UNIT V-----PERSONALITY Personality refers to your characteristic
pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Motive---stimulus that
moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific
goal. --- WHYS of behavior Slide 2 Objectives and agenda 12/9
Objectives Review the Stages of development Build an understanding
of how needs and drive develop the idea of motivation List the
different theories of motivation Agenda Work on vocabulary for
chapters 11,12adolescence and adulthood Needs and drive Video127
Hourslist his psychological needs and biological needs Theories of
motivation notes. What is a hero? Group worklist Grouplist the
major ideas of childhood (10), adolescence (11), and adulthood (12)
HWReview questions for chapter 11----Test on Development will be on
Friday Slide 3 Personality Slide 4 The Psychology of Motivation
Needs Needcondition in which we require something we lack.
Biological and psychological Achievement, self-esteem a sense of
belonging and social approval---psychological Need for sleep, food,
etc---biological---BASED UPON DEPRIVATION Psychological needs are
not necessarily based on deprivation. Psychological needs may be
learned Drives Needs give rise to drives Drivesthe forces that
motivate an organism to take action Hunger, thirst both
drives---the experience of the is psychological Slide 5 127 Hours
Slide 6 Instinct / Evolutionary Perspective Drive Reduction
Incentive Arousal Theory Maslows hierarchy of needs Slide 7
Objectives and agenda Objectives Review and be able to work with
the theories of motivation Practice the hunger biological drive
Review the different types of Achievement motivation Agenda Work on
worksheet as a warm-up Notes (quiz) on theories of motivation Skit
on hunger drive Achievement motivation notes Work on Study
guide.----Review WIKI Slide 8 Instinct (Motivational Theory # 1)
Refers to inherited patterns of behavior that are unlearned
(genetically transmitted) Ex: Imprinting Slide 9 Instinct
(Motivational Theory #1) + Provides survival value Doesnt meet the
complexity of most human behavior Hero instinct Instinct to Survive
Slide 10 Drive Reduction Theory (Motivational Theory # 2) Drive
Reduction Theory: idea that physiological (biological) needs create
drives which motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Ex:
Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive)
which motivates you to get water. After you drink, the drive is
reduced and you are closer to homeostasis. Slide 11 Slide 12 Slide
13 Incentive Theory (Motivational Theory #3) Incentives Theory: a
positive or negative ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus
motivates behavior. Incentives are not needs. Ex: money, etc. Slide
14 Contrasting approaches Drive reduction theory 5 hours since last
meal Hunger internal Incentive theory Ice cream truck Palatability
(good tasting) external Slide 15 Arousal Theory (Motivational
Theory #4) Based on 2 basic ideas: Individuals perform tasks at
different levels of arousal (wakefulness/stress). Each individual
seeks to find its optimal level of arousal to perform tasks and to
avoid boredom. People with high levels of optimal arousal may be
more susceptible to thrill seeking activities while those with low
levels may seek out more relaxing quiet activities. We are
motivated to do some things to maintain our arousal. Babies Explore
their surroundings out of curiosity. Slide 16 Arousal Theory
(Motivational Theory #4) Slide 17 Babies Illustrating Optimal
Arousal Slide 18 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Motivation Theory 5)
Physical Needs at bottom must be met first. Psychological goals
come afterultimate goal is self actualization. Slide 19 Quick
Review: Why Do We Eat? Incentive Theory would argue: Drive
Reduction Theory would argue: Optimal Arousal Theory would argue:
Slide 20 Activity--Biological Needs: focus on Hunger The Hunger
Driveregulated by both biological and psychological factors. The
role of the mouth The role of the stomach The Hypothalamus--Left
sidestart eating center. (LH) Underside(VHM)-stop eating center
Psychological influences Slide 21 Cultures Influence on Eating
(disorders) Many argue the impossible standards of beauty put out
by popular culture has lead to an increase in eating disorders:
Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in which a normal- weight person
diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat
and starves themselves. Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder usually
characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting. Slide 22
Changing Beauty Standards Correlate with Eating Disorders KATE MOSS
MARILYN MONROEIDEAL UNTIL 1900S Slide 23 Anorexia Often Ends In
Death Slide 24 Achievement Motivation Achievement Motivation:
desire to accomplish things and attaining a high standard. 2 Types
of Achievement Motivation: 1. Intrinsic Motivation: performing task
for its own sake. 2. Extrinsic Motivation: performing task because
of you will receive rewards or punishments. Slide 25 Intrinsic vs.
Extrinsic Mom: Ill give you $5 for every A. Controlling reward
Child: As long as she pays, Ill study. Extrinsic motivation Mom:
Your grades were great! Lets celebrate by going out for dinner.
Informative reward Child: I love doing well. Intrinsic motivation
Slide 26 Look these three theories up in Chapter 13 and define.
Cognitive Consistency Balance Theory Cognitive-Dissonance theory
Slide 27 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1. TRAIT APPROACH 2.
PSYCHOANALITIC APPROACH 3. LEARNING APPROACH 4. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
5. SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH Slide 28 Slide 29 Trait-an aspect of
personality that is considered to be reasonably stable. Can be
assumed by how one behaves Anxious and avoiding social settings-shy
Making jokes with friends-outgoing and humorous Slide 30
Hippocrates Fluids called humors Yellow bile--quick-tempered,
Choleric Blood--warm and cheerful Phlegm--sluggish and cool Black
bile--thoughtful temperament Melancholic Four Humors needed to be
balance to have good health. Slide 31 Gordon Allport18,000 traits
Traits categorized Physical Traits Behavioral Traits Assumed traits
were inherited and were the building blocks of personality Slide 32
Hans Eysenck Introverts-tend to be imaginative and look inward
rather than to others for their ideas and energy Extroverts-tend to
be active and self-expressive and gain energy from interaction with
other people Stablereliable and composed and rational Unstable
agitated and unpredictable Slide 33 Slide 34 The Five Factor Model
Personalities tend to mature rather than be shaped by environmental
conditions Are effected by society and culture Big five are
important in defining a persons psychological makeup. 1.
Extroversion 2. emotional stability 3. Conscientiousness 4.
Agreeableness 5. openness to experience. Slide 35 The Five Factor
Modal Slide 36 Objectives and agenda Objectives Describe the
psychoanalytic theory and Freuds role Compare other psychologists
to Freuds model Agenda Warm-uplist the traits of the most
interesting man or woman in the world Notes on Freud Defense
mechanism worksheet Groupchart on other psychologists
Homeworkoutline the last three approaches Slide 37 If you were to
describe your own idea of the most interesting man/woman in the
world, what personality traits would you give him? The Most
Interesting Man in the World Slide 38 The Psychoanalytic
Perspective Mostly based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud. Freud
argued that personality was mostly influenced by unconscious
conflicts/motivations and early childhood sexuality/experiences.
From his viewpoint, only through understanding your unconscious
conflicts can you overcome psychological problems like depression,
anxiety, etc. Slide 39 Structure of Our Personality According to
Freud To Freud, personality is like an iceberg. We can only see a
very small part of it (conscious) while most of it is unseen
(unconscious) Id Superego EgoConscious mind Unconscious mind Slide
40 Parts of Personality According to Freud Id: largest part of your
personality that is unconscious, and operates to satisfy
biological, sexual and aggressive drives. Seeks immediate
gratification and operates according to the pleasure principle.
Slide 41 Parts of Personality According to Freud Ego: the largely
conscious part of your personality that mediates conflict between
your id and superego. Operates according to the reality principle
satisfying the ids desires in ways that will realistically bring
pleasure rather than pain. Slide 42 Slide 43 Your Personality
Arises From Conflict Between Pleasure Seeking Impulses (Id) and
Social Restraints (Superego) Against Them Slide 44 Personality
Development According to Freud, personality developed during the
lifes first few years. adults conflicts are rooted in unresolved
conflicts from early childhood Psychosexual Stages: childhood
stages of development during which according to Freud, the ids
pleasure seeking energies are focused on distinct erogenous zones.
Slide 45 Stages of Developmentpersonality goes through 5
stagesbirth through adolescence The oral Stage First year of
lifeexploreneeds not met, stuck in oral stagesmoking, overeating,
talking, nail-biting (may be clinging, dependent on relationships
The Anal Stage One and a half and two Can control their own bodily
functionsself control becomes a vital issue
Anal-retentiveperfectionism and excessive needs for order and
cleanliness The Phallic Stage Discover physical differences between
sexesstrong attachments to parent of opposite sex Complex
emotionscan lead to depression, guilt and anxiety later The Latency
Stage Five or six Retreat from conflict with parents and repress
aggressive urges. hiddenhide emotions The Genital Stage Puberty No
new psychological conflicts More aware of gender identify Slide 46
Defense Mechanisms--defense mechanismsdefense mechanisms
Repressionpushes anxiety into the unconscioustea kettle
Rationalizationself use of deceptions to justify unacceptable
behaviors or ideas Displacement-transfer of an idea or impulse from
threatening to less threatening. Father hit son, son hits friend
Regressionstressreturn to earlier behavior Projectionproject
impulses outward onto other peoplesee their own faults in other
people Reaction Formationact contrary to their genuine feelings
Denialrefuses to accept the reality of anything that is bad
Sublimationchannel basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior
Slide 47 Others Carl Jung Analytic psychologyout of favor with
Freudgreater emphasis on influences of mysticism and religion on
behavior Archetypesideas and images of accumulated experience of
all human beings Alfred Adler Inferiority complexeveryone has a
basic need to overcome feelings of inferiority Karen Horney Agreed
with Freudchildhood experience plays a major role Erik Erikson
Developmental theory of personality Expanded on five stageseight
stages. Social relationships are most important factors in
personality development Slide 48 The Learning Approach Behaviorism
John Watsonexternal forces, not internal influences such as traits
shape a persons behavior. Socializationprocess by which people
learn the socially desirable behaviors of their particular culture
and adopt them as part of their personalities. Social-Learning
Theory Believe that people can act intentionally to influence the
environment (behavioristenvironment shapes us.) i.e.
SkillsValuesGoals ExpectationsSelf-efficacy expectation Slide 49
The Humanistic Approach-self awareness is the core of humanity
Abraham Maslow desire to achieve self-actualizationfull potential
People are uniquefollow own paths -- Take risks Carl
Rogersconscious architects of their own personalities.
self-conceptview of oneself as an individual. Congruenceconsistency
between ones self-concept and ones experience. self esteem--Path to
self-actualization requires getting in touch with our genuine
feelings and acting on them.
