Unit XXV – Modern Unit XXV – Modern TerrorismTerrorism

This presentation is a limited description of This presentation is a limited description of terrorist organizations that have conducted terrorist organizations that have conducted the most notorious attacks . Most of the the most notorious attacks . Most of the

groups react to foreign policies of the United groups react to foreign policies of the United States, especially in the Middle East.States, especially in the Middle East.

Copyright 2006; C. Pettinato, RCS High School, All Rights Reserved

1. Map of Israel – Primary Target 1. Map of Israel – Primary Target

2. Video - Palestinian Land Claims2. Video - Palestinian Land Claims

3. Definitions3. DefinitionsA. A. TerrorismTerrorism – The deliberate use of random – The deliberate use of random

violence, especially against civilians, to violence, especially against civilians, to achieve political goals.achieve political goals.

B. B. TerroristTerrorist – A person who commits – A person who commits random acts of violence to achieve political random acts of violence to achieve political goals.goals.

C. C. Primary Goals of TerroristsPrimary Goals of Terrorists - Destruction - Destruction of governments resulting in regime change of governments resulting in regime change and also territorial gain. and also territorial gain.

4. Al Qaeda - 19884. Al Qaeda - 1988

A. Attacks:A. Attacks: 1. World Trade Center – 1. World Trade Center –

19931993 2. Tanzanian and Kenyan 2. Tanzanian and Kenyan

US Embassies – 1998US Embassies – 1998 3. USS Cole – 20003. USS Cole – 2000 4. World Trade Center 4. World Trade Center

20012001 5. Kenyan Hotel -20025. Kenyan Hotel -2002 6. Bali nightclub – 20026. Bali nightclub – 2002 7. Many attacks in Saudi 7. Many attacks in Saudi

Arabia – 2001-2004Arabia – 2001-2004 8. Istanbul synagogue and 8. Istanbul synagogue and

HSBC bank – 2004 HSBC bank – 2004

B. GoalsB. Goals:: 1. to unite Muslims to fight 1. to unite Muslims to fight

against the U.S. as a way of against the U.S. as a way of defeating Israeldefeating Israel

2. overthrowing non-Islamic 2. overthrowing non-Islamic regimesregimes

3. expelling westerners and 3. expelling westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim non-Muslims from Muslim countriescountries

4. merged with Egyptian 4. merged with Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 2001 Islamic Jihad in 2001

5. merged with al-Zarqawi’s 5. merged with al-Zarqawi’s group -2004group -2004

5. 9/11/01 – The Second World 5. 9/11/01 – The Second World Trade Center AttackTrade Center Attack

6. Al Qaeda (cont.)6. Al Qaeda (cont.)

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1. Usama bin Laden1. Usama bin Laden 2. Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi2. Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi 3. Ayman al-Zawahiri3. Ayman al-Zawahiri

D. Financing;D. Financing; 1. personal wealth - 1. personal wealth -

UsamaUsama 2. fund raising –false 2. fund raising –false

Muslim and humanitarian Muslim and humanitarian charities charities

3. wealthy Arab 3. wealthy Arab sheiks (Saudi Arabia)sheiks (Saudi Arabia)

4. individuals and 4. individuals and businesses businesses

5. the heroin trade 5. the heroin trade

7. Usama bin Laden7. Usama bin Laden

8. Hezbollah – The Party of God – 8. Hezbollah – The Party of God – Islamic Jihad (1982)Islamic Jihad (1982)

A. AttacksA. Attacks:: 1. many attacks in Israel 1. many attacks in Israel

(80’s – 90’s)(80’s – 90’s) 2. US Embassy (1984)2. US Embassy (1984) 3. Marine Barracks, 3. Marine Barracks,

Lebanon, 1984Lebanon, 1984 4. kidnapping of 4. kidnapping of

Americans in Lebanon -Americans in Lebanon -1980’s1980’s

5. TWA hijacking – 19855. TWA hijacking – 1985 6. Israeli Embassy attack 6. Israeli Embassy attack

– 1992– 1992

B. Goals:B. Goals: 1. elimination of Israel, 1. elimination of Israel,

liberation of Jerusalem, liberation of Jerusalem, and Islamic rule in and Islamic rule in LebanonLebanon

2. guidance and 2. guidance and assistance to other assistance to other extremist groupsextremist groups

3. Independent State of 3. Independent State of PalestinePalestine

9. Hezbollah (cont.)9. Hezbollah (cont.) C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1.Ideas of the former Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran)1.Ideas of the former Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran) 2. Sec. Gen. - Hasan Nasrallah of the 2. Sec. Gen. - Hasan Nasrallah of the

Consultative Council (ruling body)Consultative Council (ruling body)

D. FinancingD. Financing:: 1. Iran1. Iran 2. false charities and humanitarian groups2. false charities and humanitarian groups 3. wealthy individuals3. wealthy individuals 4. diplomatic, political, and logistical support 4. diplomatic, political, and logistical support

from Syriafrom Syria 5. businesses5. businesses

10. The Hezbollah Flag 10. The Hezbollah Flag

11. Hamas (1987)11. Hamas (1987)

A. AttacksA. Attacks:: 1. Many bombings, 1. Many bombings,

suicide bombings, rocket suicide bombings, rocket and artillery attacks, and artillery attacks, kidnappings, beatings, kidnappings, beatings, and other acts of and other acts of violence against Israeli violence against Israeli civilians during 80’s and civilians during 80’s and 90’s- hundreds of 90’s- hundreds of casualtiescasualties

2. provides relief, 2. provides relief, education, to education, to PalestiniansPalestinians

3. provides political 3. provides political participationparticipation

B. GoalsB. Goals:: 1. destruction of Israel1. destruction of Israel 2. destruction of Judaism2. destruction of Judaism 3. political violence3. political violence 4. creation of a 4. creation of a

Palestinian StatePalestinian State

12. Hamas (cont.)12. Hamas (cont.)

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1. Saikh Ahmed Yassir – founder1. Saikh Ahmed Yassir – founder 2. Mohammad Taha – political Leader2. Mohammad Taha – political Leader 3. Many top officials have been assassinated by 3. Many top officials have been assassinated by

IsraelIsrael

D. FinancingD. Financing:: 1. Israel at 11. Israel at 1st,st, to balance the power of Al Fatah to balance the power of Al Fatah 2. Saudi Arabia2. Saudi Arabia 3. various other Middle East countries3. various other Middle East countries 4. illegal drug sales4. illegal drug sales

13. Popular Front for the Liberation 13. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) - 1967of Palestine (PFLP) - 1967

A. Attacks:A. Attacks: 1. numerous international 1. numerous international

attacks in 1970’s (some attacks in 1970’s (some airliner hijackings)airliner hijackings)

2. Israeli settler and her son 2. Israeli settler and her son – 1996– 1996

3. at least 2 suicide 3. at least 2 suicide bombings in Israel since bombings in Israel since 20032003

4. assassination of Israeli 4. assassination of Israeli tourism minister - 2001 tourism minister - 2001

B. GoalsB. Goals:: 1. freedom for Palestine1. freedom for Palestine 2. freedom for the Gaza strip2. freedom for the Gaza strip 3. revolution against western 3. revolution against western

imperialismimperialism

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1. George Habash (67)1. George Habash (67)

D. Financing:D. Financing: 1. Syria1. Syria 2. wealthy individ./business2. wealthy individ./business

14. Al-Fatah14. Al-Fatah A. Attacks:A. Attacks: 1. numerous1. numerous attacks of attacks of

international terrorism – 60’s, 70’sinternational terrorism – 60’s, 70’s 2. Black September – 72, Munich2. Black September – 72, Munich 3. no know attacks since 19933. no know attacks since 1993

B. GoalsB. Goals:: 1. Destruction of Israel and the 1. Destruction of Israel and the

creation of a Palestinian State, creation of a Palestinian State, training other terrorist groupstraining other terrorist groups

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1. Yassir Arafat1. Yassir Arafat

D. FinancingD. Financing:: 1. wealthy individuals1. wealthy individuals 2. businesses2. businesses 3. illegal activities3. illegal activities 4. Saudi Arabia4. Saudi Arabia 5. Kuwait5. Kuwait

E. EvolutionE. Evolution:: 1. turned into a political party 1. turned into a political party

(PLO) in 1993 and claimed (PLO) in 1993 and claimed to represent the Palestiniansto represent the Palestinians

2. Current leader – 2. Current leader – Mahmoud AbbasMahmoud Abbas

15. Yassir Arafat and Mahmoud 15. Yassir Arafat and Mahmoud AbbasAbbas

16. The Flag of the Palestinian 16. The Flag of the Palestinian Liberation OrganizationLiberation Organization

17. The PLO17. The PLO

18. The Palestinian Liberation 18. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)Organization (PLO)

A. political wing created in 1993 when Yassir A. political wing created in 1993 when Yassir Arafat signed the Arafat signed the Declaration of PrinciplesDeclaration of Principles with with Israel, renouncing violenceIsrael, renouncing violence

B. Yassir Arafat was the chairmanB. Yassir Arafat was the chairman C. no incidents of terrorism have been C. no incidents of terrorism have been

connected to this organization since.connected to this organization since. D. it has advocated for a Palestinian StateD. it has advocated for a Palestinian State E. under Arafat, it publicly discouraged violence E. under Arafat, it publicly discouraged violence

F. it also, ignored violence when it was F. it also, ignored violence when it was committed, and failed to arrest terrorists despite committed, and failed to arrest terrorists despite having it’s police force financed by the U.S. having it’s police force financed by the U.S.

19. Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (2000)19. Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (2000)

A. AttacksA. Attacks:: 1. In Israel and the occupied 1. In Israel and the occupied

territories against troops, territories against troops, civilians:civilians:

a. shootings, suicide a. shootings, suicide bombings, beatings, rocket bombings, beatings, rocket and artillery attacks, and artillery attacks, murdering cooperating murdering cooperating PalestiniansPalestinians

b. responsible for the b. responsible for the intifadaintifada

B. GoalsB. Goals: 1. driving Israeli : 1. driving Israeli settlers from the West Bank settlers from the West Bank and the Gaza Stripand the Gaza Strip

2. establishment of a 2. establishment of a Palestinian StatePalestinian State

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1. No significant leader, 1. No significant leader,

2. related to Al Fatah2. related to Al Fatah

D. FinancingD. Financing 1. Many public 1. Many public

accusations of financing accusations of financing from Iran and Hezbollahfrom Iran and Hezbollah

20. Al-Jihad20. Al-Jihad A. AttacksA. Attacks:: 1. Numerous high level 1. Numerous high level

Egyptian government Egyptian government officials (Anwar Sadat)officials (Anwar Sadat)

2. U.S. and Israeli 2. U.S. and Israeli intelligence officialsintelligence officials

B: GoalsB: Goals: : 1. the overthrow of Egypt 1. the overthrow of Egypt

and the establishment of and the establishment of an Islamic statean Islamic state

2. merged with al 2. merged with al Qaeda(2001)Qaeda(2001)

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1. Ayman al-Zawahiri1. Ayman al-Zawahiri

D. FinancingD. Financing:: 1. early financing 1. early financing

unknownunknown 2. since 1998 from al 2. since 1998 from al

QaedaQaeda

21. Ayman al-Zawahiri21. Ayman al-Zawahiri

22. Abu Nidal (1974)22. Abu Nidal (1974) A. AttacksA. Attacks:: 1. In 20 different countries 1. In 20 different countries

killing over 900 peoplekilling over 900 people 2. Rome, Vienna airports – 2. Rome, Vienna airports –

19851985 3. Istanbul synagogue, (85)3. Istanbul synagogue, (85) 4. Pan Am F-73 in Karachi 4. Pan Am F-73 in Karachi

(86)(86) 5. Greek cruise ship (88)5. Greek cruise ship (88) 6. attacks ag. PLO ministers6. attacks ag. PLO ministers 7. No attacks since late 80’s7. No attacks since late 80’s

B. GoalsB. Goals:: 1. elimination of Israel1. elimination of Israel 2. elimination of anyone 2. elimination of anyone

who cooperates with who cooperates with IsraelIsrael

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1.Sabri al-Banna (Abu 1.Sabri al-Banna (Abu

Nidal) – died 2002Nidal) – died 2002

D. FinancingD. Financing:: Iraq, Syria, Iraq, Syria, Libya Libya

23. The Irish Republican Army 23. The Irish Republican Army (IRA)(IRA)

24. The IRA (cont.)(1969)24. The IRA (cont.)(1969) A. AttacksA. Attacks:: 1. bombings, 1. bombings,

assassinations, assassinations, kidnappings, punishment, kidnappings, punishment, beatings,beatings,

extortion, robberies in extortion, robberies in Britain, Northern Ireland, Britain, Northern Ireland, and Ireland and Ireland

B. GoalsB. Goals:: 1. removing British forces 1. removing British forces

from Northern Ireland and from Northern Ireland and reuniting Ireland and reuniting Ireland and Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland

2. protecting Catholics and 2. protecting Catholics and punishing Protestantspunishing Protestants

3. voluntarily disarmed in 3. voluntarily disarmed in 2005 2005

C. IndividualsC. Individuals:: 1. various leaders – current - 1. various leaders – current -

Gerry Adams (SF)Gerry Adams (SF) 2. formed as a radical wing 2. formed as a radical wing

of the Political Party Sinn of the Political Party Sinn FeinFein

D. FinancingD. Financing:: Libya, PLO, sympathizers in Libya, PLO, sympathizers in

the U.S.the U.S.

25. Gerry Adams – Sinn Fein25. Gerry Adams – Sinn Fein

26. Important Terms and People26. Important Terms and People

A. TerrorismA. Terrorism B. TerroristB. Terrorist C. Al QaedaC. Al Qaeda D. Usama bin LadenD. Usama bin Laden E. Abu Mus’ab al ZarqawiE. Abu Mus’ab al Zarqawi F. Ayman al ZawahiriF. Ayman al Zawahiri G. HezbollahG. Hezbollah H. HamasH. Hamas I. PFLPI. PFLP

J. Al Aqsa Martyrs J. Al Aqsa Martyrs BrigadeBrigade

K. Abu NidalK. Abu Nidal L. Al-JihadL. Al-Jihad M. IRAM. IRA N. Sinn FeinN. Sinn Fein O. Gerry AdamsO. Gerry Adams P. intifada- armed P. intifada- armed

struggle against Israel in struggle against Israel in the occupied territoriesthe occupied territories