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Ancient Greece The Greeks designed each large city-state, or polis, with an acropolis for temples and a lower walled city for homes, a market, and public buildings. Different forms of government evolved over time, from monarchy, to aristocracy, and in some places oligarchy. Oligarchy - Sparta Tyranny - Corinth Democracy - Athens
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Unit One: Sources of Democratic TraditionsAncient GreeceRoman Republic and EmpirePrinciples of JudaismThe Rise of Christianity
Roots of Democracy
Ancient Athens (500-300 B.C.)
Ancient Rome (509 B.C.-A.D. 476)
Christianity (A.D. 34-present)
EnglandJudaism (1000 B.C.- present)
Direct democracy
Duties of the citizen
Legislature
Jury
Rule of law and reason
Republic
Veto
Checks on power
Written code of laws
Basic moral laws (values)
Duties of the individual
Morally just community
Equality and dignity of all
Service to others
Moral and ethical behavior
Justice
England will be discussed under
unit two; The Glorious Revolution
Ancient Greece• The Greeks designed each large city-state, or polis, with an acropolis
for temples and a lower walled city for homes, a market, and public
buildings. Different forms of government evolved over time, from
monarchy, to aristocracy, and in some places oligarchy.
• Oligarchy - Sparta
• Tyranny - Corinth
• Democracy - Athens
The Road to Athenian Democracy
Oligarchy
Limited Democracy
Aristocracy?/Oligarchy?
Tyranny
Democracy in the Golden Age of Athens
Solon’s Reforms1. Liberated slaves and outlawed debt slavery2. Created four social classes based on wealth3. Created a system where government positions were based on class status4. Permitted social mobility5. Created a judicial system where wrongdoers can be taken to court and
permitted appeals
Athens: The Cultural Center of Greece; the Birthplace of Philosophy
• Athens experienced a “golden age” under the leadership of the statesman, Pericles.
• Athens’ government during this time was a direct democracy in which every citizen
voted directly on issues.
• Jury duty was also expected of citizens.
• Athens became the cultural center of Greece.
• The Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta ended Athens’ domination of
Greece.
• Greek philosophers tried to discover universal truths.
• These truths would hopefully lead to better government and proper ethics.
• Among the most influential philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Key Ideas of Plato
Key Ideas of Aristotle
Analysis of “The Politics”In The Politics, Aristotle: • Discusses ownership of productive assets (Book I).• Examines the potential for social upheaval resulting
from inequitable distribution of goods (Book I).• Identifies rational self-interest as natural (Book I).• Believes that people band together to improve their
well being (Book III).• Examines the interests served by different types of
governments (Book III).– Tyranny (monarchy)-tyrant (monarch)– Oligarchy-wealthy– Democracy-needy
• Finds that rule of law and not any tyranny, oligarchy, or (direct) democracy is the best way to govern (Book III). [Laws should govern. People must have input in making the law.]
• Defines the role of the ideal state as the entity responsible for providing the best life possible for its citizens (Book VII).
• Identifies the services that the state should provide to attain the above (Book VII).
– Welfare– Arts and leisure– Right to bare arms (militia or military)– Tax collection– A home for religion– Justice system
• Notes that the foundations of governments must be equality and justice (Book VII).
• Points out the importance of education in society.
Important People and Their ideas
The Spread of Greek Ideas; the Hellenistic Age
• Macedonian ruler Philip II came to control all of Greece.
• His son, Alexander the Great, created an enormous empire that stretched
into Persia and Egypt.
• Alexander’s conquests spread Greek culture.
• He married a Persian woman and urged others to do the same.
• This mixing of cultures created a new Hellenistic civilization that blended
Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures.
• Alexandria in Egypt was the heart of this new empire.
• The Romans eventually conquered what was once Alexander’s empire and
merge the cultures into what we call Greco-Roman traditions.
• The Roman poet Horace noted, “Greece has conquered her rude conqueror”
Roman Republic and Empire
• In 509 B.C., the Romans broke free of Etruscan rule and formed a republic in which the
people choose some officials.
• Various governing bodies regulated Roman life, such as the senate. Plebeians had to
fight to gain political power.
• With the help of citizen-soldiers, Rome came to control most of the Italian peninsula by
about 270 B.C
• Political leaders and the senate fought civil wars in Rome, and the empire came to rely
on paid soldiers who were loyal to their commanders over the state.
• Julius Caesar became dictator and was killed in 44 B.C., which brought on more civil
wars.
• Octavian became emperor in 31 B.C. and took the title of Augustus. He created a civil
service to enforce laws and imposed a fairer tax system. He ushered in the pax Romana,
which was a 200-year period of peace.
Roman Law
• Roman laws united the empire. Civil law and the law of nations were
merged to apply to everyone in the empire.
• Many Roman principles of law are still practiced today.
• Romans respected the authority of the law much like the Greeks.
• Romans wrote down all their laws beginning with the Twelve Tables.
By the 6th century A.D. Roman law was cumbersome and confusing.
• The Emperor Justinian codified all the laws in a process that removed
redundancies and errors; an enormous undertaking.
Principles of Judaism• According to the Torah, Abraham migrated with his family westward
from Mesopotamia to Canaan.
• There, near the eastern Mediterranean coast, Abraham founded the
Israelite nation.
• The Israelites were monotheistic, meaning they believed in one God.
• They believed God would protect and provide for them as long as they
followed God’s laws. They believed that Gods rules applied also to their
rulers.
• The Torah established moral principles and set out laws, including The
Ten Commandments that became part of the cultural foundation of
Western civilization.
The Rise of Christianity
• According to the Gospels, Jesus began preaching and performing miracles of
healing in the provinces of Galilee and Judea on the eastern Mediterranean.
• Jesus’ message echoed the Jewish ideas of mercy and sympathy for the poor.
• Some followers believed he was the Son of God, Out of fear of rebellion, the
Romans crucified him.
• Jesus’ followers spread Christianity, first among the Jews of Judea and then
through the Roman world.
• Paul was the most influential among them.
• The emperor Theodosius made Christianity Rome’s official religion.
The Christian Church & Judeo-Christian Tradition• Gradually scattered Christian communities organized a structured church
hierarchy.
• The bishops of the important cities became powerful in the Church, with the
bishop of Rome serving as the pope.
• During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church became a powerful
spiritual and secular force in Western Europe.
• Both the Jewish and Christian faiths are major world religions today.
• The ethical and moral principles set forth by both religions played an
important role in the development of the democratic tradition