UNIT ONE The World What Does a Historian Do? 15 › ecommerce-prod.mheducation.com › ...Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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UNIT ONE

Reference Atlas Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA1World: Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2World: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4North America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6North America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA7United States: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8United States: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Canada: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12Middle America: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . RA14South America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA16South America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA17Europe: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA18

Europe: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA20Africa: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA22Africa: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA23Middle East: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA24Asia: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA26Asia: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA28Oceania: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA30World Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA32Polar Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA34A World of Extremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA35Geographic Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA36

Scavenger Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RA38

The Geographer’s World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39LESSON 1 How Geographers View

the World � � � � � � � � � � � � � 42

LESSON 2 The Geographer’s Tools 50Thinking Like a Geographer Relief . . . . . . . 53 What Do You Think? Are Street-Mapping

Technologies an Invasion of People’s Privacy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow does geography influence the way people live?

The World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

CONTENTS

LESSON 1 What is History? � � � � � � � � � � �18Biography Heinrich Schliemann . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Connections to Today How Lucy Got

Her Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

LESSON 2 How Does a Historian Work? � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 24

Connections to Today The Census . . . . . . . . . 26What Do You Think? Should Artifacts Be

Returned to Their Countries of Origin? . . . . . . . 30

LESSON 3 Researching History � � � � � � 32Thinking Like a Historian Internet Tips . . . . . . 34

What Does a Historian Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Essential QuestionsWhy is history important? • How do we learn about the past? • How do you research history?

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Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63LESSON 1 Planet Earth . . . . . . . . . . 66

LESSON 2 A Changing Earth . . . . . . 76

LESSON 3 Land and Water . . . . . . . 82

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow does geography influence the way people live?

CHAPTER 3

Southwest Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123LESSON 1 Physical Geography of

Southwest Asia . . . . . . . .126Thinking Like a Geographer Seas . . . . . . . 128

LESSON 2 History of Southwest Asia . . . . . . .132

Think Again The Middle East and Southwest Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

LESSON 3 Life in Southwest Asia . . 140What Do You Think? Are Trade Restrictions

Effective at Changing a Government’s Policies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why do civilizations rise and fall? • How does religion shape society?

CHAPTER 5

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UNIT TWO Western Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115







LESSON 1 Hunter-Gatherers . . . . . . . . 96

LESSON 2 The Agricultural Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Biography Ötzi the Iceman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Thinking Like a Historian Making

Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Early Humans and the Agricultural Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Essential QuestionHow do people adapt to their environments?

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North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153LESSON 1 The Physical Geography

of North Africa � � � � � � � �156Think Again The Sahara Desert . . . . . . . . 161

LESSON 2 The History of North Africa � � � � � � � � � �164

LESSON 3 Life in North Africa . . . . 172

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow do people adapt to their environment? • How does religion shape society? • Why do conflicts develop?

CHAPTER 6LESSON 1 The Sumerians � � � � � � � � � � �186Thinking Like a Historian Classifying and

Categorizing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193The World’s Literature Epic of Gilgamesh . . . . 194

LESSON 2 Mesopotamian Empires � � �196Biography Sargon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Connections to Today Libraries . . . . . . . . . . 199

Mesopotamia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Essential QuestionsHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why does conflict develop?

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LESSON 1 The Nile River � � � � � � � � � � � �210Thinking Like a Historian Researching on

the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

LESSON 2 Life in Ancient Egypt � � � � �218

LESSON 3 Egypt’s Empire � � � � � � � � � 230Connections to Today Ivory . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Biography Hatshepsut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

LESSON 4 The Kingdom of Kush � � � � 238

Ancient Egypt and Kush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Essential QuestionsHow does geography influence the way people live? • What makes a culture unique? • Why do civilizations rise and fall?

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LESSON 1 Beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Biography Moses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Connections to Today Alphabets . . . . . . . . . 255

LESSON 2 The Israelite Kingdom . . . 258

LESSON 3 The Development of Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Connections to Today Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . 267

LESSON 4 The Jews in the Mediterranean World . . . . 270

Biography Judas Maccabeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272Connections to Today Dead Sea Scrolls . . . . . 276

The Israelites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Essential QuestionsHow do religions develop? • What are the characteristics of a leader? • How does religion shape society? • Why does conflict develop?

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LESSON 1 Early Christianity . . . . . . . . 284Biography Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Biography Mary Magdalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

LESSON 2 The Early Church . . . . . . . . 292Then and Now Roman Catacombs . . . . . . . . . 294

LESSON 3 A Christian Europe . . . . . . 298

The Rise of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Essential QuestionsWhat are the characteristics of a leader? • How do religions develop? • How do new ideas change the way people live?

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LESSON 1 A New Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . .310Biography Muhammad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Thinking Like a Historian Using a Time Line . 315

LESSON 2 The Spread of Islam . . . . . .316Biography Suleiman I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

LESSON 3 Life in the Islamic World . 323Then and Now Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Connections to Today Becoming a Doctor . . . 325

Islamic Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Essential QuestionsHow do religions develop? • How do new ideas change the way people live?

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UNIT 3 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331

East Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339LESSON 1 The Physical Geography

of East Africa � � � � � � � � � 342Think Again Great Migration . . . . . . . . . . 349

LESSON 2 The History of East Africa � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 350

LESSON 3 Life in East Africa . . . . . 358Global Connections Sudan Refugees

and Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why do people trade? • Why does conflict develop?

CHAPTER 12Central Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Central Africa � � � � � � 376

LESSON 2 History of Central Africa � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 382

LESSON 3 Life in Central Africa . . 388What Do You Think? Has the United Nations

Been Effective at Reducing Conflict in Africa? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow do people adapt to their environment? • How does technology change the way people live? • Why do people make economic choices?

CHAPTER 13West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of West Africa � � � � � � � � 402

LESSON 2 History of West Africa � 408Thinking Like a Geographer Religion . . . . 415

LESSON 3 Life in West Africa � � � � 416

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do new ideas change the way people live? • What makes a cultureunique?CHAPTER 14







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Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425LESSON 1 Physical Geography

of Southern Africa � � � � 428

LESSON 2 History of Southern Africa � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 436

LESSON 3 Life in Southern Africa � 442Think Again Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do new ideas change the way people live?

CHAPTER 15LESSON 1 The Rise of African

Civilizations � � � � � � � � � � � � 456Thinking Like a Historian Researching

on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

LESSON 2 Africa’s Governments and Religions � � � � � � � � � � � 464

Biography Mansa Musa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

LESSON 3 African Society and Culture � � � � � � � � � � � � � 470

Connections to Today West African Music Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

What Do You Think? Africa’s Water Resources: Should Private Companies Control Them? . . . . 476

African Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453Essential QuestionsWhy do people trade? • How does religion shape society? • How do religions develop? •

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UNIT FOUR Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

LESSON 1 Physical Geography � � � 492Think Again The Panama Canal . . . . . . . . 495Thinking Like a Geographer The Caribbean

Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

LESSON 2 History of the Region � 500

LESSON 3 Life in the Region � � � � � 506Think Again Mexican Food . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Global Connections NAFTA and Its Effects 512

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why does conflict develop? • Why do people trade?

CHAPTER 17








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Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519LESSON 1 Physical Geography

of Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Think Again Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

LESSON 2 History of Brazil . . . . . . 530

LESSON 3 Life in Brazil . . . . . . . . . 538Global Connections Rain Forest Resources . 546

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • How do governments change? • What makes a culture unique?

CHAPTER 18The Tropical North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . 556

Think Again Angel Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

LESSON 2 History of the Countries . 562

LESSON 3 Life in the Tropical North . 568

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why does conflict develop? • What makes a culture unique?

CHAPTER 19Andes and Midlatitude Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Think Again The Atacama Desert . . . . . . . 583

LESSON 2 History of the Region . 588Thinking Like a Geographer Bolivia’s Two

Capitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

LESSON 3 Life in the Region . . . . . 594What Do You Think? Is Globalization

Destroying Indigenous Cultures? . . . . . . 600

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSHow does geography influence the way people live? • Why do civilizations rise and fall? • What makes a culture unique?

CHAPTER 20







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FOLDABLES® LIBRARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

GAZETTEER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

ENGLISH-SPANISH GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

LESSON 1 The First Americans . . . . . 608

LESSON 2 Life in the Americas . . . . . .617Connections to Today The Maya Today . . . . . 618Biography Pachacuti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622Thinking Like a Historian Comparing and

Contrasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

The Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .605Essential QuestionsHow does geography affect the way people live? • What makes a culture unique?

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UNIT ONE The World What Does a Historian Do? 15 › ecommerce-prod.mheducation.com › ...Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .