1 copy free. ****Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash
ington, DC 20402.##Available from NOAA, National Ocean Survey, (C44), 6501 Lafayette Ave., Riverdale,
MD 20840. #For availability consult NGSDC.