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•United Kingdom uses British East India Company to control India's government & military
•UK -Attitude superiority
British East India British East India Company AgentsCompany Agents
Sepoys, 1850sSepoys, 1850s•Hired Indian soldiers
•Rebel against UK: B/c rumor bullets are greased with cow & pig fat(Cows- sacred to Hindis/Pigs- taboo for Muslims)
•Those who refuse to load rifles- arrested
•Sepoys rebel killing 50 European men women and children
The Sepoy Mutiny: The Sepoy Mutiny: 18571857
First War for IndependenceFirst War for Independence
Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857
Execution of Execution of Sepoys:Sepoys:
“The Devil’s Wind”“The Devil’s Wind”
Result: of Sepoy Rebellion
•UK parliament transfer power of the British East India Co. – to English government
1877: Queen Victoria Becomes 1877: Queen Victoria Becomes
“Empress of India” “Empress of India”India becomes formal UK India becomes formal UK
colony colony
•Largest Largest colony 300 colony 300 mil. peoplemil. people
““jewel in the crown”jewel in the crown”
Queen Victoria in Queen Victoria in India India
Benefits Benefits • Stable efficient government• New school system (only
serves upper-class) 99% pop. Are peasants
• Railroads, telegraph, postal service
Theosophical Library – Theosophical Library – Madras, 1913Madras, 1913
Darjeeling Railroad, Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s1880s
CostsCosts• Local economies destroyed by British
Manufacturing• British Textiles put 1,000’s out of work
(mostly women)• Tax collectors abuse peasants• Indians forced to grow cotton-not food
led to FAMINE• British Rule is degrading – take best
jobs & houses• Arrogant racist attitudes lead to
nationalist movement
A LifeA Lifeofof
LeisureLeisure
Living Like a MaharajahLiving Like a Maharajah
Simla: Little England in Simla: Little England in the the
mountains of India mountains of India
the Indian National Congressthe Indian National Congress
1885 1885 formed in response to British formed in response to British dominationdomination
swarajswaraj “independence.” “independence.” ** the goal of the movement. the goal of the movement.
Made up of English- educated upper classMade up of English- educated upper class
Mostly HinduMostly Hindu
the Muslim League the Muslim League 19061906
Formed due to rivalries between Formed due to rivalries between Hindus & Muslims.Hindus & Muslims.
Mohandas K. Gandhi,1876Mohandas K. Gandhi,1876
•English educated lawyer emerges as leader
•Sees racial exploitation while working in South Africa
•Promotes nonviolent resistance against unjust laws
Gandhi as a Young Gandhi as a Young Barrister in NatalBarrister in Natal
Gandhi as a Lawyer in Gandhi as a Lawyer in Johannesburg, So. AfricaJohannesburg, So. Africa
Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi
Independence Independence MovementMovement
•Goal: force British to improve the lot of the poor & grant independence
•Called “Mahatma” (great soul) resisting unjust laws was moral path (peaceful protests & marches)
•Movement leads to an Indian cultural revival in literature, poetry, social reform & spirituality
Salt March, 1930Salt March, 1930
MakingMakingSaltSalt
Hunger StrikeHunger Strike
Salt March, 1930Salt March, 1930
MakingMakingSaltSalt
Pre-PartitionPre-Partition
PartitionPartition