Unit3.BuildingMaterials

7/30/2019 Unit3.BuildingMaterials

1/27

Unit 2:Building Materials


2/27

The illustrationshown on the right

represents theessential elements

of a modern

Building.


3/27

1.Foundations :

This is a structure (made, mainly, of

cement, ironand gravel ) that

transfers loads tothe earth. Theprimary design

concerns aresettlement andbearing capacity
http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/materials/building-materials.phphttp://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/materials/building-materials.phphttp://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/materials/building-materials.phphttp://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/materials/building-materials.php


4/27

1.Foundations :

A foundation is always wider than the element(e.g. wall or column) which it is supporting.This is so that the load is spread over agreater area .


5/27

Strip foundation: the lower portion of the stripis stretched (tension) as the foundationbends under loading. Placing steelreinforcement in the foundation counteractsthis and ensures the foundation remainsstable.

1.Foundations :


6/27

2.StructureIs comprised of pillars,beams and tie-beamsmade of reinforcedconcrete or iron.

The structural system of every house is required tosupport and transmit

various loads. TheseLoads can be classed asstatic or dynamic.


7/27

Static Loads:Loads that are appliedslowly to a structure and do notchange quickly. Examples of static loads include: Loadsassociated with the buildingweight and any elementspermanently attached to it

Dynamic Loads.Loads that are appliedsuddenly to a structure, often

with rapid changes inmagnitude and point of application. Examples of dynamic loads include: windloads and earthquake loads

2.Structure


8/27

3.Floors and ceilingThe primary functions of the floor are to supportthe imposed loads and toprovide a level surfacefor the activities that arecarried out in the home.


9/27

3.Floors and ceiling . Hollow tile are placed between two tie-beams, later itis covered by a layer of concrete. Floors are finished

with floor tiles or floorboard.


10/27


11/27

4.Exteriors wallsThe primary functions of the external walls of a houseare to support the loads generated ( only in case of ano-columns structure ) and to create a comfortableliving space.


12/27

4.Exteriors wallsThe most common methodused for housing is the cavityconstruction. This involvesbuilding a wall that consists oftwo separate walls, an innerwall and an outer wall, with asmall gap ( called a cavity )between them and another

bigger gap for an insulator.


13/27

5.Windows

These provide a visuallink between internalspace and the outsideworld. They are very

important to the mentalhealth of the people inthe house. A small tie-beam is placed abovethe window to bear theload of all brickssituated over thewindow frame.


14/27

5.WindowsDouble-glazing isdesigned to reduce theamount of heat lostthrough the glass, whileweather stripping isdesigned to reduce theamount of heat lost due toair infiltration (draughts).Double-glazing can

significantly reduce theamount of heat lostthrough a typical window.


15/27


16/27

6. RoofRoofs must be designedto have weatherresistance. Every roof inthe world is sloped tosome extent. Even so-called flat roofs areslightly sloped. Thereason we slope roofs isto dispel rainwater.


17/27

7.Internal walls .The primary functionof internal wall is to

divide the overallspace within the

house into smaller spaces. They are

made of brick, woodor plaster .
http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/materials/building-materials.phphttp://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/materials/building-materials.php


18/27


19/27

Construction Materials. Ceramics, Glassand reinforced concrete

Ceramics: All types of bricks used inconstruction are ceramicmaterials that are modelled and

dried by the action of heat.

In order to get a brick, clay is mixed with additives that give theceramic brick different properties. An essential element is feldspar.

Feldspar improves the toughness, strength, and durability of the

ceramic brick.


20/27

Glass:

The optical and physicalproperties of glass make it

suitable for construction

applications such as flat glass for windows, thermal insulators (glasswool which fills up the spacebetween two walls ) internal

glazed partitions, etc


21/27

Reinforced concrete:

It is concrete in which reinforcementbars (iron bars ) have been

incorporated to strengthen the

material. Remember that concrete isgood at compression efforts but badat tension efforts. Iron has a good

tension efforts value so adding ironto concrete will lead to a material

good at both compression andtension.


22/27

Reinforced concrete:


23/27

Consolidation: When stress is applied to a soil that causes thesoil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducingits volume. Process by which soils decrease in volume.Gravel: small stones and pebbles (very small, rounded stone), or a mixture of these with sand Bearing Capacity: is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground.

Hollow tile : A hollow building block of concrete or Terracotta used for making exterior walls, floors or roofs. Also knownas hollow block Concrete: is a construction material composed of cement, sand, water as well as other cement like materials.Settlement : is defined as downward movement of the soil, or anystructure on it, as a result of soil consolidation, usually caused bythe load applied by the structure.Clay: a natural earthy material that is plastic when wet, consistingessentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum: used for making

bricks, pottery, etc

Dictionary:


24/27

Failure: an act or instance of failing or proving unsuccessful; lack of success.Moisture: wetness caused by water Masonry : work constructed by a mason, stonework or brickworkMason : a person whose trade is building with units of variousconstruction products, such as stones, bricks, or tiles, usually with theuse of mortar or cement as a bonding agent.Patterned: a model or form of metal, used for giving the bar an extraadhesion to the concrete.Rot : to deteriorate, disintegrate, fall, or become weak due to decaySlates: 1. A piece of this rock cut for use as roofing. 2. A writing tabletmade of a similar material. Slenderness : thin or slightTiles : a thin slab or bent piece of baked clay, sometimes painted or glazed, used for various purposes, such as to form one of the units of a roof covering or floor (other shape )

Dictionary:


25/27

Activity A. In the picture above, identify each componentof structure in the next square. Also, commentsomething about that part, as their characteristics,properties, etc.

StructureFoundationsExterior WallsWindowsInternal Walls

Roof Floor and ceiling


26/27

B . Complete the sentences with the following words :Loads, Roof, Iron, heat, Gravel, cold, good building, smaller, Structure, Wall,foundation, Clay, internal wall, Plaster

Activity

1. A _________________is the part of a structure that transfers the ______from thestructure to the ground.

2. _________ = Its functions are to protect a building from the weather and to retainthe heat generated inside.

3. The primary function of __________________is to divide the overall space withinthe house into ___________spaces.

4. ____________= small stones and pebbles.5. ______________ a composition, such as one made of lime or gypsum and sand

and water, applied in a pasty form to walls, ceilings, etc.6. ______________ a natural earthy material that is plastic when wet, consisting

essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum: used for making bricks, pottery, etc7. The External_________ are usually made by two brick walls and an insulator layer.8. A _____________ is comprised of pillars, beams and tie-beams made of reinforced

concrete or iron.9. __________ is a material very useful in buildings.10. The buildings are built to provide _________in winter and ________in summer.

11. A ______________has a good structure and foundation to avoid static problems


27/27

Activity

C. True or False. Correct the sentence.

The function of a foundation on a building can besummarized as follow:

To transmit all building load to the first floor.

To limit settlement and avoid subsidence.

To provide a level bed on which to build.

To fix nearly the structure to the ground.

Documents

Unit3.BuildingMaterials